Secreca y Transparencia

en la Administracin Pblica
Omar Guerrero*

P ara la experiencia mexicana, los ltimos

*@$.4"8"(.0(%-*3,()&("3$."13&-,$.",(.(.4"
A*)" .-+$" B()('$.$." ()" '(C(D-$)(." 8" +-.-
%5.-$)(."3(B-.3*&->*.".$2'("3*"&'*).0*'()%-*4"()"
%5*)&$" ,*&('-*4" .5E(&$." $23-B*+$.4" +('(%A$."
%-5+*+*)$.4">()&*E*."8"$&'*."%5*3-+*+(.",F.?"

G)"(3"0('-$+$"H77H"*3"H7IJ".("33(>*'$)"*"%*2$"
+$." '(K$',*." %$).&-&5%-$)*3(." LH77M" 8" H7INO4"
+$."3(8(."LH77H"8"H7IJO"8"5)"'(B3*,()&$"LH776O4"
3$" P5(" *''$E*" 5)" )5(>$" $'+()*,-()&$" %*+*"
&'(."*@$.?

La expedicin de una ley de transparencia su-

0$)("3*"*0('&5'*4"*"3*"35:"0123-%*4"+("5)"%1,5-
3$" +(" )(B$%-$." 0123-%$." 8" *3" ,-.,$" &-(,0$" 3*"
+(Q)-%-/)"+("39,-&(."+(",*&('-*."P5(".("*0*'-
&*)"+("3$."$E$."+("3*"%-5+*+*)9*?

El secreto ha quedado incluido como una par-

&("+("3*"3(84".-)"P5(".("A*B*"5)*"%$)%(0&5*-

!" #$%&$'" ()" *+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*4" *5&$'" +(" 67" 3--

2'$." 8" )5,('$.$." *'&9%53$." (.0(%-*3-:*+$.4" ,-(,-
2'$"+(3";<=")->(3"===?

EXAMEN 11
 NACIONAL
%-/)"+(".5")*&5'*3(:*4".5"K5)%-/)"8".5."*3%*)%(.?"
R$8"()"+9*"3$."3(B-.3*+$'(.4"3$."0$3-&/3$B$."8"3$."
*+,-)-.&'*&->-.&*."%*.-"A*)"+(E*+$"+("$%50*'.("
+(".5"(D*,()?"S)&*@$4".-)"3(8(."+("&'*).0*'()-
cia, exista un estudio minucioso del secreto, e
incluso era develado en los temarios de los li-
2'$." +(" 0$39&-%*" 8" +(" S+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*?"
G,0(%(,$."0$'"(.&$"8".(B5-'(,$."%$)"3*"$&'*?
EL SECRETO
G3".(%'(&$"E5(B*"5)"0*0(3"%()&'*3"()"3*"S+,-)-.-
&'*%-/)"0123-%*?"=)%35.$"T*D"U(2('"3$"$2.('>*-
2*"%$,$"5)*"%*'*%&('9.&-%*"+("3*"25'$%'*%-*"
+(" .5" &-(,0$" L+V%*+*" +(" IWH7O4" 0$'P5(" ()"
(.(" ()&$)%(." (3" (,-)()&(" 0().*+$'" (.&*2*"
A*%-()+$" (3" '(&'*&$" ,F." Q(3" +(3" .('>-%-$" %->-3"
*3(,F)4" (3" ,F." %V3(2'(" +(3" ,5)+$" $%%-+()-
&*3?"X*"%*5.*"+("3*".50('>->()%-*"+(3".(%'(&$"3*"
()%5()&'*"()"(3"0'$0/.-&$"+("3*"25'$%'*%-*"0$'"
-)%'(,()&*'"3*"0'((,-)()%-*"+(".5".*2('"0'$-
K(.-$)*34",*)&()-()+$"()"3*".$,2'*")$"./3$".5."
%$)$%-,-()&$.4" .-)$" &*,2-V)" .5." -)&()%-$)(.?"
Y$'" %$).-B5-()&(4" 3*" 25'$%'*%-*" (." 5)" .-.&(,*"
P5(" -)A('()&(,()&(" (D%358(" 3*" 0523-%-+*+4"
8" $%53&*" .5" .*2-+5'9*" 8" .5" *%&->-+*+" LU(2('4"
IWHIZMNNO?
G3" .(%'(&$" P5(" B5*'+*" +(3-2('*+*,()&(" (.*"
.*2-+5'9*"0'$K(.-$)*3".("33*,*",-.&('-$4"*'%*)*4"
IH MARZO 2015
8"&-()("(3"+$23("0*0(3"K5)%-$)*3"+("
%52'-'" 3*" ('5+-%-/)" *+,-)-.&'*&->*"
como un arte posedo por los ini-
ciados y al mismo tiempo disimular
.5."+(.-B)-$.?"#("*P59"(3"A(%A$"+("
que Karl Marx comentara que el
)$,2'*,-()&$" +(3" K5)%-$)*'-$" 01-
23-%$"*3(,F)4"-,03-%*"5)"2*5&-:$4"(."
+(%-'4"(3"0*.$"+(3".*2('"0'$K*)$"*3"
.*2('".*B'*+$?
G3"(D*,()"+(3".(%'(&$"%$)&'-258("*"
su comprensin y a la prevencin
+(" .5." '-(.B$.?" S)&*@$" &*,2-V)" .("
3("%$).-+('*2*"-)A('()&("*"5)*"*+-
,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*" (K(%&->*?" #("
modo que un funcionario no slo
+(2(" .('" 'F0-+$" +(" 0().*,-()&$4"
sino estar ntimamente relacionado
con los misterios del arte secretarial
L[*-\[*5.4" I7]HZH7IO?" El secreto es,
desde este punto de vista, un arte que se re-
.('>*"+(3-2('*+*,()&("+()&'$"+("3*"'*:/)"+("
Estado^"8"./3$"(."*%%(.-23("*",58"0$%$."+("3$."
funcionarios pues, como si se tratara de una
multitud de mdicos, la variedad de opiniones
0$+'9*" %*5.*'" 3*" ,5('&(" +(3" ()K(',$" LS)/)--
,$4"()"G.%5+('$4"IWM_ZIIW]O?"
El secreto demanda que la informacin reser-
vada incluya a pocos enterados, porque slo
+("&*3",$+$".("05(+("%$).('>*'?"S.9"05(.4"B(-
)('*3,()&(" .(" '(%$,()+*2*" P5(" )$" ./3$" 3*."
0('.$)*." *E()*." *" 3*" *+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*"
+(2-('*)"+(.%$)$%('"3$.".(%'(&$."A*2-+$."()-
&'("(3"B$2(')*)&("8"(3"0'-,('",-)-.&'$4".-)$"-)%35-
so los otros funcionarios; porque en el servicio
+("3$."B$2(')*)&(."(."%$.*",58"-,0$'&*)&(")$"
'(>(3*'".(%'(&$.`"L;*'-4"IMH7Z_M\_]O?"
La literatura administrativa otomana es reve-
3*+$'*" .$2'(" 3*" '(.('>*" +(" 3*" -)K$',*%-/)?" ;("
+-%(4"0$'"(E(,03$4"P5("()"(3".('>-%-$"+("3$."B$-
2(')*)&(." (." 5)" AF2-&$" )$23(" '(.0(&*'" 3$." .(-
cretos de los dems, as como no revelar los
0'$0-$.?"T(&*K/'-%*,()&(".("*%$).(E*"P5(".("
(.%$)+*" 5)" .(%'(&$" a*1)" ()" 2$&/)`4" 0$'P5("
cada secreto que va ms all de dos personas
.("A*%("0123-%$?"G)"(K(%&$4"%5*)+$"5)".(%'(&$"
0*.*"()&'("3$."3*2-$.".(">5(3>("%$)$%-+$"0*'*"
&$+$.?
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
PBLICA

G)" .5,*4" 5)*" *+,-)-.&'*%-/)" P5(" B5*'+*" (3" SECRETO Y PODER

.(%'(&$" K5)%-$)*" ,(E$'" P5(" $&'*" P5(" )$" 3$"
A*%(?"G3"'VB-,()"(Q%*:"K5)%-$)*"()".(%'(&$4"
05(." &-()(" (K(%&$." 0$.-&->$.?" G3" .(%'(&$" K5("
%*3-Q%*+$" %$,$" 3*" 33*>(" +(" 3*" 0'5+()%-*" 8"
.*)&5*'-$" +(" 3*" .*2-+5'9*" Lb'-&*-)(4" IMH_ZHMO?"
Es ms, es una condicin inherente a todo
.-.&(,*"25'$%'F&-%$4"(."+(%-'4"+$&*+$"%$)"5)"
.('>-%-$" *+,-)-.&'*&->$" 0'$K(.-$)*3" 8" (.&*23(?"
G3" +(.*''$33$" *+,-)-.&'*&->$" A*" 0'$B'(.*+$"
,('%(+"*3".(%'(&$?"c&'*"%*5.*"K5)%-$)*3"+(3"
secreto radica en su papel para mantener
la armona en el interior de la administracin
0123-%*?" X*" %$)%$'+-*" ()&'(" 3$." K5)%-$)*'-$."
(." 5)" .5%(.$" )(%(.*'-$" 0$'P5(" (3" B$2-(')$"
)$"(."./3$"5)*",FP5-)*"%$3$.*3"8"%$,03(E*4"
.-)$" 5)" *'.()*3" +(" ,-.&('-$." (3" %5*34" 5)*" >(:"
desconcertado, no es fcil de encausar en
.5" '5&*" LY*3*K$D" 8" T()+$:*4" IWN_ZJ7O?" G)" (3"
.()$" +(" 3*" *+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*" .(" +(2("
*%&5*'" %$)" .-B-3$" 0$'P5(4" %$,$" (." +(Q)-+$4"
el secreto es el sustento de decisiones polti-
cas; es decir, es aquello que antes de efec-
&5*'.(")$"33(B*"*"3*"a)$&-%-*"%$,1)`"Ld*,9'(:"
+("Y'*+$4"I_IMZHJO?"Sin el secreto, intiles son
3*.">-'&5+(.",$'*3(."+(3"K5)%-$)*'-$4".50('C5*"
3*"%-()%-*"+(3"B$2-(')$"("-)K'5%&5$.*".5"Q+(-
lidad; pues el secreto es el fundamento del
B$2-(')$" 0123-%$`" LS)/)-,$4" ()" G.%5+('$4"
IWM_ZIH__O?
c2>-*,()&("3*"0$39&-%*".("A*"'(B-+$"0$'"(3".(-
%'(&$"%$,$"0'-)%-0-$"+("(K(%&->-+*+4".(B1)".("
aprecia tpicamente en la doctrina de la razn
de Estado?"
g)" 0().*+$'" *Q',*" %'5+*,()&(" P5(4" )$" (."
.-(,0'("3*"E5.&-%-*"3*"P5("(.&*23(%("3$."'(-)$.4"
)-"3*">-'&5+"3*"P5("+-.&'-258("3*."%$'$)*.?"h*,-
2-V)" (3" %'-,()" 05(+(" 0'(.-+-'" (3" $'-B()" +("
3$." '(-)$.4" 05(." (D-.&(" 5)*" )*&5'*3(:*" -)+-K(-
'()&("*"#-$."8";*&F)"P5("&*,2-V)"(D03-%*"3*."
3-2('&*+(.4" 3*." .('>-+5,2'(.4" 3$." 0*'&-+$.4" 3*."
B5(''*.4"3*."'(>$35%-$)(."8"3*.".(%&*."Lf(''*'-4"
I]_7Z"i\i=O?"f5("()&$)%(."%5*)+$"aNHN"(.%'--
&$'(.`" ().(@*'$)" 3*." *'B5%-*." +(3" *'&(" -)A(-
rente a las maneras de los reyes, el arte de
.$'0'()+('"*"3$."05(23$.4"+("*+53*'"*"3$.".5-
0('-$'(.4"+("'(+5%-'"*"3$."'(2(3+(."8"+("+$,--
)*'"3*."&5'253()%-*.?"G3"*'&("0$39&-%$4"()".5,*4"
+(2("0'$+5%-'"B'*)+(."(K(%&$."+("0(P5(@*."
%*5.*." 8" ,$+-Q%*'" 3*" K$'&5)*" +(" 3$." G.&*+$."
por suerte de nigromancia poltica?"f5("+("&*3"
,$+$4" %$,$" +(" 3*" 3*2$'" +(" 3$." 0().*+$'(."
0$39&-%$.4".("(DA5,/"+("3*"*)&-Bj(+*+"*P5(-
33*"+$%&'-)*",-.&('-$.*"P5(".(@*3*"(3".*%'-Q%-$"
+(" >9%&-,*." A5,*)*.4" *" 3*" %-(B*" +->-)-+*+"
+("3*".*35+"0123-%*?

Tan intenso es el vnculo entre la

*+,-)-.&'*%-/)"0123-%*"8"(3".(%'(-
to, que uno de sus funcionarios
+('->*"+(3",-.,$?"e-('&*,()&(4"(3"
.(%'(&*'-$" +(2(" .('" +-.%'(&$" 0$'-
que la parte ms esencial en su
%*'B$" (.4" 0'(%-.*,()&(4" B5*'+*'"
(3" .(%'(&$?" #(" *P59" .5" )$,2'("
para que en sus odos le sona-
.(" *" &$+*." A$'*." .5" $23-B*%-/)`4"
&$+*" >(:" P5(" 3*" 3()B5*" 8" 3*" 035-
,*" .$)" 0(3-B'$.$." -).&'5,()&$."
+(3" %$'*:/)" L;**>(+'*" f*E*'+$4"
I_N7ZJJIO?" G3" %*'B$" +(" .(%'(&*'-$"
proviene de las experiencias ad-
ministrativas romanas, heredadas
*"3$."2-:*)&-)$.4"%58*."$Q%-)*.".("
33*,*2*)" sekretikoi L35B*'" +(3" .(-
%'(&$O" 8" .5." K5)%-$)*'-$." ('*)" 3$."
.(%'(&*'-$.?

