CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Backgroud of the Problem

Every living things needs oxygen and nutrients and excrete metabolic waste. The
metabolic processes require a primary materials and produce waste that must removed
from the body. Blood circulatory system is an organ system that serves to move the
substances into and out of the cells. The product of the digestion of food and oxygen is
transported and then distributed to all tissues of the body, while the waste of
metabolism of all body tissues are transported to the disposal organ.
The function of the circulatory system in humans among which supplies oxygen
and nutrients to tissues, bringing the residual gas in the form of carbon dioxide to the
lungs, and restore metabolic waste to the kidneys for secreted "discarded. The
circulatory system is also known to the transport system. Blood dialirkandari primary
organ to the next component, to reach every body's cells. Therefore, the circulatory
system is also called the transport system.
1.2 Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the problem, the authors formulate some problem
formulation is as following.
1. What are the components needed in circulatory processes in humans?
2. What are the functions of blood in the human body?
3. What organs are involved in the process of blood circulation in humans?
4. How does the process of the small blood circulation?
5. How does the process of the large blood circulation?
1.3 Purpose of the Paper
This paper was made to complete the English task that have given to us. This task
aims to increase students' knowledge about vocabulary related to the human body. In
addition, the paper was made so that the writer / reader can find out how does the
process of blood circulation in the human body and what organs are involved in the
process of blood circulation in the human body.

1
 CHAPTER 2
THEORY AND DISCUSION
2.1 Circulatory System in Human
The circulatory system in humans consists of:
1. Blood
Blood is a red liquid that be found in the blood vessels. The blood color is
not always red, but can change due to the influence of abortion, especially levels
of oxygen and carbon dioxide. When the levels of oxygen are high, the blood
color becomes pink, but if the levels of carbon-dioxide are high, the blood color
becomes maroon. The volume of the blood in human body is 8% from the weight
of the body.
a. Composition of Blood
Human blood is composed of two main components, namely blood
cells and blood plasma (blood fluid). Each blood component consists of
various components, namely:
1) Blood Cells
Blood cells is the largest part of the blood, which is about 40-
50%. Blood cells consist of three kinds, namely:
a) Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
(1) The size of 7.5 to 7.7 m
(2) The shape biconcave
(3) Are non nucleated
(4) Can not move freely
(5) can not go through the capillary wall
(6) The color is red, yellowish
The red blood cells forming in the bone marrow
endothelial. The function of the red blood cells is to transports
oxygen and stay in the blood vessels.
b) White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
(1) Size of 10-12 m
(2) Has a very varied shapes
(3) Has a nucleus (center cell)
(4) To move freely in ameboid
(5) Can go through the capillary walls called diapedesis
White blood cells are made in the red bone marrow,
spleen, lymph nodes, and thereticulo-indotel tissue. Leukocytes
has the main function is to againtsmicrobe that enter the body,
the way is to eat it is called phagocytosis.The number of white
blood cells may go up and down depending on the presence or
absence of infectious microbe. Leukocytes can be divided into
two groups, namely granulocytes (when plasma bergranuler)

2
 and agranulocytes(when the plasma is not bergranuler).
Granulocyte leukocytes can be divided into three kinds:
(1) Neutrophils: are phagocytic, the plasma is neutral, the
shapes of the nucleus is varied such as bar,
multinucleated, nucleated crooked, etc
(2) Basophils: the plasma is wet, has bluish freckles, and are
phagocytes.
(3) Eusinofil: are phagocytic, the plasma is acid, has reddish
freckles that the numbers will increase when there is an
infection.
Agranulosit leukocytes can be divided into two kinds, namely:
(1) Monocytes: have one nucleated, big and the shaped
elliptical , can move quickly, and are phagocytes
(2) Lymphocytes: have one nucleated, the cell can not move
freely, there is the size like erythrocytes. These cells have
a big role in the formation of immune substances
(antibodies).
c) Blood Clotting Cells (trombosit)
(1) The size is smaller (2-4m) than erythrocytes and
leukocytes
(2) non nucleated
(3) The shapes are irregular
(4) easily broken when has touched on rough surface
These cells are formed in the red bone marrow
megakaryocytes. Platelets are very important for the process of
blood clotting. Blood clotting is a series of processes that occur
in body tissue, blood plasma, and platelets.
2) Blood Plasma
Blood plasma consists of water in which dissolved a variety of
substances, both organic and inorganic substances and substances that
are useful and useless waste materials so that the amount of
approximately 7-10%. The substances dissolved in the blood plasma
can be grouped into several types, namely:
a) Nutrients and minerals, such as glucose, amino acids, acids fat,
cholesterol, and mineral salts.
b) Substances produced by cells, such as enzymes, hormones, and
antibodies.
c) Blood protein, which is composed of several amino acids,
namely:

