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Chapter :- 13 General Properties of matter in Bulk state. xSlks dk v.kqxfr fl}kUr
1- xSlksa dk v.kqxfrd fl}kar %& izR;sd xSl lw{ere v.kqvksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gS A xSl ds
v.kq xSl ds Hkhrj vfu;fer :Ik ls xfr
djrs jgrs gSA
xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kUr dh ifjdYiuk,Wa %&
1- xSl ds v.kq vR;Ur lw{e gksrs gSA xSl ds ,d v.kq dk v;ru] laiw.kZ vk;ru dh rqyuk esa
ux.; gksrk gSA
2- xSl ds v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okyk vkdkZ.k cy ux.; gksrk gSA
3- xSl ds v.kq iw.kZ izR;kLFk gksrs gS vFkkZr~ bUgsa nckus ij buds vk;ru rFkk ?kuRo esa
dksbZ] ifjorZu ugh gksrk A
4- xSl ds v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okyk vUrjk.kqd cy ux.; gksrk gS] blfy, budk vkdkj ,oa vk;ru
nksuks vfufpr gksrk gS] xSl dks
ftl crZu esa j[kk tkrk gS] xSl oSlk gh vkdkj xzg.k dj ysrh gSA
5- xSl ds v.kqvksa dh xfrt tkZ] ijerki (T) ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
oxZ e/; ewy pky (Root mean square velocity )
fdlh xSl ds fofHkUu v.kqvks dh pkyksa ds oxksZ ds ek/; ds oxZewy dks oxZ ek/;ewy osx
dgk tkrk gS] bls Vrms ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
ekuk fdlh xSl esa n v.kq gS] ftudh pkydzek% V1,V2,V3.....Vn gksrks
V12 V22 V33 .....Vn2
Vrms
n

vknkZ xSl ds nkc ds lw= dk fuXeu %&

ekuk vknkZ xSl dh fufpr ek=k ,d ?kukdkj crZu esa yh xbZ gS] ftldh Hkwtk l gSA cRkZu
dh nhokjs iw.kZr% izR;kLFk gSA ekuk xSl ds ,d
v.kq dk nzO;eku m rFkk v.kqvksa dh la[;k n gSA ekuk xSl ds ,d v.kq dk osx v gS A ;fn
osx ds x,y,z ?kVd dzek%

V 2 Vx2 Vy2 VZ2

VX,VY, VZ gks rks .........(i)
Ekkuk ;g v.kq crZu dh nhokj A ls Vdjkrk gS tks x v{k ds yEcor~ gS A
l
v.kq ds osx dk X ?kVd VDdj ls iwoZ VX rFkk VDdj ds Ckn VX gS A
Vx B
VDdj izR;kLFk gS ,d VDdj esa d.k ds laosx esa ifjorZu dk X ?kVd
-Vx x
PH
VDdj ds ckn dk laosx - VDdj ls iwoZ dk laosx
= mVx- (mVx) = -2 mVx ........(ii) z
PH 2mVX
vr% nhokj ds laosx esa ijforZu = .........(iii)
VDdj ds Ikpkr~ v.kq l nwjh r; djds A ds lkeus okyh nhokj B ls Vdjk,xk] fQj l fQj l nwjh
r; djus iqu% A ls Vdjk;sxkA
vr% v.kq 2l/Vx le; ckn iqu% A ls Vdjk,xkA vr% 1 lsd.M es dqy VDdjksa dh la[;k = Vx /2
V mV 2 x
2mVx x
2l l
v.kq }kjk 1 lsd.M esa nhokj A dks LFkkukUrfjr laosx .......(iv)
V x1 V x2 ....... V 2 xn
2 2
m
l
vr% n v.kqvksa }kjk nhokj A dks LFkkukUrfjr laosx .....(v)

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2
V 2 x1 V 2 x2 ....... V 2 xn m.nV x
m
l l
U;wVu ds f}rh; fu;e ls F .......(vi)
2
f mnV x mn 2
.V x
l2 l3 V
vr% nhokj A ij nkc P = cy@{ks=Qy .....(vii) tgkWa V= l3 vFkkZr~
xSl ;k crZu dk vk;ru
2 2 2 2
V V x V y V Z
lehdj.k (i) ls pwafd izR;sd fnkk esa xSl ds v.kqvksa dh xfr dh
2 2 2
V V y VZ
x

laHkkouk,Wa leku gSA vr%

2
2 V 1 mn 2 1m 2
2 2 V
x P V P nV rms
V 3V x 3 3 V 3V
vFkok vr% lehdj.k (vii) ls ;gh nkc dk
O;atd gSA
xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kUr ds vk/kkj ij ije rki dh O;k[;k %&
ekuk xSl dk nkc p rFkk oxZ ek/; ewy osx c gSA xSl dk ?kuRo d o vk;ru v gks rks xSl ds
1
P dc 2
3
nkc ds fy, lw=
1m 2 1
P c Pv mc 2
3v 3
........ (i) ge tkurs gSA vknkZ xSl lehdj.k PV= RT ......(ii)
1 2 3RT 3RT
mc RT c2 c
3 m m
By equation i and ii ........(iii) ......(A)
3RT 3R
c2
m c T
2
m T c2
Now from equation (iii) [ constant]
vr% LiV gS fd xSl dk rki] mlds oxZ ek/; ewy osx ds oxZ ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA

ije kwU; rki %&

;fn C = 0 gks rks T = O0C = 0+273 T = 273K [vr% ije kwU; rki og rki gS ftl fdlh xSl dk oxZ
ek/; ewy osx kwU; gksA]
Case (i)
,d gh rki ij nks vyx & vyx xSlksa ds oxZ ek/; ewy osxksa dh rqyuk
3RT
c
m
ge tkurs gS fd T C ij ije rki dh O;k[;k ls oxZ ek/; ewy osx
0
gks rks T0C ij igyh xSl
dk
3RT 3RT
C1 C2
m1 m2
.......(i) T C ij nwljh xSl dk
0
........(ii) lehdj.k (i)/(ii) ls
C1 3RT m C1 m2
2
C2 m1 3RT C2 m1

Case (ii)
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nks vyx&vyx rkiksa ij xSl ds oxZ ek/; ewy osxksa dh rqyuk %&
3RT 3RT1
C C1
m m
we know that xSlksa ds v.kqxfrd fl}kar ls ls T10C rki ij xSl dk .....(i)
3RT2 C1 3RT1 m C1 T
C2 1
m C2 m 3RT2 C2 T2
T2 C rki ij xSl dk
0
.....(ii) lehdj.k (i)/(ii) ls
xSl ds v.kqxfr fl}kUr ds vk/kkj ij ckW;y ds fu;e dh O;k[;k %&
1 1m 2 1
P dc 2 P c PV mc2 PV C 2
3 3V 3
We have that by the kinetic theory of gas .......(i)
T 1
V V
T C 2
PV T P P
rFkk ije rki dh O;k[;k ls .......(ii) lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls fLFkj rki ij
vr% LiV gS fd fLFkj rki ij fdlh xSl dh fufpr ek=k dk vk;ru] mlds nkc ds O;qRdzekuqikrh
gksrk gSA ;gh ckW;y dk fu;e gSA
PV 1 PV K P1V1 P2V2
rc rc ,d gh rki T C ij nks vyx&vyx xSlksa ds fy,
0

xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kUr ds vk/kkj ij pkYlZ ds fu;e dh O;k[;k %&

1m 2 1
P c PV mc2 PV C 2
3V 3
ge tkrus gS fd xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kar ls .......(i)
I
V
T C 2
PV I P V T
rFkk ije rki ls .....(ii) by equation [fLFkj nkc ij ]
vr% LiV gS fd fLFkj nkc P ij fdlh xSl dh fufpr ek=k dk vk;ru mlds ije rki ds lekuqikrh
gksrk gSA ;gh pkYlZ dk fu;e gSA
V1 V2

T1 T2
nks vyx&vyx rkiksa ij
vknkZ xSl lehdj.k dk fuXeu
1
V
P
We have that by Boils law [T constant] ......(i)
V T
By Charles law [ P constant]......(ii) By combine i and ii
1
V PV T PV RT
P
rc mole xSl ds fy, PV= RT ;gh vknkZ xSl lehdj.k gSA
xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kar ls nkc ds fy, fu;e [nkc dk fu;e]
1 1m 2 1
P dc 2 P c PV mc2 PV C 2
3 3V 3
We have that .......(i)
T c 2
PV T P T
rc ije rki dh O;k[;k ls ...........(ii) lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls [fLFkj vk;ru ij]
vr% LiV gS fd fLFkj vk;ru ij fdlh xSl dh fufpr ek=k dk nkc (P), mlds ijerki (T), ds
lekuqikrh gksrk gSA