EXAMEN 13
 NACIONAL
G)"(3",5)+$"F'*2(4"3$."(.0(E$."+("0'9)%-0(."*)-
&(%(+()"(.$."%$)%(0&$.?"G)".5."0FB-)*.".("&'*-
&*"+("0'(0*'*'"*"3$.".(%'(&*'-$.4"B$2(')*+$'(."
y reyes en los secretos relativos a las prcticas
+(3" B$2-(')$4" 0$'" 3$" P5(" *+(,F." +(3" ,*)(-
E$" +(" 3*." &V%)-%*.4" ,V&$+$." 8" 0'$%(+-,-()&$."
0*'*" ,(E$'*'" 3*" %$2'*):*" +(" -,05(.&$." $" 3*"
tramitacin de la cancillera; el temario com-
0'()+(" 3$." *'&-Q%-$.4" &F%&-%*." 8" (.&'*&*B(,*."
P5(" %$)+5%()" *3" *%%(.$4" (E('%-%-$" 8" ,*)&(-
)-,-()&$"+(3"0$+('"0$39&-%$?"Y$'"3$"&*)&$4".("()-
.(@*" *" K'*B5*'" 3*" -)&'-B*4" %$).('>*'" (3" .(%'(&$"
("-)&-,-+*'"3*"%$)+5%&*"+("3$."K5)%-$)*'-$.?"X*"
.50('>-.-/)" +(" 3$." $Q%-*3(." 0123-%$.4" (3" 25()"
K5)%-$)*,-()&$"+(3"%$''($"0123-%$"8"3*">-B-3*)-
%-*".$2'("3$."-).0(%&$'(.4"(."0$.-23(",('%(+"*"
5)" Q)$" .-.&(,*" +(" (.0-$)*E(" P5(" ()%52'(" 3*"
&(3*'*@*"0$39&-%*?"
G)" (.*" 3-&('*&5'*" &*,2-V)" .(" ()*3&(%(" 3*" QB5-
'*"+(3"0'-,('",-)-.&'$4"0*'*"P5-()")$".("+(2()"
B5*'+*'".(%'(&$."-,0$'&*)&(.?"Y$'P5("(3"25()"
,-)-.&'$"(."(3"B5*'+-F)"+("3$.".(%'(&$."+(3"'(8"8"
+("V3"+(0()+("(3",*)(E$"$'+-)*'-$"+("3$.")(B$-
%-$."8"3$."-)B'(.$.4"*.9"%$,$"3*"0'$.0('-+*+"+(3"
'(-)$"8"3*"&(.$'('9*"LS3"kA*:*3-4"II7JZI7_\"I7MO?"
G)" (K(%&$4" %$,$" a%*33*'" (." (3" >9)%53$" ,(E$'" 8"
,F." .(B5'$"0*'*" (3" ,*)(E$"+("3$." )(B$%-$.`4"
)$"05(+(".('",-)-.&'$"P5-()")$"K'()*".5"3()B5*"
LX-0.-$4"IJ]WZ]IO?
#("3$"(D05(.&$".("%$''$2$'*"P5("%5*)+$",(-
)$.4"&$+*>9*"5)".-B3$"*&'F.4".("%$).-+('*"*3".(-
%'(&$"%$,$"5)"-)B'(+-()&("+("(K(%&->-+*+"+("
3*" S+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*4" &(,*" %*.-" $2>-*+$"
()"(3"*25)+*)&("%*5+*3"+("3*"3-&('*&5'*"*+,--
)-.&'*&->*"*"3$"3*'B$"+(3".-B3$"DD4".*3>$"0$'"U(2('"
8"*3B5)$."*5&$'(.?"
X*" 0'(B5)&*" 3/B-%*" (.4" )*&5'*3,()&(4" lA*.&*"
P5V"05)&$".("B*)/"8".("0('+-/"%$)"(3".$.3*8$"
de ese tema que parece ser central? El secre-
&$".("A*"+(E*+$"+("(.&5+-*'"%$,$",(%*)-.,$"
+(" 3*" S+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*?" e5*)+$" (3" .(-
%'(&$" .52.-.&(4" .(" 0('K(%%-$)*" 8" .(" 0('0(&1*^"
8"3$"A*%(".-)"P5(".(0*,$."A*.&*"P5V"B'*+$"8"
A*.&*"+/)+("*3%*):*)".5."(K(%&$.?"Y*'*+/E-%*-
,()&(4" 3$." 0().*+$'(." +(" *)&*@$" P5(" K5('$)"
(D0('&$."()"(3".(%'(&$"3$"A-%-('$)"0123-%$4"8".("
(,0(@*'$)"()"+(,$.&'*'".5"(Q%*%-*"8"5&-3-+*+?"
El tema del secreto fue un captulo usual en los
IN MARZO 2015
3-2'$."+("0$39&-%*"+("*)&*@$4"()"5)*"+->('.-+*+"
+("0*9.(.?"GD-.&(4".-)"(,2*'B$4"5)"&(D&$"+("0$39-
tica dedicado expresamente al anlisis del se-
%'(&$"()".5."+->('.*.",$+*3-+*+(.?
G3"*)F3-.-."+(3".(%'(&$"*3%*):*".5"%()-&"()"3*"3-&(-
'*&5'*"*0$3$BV&-%*"+("3$.",-.&('-$."+("G.&*+$4"
%$,$"K/',53*"0$'"3*"%5*34"(3".$2('*)$4"*Q',*"
.5"0$+('?"X*"arcana %$).-.&("()"5)"%*&F3$B$"+("
0'F%&-%*."()>5(3&*."()"(3",-.&('-$"0*'*"B*'*)-
&-:*'"(3",*)&()-,-()&$"+(3"+$,-)-$"LR*2(',*.4"
IW_HZ]WO?";("&'*&*"+("5)*"-)&('0'(&*%-/)"+(3".(-
%'(&$"P5(".("*3(E*"+(3"a,-.&-%-.,$`"%$)"P5(".("
le mira, para enfocarlo ms en el sentido de un
.-3()%-$" %*5&(3$.$4" P5(" +-.&-)B5(" .5" 5.$" ()" 3*"
+-03$,*%-*4"(3".-B-3$"()"3$."-)>()&$."-)+5.&'-*3(."
$"(3".(%'(&$"0'$K(.-$)*3"L;%A,-&&4"IWHIZNJ\N_O?"
Naturalmente las disciplinas militares han he-
%A$"B*3*"+("(.&("&-0$"+(",-.&('-$."()".5.",*-
)5*3(.4" +(.+(" V0$%*." '(,$&*." Lf'$)&-)5." ]N"
+?e?O?"X*"*'%*)*4"%$).-B5-()&(,()&(4"%$).-.&("
()"5)".(%'(&$"+("3*"A(%A5'*"$"K*2'-%*%-/)"P5(4"
()")5(.&'$"%*.$4".("'(Q('("*"3*."+(%-.-$)(."+("
B$2-(')$?"X*"%1.0-+("+(3".(%'(&$"(.&F"$%50*-
da por las arcanis republicarum o misterios de
3*"'(0123-%*4"%$).-.&()&(."()"03*)(."8"0'F%&-%*."
0$39&-%*.".(%'(&*."%$).('>*+*."()"*2.$35&*"'(-
.('>*" Lb$22-$4" IW]JZ6JO?" h-()()" (.&(" %*'F%&('"
'(.('>*+$" +(2-+$" *" P5(" .5" %$)&'$3" *.(B5'*"
3*" (D-.&()%-*" +(3" 'VB-,()" 8" +(" .5" 0$'&*+$'4" 8"
0$'"%$).-B5-()&("+(2()".('"%$)&'*.&*+*."%$)"
*P5(33*."+(%-.-$)(."P5("$0('*)"*"3*"35:"+(3"+9*?"
G.&$." ,-.&('-$." ()%52'()" *" 3*." '*:$)(." ,F." 9)-
&-,*." 8" $%53&*.4" P5(" *.(B5'*)" 3*" +$,-)*%-/)"
8" .$)" 3*." K5(':*." 0'$053.$'*." -)&(')*." +(3" G.&*-
+$^" A*2-+*" %5()&*" +(" P5(" 3*" 0$39&-%*4" %$,$"
otras ciencias, tiene secretos y usa el fraude,
3$." *'+-+(." 8" 3*" *.&5%-*4" P5(" +(2()" $%53&*'.("
+(3",$+$"()"P5(".("(,03(*)?
La teora de las arcanas profesa que el poder
K5)%-$)*",F."(Q%-()&(,()&("()"3*",(+-+*"P5("
est ms escondido de la mirada indiscreta del
%-5+*+*)$4" (.&$" (.4" %5*)+$" ,F." -)>-.-23(" (."
Lb$22-$4"IW]JZ6JO?"G33*".("2*.*"()"(3"A(%A$"+("
P5("(3"'(.53&*+$"+(3"(E('%-%-$"+(3"0$+('4"(."+(-
cir, su efectividad, tendr ms xito cuanto ms
'F0-+$." (" -,0'(>-.-23(." .$)" 3$." ,(%*)-.,$." +("
*%%-/)?"#("(D-.&-'"*3B1)"%$)&'$3"0123-%$4"*1)".(*"
,9)-,$4"K'()*"3*"A(%A5'*"+("+(%-.-$)(."8"*2$'&*"
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
3*".$'0'(.*?"X*"(K(%&->-+*+"+(3"0$+('"(.&F"*.(-
B5'*+*"0$'"3*"(D-.&()%-*"+("5)"locus vedado al
0123-%$Z"5)"B*2-)(&(".(%'(&$"P5("&'*2*E*"()"3*"
0()5,2'*4"+$)+(".("&$,*)"3*."+(%-.-$)(.?"Y$'"
3$" &*)&$4" %$)&'-258(" *" .5" (K(%&->-+*+" 3*" )$\05-
23-%*%-/)"0'(>-*"+("3*."+(%-.-$)(.4"*.9"%$,$"3*"
0(',-.-2-3-+*+"0*'*"3*".-,53*%-/)"8"+-.-,53*%-/)4"
.-)$",F."2-()".5"0523-%*%-/)"a posteriori en for-
,*" +(" ,FD-,*." +(" G.&*+$?" G33*." (D0'(.*)" 01-
23-%*,()&(" 3*." %*5.*.4" '*:$)(.4" ,*)-Q(.&$." 8"
+(%3*'*%-$)(." P5(" .-'>()" 0*'*" 3(B-&-,*'" 3*" *%-
%-/)"L<*5+V4"I_6WZI7H\I7NO?
X*" *'%*)*" -,03-%*" 5)*" ,(&$+$3$B9*" 0$39&--
%*"%$).-.&()&("()"3*"+-.0$.-%-/)" +(3".$2('*)$"
para ocultar las decisiones que tomar y ha-
cerlas conocer solamente por medio de su im-
03(,()&*%-/)" Lb$22-$4" IW]JZ6MO?" G)" (K(%&$4" (3"
secreto se opera disimulando o simulando para
()%52'-'"+(%-.-$)(."&$,*+*."8"0'(.()&*'3*."+("
,*)('*"+->('.*"*"%$,$".$)?"G3"+-.-,53$"+(3".*-
2('"0$.(9+$".-'>("0*'*"*+P5-'-'"3$.",(+-$.4"P5("
K*%-3-&*)" 3*" '(*3-:*%-/)" +(" +(%-.-$)(." +(2-+*-
,()&(",*+5'*+*."L#$)*&$4"IM_7ZH]M\HW7O?"S.--
,-.,$"(.",()(.&('"(3"5.$"+(3"+-.K'*:4"(."+(%-'4"
5)"*'&-Q%-$"P5("K*%-3-&*"*3%*):*'"Q)(."0$39&-%$.4"
()"3*",(+-+*"P5("()%52'("3$.">('+*+('$."+(-
.-B)-$.4" 8" 0(',-&(" '(*3-:*'" %*,2-$." )(%(.*'-$."
.(B1)" 3$" +-%&(" 3*" %$85)&5'*4" $" .(B5-'" (3" %5'.$"
$'-B-)*3"%$,$".("0'$8(%&/?
X*"-)>-.-2-3-+*+"+("3$."0'$%(.$."+("B$2-(')$".("
ha perpetuado porque, con el paso del tiem-
PBLICA
0$4"(3".(%'(&$".("0('K(%%-$)*?"#(",*)('*"P5("
actualmente la victoria del poder visible .$2'("
el poder invisible E*,F." %$)%358(4" 0$'P5(" (.&("
ltimo inventa nuevas formas de ocultarse?"X*."
*'%*)*." .(" &'*).QB5'*'$)" ()" .(%'(&$" +(" G.&*-
do, es decir, en las actas y documentos reser-
>*+$."P5("(3"G.&*+$",$+(')$"+(Q)("%$,$".5"
+('(%A$"+("%52'-'4"("-)%35.$"%*.&-B*'".5"0523--
%*%-/)?
Esta moderna arcana es considerada como un
instrumento esencial del poder, un secreto de
G.&*+$"P5("-)%35.$".("3(B-&-,*"()"%*.$."(D%(0-
%-$)*3(."0'(>-.&$."0$'"3*"3(8"Lb$22-$4"IW]JZ6MO?"
G)"(K(%&$4"(3"0'-)%-0-$"+("0523-%-+*+"%$).&-&5-
cional y particularmente el de la ley mexicana
+(3"H77H4"&-()("(>-+()&(,()&("(D%(0%-$)(."*"
%$).-+('*'?" G3" %*09&53$" ===" &'*&*" +(" 3*" -)K$',*-
%-/)"'(.('>*+*"8"%$)Q+()%-*3?"G)"(3"*'&9%53$"I6"
.(" (.&*23(%(" 3$" .-B5-()&(Z" e$,$" -)K$',*%-/)"
'(.('>*+*" 0$+'F" %3*.-Q%*'.(" *P5V33*" %58*" +--
K5.-/)"05(+*Z"
a=?" e$,0'$,(&('"3*".(B5'-+*+")*%-$)*34"3*".(-
B5'-+*+"0123-%*"$"3*"+(K().*")*%-$)*3^"
==?" T()$.%*2*'" 3*" %$)+5%%-/)" +(" 3*." )(B$-
ciaciones de las relaciones internacionales,
incluida aquella informacin que otros Esta-
+$."5"$'B*)-.,$."-)&(')*%-$)*3(."()&'(B5()"
%$)" %*'F%&('" +(" %$)Q+()%-*3" *3" G.&*+$"
Mexicano;
===?" #*@*'"3*"(.&*2-3-+*+"Q)*)%-('*4"(%$)/,-%*"
o monetaria del pas;
EXAMEN IJ
 NACIONAL
=i?"Y$)('"()"'-(.B$"3*">-+*4"3*".(B5'-+*+"$"3*".*-
lud de cualquier persona; o,
i?" e*5.*'" 5)" .('-$" 0('E5-%-$" *" 3*." *%&->-+*-
+(." +(" >('-Q%*%-/)" +(3" %5,03-,-()&$" +("
las leyes, prevencin o persecucin de
3$." +(3-&$.4" 3*" -,0*'&-%-/)" +(" 3*" E5.&-%-*4" 3*"
'(%*5+*%-/)" +(" 3*." %$)&'-25%-$)(.4" 3*."
$0('*%-$)(." +(" %$)&'$3" ,-B'*&$'-$4" 3*." (.-
&'*&(B-*."0'$%(.*3(."()"0'$%(.$."E5+-%-*3(."
o administrativos mientras las resoluciones
)$"%*5.()"(.&*+$`?"
X*.",*&('-*."%$)&()-+*."()"(3"*'&9%53$"'(Q('()4"
+(" 5)" ,$+$" B()('*34" K5)%-$)(." 2F.-%*." +(3"
G.&*+$Z" 0$39&-%*" -)&('-$'4" '(3*%-$)(." (D&('-$'(.4"
E5.&-%-*4"A*%-()+*"8"+(K().*?"G.&("(."(3"locus in-
A('()&(" *3" 0'-)%-0-$" +(3" .(%'(&$4" 3*" .(B5'-+*+"
-)&('-$'"8"3$.")('>-$."+("3*"&'*)P5-3-+*+"0123-%*4"
como fueron heredados por las monarquas a
3$."'(B9,()(."'(0523-%*)$."8"P5("0('.-.&()"()"
(33$.?
EL SECRETO EN LA ADMINISTRACIN PBLICA DE HOY
G3" (D*,()" +(" 3*" *)&-B5*" 3-&('*&5'*" '(3*&->*" *3"
secreto pareciera representar un mundo admi-
)-.&'*&->$"$0*%$4"8*"-+$4"$"P5("+(2-('*"+(E*'.("
+(3"&$+$?"m".-)"(,2*'B$4"3*"3-&('*&5'*",$+(')*"
'(K('()&(" *" 3*" .(%'(%9*4" .-" 2-()" A*%(" 0*&()&("
I_ MARZO 2015
nuevos modos del secreto, conserva material
P5("0*'(%("3(B*+$"0$'"(3"0*.*+$?"
Hoy en da, desde el punto de vista de la in-
K$',*%-/)" B52(')*,()&*34" &$+$" 'VB-,()"
detenta dos captulos separados, diversos,
%$,03(,()&*'-$." 8" ,5&5*,()&(" (D%358()&(.Z"
g)$".("%$).('>*"8"0('0(&1*"()"3*"0()5,2'*4"
(3"$&'$"K5)%-$)*"*"3*"35:"+(3".$3?"g)$".("$%53&*4"
(3"$&'$".(",5(.&'*?"Y('$"()&'("*,2$."%*09&53$."
(D-.&(" 5)*" K'*)E*" K'$)&('-:*" P5(" .(" A*" (.&*+$"
,$>-()+$" +(" 3*" $.%5'-+*+" A*%-*" 3*" 35:4" 0('$"
con frecuencia se retorna al punto de partida
y ms al fondo, fortaleciendo la hermeticidad
*339" -,0('*)&(?" X*" :$)*" $0*%*" +(" 3*" >-+*" +("
las naciones, como fue retratada, no es cosa
+(3" 0*.*+$4" .-)$" 5)" '*.B$" +(" 3*" *%&5*3-+*+?"
Todos los Estados disponen de instituciones de
-)&(3-B()%-*"P5("3*2$'*)"()"3*".$,2'*"8"%58*."
actividades se mantienen ocultas de un modo
+(3-2('*+$?"G3"*.5)&$"(.".*2('"%5F3"+(2(".('"3*"
extensin del permetro de la opacidad esta-
tal, y la medida ms adecuada parece ser el
(.0*%-$" +(" 3$." +('(%A$." +(3" A$,2'(" 8" (3" %-5-
dadano?
g)$" +(" 3$." ,$&->$." $2.('>*23(." ()" (3" ,5)+$"
moderno radica en la demanda de los admi-
)-.&'*+$'(."0$'",*)&()('.("()"3*"0()5,2'*4".$"
pena de estar sometidos a la pre-
.-/)" +(" 3$." B'50$." +(" -)&('V.^" 8" .-"
2-()"(."%-('&$"P5("(.&("*'B5,()&$"
(."B()('*3"()"3*."Q3*."+("3$.".('>--
+$'(." +(3" B$2-(')$4" .(" *%()&1*"
8" B3$'-Q%*" ()" 3$." '*,$." +(" 3*" +(-
fensa, la diplomacia y la poltica
-)&('-$'"L#(22*.%A4"IWMHZ__6\__NO?"
Y*'*+/E-%*,()&(4"(3"(.%'5&-)-$"01-
23-%$" 8" 3*" *0('&5'*" +(,$%'F&-%*"
.$)"3*."%*5.*3(."(.B'-,-+*."0$'"3$."
.('>-+$'(."0123-%$."()".5"'(%3*,$"
+(".(%'(%9*?"G."%-('&$"P5("*)&*@$"
la secreca estuvo asociada a los
'(B9,()(."$3-BF'P5-%$.4"%$,$"i(-
necia, cuyos inquisidores siempre
K5('$)"*)/)-,$.^"$"3*"*)&-B5*";5--
:*" P5(" &5>$" 5)" e$).(E$" ;(%'(&$?"
#$.".-B3$."*&'F.4"3$."'(B9,()(."0*'-
lamentarios an tenan sesiones
secretas, haciendo que Bentham
*Q',*'*"P5("3*".$.0(%A*".-(,0'("
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
PBLICA

*%$,0*@*" *3" ,-.&('-$" Lk$3+.%A-

,-&&4"IWJIZN7I\NI_O?"