3
 (1) Albumin, which is very important for maintaining blood
osmotic pressure
(2) Fibrinogen, is essential for blood clotting process
(3) Globulin, to form gemaglobulin,that is a very important
component of immune substances.
d) Metabolic substances, such as urea, uric acid and other waste
substances.
e) Respiratory gases dissolved in the plasma, such as O2, CO2,
and N2
2.2 The Functions of Blood
Blood is a backing tissue that has many special functions, namely:
1) Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide from the breathing organs to tissues
throughout the body
2) Transport the nutrients throughout the body
3) Transporting the waste of metabolism to the excretion organs
4) Circulating hormones from hormonal glands into the place in the body that need it

2.3 The Circulatory Organs in Human Body

The organs that participate in the process of blood circulation in humans consists
of:
a. Blood Vessel
There are three kinds of blood vessels, namely:
1) Arteries is a blood vessel that transport blood from the heart throughout the
body. These vessels can be divided into the aorta, arteries and arterioles.
The aorta is the blood vessels that directly related to the heart. The arteries
are branches of the aorta, while arterioles is a artery that related to the
capillary.
2) Veins is blood vessels that transport blood from all organs of the body to the
heart. Vena is divided into venules, veins, and the vena cava. Venules are
blood vessels that directly related to the capillary. Vein receives blood from
the venules, while the vena cava is the large vein that directly related to the
heart.

4
 3) Capillary vessels is blood vessels that connecting arterioles to the venules.
Capillary is the blood vessels that the walls are just thick a layer of cells. In
these vessels, occurs the exchange of oxygen from the blood with carbon
dioxide from the body tissues.
b. Heart
The heart is located in the left of chest cavity. the heart is pumping blood
organ. The size is more or less than a fist . Heart has sections as follows:
1) Heart Wall
Heart wall is the part that encloses the heart rooms. The wall consists
of three layers, namely:
a) Epicardium
The epicardium is a thin layer of elastic connective tissue and
fat that serves as an additional layer of protection from trauma or
friction for the heart under the pericardium.
b) Myocardium
Myocardium is the heart muscle. This muscle is composed of
types muscle that work unconsciously.
c) Endocardial
Endocardium is the membrane lining the heart room.
2) Rooms Heart
The room of the human heart is four, consists of two porch (atrium)
right and left, and the two chambers (ventricles) right and left. Right atrium
contains blood that contain CO2 coming from all of the body, while the left
atrium contains blood that containing oxygen from the lungs.
3) Heart Valve
The heart valve is located between the porch and the chamber,
between the chamber and the pulse. The function of valve is to keep the
blood flow direction. The valves are as follows:
a) Tricuspid valvula is located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle. This valve is used to prevent blood in the right ventricle
does not return to the right atrium
b) Biskupidalis valvula is located between the left atrium and left
ventricle. The function of this valve is to prevent the blood in the left
ventricle does not return to the left atrium.
c) Seminularis valvula is the valve has shape like crescent. This valve
consists of three leaves and located at the base of a large pulse. Its
function is to prevent the blood in the veins is not returned to the
booth.
2.4 Types of the circulatory system in human body

5
 Human circulatory system is a closed blood circulation because the blood that
flowed from and to all part of body by the blood vessels and blood flowed through the
heart as much as two times so its called double blood circulation that comprising:
1) Sirkulatoria magna is the circulatory of the heart (left chamber) to all part of
body (except the lungs) and back to the heart (right atrium).
2) Sirkulatoria parva is the blood circulation from heart (right ventricle) to the
lungs back to the heart (left atrium). In addition, there is also the portal venous
system is the vein of an organ before lead up to the heart, stopped at a organ. In
humans it is the venous system porta hepatis is the blood from the intestines,
before to the heart stopped at the liver.

6
 CHAPTER 3
OCCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
The circulatory system in humans consists of blood and blood circulation organs.
Blood circulation in the human incuding closed blood circulation because blood that
flow from and to the all part of body by the blood vessels and blood flows through the
heart twice so called circulation double blood, which consists of small circulation (right
ventricle -> artery pulmonalis -> pulmo -> vein pulmonalis -> left atrium) and the large
blood circulation (left ventricle -> aorta> arteries -> capillaries -> above and below
veins-> right atrium).
3.2 Suggest
As an professional nurse, are expected to know a lot of English vocabulary,
especially those associated with the human body and nursing. This is because English is
the international language. Moreover, not infrequently there are foreign tourists who
visited Indonesia and also seeking treatment at the hospital if their health impaired. In
addition, as a professional nursing are expected to know all the processes that occur in
the human body, such as the circulatory system. It is very important to avoid mistakes
when we are already working in the hospital.

7
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gembong Tjitrosoepomo, dkk. (1980). Biologi II. Jakarta: Dedik BUD.
Istamar Syamsuri, dkk. (2004). Biologi 2A Untuk SMA Kelas XI. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Slamet Prawirohartono. (2005). Sains Biologi Untuk SMA Kelas 2. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara