\mcm-bWKpcp-hns

Btm-]-tZi-i-XIw

a\-\m-hn-jvmcw
kzman kp[n

ONE-WORLD
Publishing House
Ernakulam-682315
 Malayalam Language
ATMOPADESA SATAKAM
(A Philosophical Work of Narayana Guru)

Contemplative Outpouring
SWAMI SUDHI

Published By
ONE-WORLD
Publishing House
Chethikode. P.O
Ernakulam- 682315.

Phone : 9447968014, 0484-2778515, 5502401

email : oneworldcommunion@gmail.com

Cover : Bipin, Perumbavoor

Type :Nitya Chetana
Proof : Sabari, Niranjana, Akshaya
Printed at : Gurudev Off-Set, Ernakulam
Second Edition : July, 2006
Copies : 1000
Rights Reserved

Rs. 90
 kzman kp[n
1967 Xriq Pn-bnse Ip-en-bq-cn P\n-p.
\t sNdp- - nXs tamtp Bbn-cp-p.
kvIqfn ]Tn-p-tm hoSp-hn-p-t]m-hp-Ibpw Hcp
kXym-t\z-jn-sb-tmse Ae-bp-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-p.
km-c - n-\n-Sb - nepw ]T\w XpSp.
km-n-Ii - m-{k-n _ncp-Zhpw
BwK-te-bk - m-ln-Xy-n _ncp-Zm-\ - c- _
- n-cp-Zhpw
Ign-p. tPW-en-k - n ]n.Pn Untma t\Sn.
Ipd-p-Imew ]{X-{]-h-I\ - mbn tPmen sNbvXp.
Atm-tgpw Kpcp-kh - n-[ - n AW-bm-\p-ff
XrjvW AZ-ay-am-bn. AXn-\m tPmenbpw
Kmln-IX - bpw If-p.
Kpcp \nXy-ssN-X\ - y-bX - nb - psS injyXzw kzoI-cn-p.
Kpcp-hns \nt-i{- ]-Imcw 1993
\mcm-bW - K- p-cp-Ip-e - n tNp.
Dun-bnse \mcm-bW - K - p-cp-Ip-e- n
Kpcp \nXybpsS kao-]h - n-bmbn
Kpcp-tkh sNbvXp Pohn-p-hm-\p-ff
`mKyhpw \ntbm-Khpw Dm-bn.
 apJ-p-dnv
Rms\mcp IY hmbn-n-p-v. bph-Xz-n-tev Imeq-n-\np-
tm-gmWv AXv hmbn-m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv. B IY hmbn-t- m Rm\msI
Akz-\ - m-bn. hon\npw Cd-n-\S- - p. ImcWw B IY shdp-
samcp IY am{X-am-bn-cp-n-; A-cm-f - psS Hcp Ie-hd Xs-
bm-bn-cpp. Ftm-Sp-Xs- -bp-ff Hcp-Xcw tNmZyw-sN-e - m-bn-cpp AXv.
B IY Rm \n-tfmSp ]d-bp-Ib - m-Wv. Hcp]t, \n-fn ]mIw-
h Hcp a\-p-s-n Cu IY \nsf tNmZyw sNpw. C{Xbpw
\mfpw \n [cn-n-cp s]mbvap-J - ]nn-onf-bpw. \n-
fpsS Bm-hns imeo-\-ku-ay-X-bn Hcp-thf Nne-h-gn-m-\mbn
Dw XpSn-p-t]m-Ipw. C\n IY ]d-bs - ........
Hcn- Hcp knwl- pv hpP\nbv m\n- S - h - Xv Hcp
Bn]--n-\n-S-bnem-bn-cp-p. X-knwlw Cc-]n-Sn-m-\mbn Hcp
Ipn\npw FSp-p-Nm-Sn-b-tm \ne-p-hogpIbpw Ahn-sS-In-
Sp {]k-hn-bvpI-bp-am-bn-cpp. Ipns\ {]k-hn DSs\ X-
knwlw acn-p. B knwl-p-ns IpI Xpd-n-p-t]mepw
Dm-bn-cp-n-. A{Xbpw sNdnb knwl-p-m-bn-cp-p. Bnq-
-nse X-bm-Sp-If - psS ape IpSnv B knwl-pv hfp hep-
Xm-bn. BSp-I B knw-ls X-sf-tmse Icp-Xn. BSp-I Ic-
bp-X - p-t]mse knwlhpw Ic-bpw. BSp-I ]pp Xnp-X - p-t]mse
B knwlhpw ]pp-Xnpw. Ah Hcp-anp Ifnp ckn-pw. knwl-
ns BIm-cs - -p-dnv BSp-Itm, BSp-If - psS BIm-ct- `-Zs
- -
p-dnp knwl-nt\m Hcp kwi-bhpw Dm-bn-cp-n-. As\ Ime-
Hcp-]mSp Ign-p-t]m-bn.
Hcn- Hcp hr-\mb knwlw Bn]- - f - psS ASp-p-IqsS
IS-p-t]m-Im CS-bm-bn. Atm Bnq--n-\n-S-bn Hcp
knwlw Ifn-p-ck - n-p-X - p-Iv hr-\mb knwlw ApXw Iqdn.
B knwls Atm Ap-X-s-Sp-n-b-Xv, Bnq--nse
knwlw BSn-s\-tmse Ic-bp-X - m-Wv. AXp ]pv Nh-p-Xn-p-Ibpw
sNp-p. hr-\mb knwls I-tm ap BSp-I t]Sn-tm-
Sm XpS-n. Atm Bn]--nse knwlhpw `b-p-hn-dp
HmSm XpS-n. CXp I-tm hr-\mb knwl-n\p ebpw
tcmjhpw Hcp-anp hp. Xs Ipe-n\pXs am\-lm\n hcp-n-
h-bvp--Xm-Wtm Cu {]hrn Fp B knwlw Hmp. hr-
\mb B knwlw BnIq- - ns IqsS Hm-Sn-tm-Ip knwl-s-
n-Snv _e-ambn Hcp XSm-I - c- b
- n-tep sImp-t]m-bn. t]Snp hnd-
]q Ip-It- fmsS, Xs shdptX hnS-Ws - ap ]dv B ]mhw
knwlw tIWp-Ic -
- p. Fm hr-\mb knwlw, Xs h-n\p
hp-tN A]-am-\-I-c-amb A[x-]-X-\s amn-sb-Sp--W-sa
\n-bt- m-Sp-IqSn XSm-I - c - b
- nse kz-amb Pe-n-\c - n-In BSpI-
fp-ambn am\-kn-IX - m-Zmyw ]q knwls sImp-t]mbn \ndpn.
Fnp Kn-p-sImp ]dp: FSm hnUvVn! \o Fs apJ-
t-smp t\mq; Fnv B XSm-I - nse Pe-n \ns {]Xn-
m-b Hp ImWq.
XSm-I-nse Pe-n sXfn apJw I-tm s]s-m-
bn-cpp ]qn-I-amb Xs kzXz-ns \nbw Hcp shfn-]m-Sp-
t]mse B knwl-n P\n-X - v. Bn]-- n-eI
- s- knwl-ns
Dn\npw Atm Hcp K\w AW-s]m-n. B K\w ZnK-
-sf apg-p Hm-bn-cp-p. AXp hopw hopw Kn-p.
B knwlw Xs kzcq-]s Xncn-d - n-p. AXns ]qnIamb
kvac-W-I DWp-h-p. hr-\mb knwlw CsXmw Ip
\np-Ib - m-bn-cp-p. hr-\mb knwl-ns Imcp-Wy-n\p sImp-
knwlw \n ]d-p: An-m-bn-cp-p-sh-n Fs apgp-h Pohn-
Xhpw B Bn]- - n-s-IqsS ]pp-Xnp Xpe-p-If - t- bn-hc - pam-
bn-cp-t-t\. As-\np ]pXn-sbmcp PohnXw Xn-cn-p-p. hr-
\mb knwlw sNdnb knwls ap knwl--fpsS ASp-tp
sImp-t]m-bn.
\psS Pohn-Xhpw CtX-t]m-se-bm-Wv. \mw \psS B-kz-
Xzs ad-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-Ib - m-Wv. ]e ]e XmZm-y-f - m Bn]-
-n-e-I-s Hcp knwl-p-n-s\-tm-se-bmWv \mw hf-cp--Xv.
IpSpw_ambn Pohn-p-t]m-cp \mw ]e-X-c-n-ep kmaq-ln-Ihpw
cmjv{So-bhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb _--fmepw _-\--fmepw kzX-
kn--amb \psS kzcq]w ad-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-p. B kzcq-]-ns
aln-am-Xn-ibw a\-n-em-msX sImp-sIm-p- Xp-cp-p-If - n kzm-
amb PohnXw \bn-p-h - c- mWv \mw Gsd-t]-cpw.
Iptd-mew As\ Pohn-tnh Cubp-h - \v Bm-hns
\nc-Xn-ib- Z- -W - n Fs apJw ImWn-p-X alm-Im-cp-Wn-I\ - mWv
Kpcp \nXy-ssN-X\ - y-bX
- n. B Kpcp-hn-eq-sS-bmWv Rm Fs kzXz-
ns C\n-ab - p-ff {]Xew BZy-ambn \pW-X - .v Cu ]pkvXIw Fgp-
Xp-tm Fm-hpw Ah-cpsS kzXzs Xncn-d - n-bm-\p-ff Im-Sn-
bm-bn-cn-Ww CXnse Hmtcm hmpw Fp Rm {]m-\m-]qw
A`n-ej - n-p-Ib - m-W.v
\nd lrZ-b-tmsS
kzman kp[n
 Fpw hmbn-p--Xn-\p- apv

Btm-]-tZ-iiXIw Hcp imkv{X-am-Wv. Cu imkv{Xw B[p-

\n-Ii- mkv{Xw t]msebp Hcp imkv{X-a - . B\p-`q-Xn-I
- m-\a - p
Hcp Ejn-bpsS lrm-cn hnf AssZz-X-a-I-c-w-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.
Atm CXns\mcp ka-{KXbp-v. ka-{K-sap ]d-bm ImcWw,
CXns ]cn-[n-bn hcm Hpw-X-s-bn Fp-f-f-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.
KW-\-bns]-Sp-Xpw KW-\-bn\np Ihn-Xpw Dsm-m
t]mcp A\--hn-im-e-XbmWv Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-ns\ ka-{K-
am-p--Xv. ]qm--I ]d-p-\-S-p--Xp-Iv IuXp-I-aq-dp Hcp
sImp-Ip-ns t_m[Xehpw, \nhm-W - ns [ym\-hn-lm-b - n
A\p-`qXn \pW-psImn-cn-p Hcp tbmKn-bpsS t_m[Xehpw
Cu imkv{X-n Htc-t]mse CSw Is-p-p-v. hymk\pw \yq-
\pw, sslk_Kpw IWm-Z-\pw, {InkvXphpw \_n-bpw, _p\pw
Fmw Btm-]-tZ-i-km-K-c-nse tXtPm-X-cw-K--fm-Wv.
am{X-a, Cu imkv{X-n\p hy-amsbmcp eyhpw {]Xn-]m-Z-
\-co-Xn-bpap-v. CXn Ah-Xc - n-n-p hnjbw \app ]cn-Nb - a - n-m-
-X - . B hnjbw \mw Xs-bm-Wv. tkm{I-okpw D]-\n-j - nse
Ejnbpw Dun-bqnd {]tabw: \o \ns-Xs Adn-bp-I. B
Adnhv \ns kzX-{-\m-pw. As\ Rm Fs {]ta-ba - mn
At\z-jWw Bcw-`n-p-tm AXn {]]-s kw_-npw
Cuiz-cs\ kw_-npw D ]T-\ - kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbn A`-hn-
pp. aqp tNmZy-f - mWv BXy-n-Ia - mbn Hcp Pnmkp tNmZn-
p-X - v.
1 Cu temIw Fhn-sS-\n-p-mbn?
2 Rm BcmWv?
3 Fn\p Pohn-Ww?
Cu aqp tNmZy-pw Dcw \Im Hmtcm-n\pw Hmtcm
imkv{Xw cq]oIr-Xa - m-bn-p-v. Hv km-im-kv{Xw (ontology). cv
m\-im-kv{Xw (epistemology). aqv aqey-imkv{Xw (axiology).
Cu aqp imkv{X-f - nepw s]SmsX Hcp imkv{X-n\pw \ne-bp-d - n-
m Ign-bn-. Fm Kpcp-hm-Is, Cu aqp imkv{X-tbpw {_-
hnZy (The Science of the Absolute) F Hcp kq-ka - \ - z-b-
X-{ns ]cn-KW - b - n sImp-h - n-mWv Fm Zmi-\n-Ik - a - k- y-
I-tfbpw ]cn-lc - n-p-X - v.
Cu imkv { Xs imkv t {Xm- N nX- a mbn ]d- p- X - c p
imkv{X {io\mcm-bW - K- pcphmWv. K - pcp Bm-arXw \pI
Hcp Ejn-hc - y-\m-Wv. ]c-a] - p-cp-jm-amb apnsb kqcy-Xpeyw B-
[m-cb - mn amnb alm-a\ - o-jn-bp-am-Wv. kzbw-ap-\ - mb Kpcp am\p-
jy-Is apgp-h\pw apn-bn-tep \bn-m-\mWv Btm-]t- Z-ii - -
XIw cNn-X - v. Atm apn-bmWv Cu imkv{Xw ]Tn-p-X - ns
{]tbm-P\ - w. Fn \np apn-bmWv? Am-\ - n\n-p-
apn. Am-\w-sIm-mWv Pohn-Xw _-\w-t]mse tXmp-Xpw
\mw ZpxJn-p-X - p-sa-mw. _\w tXmp-X - p-sIm-mWv Hcm
imkv{Xw ]Tn-p-Xv. AXp-sImv Btm-]t- Z-ii - X- Iw Hcp tam-
im-kv{X-am-Wv. Fn\n-p tamN\w? _-\ - n\n-p tamN-
\w. ZpxJ-n \np tamN\w. {]m]-n-IX - b - n\np tamN-
\w.
\mw Cu temI-n Pohn-p-tmXs C{n-b - f - n-eq-tSbpw
a\-n-eq-tSbpw hnj-b - sf A\p-`h - n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p-.v As\
C{n-b - smpw a\-p-sImpw _-s-Sp hnj-b - \s
_np-p. CjvSc - q-]- nepw A\n-jSv c - q-]
- nepw DZm-ko-\c - q-]- nepw
\s kzm[o-\n-p-p. temI-n Pohn-p-t- Xm-sSmwXs \mw
Cu temI-ns `mK-amWv. Fm \psS apn-ep \ma-cq-]m--
I-am-bn-cn-p temIs \mw Adn-bp-Xv \n\npw A\y-am-bn-cn-
p Hcp hkvXp-t]m-se-bm-W.v AXp-sImv \mw Cu temIs A\p-
`-hn-p-Xv, mXm-hmbpw Im-hmbpw t`mm-hmbpw Hs-bm-
Wv. \n\n-pw A\y-am-bn-cn-p temIs hopw hopw `pPn-
p-hm hy{KXsp-sIm-n-cn-p HmWv Poh. Poh Fpw
]q-X-bvp-th-n-bmWv {ian-pXv . Poh PK-n-s\-bmWv
AXns XrjvWsb HSp-p-hm-\mbn `pPn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X - .v As\
Poh PK-ns\ XrjvWm-\n-hr-n-mbn `pPnp-tm hopw
hopw _-\ - n-tep t]mhp-p. Fm Iptd Ign-bp-tm Cu
PohXs PK-n\np apn B{K-ln-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
Atm B apnv tlXp-hm-bn-mWv Cuiz-c hcp-X - v.
Cuizc kzX-{-\m-Wv. PK-nsbpw Poh-sbpw {kjvSm-hm-
Wv . kwlmhpw Cuiz- c Xs. krjv S n- I mhpw
kwlmhpw Bbn-cn-p Cuiz-c {]]w F eoesb (play)
Poh\neqsS Ah-Xc - n-n-p-Ib - mWv sNp-X - v. {]]w F \ma-cq-
]m-I - a- m-bn-cn-p Hcp eoesb Poh Fp ]d-bp {]mXn-`m-kn-
I-Xb - n-eqsS Ah-Xc - n-n-p-X - mWv BsI PK-ns s]mXp-hm-bn-p
Bhn-jvIm-cX - {- w.
Poh _-\--\mbn-cn-p-tm B Pohs\ apn-bn-tev
B\-bn-p Hcp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-X{-am-bn-cn-Ww imkv{X-n Dm-
bn-cn-t-Xv. imkv{X-n\v Ah-ew-_n-m-hp coXo-hn-[m\w (meth-
odology) Pohs\ Btm-p-J-am-n-sb-Sp-pI am{X-am-Wv; As-
n Cuiz- t cm- p- J - a mn op- I bmWv . GsXm- c - d n- h p- s Im-
mtWm \apv Cu PKv _\w F-Xp-t]mse tXmn-Xv
B Adn-hmWv hnth-I-_p-n. _-Im-c-W-amb PK-ns\ \ncm-I-cn-
t-Xv Pohs tam-kn-nv Ah-iyw-th Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv.
AXn-\p-th hen-sbmcp Adn-hns\ Kpcp ]d-p-X-cp-p.
Fsmw Imcy-f - mWv Kpcp Btm-]t- Z-ii - X- I- - n ]d-bp-Xv?
Hm-aX - mbn \mw At\z-jn-d- np Is-t Hp-.v AXns\ Icp
FmWv ]d-bp-X - .v Icp {]m]-n-Ik - - b - m-W.v Fp ]d-m, Cu
{]]- - n\v Imc-Wa - m-bn-cn-p-X - v GtXm AXmWv Icp. Icp Imc-W-
am-W.v ]c-aamb I - m-cW- w. ]c-aI - m-cW - a - m-bn-cn-p-Xv k - - b - m-W.v \mw ]c-
a-Im-cW
- a - m-bn-cn-p k \n Is-p-tm AXns\ B-
k Fp ]d-bpw. ]c-aI - m-cW- a - m-bn-cn-p Hns\ Cu {]m]-n-IX - -
bpsS ASn-m-\a - m-bndn-bp-tm AXns\ {_-k Fp ]d-bpw.
Atm BZy-ta-Xs k-bm-bn-cn-p Hcp kXys FSpp-Im-
Wn-p-p. AXns\ Icp Fp hnfn-p-p.
Cu Icp-hns kz`mhw F-s\-bmWv? AXv Adn-hnepw Gdnb
Adn-hm-Wv. km[m-cW Adn-hn\npw AXoX-am-bn-cn-p Hcdn-hm-
Wv. Cu Adn-hnepw Gdnb Adn-hmWv \mw Icp-hns\ Adn-bp-tm
Dm-Ip--Xv. At\z-j-W-n-eqsS hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-t Hcp-Xcw
Am-\-n-eq-sS-bmWv (intuition) CXp km[n-Xa - m-Ip-X
- .v
Atm Icp C{n-bh - n-jb - a -
- . C{n-bh - n-jb
- a- m-bn-cn-p-s - Xms
km[m-cW Adn-hm-W.v
Ip- s Im- pIm- W p Hcp Zrirw km[m- c W Adn- h m- W v .
ImXpsImv tIp Hcp i_vZw km[m-cW Adn-hmWv. aqp-
sImv aW-p Hcp aWw km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv. \mp-sImv
cpNn-p Hcp cpNn km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv. Xzp-sImv kv]in-
-dn-bp Hcp kv]iw km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv. C\n Cu C{n-bm-
\p-`--fpsS ASn-m-\-n Nnn--dn-bp-Xpw km[m-cW Adn-
hp-X-s-bm-Wv. km[m-cW AdnhpI-fn-sems tZi-Im-e-]-cn-an-X-
am-bn-p Hcp am\w Dm-bn-cnpw. GsXnepw Hcp tZi-p-h-
pam-{Xta C{n-b-n\p Hc-dn-hns\ kzoI-cn-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q.
AXp-t]m-se-Xs AXn-s\mcp Ime-]-cn-n-]vXnbpw Dm-bn-cn--
Ww. AXp-sImv C{n-b-neqsS Adn-bp Adn-hp-I-sfms ]cn-
ta-b--fmWv.
Icp-hm-Is A]-cn-ta-ba - m-Wv. Af-m-\m-hm-X - m-Wv. Af-m-\m-
hm-X - p-sIm-pXs AXv C{n-bZ- zmcm Adn-bm-hp-X - p-a- . A]-cn-
ta-b-amb Hns\ Nn-Ipw Dsm-m-\m-hp-I-bn-. AXp-
sImmWv AXns\ Adn-hn-ep-ta-dnb Adn-shp ]d-bp-Xv. Cu Adn-
hn-ep-ta-dnb Adn-hm-bn-cn-p Icp-hns\ F-s\-bmWv \mw Adn-tb-
-Xv? Htc-k-a-bw-Xs Cu Icp Adn-bp--hs AI-pw AtX-
t]mseXs ]pd-pamWv C-cn-p-X - v. As\bmWv kqvac - q-]-
n AI-n-cn-p-Ibpw qe-cq-] - n ]pd-n-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-
Xv. kqvac - q-] - n {]hn-p-X - mWv a\-v. qe-cq-] - n
{]hn-p-X - mWv ]-`q-XmI-am-bn-cn-p Cu {]]w.
Atm Htc Icp-hn-\p-Xs cp Xc-n {]Xn-`m-kn-p-
hm Ign-bp--sX--s\-bmWv? AXn-emWv Poh Fpw hymtam-
ln-X\m-bn-o-cp--Xv. Hcp Icp qe-ambpw kqva-ambpw Pohs\
hw Npn- p- s Im- n- c n- p- p. As\ hcp- t m \- f psS
PohnXnn sXp ]m\n-S-h-cp-p. GI-amb Icp-hns\ Adn-bmsX,
Icp-hns Zznap-J--sf-bmWv \mw Adn-bp--Xv. Icp-hn kw`-hn-p-
sIm-n-cn-p qehpw kqva-hp-am-bn-cn-p, AIhpw ]pd-
hp-am-bn-cn-p cp hi-sf am{X-amWv Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h--fn\nv
\apv Adn-bp-hm Ign-bp-p-q. AXp-sImv Icp-hns\ Adn-b-
Ww Fp Dd-np ]d-bp-p. Icp-hns\ Htc-k-a-bw-Xs AIpw
]pd-p-an-cn-p k-bm-bn--dn-b-Ww. AXp Adn-hn-ep-ta-dnb Adn-
hm-Wv. Icp Hcp hnj-b-a-. Icp hnj-bm-Xo-X-t_m[am-Wv. CXmWv
Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-ns {]ta-b-am-bnv hcp--Xv. -km[m-cW Adn-
hn\npw AXo-X-am-bn-cn-p Hc-dn-hns\ a\p-jy At\z-jn-p-
hm XpS-p-tm B hyn kXym-t\z-jn-bm-bn-o-cp-p. B
hyn Pnm-kp-hm-bn-o-cp-p.
A-s\-sbmcp kXym-t\zjn imkv{Xw hfsc ka-{K-ambn ]Tn-
t--Xmbnp-v. Ip-I Apw D-S--Ww. Ip-I Fp
]d-m- C{nb. - Zr-iy- am{Xw ImWp In-s\-b
ChnsS hnh-n-p--Xv. An-{n-b--tfbpw IqSn-bmWv Ip-I
Fp Kpcp \ma-I-cWw sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv. D-S--sWp ]d-bp-
hm ImcWw AsX-tmgpw ]pdw-tem-I-mWv tap-sIm-n-cn-
p--Xv. AXp-sImv ]pdw-tem-I-n\npw D-S--Ww. shdptX
_ew {]tbm-Knv \nb{npI F-. BZyw AXn-\p-th-nbmWv
Icp-hns nXn-hn-ti-j-s-p-dnv ]d-p-X--Xv. C{n-b--fn
hym]-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p Pothms Icp-hn-tep Xncn--Ww.
XmXv]-cy-sf apgp-h B-K-X-{]n-b-am--Ww.
a\p-jys Al-b - mWv m\-n\p XS-w \np-X - .v AXp-
sImv Ffna thWw. sXcp-sXsc hoWphW--Ww. sXcp-sXsc
Fp hmv ss\-c-cy-tm-Sp-IqSn F A-n-emWv Kpcp
{]tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-Xv. a\p-jy Fhn-sS-bmWv hotg-Xv? a\p-jy
hotg-Xv Adn-hns apn-em-Wv. ]c-aa - mb Adn-hns apn \a-kvI-
cn-W- w. hW-pI Fp ]d-m Al \nmn-Xa - mb Ah-
-bn hn-pI. vAXn-\p-ti-jw-thWw Cu {Kw \-fpsS a\-
\-n\pw hnNm-c - n\pambn F-Sp-phm.
 Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw

1
Adn-hn-ep-ta-dn-bd- n-n-Sp-h - X
pcp-hn-ep-samp ]pd-p-ap-z-enpw
Icp-hn\p Ip-If -
- p-ap-S-
- n
scp-sXsc hoWp-hW - - n-tbm-Xn-tS-Ww.

Adn-n-Sp-h
- X - Adn-bp-h - s
Dcp-hnepw AIpw
Hp ]pdpw Xp-eyambn ]pdpw
Adn-hnepw Gdn Ipw Nnnpw apw Adn-bm-hp
Adn-hp-I-Xo-Xa - mbn
Dz-enpw Icp-hn\v {]Im-in-p B-k - sb
Adn-bp-Xn\mbn
Ip-I Apw Ap mt\-{n-b - t- fbpw
D-Sn Bm-`n-ap-Ja - mn
sXcp-sXsc [mc-ap-dn-bm coXn-bn
hoWp-hW- n Kpcp-hn kan-X\ - mbn
HmXn-tSWw kzm[ymbw sN-Ww.

]mm-Xy-X - z-Nn-b- n ttmbpw Acn-tm-nepw kam-c - -

ambn Hgp-In-sm-n-cn-p cp \Zn-I-sf-tm-se-bm-Wv. Ch
Xnep _w Kpcp-hn-tXpw injy-t-Xp-am-Wv. Fmepw Zmi-
\n-Ia
- mb Hcp ]nWw Chn-Sb - n-ep-v. Ncn-{X-n-eqsS Ch Hgp-
In-sbm-gpIn cp hmZ-sf kp-jvSa - m-n. ttm-bpsS Nn-If - mWv
Bi-bh - m-Z- n-tev (idealism) hgn-am-dn-bX- v. Acn-tm-n-ens Xz-
Nn `uXn-Ih - m-Zs (materialism) Icp-n-Sn-n-p. Cu cp hmZ-
fpw ]c-kv]cw kwL-\ -
- nhsc Gs-n-p-v. Ctmgpw Gs-
Sp-p-v.
]mm-Xy-Nn-b - nse AXn-Im-b - m-scp hnti-jn-n-m-hp tUm.
tPmkWpw _njv s_nenbpw Hcn- {]`m-X-k-hm-cn-bn
Ip-ap-n. s_nen-bm-Is ISp Bi-bh - m-Zn-bm-Wv. temIw Hcp
Bi-ba - m-sW-mWv s_n-en-bpsS hmZw. tUm. tPmk `uXn-
I-hm-Zn-bpw. ImW-s-Sp temI-n-\-p-dv Hcp kXyhpw C F
hmZ-amWv `uXn-I-hm-Zw. Ah kwkm-cnp h-tm AsXmcp X-
ambn ]cn-Wa - n-p. Xw aq-tm tUm. tPmk hensbmcp
Is-Spv s_n-en-bpsS Imen t\mn Htcdp sImSp-p. Imep
NXv tNmc-sbm-en-m XpS-n. s_nen hmhnp \ne-hn-fn-p.
Atmgpw tIm]w AS-msX tUm. tPmk tNmZnp: Cu Ipw
tNmcbpw Bi-ba - mtWm? s_nen Ic-p-sIm-p-Xs ]dp:
Ipw tNmcbpw Bi-ba - m-W.v ]ns \n Fn-\mWv Ic-bp-Xv?
tUm. tPmk tNmZn-p. AXpw Bi-ba - m-Wv, s_nen ]d-
p.
C- s \- b mWv idealism hpw materialism hpw Hcn- epw
tNcmsX iWvT-Iq-Sn-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xamb phys-
ics `uXn-I-hm-Z-ns k--Xn-bm-Wv. Fm Cn-hnsS Ip-h-
cp metaphysics BIs Bi-b-hm-Z-n\npw P\n--Xm-Wv.
Chbvp cn\pw Hn-n-cn-m Ign-bp HcnSw \S-cm-P-Kp-cp-hmWv
hfsc hy-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn imkvt{Xm-Nn-X-ambn ]d-p-X-n-p-f-f-Xv.
AXn\p klm-b-I-amb Zmi-\n-I-]n_ew \mcm-b-W-Kp-cphns
Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-n\npw Zi--\-am-e-bn\n-p-amWv \S-cm-P-
Kp-cp-hn\p Inn-b-Xv. Kpcp-tZ-hs Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-n Bib-
hm-Zhpw `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw ]nW---fn-m Hcp `qan-I-bn kwK-an-
p-Xv Hmtcm tmI-n-eq-tSbpw IS-p-t]m-Ip-tm \app ImWm-
\m-Ipw.
Icp B-k - b
- m-Wv. B-k Fm \psS icn-bmb
D Ft A-ap-q. B B-k - b - mb Icp-hn-s\-bmWv Adn-
tb-X - v. Icp-hns\ Adn-bmsX Cu temI-n Ipw tIpw sXmpw
\pWpw aWpw Nnnpw Adn-bm-hp Fmw hy-sat
]d-bm-s\m-q. Fs-m Icp-hmWv Fm Adn-hp-Ipw Imc-W-
am-bn-cn-p--Xv; Fm Adn-hp-Ipw A-hp-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.
ImcWw GI-amWv. Imcy- At\-Ia - m-Wv. GsXm-n\n-mtWm
temIw PmX-am-Ip-Xv B HmWv ImcWw F-Xp-sImv hnh-n-
p-X - v. Atm Imc-Wa - m-bn-cn-p Icp-hns\ Adn-m Fmw
Adn A\p-`-h-am-bn. AsXmcp ]qm-\p-`-h-am-Wv. Ima-\-I
Hgn ]q-X. kzbw kwXr-]vXn-bmWv ]qm-\p-`-h-ns sXfn-
a. B Icp Htckabw Adn-bp-h - s AIpw ]pdpw nXn-sN-
p-p. AIv A--c-Wambpw ]pdv F-a hkvXp--fmbpw
{]Im-in-p-p. thsdm-d-n ]d-m kqvaw AIpw
qew ]qd-pw.
A-s\-bp Icp-hns\ B\p-`q-Xn-Ia- mbn A\p-`h
- n-d
- n-bm BZy-
ambn C{n-b
- fnse A`n-c-a-\s Dh-en--Ww. B A`n-c-a-\s
Icp-hns Zni-bn-tep Xncn-p-hn-SW
- w. hnj-bm-`n-ap-Jambn {]hn-n-
cp Adnhv Atm Bm-`n-ap-Jam-bn-o-cpw. CXmWv D-S - pI
F {]{In-b. CXv Hcp {]mhiyw sNbvXm t]mcm. \nc-c - a
- mbn sN-
Ww. Kpcp-hmWv Adn-hns \ntI-X\ - w. B-km-m-XI v m-c- n\mbn
Kpcp-hn {i-bp-d
- n Hcp a\v At\z-j-I-\n A\n-hm-cy-am-W.v Kpcp-
hns ]mZm-n-I
- n hoWp-hW - Wsan Al t]mI-Ww. Ffn-
a-bpsS hgw hc-Ww. B-km-bp-Py-n-\p A`n-em-jhpw thWw.
A-s\-sbmcp At\z-jW - - n-It- hmsS \ap-n\n kzm[ym-b - n\p
XpSw Ipdn-mw.

2
Ic-W-hp-an-{n-bhpw Itf-_cw sXm
dn-bp-a-t\-I-P-K-p-tamn-semw
]c-sh-fn-X-n-ep-b `m\p-am X
Xncp-hp-cp-hmWp Xnc-p -tX-dn-tS-Ww.

Ic-Whpw - A--c-W-fpw
C{n-bhpw C{n-b-fpw
Itf-_cw ico-chpw
sXm-dnbpw C{n-b-p hnj-b-am-bn-cn-p
At\-I- P-Kpw \nc-h-[n-bmb \ma-cq-]-fpw
Hmn a\-\-hn-t[-b-am-p-I-bm-sW-n,
Fmw Fmw
]c-sh-fn-X-n Db ]c-a-amb NnZmIm-i-n
DZn-p-\np
`m\p-amX B-kq-cys
Xncp-hp-cp-hmWv ssNX-\y-cq-]-amWv.
Xnc-p-tX-dn-tSWw Cmcyw At\zjn-dn-bWw.

{]]w ]-`q-Xm-I
- a
- m-Wv. B {]]-a
- m-Is
- , Fn-bm-sem-Sp-
m \ma-cq-] - f - m-Wv. \ma-cq-]
- sf mt\{n-b - f- n-eq-sS-bmWv
\mw Adn-bp-X
- .v Iv, aqv, \mv, Xzv, sNhn Fn-hb - mWv mt\-
{n-b
- . Iv ImWp-p. In\v hnj-ba - m-bn-cn-p-Xv cq]-am-Wv.
cq]w ]-`q-X- f - n-sem-mb An-bpsS KpW-am-Wv. aqp-sImv aW-
p-p. aWw ]rYzn-bpsS KpW-am-Wv. \mhpsImv ckw Adn-bp-p.
ckw Pe-ns KpW-am-W.v Xzv kv]i-t\-{n-ba - m-W.v kv]iw hmbp-
hns KpW-am-Wv. sNhn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv tIp-X - v. tIhn BIm-i-
ns KpW-am-Wv. ]-`q-X - fpw Cn-b - fpw Xn-ep Cu ]c-
kv]-c-_-Xbn\n-mWv {]]w cq]-s-Xp-X-s. {]ItjW
]o-Ir-X-am-bXv {]]-w. ]o-I-cWw Fm Ap `qX-fpw
tNtc--]Sn tNcp--Xm-Wv. C{n-b - v X\nsb Fmw Adn-bm
Ign-bp-I-bn-. A--c-W--fpsS klmbw Bh-iy-am-Wv. a\-v,
Nnw, _pn, Al-mcw Fn-hb - m-Wv A-xI-cW - - . a\-ns
kz`mhw kwibw D-bn-p-Ib - m-Wv. Fv? FhnsS? Ftm-? Bcv?
Fs\? Fn\v? Fo tNmZy-s - fmw a\-ns krjvSn-bm-Wv.
tNmZy-ns Dcw ]qhm-\p-`h - - n\npw Is-W - w. ]qhm-
\p-`h-
- f - psS tiJ-ca
- mWv Nnw. kvarXn-cq-] - nepw hnkvarXn cq]-
n-ep-amWv Nnw {]hn-p-X - v. Nn-n sXfn Dcw
icntb sXtm Fp \n-bn-p-Xv _pn-bm-Wv. _pnsb AXp-
sImv \n-bm-nIm Fp ]d-bp-p. Al-mcw A`n-am-\n-bm-Wv.
_pn \n-bn Hns\ X\nbvp thWtam thtbm F {]nbm-
{]nb cq]-n-ep {]Xn-Ic - W- a- mWv Al-m-c - n-t-Xv.
Cs\ Ic-tW-{n-bI - t- f-_c - m-Zn-If - m \mw A\p-`h - n-p-t]m-cp
Cu PK-ns clkyw Adn-bp-hm-\mbn ]pXn-sbmcp hnNm-cc - o-Xnsb
Ah-ew-_n-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. AXv Aap-Ja - mb a\-\a - m-W.v As\
a\\w sNp-tm \mw Xs-bm-bn-cn-p B-kq-cy Adn-hns
AXn-hn-iZ- m-Im-i- n DZn-p-bp-\np Hc-\p-`h - k
- m-mXvImcw
kw`-hn-p-p. B Htc-sbmcp B-kq-cys _lp-hn-[a - mb kv^pc-
W-fmWv Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m \ma-cq-]m-I - a- mb Cu {]]w.
tXdpI Fm B-k - bpw Rm\pw At`-Za - m-sW-d - n-bp- A\p-
`-ha
- m-W.v

3
shfn-bn-en-cpp hnh-anp ImWpw
shfn-ap-X-emb hn`q-Xn-b-p-tamm
Pe-\n-[n-X-n-ep-bnSpw Xcw-Km
hen-b-Xp-t]msebt`-Z-ambv htc-Ww.

shfn-bn-en-cpv shfn-bn-en-cn-p-Xp-t]mse
hnhw Cp ImWpw hnh-cq-]-n \mw ImWp
shfn-ap-X-emb BImiw apXemb
hn`q-Xn-bpw Ap `qX-sfbpw
Hmm a\-\-hn-t[-b-am-n-bm
Pe-\n-[n-X-n IS-en
Dbn-Spw Dmbn ad-bp
Xcw-Km-hen Xnc-I-fpsS \nc
AXp-t]mse F-Xp-t]mse
At`-Z-ambv htcWw At`-Z-ambn hc-Ww.

{]]w ]-`q-Xm--I-am-Wv. BImiw, hmbp, An, Pew,

]rYn-hn Fn-h-bmWv ]-`q-X-. ]-`q-X-sIm-mWv {]]-
-n-ep-ff Ipw ]ppw ]pgbpw ]pgphpw am\pw a\p-jy\psa-mw-
D-m-bn-p-f-f-Xv. Fp ]d-m, ChnsS hnti-jc - q-]
- n hn-
p As-n hnhn-[c - q-]- n ImW-sSp Fm-n\pw BZn-a-
amb Hcp GI-kbpv; Hcp aqe-Im-cWapv. s]sp t\mp-
tm Cu aqe-Im-cW - s \app ImWm Ign-bp-Ib - n-. IS-en
Xnc-I apd-ap-db - mbn Dbsm-Sp-n-sIm-n-cn-p-Xp ImWp-tm
IS-en\npw Xnc-I thsd-bm-sW-p-ff {]Xo-Xn-bmWv \-fn
Dfhm-Ip-X - v. Fm Xnc-am-eI - pw Imc-Wa
- m-bn-cn-p-Xv IS-em-Wv.
IS-en-emWv Xnc-am-eI - f
- psS At`-ZyX Adn-tb-X - v. AXp-t]mse shfn-
bn-en-cn-p Fm hnj-b - pw Imc-Wa - m-bn-cn-p Hcp ]c-sh-
fn-bp-v. B ]c-sh-fn-bn As-n NnZm-Im-i - n Fm-n-t\bpw
t`Z-a--dn-b-Ww. As\ Adn-bp-tm m\w B\p-`q-Xn-I-ambn
amdpw.

4
Adn-hp-a-dn-n-Sp-ahpw ]pamX
dn-hp-sam-cm-Zn-a-l-p-am-{X-am-Ipw
hnc-f-X-hnp hnf-p-a--l-m
adn-hn-e-aXp am{X-am-bn-tS-Ww.
Adnhpw Adn-bpI F {]{In-bbpw
Adn-nSpw Ahpw Adn-bp hnj-bhpw
]pamX Adnhpw Adn-bp--h F t_m-[hpw
Hcp BZn-a-lv Htc-sbmcp BZn-a-amb tPymXnv
am{X-amIpw am{X-am-Wv.
hnc-fX hnp AIw ]p-d--fn-msX
hnf-pw Pzen-p-\np
A-lmw B al-mb
Adn-hn Aav B-k--bn hne-bnv
AXp-am-{X-am-bn-tS-Ww AXp-am-{X-am-bn-o-c-Ww.
C{n-b- f
- n-eqsS Ipw tIpw aWpw cpNnpw sXmpw Hs
Adn-bmw. A-c-W-n-eqsS Nnnpw Adn-bmw. Fm Adn-hnepw
Adn-bm-\mbn Hcp hnj-b-ap-v. hnj-b-s-bm-Wn
hnsS Adn-n-Sp-aw Fp ]d-bp-X - v. ImWp-I, tIpI, Nnn-
pI Fn-h-sbmw Adn-sh {]{In-b-bpsS hnhn-[-amb kwth-Z\-
fm-Wv. GXp hnj-bs Adn-bp-tmgpw Rm Adn-bp--h F
mXrXzw \-n-sems ImWp-p-v. Cs\, Adn-bp--hAdn-
bp-IAdn-b-s-Sp hnjbw Chsb aqnt\bpw tNmWv thZm-
n-I {Xn]pSn Fp hnfnp-Xv. Am-\ - n-en-cn-p Poh\v
ico-c-Xm-Zmyw Dm-Ip-tmgmWv C-s\-bp-ff {Xn]p-So-t`-Z-tm-
sS-bp- Adn-hp-m-Ip--Xv. Fm mt\mZ-bn Htc-sbmcp
BZn-a-m-\-ns aqp ]ncn-hp-I am{X-amWv CsXv \app
t_m[y-am-Ipw. BZn-a-l-m-Is Fm-bn-Spw \nd-p-hn-e-kp
B-kXs-bm-Wv. k-hym-]-I-XbmWv B B-k--bpsS
kz`m-hw. AsX-tmgpw hnf-n-sm-n-cn-pw. al-m-bn-cn-p Cu
BZn-a-m-\-n Aenv, AXp-am-{X-ambnocp--XmWv Pohn-
X-ns ]c-a-amb B\-w.

5
De-I-cp-d-n-bp-Wp Nn sNpw
]e-Xp-an-sXm-s-bp-ap-p- ]mp -\npw
hne-a-Xn-bmX hnf-p-Zn-bpw ]n
s]men-I-bp-an-nXp Ip t]mbn-tS-Ww.
De-I km[m-cW P\-
Dd-n- DdpIbpw
DWv DW-cp-Ibpw
Nn-sNpw ]eXpw ]e-]e Nn-I-fpw sNpp.
CsXm-sbpw a\p-jy-\nse Cu hyhlm-c-sf
Dp-]mp-\npw Dp-t\m-n-sm-n-cn-p
hne-a-Xn-bmX hnfv Aaq-ey-amb B-Zo-]am-Is
DZn-bpw DZn-p-Ibpw
]ns]m-en-Ibpw C ]ns AWbp-Ibpw sNp-n-.
CXpIp t]mbn-tSWw Cu B-Zo-]s IpPohoWw.
 km[m-cW a\p-jy-cpsS PohnXw In-nt? Ddw, DW Fo
cp {[ph-n-Sb - n AhcpsS PohnXw ]e-]e - h- ym-]m-c- f - n-eqsS
Dub-emSn Ifn-p-Ib - m-W.v F{X-sb{X Nn-If - mWv Ah-pf-fX - ?v F{X-
sb{X kz]v\-? Bm-Z-n-eq-sSbpw bmX-\-bn-eq-sSbpw Ah
ISpt]mIp-p. Ch-sbms Ca-sh-msX Ip-sIm-n-cn-p Hcp
Iv Fm-hc - p-sSbpw Dns Df-fn-ep-.v \S-cm-PK - p-cp-hn\v Cu Iv
dialectical eye Bbn-cp-p. inh-` - \
- a
- mv CXv inhs aqmw-I-
m-Wv. Zmi-\n-I - mv CXv D-m-Wv. ]t, A-s\-sbmcp
Iv Fm-n-t\bpw Ip-sIm-n-cn-p-X - mbn ]ecpw Adn-bm-dn-.
Aaq-ey-amb Hcp hnf-n-t\m-SmWv Cu Ins\ Kpcp D]-an-n-cn-
p-X - v. B hnfv A\m-Zn-bmb Hcp Zo]-am-Wv. Fspw In-
sm-n-cn-p-XmWv. GsX-nepw Hcp Imev Hcm In-p-h - -
X-. In-p-h - X
- m-sW-n C\w Xom AXp sIp-t]m-Ip-
sa-p-d- m-Wv. Fm CXv sIp-t]m-hp-Ib - n-. a\p-jys \nc-I-
amb Pohn-Xs km-Ia - mnom Kpcp ]d-bp-p : Cu
hnf-ns\ Ip-t]m-bn-tS-Ww. CXn-s- Aw \o \ns-s
Adnv Pohn-Ww Fm-Wv. \o Xs-bmWv Cu temI-n-s
hnf-m-bn-cn-p-X - v F-dn-bW - w. CXv m\m-ar-Xa - m-Wv.

6
DW-c-W-an-n-bp-d-Ww `pPn-o
SW-a-i\w ]pW-tc-W-sa-n-h-w
AW-bp-a-t\-I-hn-Iev]-am-I-bmem
cpW-cp-h-Xp-smcp \nhn-Im-c-cq-]w?

DW-cWw DW-cWw
C\n Dd-Ww ]ns Dd--Ww
`pPn-o-S-Ww A-i\w `Ww Ign--Ww
]pW-tcWw C-W-tN-cWw
Fn-hw C-c-n-ep-
At\Ihn-Iev]w ]e-Xc -
- n a\-ns\ N-en-n-
p-sIm-n-cn-p XmXv]-cy-
AWbpw \s hen-n-gpw.
BI-bm Cm-c-W-m
Hcp \nhn-Im-c-cq]w am-an-m Bk-Xys
Bcv DW-cp-h-Xp-Xv? Bcpw ]q-ambn DW-dn-bp-
n--tm?
 km[m-cW a\p-jys XmXv]-cy- W-{]-`m-N--e--fm-
Wv. Aev]-t\cw am{Xw \ne-\nv sIp-t]m-Ip--h-bm-Wv. Dd--
n\npw DWsWo-p Ah CjvS-ap-ff t`mPy-
Isn hmcnhenp Xnp-p. Ipdp Ign-bp-tm Ah\p
CWsb hmcn-p-W-cW-sap tXmpw. oWn-p-tm- InSpd-
pw. Cs\ amdnamdnhcp XmXv]-cy--sf-bmWv hnIev]
Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Hcp Znh-k-s Pohn-X-n\nSbnXs \psS
a\v Htsd {`m-amb B{Klp ]nmse ]mp-t]m-Ip-
Xp \mw ImWm-dp-v. Fn-\m-Wn-s\ a\v ]mp-sIm-n-cnp-
Xv?
Bcpw AXn-s\-p-dnv Nnn-m-dn-. Cu Xnc-n-\n-Sb - n Pohn-X-
ns bYm eyw ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. \nhn-Im-ca - mb kzm-k-
sb \mw ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. temI-hn-jb -
- f
- n-tev DWn-cn-p-
-Xp-sImv B-kz-cq-] - n-tev DW-cp-hm Ign-bp-n-. temI-
hn-jb-
- f- n- Dd-p-Ibpw B-k - b- n DW-cp-Ibpw thWw. Kpcp-
hns Cu D]-tZiw tIp-tm-sg-nepw \psS Dn B DW
Dm-IW - w. BcpwXs Fp-sIm-mWv Cu B-k - sb Adn-
bm-Xn-cn-p-Xv F Hcp- ]-cn-tZ-h\
- k- zcw Cu tmI-n [z\n-p-
p-v. AXp-sImv Bm-hns\ Adn-bp-hmthn Pohn-Xs \mw
hn\n-tbm-Kn-W - w. AXmWv Kpcp \app Xcp D]-tZ-iw...-..B-tm-
]-tZ-iw.

7
DW-c-cp-Xnnbpd-n-Sm-Xn-cp-o
SW-a-dn-hm-bn-Xn-\n--tbm-Ky-s\-m
{]W-h-ap-Wp ]nd-sm-gnp hmgpw
ap\n-P-\-tk-h-bn aqn \nn-tS-Ww.

DW-c-cpXv C\n hn-j-b--fn-tev C\n DW-c-cpXv.

Dd-n-SmsX Ccp-o-SWw B-t_m-[-n\npw hyXn-N-
en-p-t]m-ImsX Ccn--Ww.
Adn-hmbv Rm Adn-hm-sWv Adn-b-Ww.
CXn\v Cv B-\n-jvT-\m-bn-cn-p--Xn\v
Atbm-Ky Fm tbmKy\sp hcn-Ib - msWn
{]Whw DWv B-t_m[w Dn-ep-Wv
]nd-sm-gnv hmgpw P\-\-a-c-W--fpsS Nm{In-I-X
 bn\npw ap-\mbncn-p
ap\n-P-\-tk-h-bn Hcp Kpcp-hns\ tkhn-p--Xnepw
{]km-Zn-n-p--Xnepw
aqn \nn-tSWw apgp-h {i-tbbpw GtIm-]n-
np \ndp-Ww.

ASp hon Fhn-sS-sb-nepw ]e-lm-c - Nps-Sp-p

aWw aq-n-e-Sn-m Adn-bmsX a\p ]dbpw: Hcp akm-e-tZmi
Xnm Inn-bn-cp-s-n! hmbn shffw hp\nd-bpw. F{X s]s-
mWv \ {]tem-`\ -
- v hiw-hZ- c - m-Ip-Xv? Nq-ens sImfp-
n an-csb sImcp-nv ao]n-Sn-m-c ays {]tem-`n-
n-p-X- p-t]m-se-bmWv {]IrXn \psS apn-tev hnj-b - sf Fdn-
np Xcp-Xv. hnj-b - s - f-b \mw BXy-n-Ia - mbn Adn-tb-Xv;
\ss-bm-Wv. AXn-\mWv Kpcp Dun-d - b
- p-X- v: DW-cc - p-Xn-\n
Fv. CXn-\w InS-p-d-Ww F-. AtX-t]m-se-Xs
thsdmcp sXv kw`-hn-p-Xv, B-n-X\ - mb \mw Amcyw ad-
p-t]m-Ipw. Xm Bm-hm-sW Imcyw ad-m AsXmcp Dd-a - m-
Wv. AXp-sImv Dd-msX Adn-hmbn Ccn-W - w. \mcm-bW - K- p-cp-hns\
kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Adnhpw Bmhpw Hp-X-s-bm-Wv. Fm-
hpw Cs\ B-\njvT Inn-sbp hcn-. hopw hopw
Hmtcmtcm temI-Im-cy-f - n-tev a\p hgp-Xn-tm-Ipw.
CsXmcp Atbm-Ky-X-bm-Wv. Cu Atbm-Ky-Xsb Xncn--dn-b-Ww.
Fmte t]mwh-gn-bp-f-fq. kzbta kz-\m-Im ]p-n-s-n Hcp
Kpcp-hns\ kao-]n--Ww. B Kpcp-hm-Is A-cm-m-hn \mZm-\p-
`qXn DpsImncn-p-- alm-mhm-Wv. Kpcp-hns cp eW-
ChnsS FSpp ]d-bp-p-v. {]W-h-ap-W-h Fpw ]nd-
sm-gn--h Fpw. C-s\-bp-ff Hcp Kpcp-hn-s\--s Is-
-Ww. Fnv B Kpcp-hns\ tkhnv apgp-h {ibpw hnizm-khpw
Kpcp-hn Anv Pohn--Ww. Iptd-\m Ign-bp-tm \nse
Zphm-k-\-I-sfmw bn-pw. kZv-hmk-\-I ]pjvSn{]m]n-pw.
shfn--ns kmn-y-n Ccp-n\v m\-an-tm?

8
Hfn- ap-Xemw ]g-a-p-app \mdpw
\fn-I-bn-tedn \tb\ amdn-bmSpw
Infn-I-sf-b-p-a-cnp Iogva-dnpw
shfn-hp-cp-th-n-bIw hnf-n-tS-Ww.
Hfn apXemw Ins hnj-b-amb cq]w XpS-nb
]gw Apw hnj-b--fm-Ip Ap ]g-fpw
Dv `pPnv As-n A\p-`-hnv
\mdpw \fn-I-bn Gdn Cu \mdp ico-c-n hknv
\tb\ amdn-bmSpw CjvSm-\p-kmcw hnj-bfn
amdnamdn can-p Infn-Isf Apw
mt\{n-b--fmIp Ap
Infn-I-tfbpw
Acnp Iogva-dnpw AmsS hcp-Xn-bn hcp-p
shfn-hpcp Gn hnthIkz-cq]s {]m]nv
AIw A-cm-mhn
hnf-n-tSWw DWp hn--Ww.

CsXmcp D]-a-bm-Wv. Poh t`mKy-hn-izs A\p-`-hn-p-sIm-n-

cn-p-Xv Ap C-{n-b--fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Ap C{n-b--sf-bmWv
Ap Infn-If - mbn D]-an-n-cn-p-X
- v. hr-ns Nn-If - n\npw
Nn- I - f n- t ev NmmSn, Hmtcmtcm ]g- sImn- t \mn
cknp Infn-I-sf-tm-se-bmWv \psS C{n-b- {]hn-p-
-Xv. ico-cs Hcp \fn-I-tbm-SmWv Kpcp D]-an-n-cn-p--Xv. Fp-
sIm-s-m icocw Hcp Ipg t]mse-bmWv. B ico-c-n-em-
Is ZpKw han-p hkvXp- am{Xtabpf-fq. ico-c-nepff-
Xp-t]m-se-Xs a\pw Hcp amen-\y-q-m-c-am-Wv. AXv t`mK-em-e-
k-X-tbmsS temIs `pPn--Xns ^e-am-bn-m-Wv. Rm ico-c-am-sW-
p-ff [mc-Wb - n\nmWv, C{n-b - fm-Ip Infn-I t`mKy-hn-iz-n\p
]nmse ]mdn-]-d-p--Xv. Hcp th-m-c H shSnv Infn-Isf Xmsg-
hogvp-Xp-t]mse, \fpw hnth-Ia- m-Ip kzcq-]t- an C{n-b - fpsS
Bnsb Acnp Iogva-dn--Ww. Fmte ]q-amb B-km-
m-XvImcw km[n-p-I-bp-q.

9
Ccp-]p-dhpw hcp-am-dh
-
- s
- b-q
smcp sImSnhp ]Sp-bptahpw
Xcp-hn-\S- np X]psNbvXp hmgpw
\c\p hcm \cIw \n\-n-tS-Ww.
Ccp-]p-dhpw cp ]pdhpw
hcp-amdv s]mXnbpamdv
]q Hcp sImSn ]pjv]np \np Hcp
Imp-hn IWs
hp ]Sv Dbv hfv tatev ]-env
tahpw nXn sNp
Xcp-hn-\-Snv ac-ns Nph-n
X]p sNbvXp hmgpw X]v A\p-jvTnp Ign-bp
\c\v a\p-jy\v
hcm \cIw \cIw Dm-hp-I-bn-.
\n\-n-tSWw bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-w th.