A diferencia del pasado, hoy en

da una visin ms amplia de la
secreca demanda su anlisis, no
./3$"%$)"'(3*%-/)"*"3*"0523-%-+*+4"
.-)$" &*,2-V)" %$)" 3*" 0'->*%-+*+4"
0$'P5(" .(" &'*&*" +(" 5)" &'-F)B5-
3$" ,/>-3" P5(" .(" +(.03*:*" A*%-*"
%*+*"5)*"+(".5."0*'&(.?"

g)*".$%-(+*+")$"05(+(".('"*2.$-
35&*,()&("0123-%*"0$'P5("0$+'9*"
+*@*'" 3$." +('(%A$." -)+->-+5*3(.4"
)-" ()&('*,()&(" 0'->*&-:*+*" ()"
provecho del inters de pocos; ni
tampoco hermtica del todo, su-
,-+*"()"3*"$0*%-+*+"+(3".(%'(&$?"

G." .*2-+$" P5(" 3*" +(,$%'*%-*" '(-

P5-('(" 0523-%-+*+4" 0('$" &*,2-V)" +(2(,$."
.*2('" P5(" *3B5)*." +(" .5." policies necesitan
.(%'(%9*?" EL HECHO ES SIMPLE: COMO ANTAO SU
EFECTIVIDAD DEPENDE DE LA RESERVA DE SU HECHURA
LhA$,0.$)4"IWWWZI]H4"IWH\IW6O?"La democracia
)(%(.-&*4"()"%-('&$."%*.$."8"0$'"*3B1)"&-(,0$4"
de cierto tipo de secreca, y ello es incluso de-
.(*23(" 0$'P5(" 3*" 0523-%-+*+" )$" (." 5)" A(%A$"
*2.$35&$"()"3$."0'$%(.$."+("B$2-(')$?
e$,$" 3$" A(,$." 0$+-+$" $2.('>*'4" 3*" E5.&-Q-
%*%-/)" 5.5*3" +(" 3*" >-B()%-*" +(3" .(%'(&$" (." (3"
,*)&()-,-()&$"+(3"-)&('V."0123-%$4"P5(".("%$)-
sidera como el ms importante de la sociedad
,$+(')*?" h*,2-V)" A(,$." *)$&*+$" P5(" )$'-
malmente sus nichos son la poltica interior, la
.(B5'-+*+")*%-$)*3"8"3*"+-03$,*%-*?"e$)",-'*."
()"(.("-)&('V.".("(.B'-,("3*")(%(.-+*+"+(",*)-
&()('"3*"(Q%-()%-*"+("3*"*+,-)-.&'*%-/)"0123-%*"
8"(3"-)&('V."&*)&$"+("-)+->-+5$.4"%$,$"+("$'B*-
)-:*%-$)(.4"+(3",-.,$",$+$"%$,$".("A*%9*".--
B3$."*&'F."Lk$3+.%A,-&&4"IWJIZ6H\66O?"=)%35.$4"3*"
-)&(B'-+*+",$'*3"8"0'$K(.-$)*3"+("3$.".('>-+$'(."
0123-%$." (." *.(B5'*+*" 0$'" 3*" .(%'(%9*4" 0'-)-
cipalmente de conformidad con la tradicin
,-)-.&('-*3" 2'-&F)-%*?" G3" *)$)-,*&$" 3(." '(3(>*"
+(3" +(2('" +(" -)K$',*'" *3" 0123-%$" 8" ,*)&()('"
contactos con el exterior, de un modo similar a
%$,$".("'(*3-:*2*"*)&*@$4"%5*)+$"(3".(%'(&$"
('*"5)"+(2('"-)P5(2'*)&*23("+(3"K5)%-$)*'-$?
=)%35.$"3*"-+(*"n(2('-*)*"+(3".(%'(&$"%$,$"5)"
,$+$"+("*5.0-%-*'"(3"+(.*''$33$"+(3".*2('"25'$-
crtico, as como de preservar en el silencio las
intenciones de los servidores civiles, fue inter-
0'(&*+$" 0$'" d$2('&" T('&$)" %$,$" 5)" .9)&$,*"
+(3"'-&5*3-.,$"P5("%$)>-('&("3$.",(+-$."()"Q)(.?"
En efecto, el secreto pasara de ser un medio,
0*'*"&$,*'"3*"K$',*"+("5)*"Q)*3-+*+"*+,-)-.-
&'*&->*"8".5"%*5.*".('9*"3*"-)('%-*"25'$%'F&-%*?"
#-%A$"+("$&'$",$+$4"(3".(%'(&$")$"()%52'(")(-
%(.*'-*,()&(" 3*" .*2-+5'9*" *+,-)-.&'*&->*4" .-)$"
.5."+(Q%-()%-*.?";-)"(,2*'B$4"(3"A(%A$"*"+(.-
tacar es que desde mediados de la dcada
+("IWM74"(3"B'*+$"+(".(%'(%9*"*5,()&/4"()&'("
otros factores, por motivo del incremento de la
*%&->-+*+"+(3"B$2-(')$4"8"()"(.0(%-*34"+("3*"'(-
B53*%-/)"()"5)*">*'-(+*+"+("%*,0$."Ld$5'o(4"
IWJMZJNJ\JN_O?" #(" *P59" P5(" 3$." .('>-+$'(." %->--
les, desde entonces, estn manteniendo en se-
%'(&$" ,F." (D0(+-()&(." P5(" *)&*@$4" &$+*" >(:"
P5("*",*8$'"%$,03(E-+*+"+(3"B$2-(')$4",*8$'"
(."3*"-)&('*%%-/)"8"%'5:*,-()&$"+("-)K$',*%-/)"
%$)Q+()%-*3?"
#(2(,$."A*%('"V)K*.-."()"P5("(3"B'*+$"+(".(-
%'(%9*")$"(."B()('*3"()"3*"%->-3-:*%-/)"$%%-+()-
&*34")-"&*,0$%$"()".5")->(3"+("&'*).0*'()%-*?"
G.">*'-*23(4"()"(K(%&$4".(B1)"(3"0*9."+(3"%*.$4"
0$'" (E(,03$4" ()&'(" (3" d(-)$" g)-+$4" 3$." G.&*+$."

EXAMEN 17
 NACIONAL
g)-+$."8"e*)*+F^"05(."(.",*8$'"()"(3"0'-,(-
'$" 8" ,()$'" ()" (3" 13&-,$" +(" 3$." 0*9.(.?" ;-)" (,-
2*'B$4" ()" (.*." )*%-$)(.4" 0$'" 3$" B()('*34" 3*"
*+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*" .-B5(" .-()+$" +(Q)-+*"
por el ciudadano como annima, sin rostro e
-,0(',(*23(4" 0$'P5(" +(.%$)$%(" 3$." 0'$%(-
+-,-()&$." 8" 3*." '*:$)(." P5(" +*)" $'-B()" *" .5."
*%&->-+*+(."Ld$n*&4"IW_JZNMW\NW]O?"G)"(3"d(-)$"
Unido, como en otros pases, la secreca ha
sido amamantada con la ley monrquica, el otro, el desarrollo de la proteccin de los de-
lo cual contrasta con el pas ms transparente
del mundo, Suecia, donde predomina el prin-
%-0-$"+("0523-%-+*+?"S339"5)"+$%5,()&$"0123-%$"
no es slo el que expide la autoridad, sino tam-
2-V)"(3"P5("'(%-2(?"<$".("+(2("$3>-+*'"P5("()"
este ltimo pas los primeros antecedentes da-
&*)"+("IM__4"%$)"3*"X(8"+("Y'().*"8"(3"#('(%A$"
+("S%%(.$"*"3*."S%&*."Y123-%*.4"-,053.*+*"0$'"
(3" +-05&*+$" S)+('." eA8+()-5.4" -).0-'*+$" ()"
5)*"-).&-&5%-/)"%A-)*"33*,*+*"b5'/"+("e().5'*"
=,0('-*3?"
S8('" 8" A$8" 0(',*)(%(" 3*&()&(" (3" 0'$23(,*"
%()&'*3"+(3".(%'(&$Z"3*"+-Q%53&*+"0*'*"%*3%53*'"
.5."+(K(%&$."-)+(.(*23(.4"()"0*'&("0$'P5(".5"
$'-B()".("'(,$)&*"*"3$."'(B9,()(.",$)F'P5--
cos precedentes, en parte porque ha sido re-
K$':*+$"0$'"(3"%'(%-,-()&$"8"%$,03(E-+*+"+("
3*" S+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*" %$)&(,0$'F)(*?"
S3" Q)*3" +(" %5()&*.4" (.&(" A(%A$" A*%(" P5(" (3"
.(%'(&$" .(*" -)%$,0*&-23(" +(" ,5%A$." ,$+$."
con la democracia moderna y al mismo tiem-
po demanda su coexistencia con la transpa-
'()%-*?
PUBLICIDAD Y TRANSPARENCIA
S)&*@$"(3"&(,*"0'-)%-0*3"+("3*"0$39&-%*")$"A*"
sido tanto la revelacin de los mecanismos del
0$+('4" .-)$" .5" ()%52'-,-()&$?" X*" ,*'(*" %$-
,():/" *" %*,2-*'" ()" (3" .-B3$" pi===4" *" 0*'&-'" +("
3*"0$3V,-%*".$2'("3*"0523-%-+*+"+("3*">-+*"0$-
ltica, que resulta triunfante merced a la Ilustra-
cin 8"3*"d(>$35%-/)"K'*)%(.*4".-"2-()"(."%-('&$"
P5("*3B5)$."0().*+$'(."8*".("A*29*)"*+(3*)-
tado en el propsito de profanar los secretos
+("3*"Q3$.$K9*"0$39&-%*`"Lb$+-)4"IJ]6Z=iO?"
f5(4"05(.4"(3"F)-,$"+("*2'-'"3*."-).&-&5%-$)(."0$-
lticas a la vista de la ciudadana, el fundamen-
to conceptual que propici que una sociedad
I] MARZO 2015
*3(E*+*"+("3$."*.5)&$."0123-%$.".(".-&5*'*"()"(3"
%()&'$"+("3$.",-.,$.?"
X$." )5(>$." &-(,0$." %$,-():*)" %$)" 3*" %$).-
&'5%%-/)" +(" 3$." +('(%A$." 0$39&-%$." Lf-.%A2*%A4"
IW_]ZN6\NJO4"&*)&$"()"(3"F,2-&$"+("3*">-+*"01-
23-%*4"%$,$"()"3*"(.K('*"+("3*">-+*"-)+->-+5*3?"
#(.&*%*4"0$'"5)"3*+$4"(3"0*0(3"+("3(B-&-,*%-/)"
+*+$"0$'"(3"#('(%A$"0123-%$"*3"G.&*+$4"8"0$'"
'(%A$." -)+->-+5*3(.?" R*.&*" ()&$)%(.4" %$,$" (3"
.(%'(&$" +$,-)*2*" *" 3*" *+,-)-.&'*%-/)" (.&*&*3"
0$'"(3"+-%&*+$"+("3*"0$39&-%*"-)&('-$'4"*"3*"'*:/)"
('*"-)*%%(.-23("(3"+$,-)-$"0123-%$"LR*2(',*.4"
IW_HZM6\MNO?
X*"d(>$35%-/)"K'*)%(.*"A*"+(E*+$"5)*"A5(33*"
-,0('(%(+('*?" f5(" 5)" A5'*%F)" P5(" )$" +(E/"
)*+*"-)&*%&$4"5)"%*,2-$"B3$2*3"%$,$")-)B5-
)$"*)&(.")-"+(.05V."0$'".5"VD-&$"84".$2'("&$+$4"
0$'" .5." %$).(%5()%-*." ()" (3" 0'(.()&(" LG33534"
IWMNZMHO?" e$,$" K5(" (D03-%*+$" 0$'" 5)" *5&$'4"
una revolucin es la ruina rpida en pocos
*@$."+("-).&-&5%-$)(."P5("A*29*)"(,03(*+$".--
B3$."()"*''*-B*'.("8"P5("0*'(%9*)"&*)"(.&*23(."
8"&*)"-),5&*23(."P5("3$."'(K$',*+$'(.",F."K$-
B$.$."*0()*."$.*2*)"*&*%*'3*."()".5."(.%'-&$.^"
(." 3*" %*9+*" 8" 3*" 053>('-:*%-/)" ()" 5)" %$'&$")1-
,('$"+("*@$."+("&$+$"3$"P5("%$).&-&59*"A*.&*"
3*" (.()%-*" +(" 3*" >-+*" .$%-*34" '(3-B-$.*4" 0$39&-%*"
8"(%$)/,-%*"+("5)*")*%-/)4"(3"*2*)+$)$"+("
las ideas adquiridas y de las nociones corrien-
&(.".$2'("3*."'(3*%-$)(."&*)"%$,03-%*+*."()&'("
&$+*."3*."5)-+*+(."+(3"'(2*@$"A5,*)$`"L['$-
0$&o-)(4"IW7WZI6\INO?"
G.&*" +(Q)-%-/)" K5(" K$',53*+*" %$)" 2*.(" ()" (3"
,$+(3$"K'*)%V."+("Q)*3(."+(3".-B3$"pi===?"S"0*'&-'"
de entonces, la sociedad ya no poda descan-
.*'".5."2*.(."()"(3".(%'(&$4".-)$"()"-).&-&5%-$)(."
*2-('&*."*"3*">-.&*"8"(3"(D*,()"+("3*"%-5+*+*-
)9*?
e-('&*,()&("[*)&"K5("+("3$."0'-,('$."()"'(.*3-
tar la relacin existente entre moral y transpa-
'()%-*Z" a&$+*" *%%-/)" '(3*&->*" *3" +('(%A$" +("
otros es contraria al Derecho y a la ley, si su
,FD-,*"qrs")$"0(',-&("0523-%-+*+`?
;-)" (,2*'B$4" b()&A*," 3(" $&$'B*" *" 3*" 0523-%--
+*+" 5)" .-B)-Q%*+$" P5(" 0(',-&(" &()+('" 05()-
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
tes de continuidad a lo que
*%&5*3,()&(" .(" 3(" *&'-258(" *"
3*" &'*).0*'()%-*?" G)" .5" Essay on
Political Tactics (IMWIO4" b()&A*,"
*'B5,()&*" P5(" 3*" 0523-%-+*+"
%$)Q('(" *" 3*" (.K('*" B52(')*-
,()&*3"%5*&'$"2()(Q%-$."K5)+*-
,()&*3(.Z"
IO" e$)&-()(" *" 3$." K5)%-$)*'-$."
0123-%$."+()&'$"+(".5"$23-B*-
%-/)?
HO" f$'&*3(%(" 3*" %$)Q*):*" +(" 3*"
Lafayette
ciudadana y favorece su
consentimiento en las deci-
.-$)(."8"*%%-$)(."+(3"B$2-('-
)$?
6O" Y'$0$'%-$)*" *" 3$." (3(%&$'(." 3*" K*%53&*+" +("
$2'*'"%$)"%$)$%-,-()&$"+("%*5.*?
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LA NUEVA SOCIEDAD
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El corolario fue los Derechos del Hombre y el Ciu-
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ces ha sido patente la conveniencia de explici-
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3*."-).&-&5%-$)(.`"LX*K*8(&&(4"IM]IZI7JO?"
Se trata de la sindresis de los primeros princi-
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dad moderna, la propia de nuestro tiempo,
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nueva sociedad tiene como fundamento la
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reformar su constitucin poltica, no existiendo
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EXAMEN IW
 NACIONAL

3$." 2-()(." 0$.(9+$.^" .-)"

que por ello se pretenda
*3B1)" K*>$'" $" (D()%-/)"
0$'" ,$&->$" +(" '*)B$" $"
(,03($?

X$." 0'->-3(B-$." .$)" %$)-

&'*'-$." *" 3*" 3-2('&*+" 8" *"
los derechos de todos
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una dispensa para el
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aliento para los dems,
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de la ley o conceder un
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que constituye el privi-
3(B-$" (." (.&*'" K5('*" +(3"
+('(%A$"%$,1)`"L;-(8V.4"
IM]]ZIHJO?"

#-%A$." 0'->-3(B-$." ()&'*-

2-+$" (.&F" 0(',-&-+$" 0*'*" 3$." 0*'&-%53*'(.4" (33*"
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exacta y pronta, tanto para su persona como
para sus cosas, y se procede a la supresin de
3$."&'-25)*3(."(.0(%-*3(.?"#(",*)('*"P5("3*".$-
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sociedad tiene derecho a la proteccin del Es-
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concurrir a la prosperidad del Estado y contri-
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heredado por el medie-
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dos los ciudadanos estn
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8V." 33*,*" a+(K(%&$" +(" )*%-,-()&$`^" &$+*" >(:"
P5(".("+(2("0'(K('-'"()"(3".('>-%-$"0123-%$"*"3$."