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P1 P2

T1 T2
rFkk vyx&vyx xSlksa
xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kar ds vk/kkj ij xzkge dk folj.k fu;e
1 3P 3P 1
P dc 2 c
2
c c
3 d d d
xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kar ls 3P =Constant ysus ij .......(i)
1
r
rc d
rc xSl dh folj.k nj ......(ii) By equation i and ii
vr% LiV gS fd fLFkj nkc ij fdlh xSl ds folj.k dh nj mlds ?kuRo ds oxZewy ds
r1 d2

r2 d1
O;qRdzekuqikrh gksrh gSA rFkk

xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kar ds vk/kkj ij vkoksxzknks ifjdYiuk

ekuk nksuksa xSl esa v.kqvksa dh la[;k n1 o n2 rFkk v.kq ds nzO;eku m1, m2 rFkk oxZ ek/;
ewy osx c1, c2 gks rks igyh xSl ds fy,
1 1 m1 2 1 m1 2 1
P1 dc 2 P1 .c1 P1 n1c1 P1V1 m1n1c12
3 3 V1 3 V1 3
v.kqxfrd fl}kUr ls rFkk .........(i)
1
P2V2 m2 n2c22
3
blh izdkj nwljh xSl ds fy, ...........(ii) fLFkj rki ij ckW;y ds fu;e ls
P1V1=P2V2 ...........(iii)
1 1
m1n1c12 m2 n2c22
3 3 m1n1c12 m2 n2c22
lehdj.k (i) , (ii) o (iii) = .........(A)
ge tkurs gS fd leku rki ij nksuks xSlksa dh xfrt tkZ leku gksrh gSA [c = vrms]
1 1
m1c12 m2c22
2 2 m1c12 m2c22
E1 = E2 = .........(B)
m1n1c1 m2 n2c22
2
n1 n2
m1c12 m2c22
lehdj.k (A) esa (B) dk Hkkx nsus ij = vr% LiV gS fd leu rki o leku
nkc ij xSl ds leku
vk;ru esa xSl ds v.kqvksa dh la[;k leku gksrh gS] ;g vkosxknzks ifjdYiuk dgykrh gSA
N.T.P ij ;g la[;k N = 6.021023 gksrh gS] ftls vkoksxknzks la[;k dgktkrk gSA
xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kar ds vk/kkj ij rki ,oa xfrt tkZ esa laca/k
1 2 1 m 2 1
P dVrms P Vrms PV mVrms 2

3 3 V 3
ge tkurs gS fd .......(i)
vknkZ xSl lehdj.k ls PV = RT ...........(ii)
1 2
mVrms RT
3
lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls .......(iii) ij uhps 2 ls xq.kk djus ij
1 2 2 1 2
2
mVrms RT mVrms RT
3 2 3 2

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3
E RT
2
.......(iv)
1gm v.kq esa N v.kq gksrs gSA tgkW N = vkoksxknzks la[;k gSA rks xSl ds ,d v.kq dh
3 R
E T
2 N
xfrt tkZ
R 3
N E KT
2 E T
= okWYVl esu fu;rkad K = 1.3810-23 J/K vr%
vr% LiV gS fd xSl ds v.kq dh xfrt tkZ] mlds ijerki ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
3
E KT
2
nks vyx&vyx rkiksa esa xSl ds v.kqvksa dh xfrt tkZ xSl dh xfrt tkZ ls T1 rki
3
E1 KT 1
2
ij ......(i)
3 E1 T1
E2 KT2
2 E2 T2
T2 rki ij .....(ii) ledj.k (i)/(ii) ........(A)
E1 T
E1 E2
E2 T
;fn rki T leu gks rks leku rki ij xSl ds v.kqvksa dh xfrt tkZ leku gksrh
gSA
xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kUr ls PV = nKT
1 2 1m 2
P dVrms P Vrms
3 3V
ge tkurs gS fd xSl ds v.kqxfrd fl}kUr ls
1
PV m n Vrms
3
2

PV mVrms
n
3
2

.....(i)
1 2mVrms 2
2
PV n
3 2 PV 3 n E
lehdj.k (i) esa nk;ha vksj 2 dk ij uhps x.qkk djus ij
mVrms 2

