2/11/2017 AccordingtotheANSI/IEEE946OpenElectrical

AccordingtotheANSI/IEEE946
FromOpenElectrical

Contents
1Introduction
2VoltageConsiderations
3AvailableShortCircuitCurrent
4CalculationApproach
5PartialFaultCurrents
5.1ShortCircuitCurrentfromBatteries
5.2ShortCircuitCurrentfromDCMotors/Generators
5.3ShortCircuitCurrentsfromChargers
6References

Introduction

ScopeoftheIEEE9461992:ThisrecommendedpracticeprovidesguidanceforthedesignoftheDCauxiliary
powersystemsfornuclearandnonnuclearpowergeneratingstations.ThecomponentsoftheDCauxiliarypower
systemaddressedbythisrecommendedpracticeincludeleadacidstoragebatteries,staticbatterychargersand
distributionequipment.Guidanceforselectingthequantityandtypesofequipment,theequipmentratings,
interconnections,instrumentation,controlandprotectionisalsoprovided.

Thisrecommendedpracticeisintendedfornuclearandlarge
fossilfueledgeneratingstations.Eachrecommendationmayor
maynotbeappropriateforothergeneratingfacilitiese.g.,
combustionturbines,hydro,windturbines,etc.TheACpower
supply(tothechargers),theloadsservedbytheDCsystems,
exceptastheyinfluencetheDCsystemdesign,andengine
starting(cranking)batterysystemsarebeyondthescopeofthis
recommendedpractice.

FormoreinformationspleaserefertothestandarditselfIEEE
9461992(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?
arnumber=213720&contentType=Standards).

VoltageConsiderations

Thenominalvoltagesof250,125,48,and24aregenerally
utilizedinstationDCauxiliarypowersystems.Thetype,
rating,cost,availability,andlocationoftheconnected Figure1.125VDCsystemkeydiagram
equipmentshouldbeusedtodeterminewhichnominalsystem
voltageisappropriateforaspecificapplication.250VDC
systemsaretypicallyusedtopowermotorsforemergencypumps,largevalveoperators,andlargeinverters.125

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VDCsystemsaretypicallyusedforcontrolpowerfornestrelaylogiccircuitsandtheclosingandtrippingof
switchgearcircuitbreakers.48VDCor24VDCsystemsaretypicallyusedforspecializedinstrumentation.

Figure2.Recommendedvoltagerangeof125Vand250VDC(nominal)ratedcomponents(fordesignsinwhichthe
batteryisequalizedwhileconnectedtotheload)

AvailableShortCircuitCurrent

Forthepurposeofdeterminingthemaximumavailableshortcircuitcurrent(e.g.,therequiredinterruptingcapacity
forfeederbreakers/fusesandwithstandcapabilityofthedistributionbusesanddisconnectingdevices),thetotal
shortcircuitcurrentisthesumofthatdeliveredbythebattery,charger,andmotors(asapplicable).Whenamore
accuratevalueofmaximumavailableshortcircuitcurrentisrequired,theanalysisshouldaccountfor
interconnectingcableresistance.

CalculationApproach

Asdefinedin"Industrialpowersystemsdatabook"[2],therearetwocalculationwaystoacquirethefaultcurrent:

1.ApproximationMethod:Allthenetworkisconvertedintotheequivalentimpedance(Req,Leqareused
forthetimeconstant)andthesystemvoltageisbeingusedforthefaultcurrentcalculation:

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2.SuperpositionMethod:Thefaultcurrentiscalculatedforeachsourceindividually,whileother,not
observedsources,arebeingshortedout(withtheirinternalresistances).Thevoltageforeachpartialcurrent
istheratedvoltageofthesource.Thetotalcurrentisthesumofthepartialcurrents.Thisapproachshallbe
describedinfollowingarticles.

PartialFaultCurrents

ShortCircuitCurrentfromBatteries

Thecurrentthatabatterywilldeliveronshortcircuitdependsonthetotalresistanceoftheshortcircuitpath.A
conservativeapproachindeterminingtheshortcircuitcurrentthatthebatterywilldeliverat25Cistoassumethat
themaximumavailableshortcircuitcurrentis10timesthe1minuteampererating(to1.75Vpercell).Formore
than25Ctheshortcircuitcurrentforthespecificapplicationshouldbecalculatedoractualtestdatashouldbe
obtainedfromthebatterymanufacturer.Thebatterynominalvoltageshouldbeusedwhencalculatingthe
maximumshortcircuitcurrent.Testshaveshownthatanincreaseinelectrolytetemperature(above25C)or
elevatedbatteryterminalvoltage(abovenominalvoltage)willhavenoappreciableeffectonthemagnitudeof
shortcircuitcurrentdeliveredbyabattery.

Theinternalbatteryresistanceiscalculatedusing:

WhereEBisthebatteryratedvoltageandI8hrsisthe8hourbatterycapacity.

Themaximum(orpeak)shortcircuitcurrentis:

RBBristhesumofthebatteryinternalresistanceRBandthelineresistanceRBruptothefaultlocation.

Theinitialmaximumrateofriseofthecurrentatt=0sisasfollows:

Thetimeconstantiscalculatedas:

Thesustainedshortcircuitcurrentiscalculatedusing:

Andthefaultcurrentfromthebatteryforthetimet:

ShortCircuitCurrentfromDCMotors/Generators
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DCmotors,ifoperating,will
contributetothetotalfault
current.Themaximumcurrent
thataDCmotorwilldeliverto
ashortcircuitatitsterminalsis
limitedbytheeffective
transientarmatureresistance
(r'd)ofthemotor.ForDC
motorsofthetype,speed,
voltage,andsizetypicallyused
ingeneratingstations,rdisin
therangeof0.1to0.15perunit.
Thus,themaximumfault
currentforashortcircuitatthe
motorterminalswilltypically
rangefrom7to10timesthe
motorsratedarmaturecurrent.
Therefore,itisconservativeto
estimatethemaximumcurrent
Figure3.TypicalshortcircuitcharacteristicofDCmotor/generator
thatamotorwillcontributetoa
faultas10timesthemotors
ratedfullloadcurrent.Whenamoreaccuratevalueisrequired,theshortcircuitcontributionshouldbecalculated,
usingspecificrddataforthespecificmotor,oractualtestdatashouldbeobtainedfromthemotormanufacturer.
Foradditionalaccuracy,thecalculationshouldaccountfortheresistanceofthecablesbetweenthemotorandthe
fault.Acompleteexpressionfortheshortcircuitcurrentis:

Where:iaperunitcurrent,e0istheinternalemfpriorshortcircuit(p.u.),rdsteadystateeffectiveresistanceof
machine(p.u.),r'dtransienteffectiveresistanceofmachine(p.u.).Thefrequencyis60Hz.Typically,formotors
e0=0,97p.u.,andforgeneratorse0=1,03p.u.

Themachineelectricalparameteraretobecalculatedincasewhennoadditionaldataisknownforobserved
machine.Normally,itismorepracticaltousetherealmachinedatagivenbythemanufacturer.Themachine
inductanceisderivedfromthefollowingequation:

WherePisthepolenumber,nnnominalspeed,UMnominalvoltageandIMnominalcurrent.Cxdependsonthe
machinetype:Cx=0,4isformotorswithoutpolefacewindings,Cx=0,1isformotorswithpolefacewindings,
Cx=0,6isforgeneratorswithoutpolefacewindings,andCx=0,2isforgeneratorswithpolefacewindings.

Thebaseresistanceofthemachineisderivedfrom:

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ThenthetransientresistanceinOhmsisderivedfrom:

ThepeakshortcircuitcurrentinAmps:

Orinp.u.:

Theinitialrateofriseofthecurrentis:

Thefirst2/3timeconstantofriseis:

Andthesecond1/3timeconstantofriseis:

Thetotaltimeconstantis:

Thearmaturecircuitdecrementfactoris:

Thefieldcircuitdecrementfactoris:

ShortCircuitCurrentsfromChargers
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Themaximumcurrentthatachargerwilldeliverintoashortcircuit,coincidentwiththemaximumbatteryshort
circuitcurrent,isdeterminedbythechargercurrentlimitcircuit.Thecurrentlimitsettingisadjustableinmost
chargersandmayvaryfrommanufacturertomanufacturer.Thus,themaximumcurrentthatachargerwilldeliver
onshortcircuitwillnottypicallyexceed150%ofthechargerampererating.

Theinitialsustainedshortcircuitcurrent(or
quasisteadystatecurrent)isgivenby:

ThefactorK2istakenfromthediagramof
sustainedfaultcurrentfactorversusrectifier
terminalvoltage,zCisthecommutating
impedanceperunitandIRistheratedrectifier
current.Thecommutatingimpedanceincludes
ACsideimpedancewithtransformer(RCand Figure4.Peakfaultcurrentfactorasafunctionofsystemconstants
XC).Ifthecommutatingimpedanceisinper
unitvaluethenitshouldbeconverted.

ConversionofzC(p.u.)toZC(Ohms):

Caseofdoublewayrectifier,equationis:

Caseofdoublewyerectifier:

ThecurrentIdaisusedtodetermineequivalent
rectifierresistanceandinductanceontheDC
side,whicharethengivenby:

Figure5.Sustainedfaultcurrentvsrectifierterminalvoltage

WhereEdaistheassumedvoltageattherectifierterminalsduringthefaultandequalse0(p.u.)xSystemVoltage
(Volts).

Ifthefaultcurrentiscalculatedusingthesuperpositionmethod,thenthefollowingrelationsareused:

When: Then:

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When: Then:

Thesustainedvalueofthefaultcurrentis:

Therectifierterminalvoltageis:

Therateofrisefaultcurrentis:

Thepeakcurrentisgivenas:

WherethefactorK1istakenfromthediagramandisinfunctionofK3andK4,whicharecalculatedasfollows,for
thefullwavebridgeconnectedrectifier:

Note:ThevalueEda=edaEDshouldbewithin10%ofthecalculatedvalueEdc,therectifierterminalvoltage
undersustainedshortcircuitcurrent.Theiterativeprocessisrepeateduntilthedesiredtoleranceisachieved.

K1peakfaultcurrentfactor
K2sustainedfaultcurrentfactor
K3reactanceconstant(usedtodetermineK1)
K4resistanceconstant(usedtodetermineK1)
Index"RBr"referstothecombinedresistanceoftherectifierandthebranchuptothefaultlocation

References

1.IEEE9461992:IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCAuxiliaryPowerSystemsforGenerating
StationsFormoreinformationspleaserefertothestandarditselfIEEE9461992
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=213720&contentType=Standards).

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2.Industrialpowersystemsdatabook,GeneralElectric,1956AttheIowaDigitalLibraryGeneralElectric
IndustrialPowerSystemsDataBook(http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/uidb/id/10895).

Relatedtopics:

ShortCircuitCalculation

accordingtotheIEC61660

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