H7 MARZO 2015
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,F."%*0*%(.?"R(B(3"3$"(D03-%/"+-FK*)*,()&(Z"
%$,$"()&'("(3"%*'B$"8"3*"0('.$)*")$"(D-.&("5)"
nexo natural inmediato, los individuos que los
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HIWO?"G.&*"0'$05(.&*"K5("'(%$B-+*"()"(3"*'&9%53$"
_u"+("3*"Declaracin de los Derechos del Hombre
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EXAMEN HI
 NACIONAL
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de la Declaracin de los Derechos del Hombre
y el Ciudadano?" e$).-B5-()&(,()&(4" 3$." ,-)-.-
&'$."8"&$+$."3$."*B()&(.".$)"'(.0$).*23(."+(".5."
B(.&-$)(."*)&("3*")*%-/)"$".5."'(0'(.()&*)&(.?"
;(" %$)+()*" 3*" >()*3-+*+" ()" 3$." %*'B$.4" 0*'-
&-%53*',()&(" ()" 3*" E5+-%*&5'*4" 0$'" .('" -)%$,-
0*&-23(" %$)" 5)" B$2-(')$" 3-2'(4" &$+*" >(:" P5("
)-)B5)*" K5)%-/)" 0123-%*" +(2(" .('" A('(+-&*'-*"
)-"0*&'-,$)-$"+("3$."P5("3*"(E('%()?"e$)"&$+$"
3$",()%-$)*+$4"3*"S.*,23(*"(.&*23(%-/"3*"B*-
ranta social, es decir, la accin de toda la ciu-
+*+*)9*" ()" 0'$" +(3" B$%(" 8" %$).('>*%-/)" +("
3$."+('(%A$.?";5"2*.("(."3*"+->-.-/)"+("0$+('(.4"
3$."39,-&(."+(&(',-)*+$."*3"(E('%-%-$"+("3*."K5)-
%-$)(." 0123-%*.4" (.&*23(%-+$." %3*'*,()&(" 0$'"
3*" 3(8" 8" 3*" (D-B()%-*" +(" '(.0$).*2-3-+*+" *" 3$."
K5)%-$)*'-$."0123-%$."Lb$))-)4"I]HIZI67O?
R("*P59"(3"$'-B()"-),(+-*&$"+("3*"&'*).0*'()-
%-*4"(."+(%-'4"3*"'(.0$).*2-3-+*+"8"3*"'()+-%-/)"
+(" %5()&*.4" 0$'P5(" 3*" &'*).35%-+(:" *+,-)-.-
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
PBLICA

trativa es inexistente sin la res-

0$).*2-3-+*+" +(3" K5)%-$)*'-$" 8" .5"
$23-B*%-/)" +(" '()+-'" %5()&*" +("
.5" +(.(,0(@$?" #(" A(%A$4" t$.V"
Mara Luis Mora as lo conside-
ra dando nfasis al principio de
'(.0$).*2-3-+*+" +(3" K5)%-$)*'-$"
0123-%$"0$'",$&->$"+("a5.$"$"*25-
.$`"+(3"0$+('"0123-%$"P5("(E('%(^"
05(." .-)" '(.0$).*2-3-+*+" )$" 05(-
+(" A*2('" 5)*" 25()*" *+,-)-.&'*-
cin, y en el entendido de que no
.(*" -35.$'-*4" .-)$" (K(%&->*" LT$'*4"
IW6MZ_WN\_W_O?"X$."K5)%-$)*'-$.".$)"
mandatarios de la nacin y de-
2()" '()+-'" %5()&*" +(" .5." $23-B*-
%-$)(.4"&$+*">(:"P5("(."(33*"3*"P5("
%52'(".5.".5(3+$.?

G3".('>-%-$"0123-%$"+(E/"+(".('"5)"
)(B$%-$"0'$>(%A$.$"0*'*"3*."$3--
B*'P59*." 8" 5)*" %*'B*" $)('$.*"
0*'*" (3" %$)&'-258()&(4" %$,()-
:*)+$"0$'"3*"+(,*)+*"+("P5("(3")1,('$"+("
05(.&$."(.&5>-('*"'-B5'$.*,()&("3-,-&*+$"*"3$"
necesario y paralelamente se suprimieran las
+-B)-+*+(.4"05(."(."*2.5'+$"P5("()"(3"G.&*+$"
A*8*"05(.&$."%*'()&(."+("K5)%-$)(.?"G3"A(%A$"
de que todo servicio es remunerado, implica
que las pensiones a expensas del tesoro p-
23-%$"+(2()".('".$3-%-&*+*."*"&9&53$"+("'(%$,-
0().*4" $" 2-()4" %$,$" 5)" *5D-3-$" +(" %*'-+*+"
al funcionario existiendo causa fundada, no
%$,$" +('(%A$." )-" 0'->-3(B-$.?" X*." '(%$,0()-
sas pecuniarias suponen servicios eminentes
$" 0'$3$)B*+$.4" P5(" .$)" 0'(.&*+$." *" 3*" %$.*"
0123-%*" 0$'" A$,2'(." P5(" )$" 05(+()" 8*" .('"
empleados con utilidad y que no tienen for-
&5)*" *3B5)*" 0*'*" .5" ,*)5&()%-/)" L;-(8V.4"
IM]]ZIWM\IW]O?"
S.-,-.,$4"3*"0('%(0%-/)"+("3*."'()&*."0123-%*."
.(".5E(&*"*"5)*"%$)&*2-3-+*+"'-B5'$.*"(.&*23(-
%-+*" .$2'(" '(B3*." QE*." 8" KF%-3(." +(" %$)$%('4"
0*'*"P5("3$."%$)&'-258()&(."$2&()B*)"0'$)&*"
E5.&-%-*^" &$+*" >(:" P5(" 3$." .*3*'-$." +(" 3$." '(%$-
3(%&$'(." +(" '()&*." +(2()" (.&*'" (.&'-%&*,()&("
+(&(',-)*+$.?" G)" (K(%&$4" %$,$" 3*" (%$)$,9*"
()"3*"*+,-)-.&'*%-/)"+("3$."B*.&$."0123-%$."(."
5)"+(2('"'-B5'$.$4"(3".5(3+$"+("3$."K5)%-$)*'-$."
+(3"G.&*+$"+(2(".('",$+('*+$"8")$"+(2("(D-.-
tir recompensas ms que por autnticos servi-
%-$."0'(.&*+$.?
G)" .5,*Z" (3" B$2-(')$" &-()(" %$,$" $2E(&$" 3*"
K(3-%-+*+" B()('*3" 8" (." (.&*23(%-+$" )$" 0*'*"
(3"-)&('V."+("3$."P5("B$2-(')*)4".-)$"0*'*"(3"
-)&('V." +(" 3$." B$2(')*+$.?" e5*)+$" 3$." B$-
2(')*+$." )$" &-()()" '(.05(.&*" +(3" B$2-(')$"
*" .5." +(,*)+*.4" .$2'(>-()(" 3*" '(>$35%-/)?"
m" *P59" '(.-+(" 5)*" >()&*E*" +(" 3*" +(,$%'*-
%-*" .$2'(" (3" *5&$'-&*'-.,$Z" ()" %5*3P5-('" 'V-
B-,()4" *2.$35&-.&*4" +(.0/&-%$" $" *5&$'-&*'-$4"
+$)+(" (3" E(K(" +(" B$2-(')$" (." -,05)(" \0$'"
la propia incapacidad de las instituciones
para llamarlo a cuentas- podra ser cierta-
,()&("+(''$%*+$"8"0()*3-:*+$4"0('$")$"0$'"
3*" >9*" 3(B*3" (" -).&-&5%-$)*34" .-)$" *" &'*>V." +("
5)*" '(>$35%-/)" P5(" +(0$)B*" *3" 'VB-,()?"
GE(,03$." +(" (33$" .$)" (3" +(.&'$)*,-()&$" 8"
+(%*0-&*%-/)" +(" e*'3$." =4" +(''$%*+$" 0$'"
3*" '(>$35%-/)" ()%*2(:*+*" 0$'" e'$,n(33^" 8"
+("X5-."pi="%$)"3*"'(>$35%-/)".$%-*3"+("IM]W^"
destino similar tuvieron la cada de Nicols II
+(" d5.-*4" (3" +(.&-(''$" +(" Y$'K-'-$" #9*:4" S)*.-
&*.-$";$,$:*"+("<-%*'*B5*4"(3";A*A"+("='F)?"
G)"&$+$."3$."%*.$."(.$."B$2(')*)&(."A*29*)"
+(E*+$"+("B$:*'"+(3"'(.0*3+$"8"*%(0&*%-/)"
+(".5."05(23$.?"

EXAMEN H6
 NACIONAL
G)"5)"'VB-,()"+(,$%'F&-%$4".("&-()("3*"0$.-2-3--
+*+"+("0$+('"'(,$>('"*"3$.".('>-+$'(."0123-%$."
.-)" )(%(.-+*+" +(" +(''*,*,-()&$" +(" .*)B'(?"
Y$'" (33$4" [*'3" Y$00('" +(Q)(" *" 3*" +(,$%'*%-*"
en funcin de su capacidad institucional para
33*,*'"*"%5()&*."*"3$."B$2(')*)&(.Z"aG3")5(>$"
0'$23(,*" 8*" )$" .(" K$',53*'9*" 0'(B5)&*)+$"
lP5-V)" +(2(" B$2(')*'w4" .-)$" ,(+-*)&(" 5)*"
0'(B5)&*" ,58" +-K('()&(Z" l%/,$" +(2(" (.&*'"
%$).&-&5-+$"(3"G.&*+$"0*'*"P5(".(*"0$.-23("+(.-
A*%('.("+("3$.",*3$."B$2(')*)&(.".-)">-$3()%-*"
8".-)"+(''*,*,-()&$"+(".*)B'(w`?"
En este contexto, y como hemos visto en su
(>$35%-/)" +(" 3*" .(%'(%9*" *" 3*" 0523-%-+*+4" +(3"
*2.$35&-.,$"*"3*"+(,$%'*%-*^"3*"&'*).0*'()%-*"
()"3*"K5)%-/)"0123-%*".("&'*+5E$"()"5)"%*,2-$"
+("0*'*+-B,*"0*'*"3$."B$2-(')$."%$).&-&5%-$-
)*3(.?"S)&*@$4"%$)"(3".(%'(&$"%$,$"'(B3*"B(-
)('*34" 3*" -)K$',*%-/)" P5(" C59*" *3" 0123-%$" ('*"
ms el resultado de una concesin de la au-
&$'-+*+"P5("(3"(E('%-%-$"+("5)"+('(%A$"%-5+*-
+*)$?"G3"*%%(.$"*"3*"-)K$',*%-/)".$2'("*.5)&$."
0123-%$."('*",F."5)"-).&'5,()&$"+-.%'(%-$)*3"*3"
servicio del poder poltico que un mecanismo
HN MARZO 2015
+("%$)&'$3"$"0*'&-%-0*%-/)".$%-*3?"TF."P5("5)"
3-2'(" *%%(.$" %-5+*+*)$4" ('*" 5)*" -)K$',*%-/)"
P5(" (3" B$2-(')$" +(%-+9*" A*%('" +(3" %$)$%--
miento de la sociedad, en cierto sentido ello se
0*'(%9*" ,5%A$",F." *" 3*" 0523-%-+*+" P5(" *" 3*"
>('+*+('*"&'*).0*'()%-*?"X$."C5E$."+("-)K$',*-
%-/)" +(0()+9*)" x%$,$" ()" 3*" 0523-%-+*+x" +("
los formatos, contenidos y oportunidades resul-
&*)&(."+(3"-)&('V."+("3$."B$2-(')$."(,-.$'(."+("
3$.",().*E(.4"8")$"+(3"(E('%-%-$"+("5)"+('(%A$?"
G)" 0523-%-+*+4" 3*" -)K$',*%-/)" P5(" C58(" (." 3*"
P5(" %$)>-()(" *3" (,-.$'?" G)" %*,2-$4" %5*)+$"
0'(>*3(%("3*"&'*).0*'()%-*4"3*"-)K$',*%-/)"C5-
ye a los ciudadanos, incluso en contra de la
>$35)&*+" (" -)&('V." +(3" B$2-(')$4" ,(+-*)&(" 3(-
8(."8"/'B*)$."B*'*)&(."%*0*%(."+("$0$)('.("
%$)"VD-&$"*"3*"'(.-.&()%-*"+("3*."*5&$'-+*+(.?
LMITES A LA TRANSPARENCIA Y CAUSALES DE RESERVA
X*" &'*).0*'()%-*" ()" .9" ,-.,*" )$" (." 5)*" B*-
'*)&9*" +(" P5(" (3" 0$+('" 0123-%$" *%&5*'F" %$-
''(%&*,()&(?"X*"&'*).0*'()%-*")$"(."5)"Q)"()"
.9" ,-.,$4" )-" &*,0$%$" 5)" $2E(&->$" *2.$35&$" ()"
(3" P5(" .-(,0'(" ,F.4" .(*" -B5*3" *" ,(E$'?" X*" '(-
>(3*%-/)" *3" 0123-%$" +(" +(&(',-)*+*" -)K$',*-
%-/)" %$)33(>*" .*%'-Q%-$." +(" 2-()(." E5'9+-%$." $"
+(" $2E(&->$." %$3(%&->$." ,('-&$'-$" %58$" +(2--
+$" '(.B5*'+$" (D-B(4" ()" $%*.-$)(.4" 3*" '(.('>*"
$" .(%'(&$" +(" +(&(',-)*+*" -)K$',*%-/)?" X$."
K5)%-$)*'-$." 0123-%$." )$" 05(+()" &'*).0*'()-
&*'" $" A*%('" 0123-%*." %-('&*." +(%-.-$)(." .$2'("
preparativos militares o policiales, movimientos
de tropas, construccin de penales, procesos
E5+-%-*3(.4" $0('*%-/)" +(" 3$." .('>-%-$." +(" -)&(3--
B()%-*4" 03*)(." +(" >-B-3*)%-*" 0*'*" +(.%52'-'"
$0('*%-$)(." 8" &F%&-%*." +(3-%&->*.?" G." 0$.-23("
P5(" (3" B$2-(')$" +(2*" $%53&*'" +(%-.-$)(." +("
0$39&-%*"(%$)/,-%*Z"03*)(."+("+(>*35*%-/)"$"
-)K$',(.".$2'("5)*".*3-+*",*.->*"+("%*0-&*3(.4"
.-)"0*B*'"*3&$."%$.&$."+("+->('.$"&-0$?
G3" 39,-&(" (K(%&->$" ()&'(" 3*" '(.('>*" 8" 3*" 0523-%--
+*+")5)%*"&(',-)*"+("QE*'.(4"8*"P5("3*">*3$-
racin social, tanto de la transparencia como
+("3$."2-()(."E5'9+-%$."$">*3$'(."*,0*'*+$."0$'"
3*."%*5.*3(."3(B*3(."+("'(.('>*"$".(%'(&$"+("3*"
informacin en poder del Estado, no son est-
&-%$.4"8"()"&$+$"%*.$"'(C(E*"3$."%*,2-$."(D0('--
mentados en el sistema de creencias y valores
.$%-*3(."L#5>('B('"IWM_Z"H]\67O?
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
PBLICA

lb*E$"P5V".505(.&$."$"%*5.*.".("+(2("'(.('>*'" 3*" -)K$',*%-/)?" G3" &(.&" +(" -)&('V." 0123-%$"

3*"-)K$',*%-/)"B52(')*,()&*3w No hay un cri- supone un anlisis cualitativo y casus-
terio nico o modelo prevaleciente, hay dife- tico4" P5(" 0(',-&-'F" +$23(B*'" 3*" *03-%*-
'()%-*."+("0*9."*"0*9.4".-)"(,2*'B$4".("05(+()" cin de una causal de reserva cuando
(.&*23(%('"*3B5)$."*.0(%&$."B()('*3(.? .(" %$).-+('(" 0'(+$,-)*)&(" (3" 2()(Q%-$"
.$%-*3"+("3*"&'*).0*'()%-*?
I?" X$"0'-,('$"P5("+(2(".5%(+('"(."P5("%5*3- %?" #->-.-2-3-+*+4"0'-)%-0-$".(B1)"(3"%5*3".-"5)"
P5-('" %*5.*3" +(" '(.('>*" &()B*" )*&5'*3(:*" documento contiene informacin cuyo
3(B*34"+(2("(.&*'"+(Q)-+*"()"3*"3(B-.3*%-/), *%%(.$" +(2*" +()(B*'.(" 0$'" %*5.*" 3(-
precisando las causales que admiten reser- B*34" 8" $&'*" P5(" *+,-&*" .('" +-K5)+-+*4" .("
var informacin en poder del Estado y pros- ()&'(B*'F" 3*" 13&-,*" '(.('>*)+$" *P5(33*?"
%'-2()"3*"-)>$%*%-/)"+("%*5.*3(."$'-B-)*+*." Evitar que la reserva de la informacin
()"K5()&(.")$',*&->*."-)K'*"3(B*3(.? se extienda ms all de lo estrictamente
H?" #*+$"(3"%*'F%&('"+("+('(%A$"%-5+*+*)$4"3$" )(%(.*'-$4"0*'*"(3"'(.B5*'+$"+("3$."2-(-
'(3*&->$"*"'(%-2-'"-)K$',*%-/)4"la transparen- )(."E5'9+-%$."P5("(33*"0'$&(B(?
%-*"(."3*"'(B3*"B()('*3"P5(".$3$"%*2("3-,-&*'"
de modo excepcional y solo en cuanto sea 6?" X*." %*5.*3(." 3(B*3(." +(" '(.('>*" +(2()" .('"
estrictamente necesario para preservar los *3(B*+*." 8" 0'$2*+*." 0$'" 3$." /'B*)$." P5("
2-()(."E5'9+-%$."*,0*'*+$."0$'"3*."'(.('>*." +(&()&*)" 8" )-(B*)" 3*" -)K$',*%-/)" .$3-%-&*-
3(B*3(.?"f(''(-'$"*Q',*"P5("+("(.&("0'-)%-0-$" da?" #*+$" P5(" 3*" &'*).0*'()%-*" (." 3*" '(B3*"
.("+('->*"3*"*03-%*%-/)"+("3$.".-B5-()&(."%'-- B()('*3" 8" 3*" '(.('>*" (." (D%(0%-$)*34" (.&*"
&('-$.Z +(2(" .('" 0'$2*+*" 0$'" P5-()" 3*" -)>$%*?" G)"
los casos en que se decida invocar una
*O"h(.&" +(" +*@$4" P5(" (D-B(" K5)+*'" %$)" %*5.*34" +(2('F" *.5,-'.(" 3*" %*'B*" +(" 0'$-
.5Q%-()&(" 03*5.-2-3-+*+" 3*" *K(%&*%-/)" 2*'" .5" 0('&-)()%-*4" +(,$.&'*)+$" (3" ,$+$"
concreta que la revelacin de cierta in- ()" P5(4" 03*5.-23(,()&(4" 3*" '(>(3*%-/)" +("
K$',*%-/)" 05(+*" B()('*'" '(.0(%&$" +(3" 3*"-)K$',*%-/)".$3-%-&*+*"+*@*'9*"3$."2-()(."
2-()"E5'9+-%$"&5&(3*+$"0$'"3*"
%*5.*3" 3(B*3" +(" '(.('>*?" El
+*@$"+(2(".('"%$).-+('*+$"
%-('&$4" 0'$2*23(4" (.0(%9Q%$"
8",*&('-*3? Las afectaciones
triviales, o la mera referen-
cia o alusin del documen-
to solicitado a una materia
.().-23(4" )$" 2*.&*" 0*'*" ()-
tender acreditada la afec-
&*%-/)?
2O"h(.&" +(" -)&('V." 0123-%$, que
supone ponderar el inte-
rs que pudiese suponer la
revelacin de cierta infor-
macin, a cuyo respecto
'(.53&*" *03-%*23(" 5)*" %*5-
.*3"+("'(.('>*"$".(%'(&$?"G)"
%*.$" P5(" (3" -)&('V." 0123-%$"
asociado a la reserva pre-
>*3(:%*".$2'("(3"-)&('V."x0'--
vado o estatal-- amparado
por la causal de reserva, de-
2('F"0'(K('-'.("3*"+-K5.-/)"+("