2 E

.....(ii)
2
PV n E
3
ge tkurs gS fd E =3/2 KT .....(iii) lehdj.k (iii) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij
2 3
PV n KT
3 2
PV = nKT Hence Proved .
xSl dk vk;ru %&
fdlh xSl dk vk;ru ml crZu ds vk;ru ds cjkcj gksrk gS] ftlesa xSl j[kh tkrh gSA
m3 Cm3
(i) vk;ru dh S.I.Unit ?kuehVj C.G.S Unit [C.C] 1CC = 10-6 cm3

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3
1000cc 10 m 3
10 3 litre 10 6 m3 1cc
1 litre m. litre
(ii) 1 Kg ty dk 4 0C rki ij vk;ru 1 litre gksrk gSA
xSl dk nkc
fdlh crZu esa j[kh xSl ds v.kqvksa dh VDdjksa ds dkj.k crZu dh nhokjksa ds ,dkad
{ks=Qy ij yxus okys cy dk eku xSl ds nkc ds
cjkcj gksrk gSA
S.I. Unit = N/m2, bls ikLdy (Pa) Hkh dgrs gSA
Other unit :- ckj [1Bar = 105 N/m2 ] Vksj [1 Torr = 1mm ikjs ds nkc LrEHk] ok;qeaMy nkc =
5 2
1.01 10 N/m
Note :-
1- N.T.P ij ok;qe.Myh; nkc = 1 ok;qe.My = 1.01 105 N/m2 gksrk gSA
2- cSjksehVj dk iz;ksx ok;qe.Myh; nkc ekius ds fy, rFkk esuksehVj dk iz;ksx nkckUrj ekius
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
3- nkc dk ek=d Vksj] csjksehVj ds vkfodkjd Vksjhlsyh ls fy;k x;k gSA
I- dzkafrd rki (Critical Temperature)
dzkfrd rki og U;qure rki gS] ftl ij fdlh xSl dks nkc c<+kdj] xSlh; voLFkk ls nzo voLFkk esa
yk;k tk ldrk gS] dzkafrd rki]
dgykrk gSA bls TC ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
CO2 dk dzkafrd rki = 31.10C O2 dk dzkafrd rki = -1180C
N2 dk dzkafrd rki = - 147 C 0
H2 dk dzkafrd rki = -240 0C
II- dzkafrd nkc (Critical Pressure)
dzkafrd rki ij dlh xSl dks nzfor djus ds fy, ftrus nkc dh vko;drk gksrh gS] xSl dk dzkafrd
nkc dgrs gSA bls PC ls iznfkZr
Djrs gSA
III- dzkafrd vk;ru (Critical Volume)
dzkafrd nkc o dakfrd nkc o dzkafrd rki ij 1gm v.kq xSl ftruk vk;ru ?ksjrh gS] dzkafrd vk;ru
dgykrk gSA bls VCls iznfkZr
djrs gSA
okIk rFkk xSl esa varj %&
tks inkFkZ lk/kkj.k rki ,oa nkc ij xSlh; voLFkk esa gksrs gS mUgsa xSl dgk tkrk gSA blds
foijhr tks inkFkZ lk/kkj.k voLFkk esa nzo ;k
Bksl gksrs gS] mUgsa xSlh; voLFkk esa okIk dgk tkrk gSA
vknkZ xSlsa (Ideal gases)
os xSlsa tks ckW;y rFkk pkYlZ ds fu;e dk ikyu djrh gS vFkkZr~ xSl lehdj.k PV= nRT ds
fu;e dk ikyu djrh gS vknkZ xSlsa
dgkykrh gSA
xq.k %&
1-xSl ds v.kqvksa ds e/; dksbZ vkdkZ.k cy dk;Z ugha djrk vFkkZr xSl ds v.kqvksa ds e/;
yxus okyk vUrkjk.kqd vkdkZ.k cy kwU; gksrk gSA
2- xSl ds ,d v.kq dk vk;ru] lEiw.kZ vk;ru dh rqyuk esa ux.; gksrk gSA ysdu okLro esa
dksbZ Hkh xSl iw.kZ :Ik ls vknkZ xSl ugha gksrh]
;s xSlsa mPPk rki rFkk nkc ij gh ckW;y ] pkYlZ fu;e dk ikyu djrh gSA O;ogkj esa tks xSlsa
ik;h tkrh gS okLrfod xSlsa dgykrh gSA
vknkZ xSl O;ogkj ls okLrfod xSlksa dk fopyu
By Ideal gas equation PV= uRT ;fn xSl dh ek=k u0 rFkk rki fLFkj jgs rks N2
CH4
PV = Constant tks fd ckW;y dk fu;e gSA vr% vknkZ xSl ds fy, PV odz ljy
H2
js[kh; izkIr gksrk gS rFkk fofHkUUk xSlksa dk v/;;u rki rFkk nkc dh vyx&vyx fLFkfr;ksa
O2

