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OPERANT CONDITIONING FOR SPECIAL EDUCATORS
Abstract
for the poor (the so-called lower-lower class, the so-called disadvan-
Jj ought to be. This paper focuses upon operant conditioning for educators,
mind must make the application, by using its originality." The purpose
Skinner's initial work and scientific principles came from his work with
analysis must go." Esquire, 1968, Oct., 25.) said "One of the reasons
that our education of human beings has been such a dull and ineffectual
animals."
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Students who fall under the auspices of special education are those
who, for one reason or another, have not been able to learn adequately,
increase or
and at the same time arranges environmental factors to
"Operant conditioning" is the generic term for all the other cogent
decreased.
techniques
1. Positive reinforcement
response is emitted)
d. ought to be emphasized
2..Negative reinforcement
b. Is aversive
c. enhances behavior
3. Punishment
b. is aversive
c. negates behavior
4. Positive reinforcement
b. is positive
c. enhances behavior
Programmed Instruction:
3. Small steps lead the stut:ent from the simple toward the complex
and require him to lean more and more on what he has learned.
5.
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3. Many errors may make the learning situation become aversive for
to learn.
a. one step may not lead logically to the next step and/or
1. Learning is usually best when the student proceeds at his own b-ate.
2. Lessons proceed only if the student has completed a step and has
understood it.
E. Various formats
1. Programmed books
programmed material.
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learning situations.
psychiatry, reading, and speech and hearing. For more specific references
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