EXAMEN HJ
 NACIONAL
E5'9+-%$." &5&(3*+$." 0$'" 3*" '(.('>*?" e*2("
.(@*3*'" P5(4" *.9" %$,$" 3*" '(.('>*" +(2("
0'$2*'.(" 0$'" P5-()" 3*" *3(B5(4" (3" -)&('V."
0123-%$" *.$%-*+$" *" 3*" &'*).0*'()%-*" .("
0'(.5,(?
N?" X$." %$)%(0&$." E5'9+-%*,()&(" -)+(&('-
minados resultan ser un desafo para el
-)&V'0'(&(?" d*.B$" +-.&-)&->$" +(" 3*." %*5-
.*3(." +(" '(.('>*" (." .5" )*&5'*3(:*" 3(B*34"
()"(33$"'(.-+("3*"B*'*)&9*"%-5+*+*)*"+("
que las excepciones a la transparencia
A*8*)".-+$"+(Q)-+*."0$'"(3"3(B-.3*+$'?";-)"
(,2*'B$4"3*"%$)%'(%-/)"+("(.&("0'$0/-
sito no ha sido uniforme en las distintas
3(B-.3*%-$)(." .$2'(" 3*" ,*&('-*?" S.94" 0$'"
(E(,03$4",5%A$."0*9.(."A*)"$0&*+$"0$'"
(.&*23(%('4" %$)" +(&*33(" 8" ()" (D&().*."
()5,('*%-$)(.4"3*.",*&('-*."P5("+(2()"
'(.('>*'.(?"c&'$."A*)"$0&*+$"0$'".(@*3*'"
0$%*."%*5.*3(.4"0('$"+("*3%*)%("B()(-
'*3?
" G)"*P5(33*."3(B-.3*%-$)(."P5("A*)"$0&*+$"
0$'"+(Q)-%-$)(.",F."0'(%-.*."+("3*."%*5-
sales de reserva, tales como las de Esta-
+$."g)-+$.4"e*)*+F4"=)B3*&(''*"8"TVD-%$4"
.$)"-)(>-&*23(."3*."'(K('()%-*."*"%*5.*3(."
,F." $" ,()$." *,03-*." $" B()('*3(.?" Y$'"
(33$4" 8" 0(.(" *3" (.K5(':$" +(" 3*" 3(8" 0$'" .('"
precisa, detallada o casustica, siempre
.('F" )(%(.*'-$" (3" &'*2*E$" +(3" -)&V'0'(&("
0*'*".52.5,-'"$"%*3-Q%*'"5)*".-&5*%-/)"+("
hecho dentro del marco del presupuesto
H_ MARZO 2015
3(B*3?"G.&("&'*2*E$"A(',()V5&-%$".('F"&*)&$"
,F." +(.*Q*)&(" ,-()&'*." ,F." -)+(&(',-)*-
+$".(*"(3"%$)%(0&$"*.$%-*+$"*"3*"'(.('>*?"
S.94" 0$'" (E(,03$4" %$)%(0&$." %$,$" -)&('V.4"
.(B5'-+*+" )*%-$)*34" $" +('(%A$." +(" &('%(-
ros, suelen ofrecer un espectro interpretati-
vo tan amplio que el rol de quien aplica la
ley tiende a ser ms decisivo que la propia
+(Q)-%-/)4"()"(.&("%*.$"3*D*4"+(3"3(B-.3*+$'?"
G)"3*"3(8"-)B3(.*"+(3"H7774".("%$)&(,03*)"H6"
excepciones o causales de reserva en las
.(%%-$)(."HI"*"N64",-()&'*."P5("()"(3"%*.$"
)$'&(*,('-%*)$" 3*" fc=S" +(" IW__" %$)&-()("
)5(>("(D%(0%-$)(.?
J?" l#(2()" '(>-.*'.(" E5+-%-*3,()&(" 3*." +(%-.-$-
)(."+("3$."/'B*)$."B*'*)&(.w
" G.&(" 03*)&(*,-()&$" A*" B()('*+$" +->('.$."
+(2*&(." 25.%*)+$" (P5-3-2'*'" +$." (D&'(,$."
()" %$)C-%&$Z" (3" 0'-)%-0-$" +(" 3*" '(>-.-/)" E5+--
cial, por un lado, y la necesidad de dirimir
con celeridad las contiendas asociadas a
un derecho, como el de acceso a la infor-
,*%-/)4" %58*" (Q%*%-*" +(0()+(" (.()%-*3-
,()&("+("3*"$0$'&5)-+*+?"
" G)"(K(%&$4"(3"+('(%A$"+("*%%(.$"+(2(",*-
&('-*3-:*'.(" %$)" 0'$)&-&5+" 0*'*" *.(B5'*'" .5"
(Q%*%-*" 8" .()&-+$?" ;(" &'*&*" +(" 5)" +('(%A$"
asociado al control social, a la participa-
cin ciudadana, un derecho instrumental
*3" .('>-%-$" +(" $&'$." +('(%A$.?" m" %5*)+$" .("
B()('*)" %$)&'$>('.-*." '(3*%-$)*+*." *3" *%-
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P5(" )-(B*" -)K$',*%-/)" 84" P5(" ,(+-*)&(" 3*"
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*%%(.$"KF%-34"$0$'&5)$"8"B'*&5-&$"*"3*"-)K$'-
,*%-/)"0(+-+*?"
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cicio ciudadano del derecho de acceso
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K'()&*'"5)"0'$%(.$"3*'B$"8"%$.&$.$"0*'*"-)-
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de la transparencia y reduce no solo el in-
%()&->$" *" 25.%*'" -)K$',*%-/)4" .-)$" 3*" 5&-3--
+*+"8">-B()%-*"+("3*"-)K$',*%-/)"*"3*"P5("
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UNA ADMINISTRACIN PBLICA TRANSPARENTE
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te, cuanto lo pueda desear la ciudadana, sin
P5("3*"0('.$)*"*%'(+-&(".5"-)&('V."$"E5.&-QP5("(3"
5.$"+("3*"-)K$',*%-/)4"&$+*">(:"P5("(3"*%%(.$"
(."B'*&5-&$?
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por s misma, mediante mecanismos de acceso
PBLICA
a la informacin y procedimientos de revisin
(D0(+-&$.4"8"0*'*"&*3"(K(%&$".("%'(*'F)"$'B*)-.-
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*5&$)$,9*"$0('*&->*4"+("B(.&-/)"8"+(%-.-/)?"=)-
%35.$4"3*"*+,-)-.&'*%-/)"0123-%*4"*"&'*>V."+("3*."
0('.$)*." +(" 3$." a.5E(&$." $23-B*+$.`4" 0'(.('>*-
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3*" -)K$',*%-/)" %$,03(&*" 8" *%&5*3-:*+*" .$2'("
.5."-)+-%*+$'(."+("B(.&-/)"8"(3"(E('%-%-$"+("3$."
'(%5'.$."0123-%$.?
De manera que la transparencia es una pro-
3$)B*%-/)"8"%$'$3*'-$"+(3"+('(%A$"*"3*"-)K$',*-
cin que, al mismo tiempo, es la extensin del
+('(%A$" +(" -,0'()&*4" 8" 3*" '(.0$).*2-3-+*+" 8"
'()+-%-/)"+("%5()&*.?
;-" 2-()4" 3*" &'*).0*'()%-*" (." $2.('>*23(" %$,$"
5)"0'$23(,*"+("(Q%-()%-*"*+,-)-.&'*&->*4"0$'"
%5*)&$" +(>(3*" 3$." -)&'9)B53-." 8" 3*" $0*%-+*+"
+(3" ,5)+$" 25'$%'F&-%$4" .5" >*3$'" (." ,5%A$"
ms trascendental por tratarse de un dere-
%A$" )*%-+$" +(" 3*" .50'(.-/)" +(3" *2.$35&-.,$"
8" (3" *+>()-,-()&$" +(" 3*" .$%-(+*+" ,$+(')*?"
;5" %$)%(0&5*3-:*%-/)4" %$,$" 0'-)%-0-$4" '(%3*-
ma el conocimiento de esa sociedad cuyos
K5)+*,()&$." ()" 3$." &'*2*E$." +(" 3*" S.*,23(*"
<*%-$)*34" %$,$" 3$" $2.('>*,$.4" 03*)&(*)" 5)"
EXAMEN HM
 NACIONAL
%*,2-$"+("I]7"B'*+$."%$)"'(K('()%-*"*"3*".$-
%-(+*+"(.&*,()&*3"0'(%(+()&(?"#("A(%A$4"3*"
transparencia es su consecuencia a travs del
derecho de imprenta, que un activista revolu-
%-$)*'-$"+(Q)("%$,$"3*"3-2('&*+"()".9"+(3"(.09'--
&5"A5,*)$4"8"5)$"+("3$."'(.$'&(."+("3*"3-2('&*+"
%->-3" P5(" +(.%$''-/" a(3" >(3$" P5(" $%53&*2*" *" 3*"
$0'(.-/)`"L;*-)&\t5.&4"IMWIZIINO?
La transparencia es inexistente sin una admi-
)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*" K$',*3-:*+*" %$)" 2*.(" ()"
+(2('(.4"&$+*">(:"P5("K5)%-$)*"2*E$"5)*"3(8"
que determina slo hacer lo que se le permite?"
Por lo mismo es responsable 8"+(2("'()+-'"%5()-
&*." +(" .5." *%&$." *)&(" 3*" %-5+*+*)9*?" #(" $&'$"
modo no tendra que ser transparente, invo-
cando como principio de secreca que osten-
ta la razn de Estado, soslayando el principio de
0523-%-+*+?"h$+$"(.&$4"(,0('$4".('9*"-,0$.-23("
si el ser humano no tuviera derechos inheren-
&(." *" .5" 0('.$)*4" ()" (.&(" %*.$4" 3*" 3-2('&*+" +("
pensamiento, y por lo tanto de expresin y de
-,0'()&*?" <$" A*2'9*4" ()&$)%(.4" P5-()" %$)" .5"
+('(%A$"(.B'-,-+$"(D-B-('*"-)K$',*%-/)".$2'("
3*"B(.&-/)"+("3$."*.5)&$."0123-%$.?
En efecto, 3*"&'*).0*'()%-*"+(2("0('K(%%-$)*'"
5)*"*+,-)-.&'*%-/)"0123-%*"'(.0$).*23(4",(E$-
rar la rendicin de cuentas de los funcionarios
0123-%$."8".50('*'"(3")->(3"+("3*"B(.&-/)"-)&(')*?"
Y('$4" l%5F3(." .$)" 3$." '(.53&*+$." (.0('*23(.w"
R*.&*" *A$'*" 3*" '(B3*" +(3" .(%'(&$" 0'(>*3(%(4"
H] MARZO 2015
+(E*)+$" ,()$." ,*'B()" *" 3*" '(B3*" +(" 3*" 05-
23-%-+*+?";-)"(,2*'B$4"%$)"(3"().*)%A*,-()-
&$" +(" 3*" +(,$%'*%-*4" 3*" '(B3*" +(2('F" &()+('"
*" 3*" 0523-%-+*+" 8" (3" .(%'(&$" +(2('F" .('" 3*" (D-
%(0%-/)" x8" $0('*'" ()" K$',*" '(B53*+*4" A*.&*"
+$)+(".(*"0$.-23(x?"S5)"*+,-&-V)+$.("(D%(0-
%-$)(."*"3*"'(B3*"+("3*"0523-%-+*+4"(3"0'-)%-0-$"
+(3" .(%'(&$" 0*'(%-('*" %*+*" >(:" ,F." %*'()&("
+("'*:/)"*3B5)*"P5("3$"E5.&-QP5(?";-)"(,2*'B$4"
todava existente, perfeccionado y perpetuo,
,F." 2-()" +(2(,$." *2$%*')$." *" ()&()+('" *3"
.(%'(&$"8">-B-3*'".5."*3%*)%(.?"
La relacin de opuestos entre el secreto y la
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+(" 3*" +(,$%'*%-*" ,$+(')*4" %5*)+$" $2.('-
>*" *" 3*" *+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*" +(.+(" .5" 05)&$"
+(">-.&*4"0$'P5("A*.&*"()"3*."'(0123-%*."3$.".('-
>-+$'(." &-()()" .(%'(&$." P5(" B5*'+*'" L#-,$%o" 8"
#-,$%o4"IW_NZ6N_\6N]O?"G3"%$)&'$3"0'$>-.&$"0$'"3*."
+(,$%'*%-*."(."0$.-23("%5*)+$"3$."-)K$',(."+(3"
B$2-(')$".$)"%$,03(&$."8">('*%(.4"0*'*"P5("-35.-
&'()"*"3*".$%-(+*+4"&$+*">(:"P5("(."%-('&$"P5("(3"
B$2-(')$")$"+(2("'(&()('"-)K$',*%-$)(."P5("(3"
0123-%$"&-()("+('(%A$"*"%$)$%('?
R$8" ()" +9*" .(" %$''(" ,()$." '-(.B$" *3" *2'-'" 3*"
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&-V)+$3*" *" 3*" -)C5()%-*" +(" 3$." B'50$." +(" 0'(-
.-/)4"P5("0('0(&5*'"5)"'VB-,()"+(".(%'(&$?"G3"
0'-)%-0-$" +(" 0523-%-+*+" (." -B5*3,()&(" 5)" *)-
tdoto a la tendencia tecnocrtica de la ad-
,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*4" 0$'P5("
puede prevenir los errores re-
sultantes de consideraciones
05'*,()&(" &V%)-%*.4" A*2-+*"
cuenta de que las decisiones
.("*03-%*)"*"3$."A$,2'(.4")$"*"
3*." %$.*.?" S.-,-.,$4" A*8" P5("
resaltar que la transparencia
es una forma de conocer la
realidad administrativa, pues
B'*%-*."*"(33*"3*."K*3&*."8"(D&'*-
vos en los procesos adminis-
&'*&->$." (,('B()" %3*'*,()&("
8" .(" 05(+()" %$''(B-'" %$)" 3*"
intervencin oportuna de los
/'B*)$." +(" %$)&'$3?" ;(B1)"
3$" *0'(%-*" 5)" *5&$'4" 3*" 0523--
cidad permite a la adminis-
&'*%-/)" 05'-Q%*'.(4" B5*'+*'"
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
contacto con los administrados y reformarse
L#(22*.%A4"IWMHZ__6\__NO?
;-)" 35B*'" *" +5+*." 3*." 3(%%-$)(." A-.&/'-%*." 8" (D-
periencias internacionales, a la par de la evolu-
%-/)".-)B53*'"+("%*+*"0*9."33(>*'$)"*"3$."G.&*+$."
.$%-*3-.&*."*"*+$0&*'",(+-+*.".-,-3*'(.4"(E(,03$"
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&'*).0*'()%-*"8"*%%(.$"*"3*"-)K$',*%-/)4"$"*3B$"
.-,-3*'?"
X*" -+(*" P5(" +(" 3*" S+,-)-.&'*%-/)" 0123-%*"
+(2(" .('" transparente es un tema actual y de
,FD-,*"-,0$'&*)%-*?";("&'*&*"+("P5("(.*"*+-
,-)-.&'*%-/)" .(*" .5.%(0&-23(" +(" .('" ,-'*+*" ()"
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-,0$'&*)%-*?" G.&*" -+(*" A*" .-+$" -,053.*+*" 0$'"
$'B*)-.,$." -)&(')*%-$)*3(.4" 0'-)%-0*3,()&(" (3"
f$)+$"T$)(&*'-$"=)&(')*%-$)*3"LfT=O4"(3"b*)%$"
T5)+-*3" LbTO" 8" 3*" c'B*)-:*%-/)" 0*'*" 3*" e$$-
0('*%-/)" 8" (3" #(.*''$33$" G%$)/,-%$" Lce#GO?"
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%*+*" +(" IW]74" %5*)+$" 3*" ce#G" 0523-%/" 5)*"
$2'*"(,23(,F&-%*"+("(.$."&-(,0$."+$)+(4"*"
travs del concepto responsividad, propuso la
'($'-()&*%-/)"+("3*"S+,-)-.&'*%-/)"0123-%*"A*-
%-*"(3"%-5+*+*)$"%$)>('&-+$"()"%3-()&("LcGe#4"