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ij dksbZ xSl ckW;y ds fu;e dk iw.kZr% ikyu ugha djrh A mPPk nkc rFkk fuEu rki ij
vknkZ xSl
xSlsa ckW;y ds fu;e ls vf/kd fopyu fn[kkrh gSA PV
CO2
1- gkbMkstu ds fy, nkc c<+kus ls PV c<rk gSA
2- O2 ds fy, nkc c<kus ls PV dk eku igys rks ?kVrk gS] fQj c<+rk gSA N2 rFkk CO2
dk O;ogkj Hkh O2 dh rjg gh gksrk gSA nkc P
(atm)
okLrfod xSlksa ds fy, ok.MjokYl xSl lehdj.k
izd`fr esa Ikk;h tkus okyh dksbZ Hkh xSl vknkZ xSl lehdj.k PV=u0RT ds fu;e dk ikyu ugha
djrh A vr% ok.Mjoky us vknkZ xSl
lehdj.k esa dqN lakks/ku fd,A lakksf/kr vknkZ xSl lehdj.k ok.Mjoky xSl lehdj.k
q
P 2 V b RT
V
dgykrk gSA
ok.Mjoky xSl lehdj.k dk lR;kiu %& ok.Mjoky ds crk;k fd v.kqxfrd fl}kr esa nks ifjdYiuk]
okLrfod xSl ds fy, lR; ugha gS]
ftUgsa lakksf/kr djs okYl us lehdj.k fn;kA
1- v.kqvksa dk vkwU; vkdkj (vk;ru lakks/ku ) :- vknkZ xSlksa ds fy, ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd
xSl ds v.kq dk v;ru] lEiw.kZ v;ru dh
Rkqyuk esa ux.: gksrk gS tcfd okLrfod xSlksa esa ,slk ugha gSA okLrfod xSlksa ds ,d v.kq
dk O;kl 10-10m dksfV dk gksrk gS] vr% v.kq
dk ,d fufpr vkdkj gksrk gS ftlls xSl dk dqN LFkku v.kq ?ksj ysrs gS] ftlls xSlds vk;ru esa
dqN deh vk tkrh gSA vr% ok.MjokYl
us crk;k fd izR;sd v.kq ds pkjksa vksj ,d ,slk {ks= gksrk gS] ftlesa dksbZ nwljk v.kq izosk
ugha dj lerk A
rc v.kqvksa dks izHkkoh vk;ru = N.A.V =b tgkW b ok.Mj okYl cy fu;rkad gSA
Vi = (V-b) [okLrfod vk;ru = izsf{kr vk;ru & v.kqvksa dk izHkkoh vk;ru ]
vr% vknkZ xSl lehdj.k esa v ds LFkku ij (v-b) j[krs gSA
2- vUrjk.kqd vkdkZ.k cy nkc lakks/ku %&
vknkZ xSlksa esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd xSl ds v.kqvksa ds e/; dksBZ vkdkZ.k cy dk;Z ugh
djrk gSA tcfd okLrfod xSlksa ds fy, ,slk ugha
gSA fuEu rki rFkk mPPk nkc ij xSl ds v.kq ikl&ikl vk tkrs gSA ftlls v.kqvksa ds e/; ,d
vkdkZ.k cy dk;Z djrk gS ftls
vUrj& v.kqd cy dgrs gSA
ekuk dksbZ xSl cUn crZu esa gSA tks v.kq (A) crZu ds e/; Hkkx esa gksrk gSA ml ij dk;Z
djus okyk usV vkdkZ.k cy kwU; gksrk gSA blds
foijhr tks v.kq (B) crZu dh nhokj ds lEidZ esa gksrk gS ij mruk cy vkjksfir ugh dj ikrs ftruk
fd nkc dh vuqifLFkrh esa djrs gSA

ftlls buds laosx esa dqN deh vk tkrh gSA ;g deh gksrh gSA

ekuk = nkc esa deh] rc okLrfod nkc (Pi = P + ) ......(i) uSV cy v.kqvksa
dh la[;k
d d d2
Net cy rFkk v.kqvksa dh la[;k nks v.kqvksa ds ?kuRo ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
2
m m2 1 q q
2 2 Pi P 2
v v v 2
v v
(but m = constant) Put in equation (i)
Rkc vknkZ xSl lehdj.k ls PV=RT ..............(A)