CsXmcp Nn{X-`m-j-bm-Wv (picture language). C-s\-bp-

tmI-v Hcp _mlymhpw thsdmcp A-cmhpw Dm-
Ipw.- H t\m-n Hcp ac-n\p Nph-n X]p sNp Hcp
kym-kn-bpsS Nn{X-amWv \psS at\m-ap-Ip-c-n Apcn-p-I.
cp hn-I hv B acs s]mXn-n-cn-p-Xv Fn-\p-th-
n-bmWv? Atm-gmWv \apv kwibw Dm-Ip--Xv. Cu acw km[m-
cW ac-a-. CXp ambm-a-c-am-Wv. amb-bpsS cp in-I-fmWv Bh-
c-Whpw hnt-]-hpw. B cp in-I, cp hn-I-sf-tmse
Bm-hns kzcq-]s ad-p-I-f-bpw. Fm [ym\-ns Dsh-fn-
hn ambm-h-n-Ip ]nn B-kz-cq-]s DI-p-sImp
ImWp Xm]-kt{i-jvT\v PohnXw Hcn-epw ZpxJ-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cn-p-
I-bn-. AXp-sIm-mWv Kpcp ]d-bp-Xv, [ym\-\n-c-X-\mb \c\v Hcn-
epw \cIw hcn-I-bn-s-v. \cIw Fm ZpxJ-ns Xo{hX Ft
A-ap-f-fq. CXneqsS m\m-\p-k-m-\-th-f-bn X]-ns A\n-
hm-cy-Xsb Kpcp Dun--d-bp-p.

10
Ccp-fn-en-cn--h-\mcv? sNmI \osb
smcp-h-\p-c--Xp-tIp Xm\p-tahw
Adn-h-Xn-\m-b-h-t\mSp \obp-am-sc
cp-fp-an-Xn {]Xn-hm-Iy-ta-I-am-Ipw.
Ccp-fn - Ccp-n
Ccn--h Bcv? Ccn-p \o BcmWv?
sNmI \o ]dbq
Fv Hcp-h Dc-Xv Fv Hcp-h tNmZn-p-Xv
tIv tInv
Xm\pw Ghw A{]Imcw Ccp-fnen-cn-p--h\pw
Adn-h-Xn-\mbn BcmWv tNmZn--sX--dn-bm-\mbn
Ah-t\mSv tNmZyw tNmZn--h-t\mSv
\obpw Bcv \obpw BcmWv?
Fv Acpfpw Fns\ tNmZn-pw.
CXn {]Xn-hmIyw Ch-cpsS cp-t]-cp-tSbpw
tNmZy-p-ff Dcw
GI-amIpw HpX-s-bm-bn-cnpw.

Bm-hns A\n-tj-[y-amb Dsb X-an-m coXn-bn Ah-

X-cn-n-p Hcp ]co-W - a - mWv \mcm-bW-Kpcp \app ImWn-p-Xc - p--
Xv. \ Ccp-p- apdn-bn-tev Hcm ISp hcp-p. B apdn-bn Hcm
Ccn-p-p-.v IS-p-hc- p Bv apdn-bn Btcm Ds tXm
Df-hm-bt- m tNmZn-p-Ib - m-W:v BcmWv Ccp-v Ccn-p-Xv? Atm
Ccp-v Ccn-p B D-cw ]dbpw: Rm Fv. Ccp- - n-cn-p
B IS-p-hc - p Bfn-t\mSp Hcp adp-tNmZyw tNmZn-pw: \o BcmWv?
Atm Abm ]d-bpw: - Rm Fv. cp-t]-cp-tSbpw Dcw - Rm
FpXs. Cu cp hyn-If - nepw Ccn-p - Rm F kv
hyXym-ka - ptm? Ah-[m-\] - qw Xncp a\-n-em-p-Ib - m-sW-n
Htc-sbmcp kXs-bmWv \-fn-se-m-h-cnepw -Rm F
t_m[s Df-hm-p-X - .v

11
Al-a-l-sa--cp-fp--sXm-s-bm-cm
bpIn-e-Ita ]e-X--tX-I-amIpw
AI-ep-a-l--b-t\-I-am-I-bm-eo
XpI-bn-elws]mcpfpw XpSn-Sp-p.

Alw Alw Fv Rm Rm Fv
Acp-fp--sXms \mw ]d-bp--Xn-s\-sbmw
Bcm-bp-In Xncp a\-n-em-p-I-bm-sW-n
AIta ]e-X Dkmc-n sht-sd-b-,
GI-amIpw Hp-X-s-bmWv.
AIepw Fnse Rm thsd Ah-\nse
Rm thsd F Xc-n-ep-ff
Al Rm F `mhw
At\Iw BI-bm At\-I-amsW-nepw
Cu XpI-bn Rm, Rm F `mh--fp-sS-
sbmw kmcw Hm-sW Xc-n
Alws]mcpfpw s]mcp-fm-bn-cn-p ]c-am-n-
ep- Rm
XpSn-Spp B[m-c-k-Xy-ambn \ne-sIm-p-p.

Fm a\p-jycpw Ah-ch- sc kw_-n-p Imcy- ]d-bp-

tm Rm FmWv ]d-bm-dv. F{X Bfp-I Dm-bmepw Ah-
sc-m-hcpw Rm FmWv Ahch-sc-p-dnp ]d-bp-X - v. Ign
tmI-n \S-nb ]co-W - - ns ASn-m-\ - n Fm-hc - n-
ep-an-cn-p Rm Hp-Xs - -bmWv Fv ]co-nv Adn-p-Ig - n-
p. {ih-Ww, a\-\w, \nZn-[ym-k\ - w Ch aqpw tNp-ff Hc-t\z-j-
W-n-eqsS am{Xta Rm F B-kXyw Fm-hc - nepw Hm-
sWv B\p-`q-Xn-Ia - mbn Adn-bm Ign-bp-Ib - p-q. A\p-`h - - \
- mb
Hcp Kpcp-hn\npw t\cnp tI-W - w. AXp {ih-Ww. tI-Xns\
Bg-n ]cn-Nn-\w sN-Ww. AXp a\-\w. a\\w A-n-Xa - m-
Ip-tm AXp \nZn-[ym-k\ - w. AI-ep-w A-l Fp ]d-bp-Xv thsd
thsd Fv \-fn tXmn-n-p Alw-t_m-[s - -bmWv. Am-
\w-sIm-mWv A-s\-sbmcp tXm DmIp-X - v. Am-\h - i- -
- , Rm Fp ]d-bp-X
K-cm-bn-cn-p-h - n-eqsS ico-c - n-t\m-Sp-ff
XmZm-ys Dun-bp-d - n-p-Ib- mWv sNp-X - v. B Am-\s
\ow sNp-tm Fm Rm\p-If - nepw kmc-am-bn-cn-p GI-amb
B-k am{Xta kXy-am-bn-p-q Fv Ghpw A\p-`h - n-d - n-
bm Ign-bpw.
12
sXmen-bp-sa-ep-p-aew Zpc--a-x
Ie-I-fp-ta-p-a-l--sbm-p ImI!
s]men-bp-an-X\y s]menp ]q-amIpw
hen-sbm-c-l hcm hcw Xtc-Ww.

sXmenbpw Nhpw
Fepv Fp-Ifpw
aew amen-\y-fpw
Zpcw AxI-e-Ifpw ZpxJ-tlXp-I-amb hm-k-\-Ifpw
Gpw Al hln-p Al-sb
Hp ImI Hp ImWp-I.
s]menbpw \in-p-t]m-Ip
CXv A\y CXv Ahn-Zy-bmb A\y-bmWv.
s]menp]q-amIpw AhnZym-\m-i-n-eqsS ]qX
ssIh-cn-pw.
hen-sbm-c-l Xm hen-b-h-\m-sW Al
hcm-hcw XtcWw hcm-Xn-cn-m-\p-ff hcw Xtc-Ww.

ico-cs apgp-h\pw s]mXn-n-cn-p-Xv sXmen-sIm-m-W.v Cu

sXmen-bpsS ASn-bn amwk-ap-v. icocw amwk-_w am{X-a-.
AXns\ Xmn-\ndpp Hcp FnIq-Sp-v. ico-c - ns ]pdw-`mKw
F{X hrn-bm-n-h - mepw Dn Nop-\m-dp hkvXp-f - mWv InS-
p-X- v. \ Ign-p `-Whpw shhpw Fmw aqp aWn-
q Ign-bp-tm hfn-p-\m-dm XpS-pw. AXpam{Xa, a\-ns
Dn Hfn-n-cn-p hmk-\I - AXnepw Agp-In-bX - m-Wv. Akq-
b, Cujy, tIm]w, aZw, am-cyw, Zw`w Chsbmw Pohn-Xs
kp-Nn-Xa - m-p-- Zqjyhmk-\I - fm-Wv. Chsbmw IqSn-bp \psS
Pohn-Xs Hp t\mn-m-WW - w.
B-kzcq-] - n CsXm-p-an-. B-kz-cq]w kz-kp-c - a
- m-Wv.
AhnsS kuc`yw am{Xta Dq. AXn-cp-I-fn-m hnim-e-X-bmWv
Bm-hns Xew. Bm-\p-`hw Dm-Ip-X - n\v Cu Al s]men-
p-t]m-IW - w. ]q-am-b Bm-\p-`hw DmIp-X - p-hsc hmk-\-
I Fcn-S- t- -X - p-v. AXn-\n-Sb - n Nne BfpI-fn hen-sbm-
c-l hv Ah-cpsS \-Po-hn-Xs Xmdp-am-dm-m-dp-v. Rm
m\n-bm-Wv, Rm Cuiz-c\ -- mWv, Rm alm-\mWv Fsms
kzbw hnNm-cn-p-tm Abm henb Hcp Albp Bfm-Wv.
B Al-bpw s]men-p-t]m-IWw. AXp s]sp s]men-bp-Ib - n-
. AXn\p Cuiz-cm-\p-{Klhpw Kpcp-Im-cp-Wyhpw thWw. AXp-sImv
{]m-\m-cq-]-n hen-sbm-c-l hcmXncn-m hcw XtcWw
Fp An-W - w.
13
{XnKp-W-abw Xncp-\o-d-Wn-sm-co-i
I-a-cecnp hWnbamdn
kI-e-a-gnp XWnp tIh-e-n
aln-a-bp-ap al-n-em-Wn-tS-Ww.