IW]MZ6H\66O?
LA EXPERIENCIA MEXICANA EN TRANSPARENCIA
No est de ms insistir en que nuestro pas se Y123-%*" k52(')*,()&*3" ()" E5)-$" +(" H77H" 8" 3*"
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pi==="8"%53,-)*+*"%$)"3$."&'*2*E$."+("3*"S.*,-
23(*" <*%-$)*34" (33$" .(" 05(+(" $2.('>*'" 0'-)%--
0*3,()&(" ()" 3*" e$).&-&5%-/)" +(" I]JM" 8" %$)"
,*8$'" '-B$'" 8" *,03-&5+" ()" 3$." HN" *'&9%53$." -)--
%-*3(."+("3*"e$).&-&5%-/)"+("IWIM4"P5("-)%358()"
3$." +('(%A$.4" 3-2('&*+(.4" B*'*)&9*." +(" 3$." -)+--
>-+5$.?"
G)" TVD-%$" (3" $'-B()" -),(+-*&$" +(" 3*" &'*).0*-
'()%-*" (." (3" *'&9%53$" _u" %$).&-&5%-$)*34" +$)+("
.("(.&*23(%("P5("3*",*)-K(.&*%-/)"+("3*."-+(*."
PBLICA
)$".('F"$2E(&$"+(")-)B5)*"-)P5-.-%-/)"E5+-%-*3"$"
administrativa, salvo en el caso de que ataque
a la moral o los derechos de tercero, se provo-
P5("*3B1)"+(3-&$"$".("0('&5'2("(3"$'+()"0123--
%$?" G)" IWMM" .(" 3(" *@*+-/" P5(" (3" +('(%A$" *" 3*"
-)K$',*%-/)"(.&*'F"B*'*)&-:*+$"0$'"(3"G.&*+$?
G3"*'&9%53$"Mu"%$,03(,()&*"*3"0'(%(+()&("0$'"
%5*)&$" +(%3*'*" P5(" (." -)>-$3*23(" 3*" 3-2('&*+"
+("(.%'-2-'"8"0523-%*'"(.%'-&$.".$2'("%5*3P5-('*"
,*&('-*^" 8" P5(" )-)B5)*" 3(8" )-" *5&$'-+*+" 05(-
+()"(.&*23(%('"0'(>-*"%().5'*4")-"(D-B-'"Q*):*"
a las autoridades o impresores, ni coartar la li-
2('&*+" +(" -,0'()&*" P5(" )$" &-()(" ,F." 39,-&(."
que el respeto a la vida privada, la moral y la
0*:"0123-%*"Ld->(.4"H7IIO?
G33$" &'*E$" %$).-B$" +->('.*." -)&('0'(&*%-$)(." +("
su profundidad y alcance y, al mismo tiempo,
una serie de foros, consultas, mesas redondas
8"+(2*&(."0*'*"+-35%-+*'"3*")*&5'*3(:*"+("(.&("
+('(%A$?"G)"0'-,('*"-).&*)%-*4"(3"+('(%A$"*"3*"
informacin se limit a los procesos electorales,
(.0(%9Q%*,()&("*"3*"*0('&5'*"+("3$."0*'&-+$."*"
los medios de comunicacin, que derivaron en
)5(>*."0'$05(.&*."8"0'$8(%&$."+("3(8(."'(B3*-
,()&*'-*." +(3" *'&9%53$" _" %$).&-&5%-$)*3?" G)" (33$."
.("(.&*23(%9*"(3"%*'F%&('"0123-%$"+("3*."*%%-$-
)(."+("B$2-(')$"8"0$'"()+("(3"+('(%A$"+("3$."
%-5+*+*)$."*"*%%(+('"*"3*"-)K$',*%-/)?"G3"H"+("
+-%-(,2'("+("IWWW4"(3"+('(%A$"*"3*"-)K$',*%-/)"
.("'(%$)$%-/"%$,$"B*'*)&9*"-)+->-+5*3"3-,-&*+$"
1)-%*,()&("0$'"'*:$)(."+(".(B5'-+*+")*%-$)*3"
8"(3"'(.0(&$"+("3$."+('(%A$."+("&('%('$.?
Un paso an mayor en favor del derecho a la
-)K$',*%-/)"%$)"3*"0523-%*%-/)"+("3*"X(8"f(+(-
ral de Transparencia y Acceso a la Informacin
0523-%*%-/)" +(" .5" d(B3*,()&$" (3" II" +(" E5)-$"
+(" H776?" G33$" .$)" )5(>*." +-.0$.-%-$)(." .$2'("
3*" &'*).0*'()%-*" *" 3*" >(:" P5(" .$2'(" (3" .(%'(-
to administrativo, por contener captulos que
&'*&*)" +(" 3*" -)K$',*%-/)" '(.('>*+*?" G)&$)%(."
tenemos que la transparencia se explica por el
.(%'(&$"8"(3".(%'(&$"0$'"3*"&'*).0*'()%-*?
Los fundamentos conceptuales de la transpa-
rencia y del secreto son histricos, pues se for-
E*'$)"()"%5'.$"+(3"&-(,0$"8")$"'(.0$)+()"&*)&$"
a modelos formales, como a la representacin
EXAMEN HW
 NACIONAL
+("-).&-&5%-$)(."+(")5(.&'$"&-(,0$?"G)"(K(%&$4"
*,2$." .52.-.&()" 8" %$(D-.&()" A$8" ,-.,$4" 8" *.9"
lo harn en la medida en que las instituciones
P5("()"(33$.".("(D0'(.*)4"0(',*)(:%*)"8"&-()-
+*)" *" 0('0(&5*'.(?" Y('$" A*8" 5)*" +-K('()%-*"
K5)+*,()&*3Z" A*%(" +$." .-B3$." (3" .(%'(&$" ('*"
-3-,-&*+$4" )$" .(" A*33*2*" %$)&()-+$" ()" ,*'%$."
formales; hoy en da, llamado secreca, re-
0$.*" ()" ,*'%$." K$',*3(." 8" (.&F" *0(B*+$" *"
)$',*."+("0523-%-+*+"8"&'*).0*'()%-*?
;5" *'&9%53$" Iu" +(Q)(" *" 3*" X(8" %$,$" +(" $'+()"
0123-%$4"05(."a&-()("%$,$"Q)*3-+*+"0'$>(('"3$"
)(%(.*'-$" 0*'*" B*'*)&-:*'" (3" *%%(.$" +(" &$+*"
persona a la informacin en posesin de los
Y$+('(."+("3*"g)-/)4"3$."/'B*)$."%$).&-&5%-$)*-
3(."*5&/)$,$."$"%$)"*5&$)$,9*"3(B*34"8"%5*3-
P5-('"$&'*"()&-+*+"K(+('*3`?
G)" (3" *'&9%53$" .-B5-()&(4" .-)" (,2*'B$4" *05)&*"
P5("&$+*"3*"-)K$',*%-/)"B52(')*,()&*3"*"P5("
.(" '(Q('(" 3*" 3(8" (." 0123-%*4" 8" 3$." 0*'&-%53*'(."
tendrn acceso a la misma en los trminos que
V.&*".(@*3*?"G."+(%-'4"(.*"-)K$',*%-/)"(."0123--
%*4"0('$".5."5.5*'-$.".$)"0('.$)*."0*'&-%53*'(.?
<$"(D-.&(4"05(.4"5)*"'(3*%-/)"B$2-(')$\0123-%$"
P5("(."(3"'(P5-.-&$"+(3"0'-)%-0-$"+("0523-%-+*+4"
*"0(.*'"+("P5("(3"*'&9%53$"_u".(@*3*"P5("()"3*"
interpretacin de la ley se favorecer por este
principio de la informacin en posesin de los
.5E(&$."$23-B*+$.?"#(",$+$"P5("3*"X(8")$".("
'(Q('("*"%-5+*+*)$.4".-)$"*"0*'&-%53*'(.4"0*'*"
3$." %5*3(." (3" B$2-(')$" (." *3B$" *E()$4" *3" %5*3"
./3$"0$+'F"$2.('>*'"*"&'*>V."+(".5"0'$0-*"-)--
%-*&->*4",F."P5("0$'"3*"-)-%-*&->*"+(3"B$2-(')$?
X3*,*"3*"*&()%-/)"3*"%3F5.53*"=="+(3"*'&9%53$"Nu4"
P5("A*23*"+("&'*).0*'()&*'"3*"B(.&-/)"0123-%*"
,(+-*)&("3*"+-K5.-/)"+("3*"-)K$',*%-/)"P5("B(-
)('*)" 3$." .5E(&$." $23-B*+$.^" *.9" %$,$" 3*" %3F5-
sula IV que menciona el favorecer la rendicin
de cuentas a los ciudadanos, de manera que
05(+*)" >*3$'*'" (3" +(.(,0(@$" +(" 3$." .5E(&$."
$23-B*+$.?"R*8"P5("A*%('")$&*'"P5("3*"%3F5.5-
3*"i4"P5(".("$'-()&*"*",(E$'*'"3*"$'B*)-:*%-/)4"
%3*.-Q%*%-/)" 8" ,*)(E$" +(" 3$." +$%5,()&$.4" (."
+(".58$"-)-,03(,()&*23(?
G.&*"3*2$'"./3$"(."0$.-23("*"&'*>V."+("5)*"X(8"
k()('*3"+("S'%A->$."P5(")$"(D-.&(?
67 MARZO 2015
La clusula VI es particularmente dscola con
(3"%-5+*+*)$4"0$'P5("3$",*'B-)*"+(3"(.%()*-
rio de la hechura de la policy, manteniendo
en reserva la informacin contenida en las
opiniones, recomendaciones o puntos de vis-
&*"P5("K$',()"0*'&("+(3"0'$%(.$"+(3-2('*&->$"
+("3$.".('>-+$'(."0123-%$.4"A*.&*")$".('"*+$0-
&*+*" 3*" +(%-.-/)" +(Q)-&->*" P5(" +(2('F" (.&*'"
+$%5,()&*+*?" R*8" 05(." 5)*" (>-+()&(" %$)-
&'*+-%%-/)" %$)" (3" *'&9%53$" Nu4" %3F5.53*" ==4" P5("
A*23*" +(" &'*).0*'()&*'" 3*" B(.&-/)" 0123-%*"
mediante la difusin de la informacin que
B()('*)"3$.".5E(&$."$23-B*+$.?"S3"'(.0(%&$"+(-
2(,$."()K*&-:*'"P5("3*"B(.&-/)"(."0'$0-*,()-
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derecho de acceso a la informacin, por los
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racin, el Distrito Federal, los estados y sus mu-
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de incorporar aspectos que en la aplicacin
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ceso a la informacin, la Federacin, los
G.&*+$."8"(3"#-.&'-&$"f(+('*34"()"(3"F,2-&$"
+(".5."'(.0(%&->*."%$,0(&()%-*.4".("'(B--
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I. Toda la informacin en posesin de
%5*3P5-('"*5&$'-+*+4"()&-+*+4"/'B*)$"
8" $'B*)-.,$" K(+('*34" (.&*&*3" 8" ,5)--
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 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
QE()" 3*." 3(8(.?" G)" 3*" -)&('-
pretacin de este dere-
%A$"+(2('F"0'(>*3(%('"(3"
principio de mxima pu-
23-%-+*+?
II. La informacin que se re-
Q('(" *" 3*" >-+*" 0'->*+*" 8"
los datos personales ser
0'$&(B-+*"()"3$."&V',-)$."
y con las excepciones
P5("QE()"3*."3(8(.?
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dad de acreditar inters
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IV. ;(" (.&*23(%('F)" ,(%*-
nismos de acceso a la informacin y
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Estos procedimientos se sustanciarn
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var sus documentos en archivos admi-
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en materia de acceso a la informa-
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Los elementos ms relevantes de esta adicin
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PBLICA
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sancionar aqullos que incumplan este man-
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recho de acceso a la informacin, en el fondo
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0-$"+("0523-%-+*+"+("3*"-)K$',*%-/)"B52(')*-
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0123-%$.4"0523-%*+*"()"=)&(')(&".-)"P5(",(+-("
5)*".$3-%-&5+"+("*%%(.$?"G.".5"$23-B*%-/)",*)-
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0$'"()+(4"+("+$%5,()&*'"&$+*"*%%-/)"B52('-
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%-$)*3"+("=)K$',*%-/)"G.&*+9.&-%*"8"k($B'F-
K-%*4",-.,$"P5("+(2("$'B*)-:*'.("%$)K$',("
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%-/)4"&'*).0*'()%-*4"$2E(&->-+*+"("-)+(0()-
dencia; los datos contenidos en el Sistema
EXAMEN 31
 NACIONAL
.('F)"+("5.$"$23-B*&$'-$"()"3$."&V',-)$."P5("
(.&*23(:%*"3*"3(84"%$).&-&58()+$"3*"K5()&("8"
(3" ,(%*)-.,$" %()&'*3" 0*'*" 3*" B()('*%-/)4"
%*0&*%-/)4"0'$%(.*,-()&$"8"0523-%*%-/)"+("
3*"-)K$',*%-/)"P5("+(2(".('>-'"0*'*"3*"&$,*"
de decisiones y la evaluacin de la accin
B52(')*,()&*3?" X*" K5)%-/)" +(3" B$2-(')$"
'(P5-('(" 5)*" *+(%5*+*" 0'$B'*,*%-/)4" .(-
B5-,-()&$"8"%$)&'$3"+("3$."'(%5'.$."0*'*"5)*"
25()*" '()+-%-/)" +(" %5()&*.?" R*.&*" ()&$)-
ces, los esquemas presupuestarios y conta-
23(." ()" 3$." &'(." /'+()(." +(" B$2-(')$" ('*)"
-)%$,0*&-23(.4" B()('*)+$" A(&('$B()(-+*+"
en la aplicacin de los procedimientos de
03*)(*%-/)4" 0'$B'*,*%-/)4" 0'(.505(.&*-
%-/)4" (E(%5%-/)4" %$)&'$3" 8" .(B5-,-()&$" +(3"
B*.&$" 0123-%$?" G.&$" P5-('(" +(%-'" P5(" %*+*"
B$2-(')$"(.&*&*3"+(K-)("3-2'(,()&(".5.".-.&(-
,*." %$)&*23(." *" &'*>V." +(" $'+()*,-()&$."
E5'9+-%$.4" 0'-)%-0-$." %$)&*23(." 8" )$',*&->--
+*+" 0'$0-$.?" X*" .-&5*%-/)" (." *1)" ,F." B'*-
ve a nivel municipal donde slo unos pocos
municipios cuentan con sistemas de conta-
2-3-+*+"*%&5*3-:*+$.?"G)"$%*.-$)(.4"3*"%$)&*-
2-3-+*+".("'(+5%("*".-,03(."-)K$',(."+("K35E$"
+("-)B'(.$."8"(B'(.$.4"8"A*8"%*.$."+("*5.()-
%-*"*2.$35&*"+("'(B-.&'$."%$)K-*23(.?
Por ello, la adicin a la fraccin XXVIII del ar-
&9%53$" M6" %$).&-&5%-$)*34" K*%53&*" *3" e$)B'(.$"
federal para expedir leyes en materia de con-
&*2-3-+*+"B52(')*,()&*3"0(',-&-()+$"3*"0'(-
6H MARZO 2015
.()&*%-/)" A$,$BV)(*" 8" %$,0*'*23(" +(" 3*"
-)K$',*%-/)"Q)*)%-('*4"+("-)B'(.$."8"(B'(.$.4"