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q
P v b RT
v2
P o V ds eku j[kus ij ;gha ok.Mjoky xSl lehdj.k dgykrk gSA
,UM;wt odz (Andrews curve) :- ,UM;wt us okLrfod xSlksa ds fy, fLFkj rki ij]nkc rFkk vk;ru
d chp odz izkIr fd;s ftUgs O H
,UM;wt odz dgrs gsA fp= esa CO2 ds fy, fofHkUu fLFkj rkiska ij nkc o
vk;ru ds chp lerkih; odz nkkZ;s x;s gSA odzksa ds Hkkx AB,EF esa
ckW;y d fu;e dk ikyu gksrk gSA voLFkk B rFkk F ij CO2 xSl nzfor
gksus yxrh gSA rFkk fcUnq C rFkk G rd iw.kZrk nzfor gks tkrh gSA N MvoLFkk 48.10C
C o G ds ckn nkc c<+kus ij nzfor xSl dk vk;ru ugha c<+rk D;ksfd X 35.50C
nc clEihM~; gksrs gSA odksa ls LiV gS fd rki o`f} ds lkFk&lkFk G xSl mPPk
F 31.10C
nkc ij nzfor gksrh gSA odz esa 31.10C rki ds mPPk rki ij CO2 xSl nkc
C E 21.50C
}kjk nfor Ukgha gksrh gSA odzksa ds {kSfrt Hkkxksa ds fljksa dks feykus ls ,d
B A 13.10C
ijoy; curk gSA ftls fp= esa fcUnq nkj fn[kk;k x;k gSA bl ijoy; ds
mPpre fcUnq X- ds ij lHkhodzksa ls LiV gS fd 31.10C rki ds ij vk;ru
CO2 xSl dks nzfor d{kk lEHko ugha gSA pkfg ml ij
fdruk Hkh vf/kd nkc D;ksa u yxk;k tk;sA fcunq X- dks dzkfUrd fcUnq rFkk rki 31.10C dks
CO2 xSl dk dkzfUrd rki dgr gSA
dzkfrd rki] dzkfUrd nkc o dzkfUrd vk;ru %&
(Critical temperature, Critical pressure and Critical volume) :-
dzkfUrd rki (TC) :- dzkfkd rki xSl ds fy, og egRk; rki gS ftlesa fuEu rki ij XkSlksa dks
dsoy nkc }kjk nzfor fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ;g xSl dk vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.k gSA bls TC iznfkZr djrs gSA tSls
CO2 dk dzkafrd rki = 31.10C O2 dk dzkafrd rki = -1180C
N2 dk dzkafrd rki = - 1470C He dk dzkafrd rki = -268 0C
dzkfkd nkc (PC):- fdlh xSl dks dzkfkd rki ij nzfor djus ds fy, vko;d U;wure nkc] dzkfkd
nkc dgykrk gSA
dkzfkd nkc dks PC ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
CO2 ds fy, dzkfkd nkc = 73.87 ok;qe.My (atm)
O2 ds fy, dzkfkd nkc = 49.7 (atm)
dzkfkd vk;r (VC) :- dzkfkd rki rFkk dzkfkd nkc ij fdlh xSl ds 1 mole dk vk;ru dzkfkd
vk;ru dgykrk gSA bls
VC ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
CO2 dk dkzfkd vk;ru = 95 10-6 m3
Okk.Mj oky fu;rkadks ds inksa esa dzkfkd rki] dzkfkd nkc o dzkfkd vk;ru
8a 9
27 Rb 27b 2
dzkfkd rki TC = , dzkfkd nkc PC= , dkzfkd vk;ru VC = 3b.

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 NOBLE SCIENCE CLASSES
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 NOBLE SCIENCE CLASSES
FOUNDATION FOR IIT-JEE(MAINS),NEET(MEDICAL)

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 NOBLE SCIENCE CLASSES
FOUNDATION FOR IIT-JEE(MAINS),NEET(MEDICAL)

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