{XnKp-W-abw kzw, cP-v, Xav Fo

aqp KpW-sf Icn-s-Sp
Xncp-\o AWn `kvaw ]qin-bn-cn-p
Hcp Cui\v GI-\mb Cuizc\v
AI-a-e-cnv kev]--fm-Ip ]q
Anv
hWn ka-W-a-t\m-`m-h-tm-Sp-IqSn
Aw Bdn C{n-b-phnj-b--tfm-Sp-
sImXn Bdn--Wpv
kIew Agnv Fm euIn-I-_--\-fn
\npw ap-\mbn
XWnv im-Nn--\mbn
tIh-e-n tIh-e-am-b-Xns
aln-a-bp-av Ap-Xm-Z-c-fpw Cm-Xmbn
al-n B-tPym-Xn-n
BWn-tSWw Bp-t]mbn AXm-bn-on-tS-Ww.
{]IrXn {XnKp-Wm-n-I-bm-Wv. kzw, cP-v, Xav Fo aqp
KpW--fmWv a\p-jys\ I--fpsS GSm-Iq-S-n-tev
hen-n-g-p--Xv. Cu aqp KpW--fpsS \ocmfn-n-Sn-n\npw
ap-\m-I-W-sa-n Cuiz-c-\n ]q-ambpw icWw Kann-cn--
Ww. Cuiz- c - \ m- I s, Cu aqp KpW- - t fbpw AXn- P o- h np
\np GI-amb s]mcpfm-Wv. Amcyw {]Xo-Im--I-ambn kqNn-
n-p--XmWv `kvaw ]qin \rw sNp XmWvU-h-\-S-cm-P.
AXns\ ]tcm--ambn am{Xta ChnsS [z\n-n-p-p-q. \-fpsS
kev]-kq-\--fmWv Cuiz-c\v A-\-bmbn \Ip--Xv. Ffn-a-tbm-
Sp-Iq-Sn-thWw Fm kev]--tfbpw I--tfbpw Cuiz-c\p
kan-t-X - v. AXn-eqsS \apv C{n-b - f - n Npn-]
- n-\np
Ima-\-Isf Cm-Xm-m Ign-bpw. Ima-\-I-fmWv temI-n \s
_n-n-n-cn-p-X - v. Cuiz-cm-W
- m kIe _-\ - fpw Agn-
p- a m- d pw. A- c - W - n ]ncn- a p- d p- - krjv S nncp
NqsSmw XWp-p-dv imn-Zm-b-I-amb Hc-\p-`-hs Dn-ep-m-
pw. CXv Cuiz-cm-\p-`-h-am-Wv. Cuiz-cm-\p-`hw Dm-Ip-tm Adn-
bmsX \ B B-cy-]-c-X-bn aXn-a-dv Hcp {`m-s\-tmse
Pohn-sp hcmw. Ahn-sSbpw \mw \psS At\z-j-Ws \ndp-
p-hm ]mSn-. hopw hopw ]q-amb \ne ssIh-cn-p--Xp-
hsc Bg--fn-tep t]mbvsIm-n-cn--Ww. cs-p- `mhw Cm-
Xm-Ip--Xp-h-sc BZn-a-l-n Bp-sIm-n-cn--Ww.
 14
{Xn`p-h-\-koa ISp Xnn-hnpw
{Xn]pSn apSnp sXfn-n-Sp Zo]w
I]-S-b-Xnp Ic--am-Ip-ho-se
p]-\n-j-Zpn cl-ky-tamn-tS-Ww.

{Xn`p-h-\-koa ISv Pm{K-v, kz]v\w, kpjp]vXn

Fo aqptemI-papdv
Xnnhnpw \ndp-{]-Im-in-p--Xmb
{Xn]pSn apSnp {Xn]p-Sn-bpsS \mi-n-eqsS am{Xw
sXfn-n-Sp Zo]w kmm-XvI-cn-m-hp B-Zo]w
I]-S-b-Xnv - I-k-ym-knv
Ic--am-Ip-hoe A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-hp-I-bn-
F F Xc-n-ep-
D]-\n-j-Zp-n-c-lkyw D]-\n-j-n ]d-n-cn-p
cl-ky-amb Zi\w
Hmn-tSWw Ftmgpw HmWw.

\psS A\p-`-h-v aqv AXnn-I Iev]n-mw. Hv

DWn-cn-p-tm A\p-`-hn-p temI-am-Wv. Cu Ah-sb
Pm{K-Z-h FmWv ]d-bpI. C{n-b-fpw {]]-hpw Xn
_-sv Cu Ah--bn {]hn-p-p. cm-as Ah
kz]v\-am-Wv. kz]v\w ImWp ka-bv C{n-b- {]h-\-\n-
c-X-a-. Fm \ Dd--hp-a-. kz]v\w ImWp BfpsS Dnse
]qhkva-c-W-I-fmWv kz]v\--fmbn A\p-`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv.
aqm-as Ah-sb kpjp]vXn Fp ]d-bpw. AXm-bXv Dd-w.
Dd--n Hpw-Xs Adn-bp-I-bn-. Fm Dd--n\npw
DWm \ kpJ-ambn Ddn F tXm Dm-Ipw. DW-
Xn\p tijta A-s\-bp-ff Adn-hp-m-Ip-p-q.
Dd-p ka-bv Rm kpJ-ambn Dd-pp Fv Bcpw Adn-
bp-n-. C{Xbpw A\p-`-h- \ap-smw ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. Fm
Hcp m\n-bpsS t_m[w Cu aqp temI-pw Ap-d-p-ff
Hc-\p-`-h-n-em-Wv. B t_m[s Xpco-bt_m[w FmWv D]-\n-
j-n ]d-bpI. {Xn]pSn apSnv sXfn-n-Sp Zo]w Fv \mcm-
b-WK - pcp hnfn-p-Xv Xpco-bt- _m-[s
- -bm-Wv. kym-kt- hjw sIn
\S-m-sempw Xpco-bm-\p-`hw Dm-hp-I-bn-. Xpco-bm-\p-`-h-n\v
Xt]m-\n-c-X-amb At\z-jWw thWw. hb-p-n-g-n-\mbn thjw sIn
\S-p kym-kn-amsc AXp-sImv I]-S-b-Xn-I FmWv ]d-
bp--Xv. D]-\n-j-ns ]m--e-n\n-psImmWv Kpcp
Cmcyw nco-Icn-p--Xv.

15
]c-bpsS ]mep\pI `mKy-hm-m
smcp ]Xn-\m-bn-c-am-sm-cev]-t\cw
Adn-h-]-c-{]-Ir-Xn--[o-\-am-bm
ec-s\m-Sn-bm-bn-c-am-p-t]mse tXmpw.

]c-bpsS ]mev ]c-am--m-\-n\npw

Dudn-hcp B\-m-\p-`hw
\pI `mKy-hm-mv \pI A\p-Kr-lo-Xv
Hcp ]Xn-\m-bn-c-amv Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw hjwt]mepw
Hcev]-t\cw Cncn t\c-ambn A\p-`h- s
- Spw.
Adnhv t_m[w
A]-c-{]-Ir-Xnv Xn\npw A\y-amb {]Ir-Xnv
A[o-\-am-bm hi-s-p-t]m-bm
Ac-s\mSn Ac-\n-anjw
Bbn-c-am-p-t]mse Hcm-bncw hjwt]mse
tXmpw A\p-`-h-s-Spw.
]c-a-amb A\p-`q-Xn-bn Aan-cn-p m\n-Iv Ime-
t_m[w Hcp ]oU-\-ambn A\p-`-h-s-Sm-dn-. Bm-\p-`qXn B\--
ns \nd-p-I-hn-b-em-Wv. Bm-\p-`q-Xn-bmWv ]c-bpsS ]mev.
Fm-hpw CXv A\m-bm-tk\ {]m]y-a-. `mKy-hm-mt AX-
\p-`-hn-p-hm Ign-bp-p-q. Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw hjw-t]mepw C-
s\-sbmcp A\p-`q-Xn-Z-i-bn Hcp \nan-jw-t]mse tXmn-tm-Ipw.
Fm Am-\-m Ime-t_m[w Hcp-h-\n \nd-n-cn-p-
tm Hcp \nan-jw-X-s Hcm-bncw hj-t]mse `mc-ap--Xm-
bn-ocpw. Imew a\-ns Hcp krjvSn-bm-Wv. a\-n kpJw Dm-
Ip-tm Ime-n\v \ofw Ipd-bpw. ZpxJ-ap-m-Ip-tm Imen\p
\ofw IqSpw. kabw \om--Xp-t]mse tXmpw. Cu kXyw B[p-
\n-I-imkv{Xw ]d-bp--Xn-\p-apt Kpcp ]d-pI-gnp.
B_v sFo Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]d-bp-p-v. Npp-]-gp
Hcp teml--In-Sn Hcmsf ]nSn-n-cp-n-bm Abmv Hcp
\nanjwt]mepw Hcm-bncw hjw-t]mse tXmpw. Fm Imap-In-bpsS
kvt\l-ak - r-Wa
- mb Nqw_-\m-enw-K\
- m-Zn-If
- n \nhr-Xn-sIm-n-cn-p
Hcp-h\v aWn-p-dp-I Ign-p-t]m-bmepw Hcp \nan-jw-t]m-setb tXmp-
I-bp-q.

16
A[n-I-hn-im-e-a-cp-{]-tZ-i-sam-mbv
\Zn s]cp-Ip--Xp-t]mse hp \mZw
{ipXn-I-fn hoWp Xpdpa-n-sbpw
bX-an-bepw bXn-h-cy-\m-bn-tS-Ww.