as como la patrimonial en los tres rdenes
+(" B$2-(')$?" X*" X(8" k()('*3" +(" e$)&*2-3--
+*+"k52(')*,()&*3"L0523-%*+*"()"(3"#-*'-$"
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&$+$." 3$." ()&(." 0123-%$." +(" 3$." &'(." /'+()(."
+("B$2-(')$?
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%$,$" (3" ,*)(E$4" 3*" %5.&$+-*" 8" 3*" *03-%*%-/)"
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P5("+(29*)".('"%'(*+*."0$'"3*."3(B-.3*&5'*."+("
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3*." %5*3(." B$:*)" +(" *5&$)$-
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En materia de evaluacin del
+(.(,0(@$4" 3*" e$).&-&5%-/)"
.(@*3/4"L*'&9%53$"I6NO"P5("(.&*"
K5)%-/)"+(2(".('"+(.(,0(@*-
da por instancias tcnicas que
(.&*23(:%*)"3*"f(+('*%-/)4"3$."
(.&*+$."8"(3"#-.&'-&$"f(+('*3?
G)" (3" H7IN" .(" 33(>*" *" %*2$"
otra reforma constitucional
en materia de transparencia
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I7]4" II74" III4" II_4" IHH4" ()" 3$."
.-B5-()&(."&V',-)$.Z
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
S'&9%53$" _?" S?" Y*'*" (3" (E('%-%-$" +(3" +('(-
cho de acceso a la informacin, la Fe-
deracin, los Estados y el Distrito Federal,
()"(3"F,2-&$"+(".5."'(.0(%&->*."%$,0(-
&()%-*.4".("'(B-'F)"0$'"3$.".-B5-()&(."0'-)-
%-0-$."8"2*.(.Z
=?" h$+*" 3*" -)K$',*%-/)" ()" 0$.(.-/)" +("
%5*3P5-('"*5&$'-+*+4"()&-+*+4"/'B*)$"
8"$'B*)-.,$"+("3$."Y$+('(."GE(%5&->$4"
X(B-.3*&->$"8"t5+-%-*34"/'B*)$."*5&/)$-
,$.4" 0*'&-+$." 0$39&-%$.4" Q+(-%$,-.$."
8" K$)+$." 0123-%$.4" *.9" %$,$" +(" %5*3-
quier persona fsica, moral o sindicato
P5("'(%-2*"8"(E(':*"'(%5'.$."0123-%$."
o realice actos de autoridad en el
F,2-&$" K(+('*34" (.&*&*3" 8" ,5)-%-0*34"
(."0123-%*"8"./3$"0$+'F".('"'(.('>*+*"
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'V." 0123-%$" 8" .(B5'-+*+" )*%-$)*34" ()"
3$." &V',-)$." P5(" QE()" 3*." 3(8(.?" G)" 3*"
interpretacin de este derecho de-
2('F"0'(>*3(%('"(3"0'-)%-0-$"+(",FD--
,*" 0523-%-+*+?" X$." .5E(&$." $23-B*+$."
+(2('F)"+$%5,()&*'"&$+$"*%&$"P5("
+('->("+(3"(E('%-%-$"+(".5."K*%53&*+(.4"
competencias o funciones, la ley de-
&(',-)*'F" 3$." .505(.&$." (.0(%9Q%$."
2*E$" 3$." %5*3(." 0'$%(+('F" 3*" +(%3*-
racin de inexistencia de la informa-
%-/)?
=i?";(" (.&*23(%('F)" ,(%*)-.,$." +("
acceso a la informacin y procedi-
mientos de revisin expeditos que se
.5.&*)%-*'F)" *)&(" 3$." $'B*)-.,$."
*5&/)$,$."(.0(%-*3-:*+$."("-,0*'-
%-*3(." P5(" (.&*23(%(" (.&*" e$).&-&5-
%-/)?
i?"X$.".5E(&$."$23-B*+$."+(2('F)"0'(-
servar sus documentos en archivos
*+,-)-.&'*&->$." *%&5*3-:*+$." 8" 05-
23-%*'F)4" *" &'*>V." +(" 3$." ,(+-$."
(3(%&'/)-%$." +-.0$)-23(.4" 3*" -)K$'-
,*%-/)" %$,03(&*" 8" *%&5*3-:*+*"
.$2'("(3"(E('%-%-$"+("3$."'(%5'.$."01-
23-%$." 8" 3$." -)+-%*+$'(." P5(" 0(',--
tan rendir cuenta del cumplimiento
+(".5."$2E(&->$."8"+("3$."'(.53&*+$."
$2&()-+$.?
i===?" G3" $'B*)-.,$" *5&/)$,$" 0'(>-.&$" ()"
(.&*" K'*%%-/)4" .(" '(B-'F" 0$'" 3*" 3(8" ()"
PBLICA
materia de transparencia y acceso a
3*" -)K$',*%-/)" 0123-%*" 8" 0'$&(%%-/)"
de datos personales en posesin de
.5E(&$."$23-B*+$.4"()"3$."&V',-)$."P5("
(.&*23(:%*" 3*" 3(8" B()('*3" P5(" (,-&*"
(3"e$)B'(.$"+("3*"g)-/)"0*'*"(.&*23(-
%('" 3*." 2*.(.4" 0'-)%-0-$." B()('*3(." 8"
0'$%(+-,-()&$." +(3" (E('%-%-$" +(" (.&("
+('(%A$?" G)" .5" K5)%-$)*,-()&$" .("
'(B-'F" 0$'" 3$." 0'-)%-0-$." +(" %('&(:*4"
3(B*3-+*+4" -)+(0()+()%-*4" -,0*'%-*-
3-+*+4" (Q%*%-*4" $2E(&->-+*+4" 0'$K(-
sionalismo, transparencia y mxima
0523-%-+*+?
G3"$'B*)-.,$"B*'*)&("&-()("%$,0(&()%-*"
para conocer de los asuntos relaciona-
dos con el acceso a la informacin p-
23-%*"8"3*"0'$&(%%-/)"+("+*&$."0('.$)*3(."
+("%5*3P5-('"*5&$'-+*+4"()&-+*+4"/'B*)$"
5"$'B*)-.,$"P5("K$',("0*'&("+("*3B5)$"
+("3$."Y$+('(."GE(%5&->$4"X(B-.3*&->$"8"t5-
+-%-*34"/'B*)$."*5&/)$,$.4"0*'&-+$."0$39-
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como de cualquier persona fsica, moral
$".-)+-%*&$."P5("'(%-2*"8"(E(':*"'(%5'.$."
0123-%$." $" '(*3-%(" *%&$." +(" *5&$'-+*+"
()"(3"F,2-&$"K(+('*3^"%$)"(D%(0%-/)"+("
*P5(33$."*.5)&$."E5'-.+-%%-$)*3(."P5("%$-
''(.0$)+*)"*"3*";50'(,*"e$'&("+("t5.&--
cia de la Nacin, en cuyo caso resolver
5)" %$,-&V" -)&(B'*+$" 0$'" &'(." ,-)-.&'$.?"
h*,2-V)" %$)$%('F" +(" 3$." '(%5'.$." P5("
-)&('0$)B*)"3$."0*'&-%53*'(."'(.0(%&$"+("
3*." '(.$35%-$)(." +(" 3$." $'B*)-.,$." *5&/-
)$,$."(.0(%-*3-:*+$."+("3$."(.&*+$."8"(3"
Distrito Federal que determinen la reser-
>*4" %$)Q+()%-*3-+*+4" -)(D-.&()%-*" $" )(-
B*&->*"+("3*"-)K$',*%-/)4"()"3$."&V',-)$."
P5("(.&*23(:%*"3*"3(8?
G3" $'B*)-.,$" B*'*)&(" K(+('*3" +(" $Q%-$"
$" *" 0(&-%-/)" K5)+*+*" +(3" $'B*)-.,$"
B*'*)&(" (P5->*3()&(" +(3" (.&*+$" $" +(3"
Distrito Federal, podr conocer de los
recursos de revisin que por su inters y
&'*.%()+()%-*"*.9"3$"*,('-&()?
X*" 3(8" (.&*23(%('F" *P5(33*" -)K$',*%-/)"
P5(".("%$).-+('("'(.('>*+*"$"%$)Q+()%-*3?
EXAMEN 33
 NACIONAL
X*." '(.$35%-$)(." +(3" $'B*)-.,$" B*'*)-
&(" .$)" >-)%53*&$'-*.4" +(Q)-&->*." (" -)*-
&*%*23(." 0*'*" 3$." .5E(&$." $23-B*+$.?" G3"
e$).(E('$" t5'9+-%$" +(3" k$2-(')$" 0$+'F"
interponer recurso de revisin ante la Su-
0'(,*"e$'&("+("t5.&-%-*"+("3*"<*%-/)"()"
3$." &V',-)$." P5(" (.&*23(:%*" 3*" 3(84" ./3$"
en el caso que dichas resoluciones pue-
+*)"0$)('"()"0(3-B'$"3*".(B5'-+*+")*%-$-
)*3"%$)K$',("*"3*"3(8"+("3*",*&('-*?
G3" $'B*)-.,$" B*'*)&(" .(" -)&(B'*" 0$'" .-(-
&(" %$,-.-$)*+$.?" Y*'*" .5" )$,2'*,-()-
&$4" 3*" eF,*'*" +(" ;()*+$'(.4" 0'(>-*"
'(*3-:*%-/)" +(" 5)*" *,03-*" %$).53&*" *"
3*" .$%-(+*+4" *" 0'$05(.&*" +(" 3$." B'50$."
parlamentarios, con el voto de las dos
&('%('*." 0*'&(." +(" 3$." ,-(,2'$." 0'(.()-
&(.4")$,2'*'F"*3"%$,-.-$)*+$"P5("+(2*"
%52'-'" 3*" >*%*)&(4" .-B5-()+$" (3" 0'$%(.$"
(.&*23(%-+$" ()" 3*" 3(8?" G3" )$,2'*,-()-
&$" 0$+'F" .('" $2E(&*+$" 0$'" (3" Y'(.-+()&("
+("3*"d(0123-%*"()"5)"03*:$"+("+-(:"+9*."
AF2-3(.?" ;-" (3" Y'(.-+()&(" +(" 3*" d(0123-%*"
)$"$2E(&*'*"(3")$,2'*,-()&$"+()&'$"+("
+-%A$"03*:$4"$%50*'F"(3"%*'B$"+("%$,--
.-$)*+$"3*"0('.$)*")$,2'*+*"0$'"(3";(-
)*+$"+("3*"d(0123-%*?
En caso de que el Presidente de la Re-
0123-%*" $2E(&*'*" (3" )$,2'*,-()&$4" 3*"
eF,*'*" +(" ;()*+$'(." )$,2'*'F" 5)*"
nueva propuesta, en los trminos del p-
rrafo anterior, pero con una votacin de
3*." &'(." P5-)&*." 0*'&(." +(" 3$." ,-(,2'$."
0'(.()&(.?";-"(.&(".(B5)+$")$,2'*,-()-
&$" K5('*" $2E(&*+$4" 3*" eF,*'*" +(" ;()*-
dores, en los trminos del prrafo anterior,
con la votacin de las tres quintas partes
+("3$.",-(,2'$."0'(.()&(.4"+(.-B)*'F"*3"
%$,-.-$)*+$"P5("$%50*'F"3*">*%*)&(?
Los comisionados durarn en su encar-
B$".-(&("*@$."8"+(2('F)"%5,03-'"%$)"3$."
requisitos previstos en las fracciones I, II,
=i4" i" 8" i=" +(3" *'&9%53$" WJ" +(" (.&*" e$).&--
tucin, no podrn tener otro empleo,
%*'B$"$"%$,-.-/)4"%$)"(D%(0%-/)"+("3$."
no remunerados en instituciones docen-
&(.4" %-()&9Q%*." $" +(" 2()(Q%()%-*4" ./3$"
0$+'F)".('"'(,$>-+$."+(".5"%*'B$"()"3$."
6N MARZO 2015
&V',-)$."+(3"h9&53$"e5*'&$"+("(.&*"e$).-
&-&5%-/)"8".('F)".5E(&$."+("E5-%-$"0$39&-%$?
G)"3*"%$)K$',*%-/)"+(3"$'B*)-.,$"B*'*)-
&(".("0'$%5'*'F"3*"(P5-+*+"+("BV)('$?
G3" %$,-.-$)*+$" 0'(.-+()&(" .('F" +(.-B)*-
do por los propios comisionados, median-
te voto secreto, por un periodo de tres
*@$.4"%$)"0$.-2-3-+*+"+(".('"'((3(%&$"0$'"
5)"0('-$+$"-B5*3^"(.&*'F"$23-B*+$"*"'()+-'"
un informe anual ante el Senado, en la fe-
%A*"8"()"3$."&V',-)$."P5("+-.0$)B*"3*"3(8?
G3" $'B*)-.,$" B*'*)&(" &()+'F" 5)" e$).(-
E$" e$).53&->$4" -)&(B'*+$" 0$'" +-(:" %$).(-
E('$.4" P5(" .('F)" (3(B-+$." 0$'" (3" >$&$" +("
3*." +$." &('%('*." 0*'&(." +(" 3$." ,-(,2'$."
0'(.()&(." +(" 3*" eF,*'*" +(" ;()*+$'(.?"
La ley determinar los procedimientos a
.(B5-'" 0*'*" 3*" 0'(.()&*%-/)" +(" 3*." 0'$-
05(.&*." 0$'" 3*" 0'$0-*" eF,*'*?" S)5*3-
,()&(".('F)".5.&-&5-+$."3$."+$."%$).(E('$."
+(",*8$'"*)&-Bj(+*+"()"(3"%*'B$4".*3>$"
P5("K5(.()"0'$05(.&$."8"'*&-Q%*+$."0*'*"
5)".(B5)+$"0('-$+$?
X*"3(8"(.&*23(%('F"3*.",(+-+*."+("*0'(-
,-$"P5("0$+'F"-,0$)('"(3"$'B*)-.,$"B*-
'*)&("0*'*"*.(B5'*'"(3"%5,03-,-()&$"+("
.5."+(%-.-$)(.?
h$+*"*5&$'-+*+"8".('>-+$'"0123-%$"(.&*'F"
$23-B*+$"*"%$*+85>*'"%$)"(3"$'B*)-.,$"
B*'*)&(" 8" .5." -)&(B'*)&(." 0*'*" (3" 25()"
+(.(,0(@$"+(".5."K5)%-$)(.?
G3"$'B*)-.,$"B*'*)&("%$$'+-)*'F".5."*%-
%-$)(." %$)" 3*" ()&-+*+" +(" Q.%*3-:*%-/)"
superior de la Federacin, con la enti-
+*+"(.0(%-*3-:*+*"()",*&('-*"+("*'%A--
>$." 8" %$)" (3" $'B*)-.,$" ()%*'B*+$" +("
'(B53*'" 3*" %*0&*%-/)4" 0'$%(.*,-()&$" 8"
0523-%*%-/)" +(" 3*" -)K$',*%-/)" (.&*+9.-
&-%*" 8" B($B'FQ%*4" *.9" %$,$" %$)" 3$." $'-
B*)-.,$." B*'*)&(." +(" 3$." (.&*+$." 8" (3"
#-.&'-&$" f(+('*34" %$)" (3" $2E(&$" +(" K$'&*-
lecer la rendicin de cuentas del Estado
T(D-%*)$?
S'&9%53$"I7J?"???"X*";50'(,*"e$'&("%$)$-
%('F"+("3$.".-B5-()&(."*.5)&$.Z
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
=?"" #(" 3*." %$)&'$>('.-*." %$).&-&5%-$)*3(."
que, con excepcin de las que se re-
Q('*)"*"3*",*&('-*"(3(%&$'*34".(".5.%--
&()"()&'(Z
3O" #$." /'B*)$." %$).&-&5%-$)*3(." *5&/)$-
mos, y entre uno de stos y el Poder
GE(%5&->$" +(" 3*" g)-/)" $" (3" e$)B'(.$"
+(" 3*" g)-/)" .$2'(" 3*" %$).&-&5%-$)*3--
+*+" +(" .5." *%&$." $" +-.0$.-%-$)(." B(-
)('*3(.?" X$" +-.05(.&$" ()" (3" 0'(.()&("
-)%-.$".('F"*03-%*23("*3"$'B*)-.,$"B*-
'*)&("P5("(.&*23(%("(3"*'&9%53$"_$?"+("
(.&*"e$).&-&5%-/)?
==?" #(" 3*." *%%-$)(." +(" -)%$).&-&5%-$)*3--
+*+" P5(" &()B*)" 0$'" $2E(&$" 03*)&(*'"
3*" 0$.-23(" %$)&'*+-%%-/)" ()&'(" 5)*"
)$',*" +(" %*'F%&('" B()('*3" 8" (.&*"
e$).&-&5%-/)?"Y$+'F)"(E('%-&*'.("0$'Z
AO" G3" $'B*)-.,$" B*'*)&(" P5(" (.&*23(%("
(3"*'&9%53$"_$?"+("(.&*"e$).&-&5%-/)"()"
contra de leyes de carcter federal,
estatal y del Distrito Federal, as como
+(" &'*&*+$." -)&(')*%-$)*3(." %(3(2'*-
+$." 0$'" (3" GE(%5&->$" f(+('*3" 8" *0'$-
2*+$."0$'"(3";()*+$"+("3*"d(0123-%*4"
que vulneren el derecho al acceso a
3*"-)K$',*%-/)"0123-%*"8"3*"0'$&(%%-/)"
+("+*&$."0('.$)*3(.?"S.-,-.,$4"3$."$'-
B*)-.,$." B*'*)&(." (P5->*3()&(." ()"
3$."(.&*+$."+("3*"d(0123-%*4"()"%$)&'*"
+("3(8(."(D0(+-+*."0$'"3*."3(B-.3*&5'*."
3$%*3(."8"(3"/'B*)$"B*'*)&("+(3"#-.&'-&$"
Federal, en contra de leyes emitidas
0$'"3*"S.*,23(*"X(B-.3*&->*"+(3"#-.&'-&$"
f(+('*3?
S'&9%53$" II7?" Y$+'F)" .('" .5E(&$." +(" E5-%-$"
0$39&-%$4"3$."%$,-.-$)*+$."+(3"$'B*)-.,$"
B*'*)&(" (.&*23(%-+$" ()" (3" *'&9%53$" _$?"
%$).&-&5%-$)*3?
S'&9%53$"III?"Y*'*"0'$%(+('"0()*3,()&("
%$)&'*" 3$." %$,-.-$)*+$." +(3" $'B*)-.,$"
B*'*)&(" (.&*23(%-+$" ()" (3" *'&9%53$" _$?"
%$).&-&5%-$)*3?
S'&9%53$"II_?"???
i===?"X*."e$).&-&5%-$)(."+("3$."G.&*+$."(.-
&*23(%('F)" $'B*)-.,$." *5&/)$,$.4"
(.0(%-*3-:*+$.4" -,0*'%-*3(." 8" %$3(-
PBLICA
B-*+$.4"'(.0$).*23(."+("B*'*)&-:*'"(3"
derecho de acceso a la informacin
y de proteccin de datos personales
()" 0$.(.-/)" +(" 3$." .5E(&$." $23-B*+$.4"
%$)K$',(" *" 3$." 0'-)%-0-$." 8" 2*.(." (.-
&*23(%-+$." 0$'" (3" *'&9%53$" _$?" +(" (.&*"
e$).&-&5%-/)"8"3*"3(8"B()('*3"P5("(,--
&*"(3"e$)B'(.$"+("3*"g)-/)"0*'*"(.&*-
23(%('" 3*." 2*.(.4" 0'-)%-0-$." B()('*3(."
8"0'$%(+-,-()&$."+(3"(E('%-%-$"+("(.&("
+('(%A$?
S"3*"K(%A*"+("(3*2$'*%-/)"+("(.&("*'&9%53$".("
A*29*" *0'$2*+$" ()" (3" ;()*+$" LI]" +(" ,*':$O"
una nueva Ley de Transparencia, la cual fue
()>-*+*" *" .5" %$3(B-.3*+$'*" 0*'*" 3*" +-.%5.-/)4"
>$&*%-/)"8"*0'$2*%-/)"%$''(.0$)+-()&(?
Es de destacar que en ella se amplan las
0$.-2-3-+*+(." P5(" 3$." %-5+*+*)$." &()+'F)"
0*'*"+(,*)+*'"(3"%5,03-,-()&$"+("3*."$23--
B*%-$)(." +(" &'*).0*'()%-*" 0$'" 0*'&(" +(" 3*."
()&-+*+(."0123-%*."8"+("&$+*"0('.$)*4"&*)&$"
K9.-%*"%$,$",$'*34"P5("'(%-2*"8"A*B*"5.$"+("
'(%5'.$." 0123-%$.?" e$)" 2*.(" ()" (3" 0'-)%-0-$"
+(",FD-,*"0523-%-+*+4"(3";()*+$"+-.(@*"5)"
;-.&(,*" <*%-$)*3" +(" h'*).0*'()%-*4" -)&(B'*-
do por el Instituto Nacional de Transparencia
8"S%%(.$"*"3*"=)K$',*%-/)"Y123-%*^"3$."$'B*-
)-.,$." B*'*)&(." +(" 3*." ()&-+*+(." K(+('*&--
vas; la Auditora Superior de la Federacin;
el Archivo General de la Nacin; y el Instituto
<*%-$)*3" +(" G.&*+9.&-%*" 8" k($B'*K9*?" G3" =fS="
()%*2(:*'F" 8" %$$'+-)*'F" (3" ;-.&(,*" <*%-$-
)*3"+("h'*).0*'()%-*?
EXAMEN 6J
 NACIONAL
;(" -)%$'0$'*)" )5(>$." .5E(&$." $23-B*+$." *"
()&'(B*'"-)K$',*%-/)"0123-%*Z"Y$+('(."+("3*"
g)-/)4" +-.&-)&$." )->(3(." +(" B$2-(')$" LK(+('*34"
(.&*&*34" ,5)-%-0*34" #fO4" 3*." 3(B-.3*&5'*." 3$%*-
3(.4" 3$." $'B*)-.,$." *5&/)$,$." =<G4" e<#R4"
b*)%$" TVD-%$4" (&%O4" 0*'&-+$." 0$39&-%$.4" .-)+--
%*&$.4" Q+(-%$,-.$." 8" K$)+$." 0123-%$.4" *+(-
,F."+("%5*3P5-('"0('.$)*"P5("(E(':*"K$)+$."
0123-%$.?" #(2('F)" ,$.&'*'" 3$." %$)&'*&$." 8"
convenios que tienen con las autoridades y
3*"'(3*%-/)"+(&*33*+*"+("3$."'(%5'.$."0123-%$."
(%$)/,-%$.4"()"(.0(%-(4"2-()(."$"+$)*&->$."
P5("'(%-2*)?
S"Q)"+("5)-K$',*'"3$."0'$%(+-,-()&$."+("%3*.--
Q%*%-/)" +(" 3*" -)K$',*%-/)4" .(" .(@*3*)" %$)+--
ciones por las cuales, de manera excepcional,
V.&*".("0$+'F"%3*.-Q%*'"%$,$"%$)Q+()%-*3"L0$'"
&'*&*'.(" +(" +*&$." 0('.$)*3(.O4" $" '(.('>*+*" L.-"
*K(%&*"3*".(B5'-+*+")*%-$)*3"8"(3"-)&('V."0123--
%$O?" h$,*" ()" %5()&*" 3*." 0'5(2*." +(" +*@$" 8"
+("-)&('V."0123-%$4"+(Q)("5)"0'$%(+-,-()&$"+("
>('-Q%*%-/)"+(3"%5,03-,-()&$"+(".$3-%-&5+(."+("
-)K$',*%-/)" 8" (.&*23(%(" .*)%-$)(." 0$'" >-$3*-
%-$)(."*"3*.")$',*.?";("(.&*23(%()"0()*."%3*-
'*."0*'*"3$.".5E(&$."$23-B*+$."P5(4"+(",*)('*"
falsa, realicen declaratorias de inexistencia de
-)K$',*%-/)?
6_ MARZO 2015
Se considera improcedente reservar informa-
%-/)"%5*)+$".("&'*&("+(">-$3*%-$)(."B'*>(."*"
derechos humanos o delitos de lesa humani-
+*+?"
X$."/'B*)$."B*'*)&(."05(+()"A*%('">*3('4"+("
manera efectiva, sus resoluciones, e incluso
*%5+-'"*)&("5)*"'(.$35%-/)"+("3*";50'(,*"e$'-
&(?
EPLOGO
G3" .(%'(&$" (.&F" ,F." K$',*3-:*+$" A$8" ()" +9*4"
0('$" 2*E$" )5(>*." ,$+*3-+*+(.4" *3B5)*." P5("
son exitosamente evasivas, y en ciertos aspec-
&$."(.",F."'(%/)+-&$"P5("*)&*@$?"S.-,-.,$".5"
estudio, actualmente es amplio y erudito, pero
3-,-&*+$"*".5"(K(%&$".$2'("3*"&'*).0*'()%-*4"*.9"
%$,$" *" .5" -)C5E$" .$2'(" 3*" ,-.,*?" Y('$" %$,$"
*)&*@$4" .(" A*" '(.-B)*+$" *" )$" 0()(&'*'" ()" (3"
a0'$%(.$"+("K*2'-%*%-/)`4"'()5)%-*)+$"*"*5.-
cultar la anatoma administrativa, as como sus
0'$%(.$." Q.-$3/B-%$.?" S1)" )$" *0*'(%(" (3" &*-
3()&$" P5(" *)&*@$" +(>(3/" *3" .(%'(&$" 8" 3$" ,$.-
&'/" %$,$" (3" %$)E5)&$" +(" K5(':*." ,$&'-%(." +(3"
G.&*+$" *%&5*)+$" ()" 3*" .$,2'*?" ;(" )(%(.-&*"
+(",F."0$3-&/3$B$."8"*+,-)-.&'*+$'(."0123-%$."
interesados en estudiar y entender al secreto,
 SECRECA Y TRANSPARENCIA EN LA ADMINISTRACIN P
pues de otro modo no comprenderemos del
&$+$"*"3*"&'*).0*'()%-*?
G3" 0'$0/.-&$" P5(" +-$" >-+*" *" (.&(" &'*2*E$" (." 3*"
-+()&-Q%*%-/)" 8" +(.*''$33$" 3$." 0'-)%-0-$." %$)-
ceptuales de la transparencia en la Administra-
%-/)"0123-%*?"e$,$"3$"A(,$."0$+-+$"$2.('>*'"
*"&'*>V."+("3*."0FB-)*."0'(%(+()&(.4"(.$."0'-)-
cipios estn plasmados en los derechos del ser
A5,*)$" 8" 3*" %-5+*+*)9*4" *.9" %$,$" ()" +(2(-
'(."+("3*"S+,-)-.&'*%-/)"0123-%*?"X$."+('(%A$."
.$)"3$."0'$0-$."+("3-2('&*+"+("0().*,-()&$4"+("
(D0'(.-/)" 8" +(" -,0'()&*^" 3$." +(2('(." .(" '(Q(-
'()" *" 3*" '(.0$).*2-3-+*+" ()" 3*" *+,-)-.&'*%-/)"
del Estado y a la rendicin de cuentas de los
.('>-+$'(."0123-%$.?";("&'*&*"+("3*".-)+V'(.-.4"+("
3$."0'-,('$."8".50'(,$."0'-)%-0-$."P5("'-B()"(3"
+(>()-'"+("3*"S+,-)-.&'*%-/)"0123-%*"+(")5(.-
tros das, que la hacen diversa, en efecto, de
3*"0'(%(+()&("*"3*"P5("'((,03*:/?
FUENTES DE INFORMACIN
S3"kA*:*3-"q%-'%*"II7Js"LIW_NO4"Book of Counsel for Kings
Lcirca I77J\IIIIO4"X$)+'(.4"cDK$'+"g)->('.-&8"Y'(..?
S)/)-,$" L)$" K(%A*+$O4" aG3" .(%'(&*'-$" +(" G.&*+$" 8"
+(3" #(.0*%A$" -).&'5-+$`4" ()" G.%5+('$4" t$.V" S)&$)-$"
LIWM_O4" X$." .(%'(&*'-$." +(" G.&*+$" 8" +(3" +(.0*%A$4"
cuatro tomos, iv, Madrid, Instituto de Estudios Admi-
)-.&'*&->$.?
b()&A*,"t('(,-*."(IMWIO4"Essay on Political Tactics. (+.?"
T-%A*(3"t*,(.4"e80'-*)"b3*,-'(."*)+"e*&A('-)("Y(*-
.(\U*&o-)"Le3*'()+$)"Y'(..4"cDK$'+4"IWWWO"00?"D34"H_M?
b$22-$4" <$'2('&$" qIW]Js" LIWWWO4" G.&*+$4" B$2-(')$" 8"
.$%-(+*+4"TVD-%$4"f$)+$"+("e53&5'*"G%$)/,-%*?
b$+-)4"t(*)"LIJ]6O"LIWM7O4"Les six livres de la Rpubli-
que4"S3(,*)-*4";%-()&-*"i('3*B"S*3()4"K*%.9,-3?
b$))-)4"eA*'3(."t(*)"LI]HIO4"#$%&'-)*".$%-*34"T*+'-+4"
=,0'()&*"+("#$)"S)&$)-$"T*'&9)(:?
b'-&*-)(4" U-33-*," +(" LIMH_O4" Human prudence; or the
Art by which a man may raise himself and his fortune to
grandeur4"#523-)4";*,5(3"f*-'2'$&A('?
b5'84" t?" T?" qIWI6s" LIWNIO4" R-.&$'-*" +(" 3*" 3-2('&*+" +("
0().*,-()&$4" TVD-%$4" f$)+$" +(" e53&5'*" G%$)/,--
%*4"IWNI?
e3*0,*'4"S')$3+"LI_N7O4"De arcanis rerumpublicarum,
Lugduni Batavorum4"(D"cKQ%-)*"=*%$,2-"T*'%-?
#(22*.%A4"eA*'3(."LIWMHO4"Science administrative, Pa-
'9.4"#*33$:?
#(%3*'*%-/)" +(" 3$." #('(%A$." +(3" R$,2'(" 8" (3" e-5-
+*+*)$4"+("*B$.&$"+("IM]W4"()";F)%A(:"i-*,$)&(4"
PBLICA
e*'3$."LIWJ_O4"X$."+('(%A$."+(3"A$,2'("()"3*"d(>$-
lucin francesa, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de
TVD-%$?
#-,$%o4"T*'.A*33" *)+"k3*+8."#-,$%o" LIW_NO4" Public
Administration4" <5(>*" m$'o4" R$3&4" d-)(A*'&" *)+" U-).-
&$)?
#$)*&$4"<-%$3F."+("qIM_7s"LIW7NO4"G3"A$,2'("+("G.&*-
+$4"TVD-%$4"h-0$B'*K9*"0$053*'?
#5>('B('"T*5'-%(4"=).&-&5%-$)(."0$39&-%*."8"+('(%A$"
%$).&-&5%-$)*34"G+"S'-(3"b*'%(3$)*"IWM_?
G33534"t*%P5(."LIWMNO4"S5&$0.-*"+("3*"'(>$35%-/)4"T*-
+'-+4"g)-/)"G+-&$'-*3?
f(''*'-4" k-5.(00(" LI]_7O4" Histoire de la raison dEtat,
Y*'9.4"T-%A(3"X(>8"f'('(.4"X-2'*-'(.\G+-&(5'.?
f(''(-'$"m*:-B-"S3(E*)+'$?"ae*5.*3(."+("'(.('>*"8"'(-
%5'.$.Z" (3" (P5-3-2'-$" >-'&5$.$" ()&'(" 3*" &'*).0*'()%-*"
8" 3*" +(K().*" +(" 3$." 2-()(." E5'9+-%$." P5(" E5.&-Q%*)"
0'$&(B('" %-('&*" -)K$',*%-/)`4" ()" X*" 0'$,(.*" +(3"
B$2-(')$" *2-('&$?" S)+'(." R$KK,*))4" y3>*'$" d$+'9-
B5(:" S35E*." (&" *34" H7IH?" f-.%A2*%A4" c.o*'" k($'B"
LIW_]O4" h($'9*" B()('*3" +(3" G.&*+$4" TVD-%$4" G+-&$'*"
<*%-$)*3?
f'$)&-)5."q%-'%*"]N"+?e?s"LIWJ7O4"Stratagems, Londres,
U-33-*,"R(-)(,*)"3&+?
k*3)$$'4" =&:A*o" LIWMJO4" ak$>('),()&" ;(%'(%8Z" GD-
%A*)B(.4"=)&(',(+-*'-(."*)+"T-++3(,()`4"()"Public
Administration Review4" >$3" 6J4" )1,?" I4" U*.A-)B&$)4"
*.0*?
k$3+.%A,-&&4"T*5'("LIWJIO4"aY523-%84"Y'->*%8"*)+";(-
crecy, en The Western Political Science Quarterly, vol
>--4")1,?"64"G.&*+$."g)-+$.4"hA("S%*+(,8"$K"Y$3-&-%*3"
;%-()%(?
R*2(',*.4"tj'B()"qIW_Hs"LIW]IO4"R-.&$'-*"8"%'9&-%*"+("
3*"$0-)-/)"0123-%*4"b*'%(3$)*4"G+-&$'-*3"k5.&*>$"k-3-?
R(B(3" k($'B" U?" f4" f-3$.$K9*" +(3" +('(%A$4" e*'*%*.4"
g)->('.-+*+"e()&'*3"+("i()(:5(3*?
=,*:4"G5B()-$"LIWNIO4"aG.&5+-$"0'(3-,-)*'`4"()">*'-$.4"
g&$09*."+(3"d()*%-,-()&$4"TVD-%$4"f$)+$"+("e53&5'*"
G%$)/,-%*?
[*-\[*5." qI7]Hs" LIWJIO4" A Mirror for Princes, Londres,
hA("e'(..('"Y'(..?
[*)&4" =,,*)5(34" ;$2'(" 3*" 0*:" 0('0(&5*4" T*+'-+4"
S3-*):*4"H77H?
['$0$&o-)(4" Y(+'$" qIW7Ws" LIW_MO4" X*" B'*)" '(>$35%-/)4"
TVD-%$4"G+-&$'*"<*%-$)*3?
X*K*8(&&(4" T*'-(\t$.(0A" q,*'P5V." +(s" LIM]IO4" aY'$-
8(%&$"+("+(%3*'*%-/)"+("3$."+('(%A$."+(3"A$,2'("8"
(3"%-5+*+*)$`4"()"e*'3$.";F)%A(:"i-*,$)&("LIWJ_O4"
X$."+('(%A$."+(3"A$,2'("()"3*"d(>$35%-/)"f'*)%(.*4"
TVD-%$4"g)->('.-+*+"<*%-$)*3"S5&/)$,*"+("TVD-%$?
Ley Federal de Transparencia y Acceso a la Informa-
EXAMEN 37
 NACIONAL

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6] MARZO 2015
 NMERO 240 / AO XXIV / MARZO 2015

86 Aniversario del PRI

Csar Camacho

Secreca y transparencia
en la administracin pblica
Omar Guerrero

La nueva ley de transparencia

Guillermo Deloya

El poder legislativo y la distribucin

de la funcin judicial en el Estado
mexicano (parte 2)
Rafael Coello Cetina

El tiempo de las mujeres en Mxico

Ivonne Ortega

Mujer indgena
Leopoldo Enrique Corona

Empata en sociedad
Laura Garca Coronel

SECRECA y TRANSPARENCIA
en la
Administracin Pblica