A[n-I-hn-im-e-a-cp-{]-tZiw hfsc hnim-e-amb acp-`q-an-bn

Hmbv BIth
\Zn-s]-cp-Ip--Xp-t]mse \Zn Ic-I-hn-sm-gp-Ip--Xp-t]mse
\mZw-hv {]W-h-[z\n Dd-h-s]mn hv
{ipXn-I-fn hoWv Dm-XnhoWv Xpd-p-
w An AI-p Xpd-n-pp.
Fpw bX-an-bepw CXn\v Ftm-gpw b-a\w ioe-am-nb
bXn-h-cy Bbn-tSWw kym-kn-t{i-jvT Bbn-cnWw.
Bm-\p-`h- s Imhym-I
- a
- m-bmWv Kpcp Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-X
- v.
]cp hnim-ea - mbn InS-p acp-`q-an. B `qan NqSp-sImp X]n-n-cn-
p-I-bm-Wv. s]svv B acp-`qan apgp-h \ndpIhn-sm-gp-Ip
Pe-{]-hmlw Dd-h-s]m-n-h-cnI-bm-sW-n B A\p-`-hw \psS
kev]s-t]mepw AXn-i-bn-n-p--Xm-Wv. acp-`q-an-bpsS X]vX-lr-
Z-b-n \Zn-bpsS \\hv ]Sv kpJ-io-X-fna ]I-cp A\p-`q-Xn.
AXp-t]m-se-bmWv A-cm-m-hn \mZw DXnp-hv Dm-Xp-I-
fnhoWv m\-N-p-ns\ Xpd-p-X-cp--Xv. Ahm-Ny-kp--c-amb
A\p-`q-XnbmWv Kpcp Cu tmI-n-eqsS ]Ip-X-cphm {ian-
p-X - v. \-psS cp ImXp-Ipap-dv Adn-hns am[p-cy-aqdp
\mZw {ihn-p Hcp t{im{X-ap-v. B t{im{Xw DW-cW - s
- a-n {i
thWw. ChnsS ]d-bp Iv m\-N - p-m-Wv. ka-kvXX - b
- nepw
B-km-nyw Zin-p ImWv m\-N - p-v. B-kw-b-
a\w ioe-am-nb Hcp kym-kn-hc - y\v am{Xta Cu A\p-`qXn ssIh-
cn-Ib
- p-q.
 17
Ag-se-gp-a-n-X-fmp cp -X-m-bv
pg-ep-a-\mZnhnfp Xqn-bmm
\ng-ep-cp-hm-sbcn-bpp s\tXm ap
]g-Inb hmk\ hn hrn-b-t{X.
An-X-fmv Ap \mf--tfmSp IqSn
cp Xmbv qew, kqvaw Fo cp
XpI-fmbn
Ag-segpw In-sm-n-cn-p,
Npgepw Npn-n-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p
A\m-Zn-hn-fv BZn-bn-m Hcp Zo]w
Xqn Xqnbnn-cn-p--Xp-t]m-se-
Bm Bmhv
\ng Dcp-hmbv \ngemb icocw Gn-sImv
Fcn-bpp In--sm-n-cn-p-p.
s\v AtXm hnf-s-cn-bm-\p-ff s\m-sW-ntem
ap ]g-Inb hmk\ apt \-n IpSn-sIm-p
]gwsN I-hm-k-\-I-fm-Wv.
hn B hnf-nse Xncn-I-fm-Is, hrn-
bt{X Nn-hr-n-I-fm-Wv.
Hcp Xnc-o-e-bn sXfn-bp Ne-n-{Xw-t]m-se-bmWv Kpcp Cu
tmIw Na-n--cn-p-X
- .v A\m-Zn-bmb Bmhv Hcp hnf-p-t]mse Hmtcm-
cp-c
- nepw Fcn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p-.v Htc-sbmcp Bmhv Fcn-bp-
tm Hcp \mfta ]mSp-q. Fm amb-bpsS Bh-cWhpw hnt-
]hpw \nanw Bm-hn\v Ap \mf- Df-fX - p-t]mse tXmn-n-
p-p. ChnsS Ap \mf- Fp ]d-bp-Xv a\p-jy-ic - o-c
- nse
Ap mt\-{n-b - sfbmWv. mt\-{n-b - f- n-eqsS B-Zo]w
{]Im-in-p-tm-gmWv \mw ImWp-Xpw tIp-Xpw aW-p-Xpw
Hs. Cu Zo]-n-\m-Is, cp Xp-Ifpv. Hp am\-kn-Iw (con-
ceptual) cm-at- Xv sF{n-bw (perceptual). sF{nb-am-bXv qe-
amb Xm-Wv. C{n-b - ns apn Hcp hnjbw hp-\np-tm
a\-mWv B hnj-bs \n-bnp a\-n-em-m-\p-ff km-l - -
sfms Hcp-n-sm-Sp--p-X - .v a\-n ]qmn-Xa - m-b- hmk-\I-
fmWv temI-\n-b - n-\p-thn Icp-f - m-bn-cn-p-X - .v
 B-Zo]w {]Im-in-p-Xv \ng-ep-cp-th-n-bm-W.v \ng-epcp Fp
]d-m Xnc-o-eb - n ann-ad- - p-t]m-Ip Nn{X-t]mse Ft
A-ap-ff - q. Cu hnf-s-cn-bp-hm C-\a - m-bn-cn-p s\v hfsc
]g-w-sN hmk-\I - f- m-W.v s\n Xncn-sb-t- ]mse hmk-\I - f- n
Nn-hr-n-If - mWv In-sm-n-cn-p-X - v. hnj-bk - wKw Dm-Ip-
tm t_m[w hnj-b - ns BImcw ssIsmv Poh-\n hntm-
`- Dm-n-sm-n-cn-pw, I-Se - n Xnc-bS- n-pw-t]mse. CXn-s\-
bmWv Nn-hr-n-I Fp ]d-bp-X - .v Bmhv An-{n-b - f - n-
eqsS a\-ns ]m-e -
- n {]Xn-^e - np {]Im-in-p Hcp at\m-
l-cN
- n{Xw Cu tmIw \app ]Ip-Xc - p-p.

18
Al-an-cp-f-n-cp-fm-In-e--cmbv \m
al-a-l-sa--dn-bm-Xn-cp-n-tSWw
Adn-h-Xn-\m-e-l-a--Im-c-a-s
dn-h-Xn-\n--s\-bmp-tam-Xn-tSWw.

Alw Ccp-f B-t_m[w Ccp-f-.

Ccp-fm-In Ccp-m-bn-cp-s-n,
A-cmbv \mw Dm-gvN-t]mepw t]mbn
Alw Alw Fv Rm Dv Rm Dv
FpIqSn
Adn-bm-Xn-cp-n-tSWw Adn-bm-Xn-cn--W-am-bn-cp-p.
Adn-h-Xn-\m Fm Rm\pv F Adn-
hns\ \ntj[n-m\mhm--Xn-\m
Alw A-Im-c-a-sv Bm-hmb Rm Ccp--sv
Adn-h-Xn\v t_m[yw hcp-p-Xn-\p-thn
Cs\ C{]Imcw
Bpw Fm-h-tcmSpw
HmXn-tSWw shfn-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp--Ww.
Rm Dv F kXyw Bpw \ntj-[n-m Ign-bpn-.
Rm C Fp ]d-b-W-sa-nt]mepw Rm Dm-bn-cn--Ww.
Rm Ds-d - n-bm\pw Cs-d- n-bm\pw Rm Dm-bn-cn-W
- w. AXp-
sIm-mWv Kpcp Dun--d-bp-Xv Rm Am-\-am-Ip Iqcn-cp--
sv. Rm Adn-hns \nd shfn--am-Wv. Rm Iqcn-cp-m-sW-
n \ ]d-p-t]m-cm-dp-ff Rm, Rm Fp- t_m[w-
t]mepw Dm-Ip-hm ]mSn-m-bn-cp-p. Fm As\ Atm?
Rm ckn-p-p, Rm ZpxJn-pp Fsmw ]d-bp-tm-sgm-
sbpw Rm AhnsS {]Im-in-p-p-v.
AXp-sImv Fm-hpw Adn-n-cnmthn ]d-p-sIm-
Sp-t HmWv \mw Bm-hm-sW-v. Bmhv kzbw-{]-Im-in-X-
am-Wv. AXns Dsb Xn--f-bm-\m-hn-; shfn--ns Dsb
Ccp-n\v \ncm-I-cn-m-\m-hm--Xp-t]mse. AXp-sImv \mw hopw
hopw ]d-b-Ww: Rm Am-\-a-, Rm m\-am-Wv. Rm
Ccp-
- , Rm shfn-a - m-Wv. Rm ZpxJ-a
- , Rm B\-a
- m-Wv. Rm
iq\y-X-b-, Rm \nd-hmWv Fv. kw ln kn-Zmw t\l
\m\mkvXn In\. ChnsS kn-Zmw am{X-ta-bpq. \m\m-Xz- Hpw-
X-s-bn- Fp \mcm-b-W-Kpcp Zi-\-am-e-bn ]d-bp-p.

19
ASn-ap-Sn-b--a-Xp-n-Xp--Xp-s
Sn-bn-Sp-am-Znak--bp-sX-mw
PU-anXp kha-\n-Xyamw Pe-n
hSn-hns\ hnp Xcw-K-a-\y-amtam?

ASn ASn-bn-ep--XmWv kXyw

apSn D-Xnbnep--XmWv kXyw
Aw A-p--XmWv kXyw
AXpv AXp D-Xp-X-s-bmWv
CXpv CXp D-Xp-X-s-bmWv
AXpv AX-, asm-mWv Df-fXv
Fv ASn-bnSpw Cs\ a\p-jy shdpsX
kXyssmn hmZn-p-p.
BZn-a-k Fm-n-sbpw BZn-bmbncn-p
B-kXs-bmWv
D-sXmw _lp-hn-[-ambn ChnsS ImWp
\ma-cq-]--sf-mw.
CXp kw Cm-Wm-hp--sXmw
A\n-Xyamw \mi-ap--Xmb
PUw PU-am-Wv.
Pe-n hSn-hns\ hnv Pe-ns k-bn\npw
XcwKw Xnc
A\y-amtam? thdn-n-cn-p--sX--s\-bmWv?
 Cu {]]w apgp-h\pw Htc-sbmcp k-bpsS \m\m-hn-[-am-bn-
p-ff Bhn-jvIm-c--fm-Wv. C{n-b-sImv BIm-inepw `qan-
bnepw A-cn- - n-ep-ambn Fa hkvXpsf \ ImWp-p-
v. BIm-i-nse \-{X-fpw `qan-bnse Ipw apw hr-e-
Xm-Zn-Ifpw kmK-chpw acp-`q-anbpw arK-fpw a\p-jycpw Fmw Cu
BZn-a-k--bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c--fm-Wv. Bhn-jvIr-X-amb Fm-n\pw
Hmtcm cq]-ap-v. cq]s \mw Adn-bp-Xv \ma-I-cWw sNbvXm-Wv.
A-s\-bmWv F-a - \m-a- fpw F-a cq]-fpw tN hymh-lm-
cn-I{- ]-]w kwPm-Xa- m-Ip-X - v. \ma-cq-]
- f- psS _mlp-ey-m BZn-a-
k-sb hnkvac - n-p-t]m-Ip-p. Fnv hmp-If - psS ambm-Pm-e- ns]-
ns-Xp-t]mse kXyssmn Xn-m XpS-p-p.
Ip-sImp ImWp Hns\ am{Xta Rm kXy-ambn hniz-
kn-p-I-bp-q Fsm-cm iTn-p-p. Atm thsdm-cm ]d-bp-
p, ssZhw D-X--fn ad-n-cn-pp Fv. C\nsbmcm ]d-
bp-p, AXp--X-, CXmWv D-Xv Fv. B aXw icn-b-, Cu
aXw icn-sbv thsdmcp Iq. As\ ]dp]-dv X-n-
tepw ASn-]n-Sn-bn-tepw Ah-km\w bp-n-tepw c-smcn-
n-en-tepw \bn-p hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z--fpsS A-iq-\yX Kpcp
FSp-pIm-Wn-p-Ib - m-Wv. DXv BZn-ak - am{Xw. ASn-a - p-Sn, Ahn-
sS--C-hn-sS, AXp-v--C-Xpv F-sXms shdpw i_vZ-Pm-e-
am{Xw. AXp-sIm-m-W-hsb PUw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. PU-h-kvXp-
Aev]m-bp-p-I-fm-Wv.
Hcp Xncbvv F{X-t\cw Pe-n s]mn-\nm Ignbpw?
Aev]-t\cw am{Xw. Ipdp Ign-m Xnc, hn-S-t-p-Xs Xncn-
p-t]m-Ipw. Xnc Fhn-sS-\n-mWv hXv? Pe-n\n-.v Pe-amWv Xnc-
bpsS BZn-ak - - . Pe-n\nv thdn-smcp AkvXnX Xnc-b v n-.
Xnc A\n-Xy-am-W.v Pew \nXy-am-W.v CsXmcp DZm-lc - Ww am{X-am-W.v
Cu DZm-lc - W
- - n-eqsS B-k - b - psS \nXy-Xzhpw \ma-cq-] - f - psS
A\n-Xy-Xzhpw Kpcp hy-am-p-p. Fm X-fpw Am\-
n\npw P\n-p-X - m-W.v m\-n Xw Hgn-p-t]m-Ip-p.
t_m[w sXfn-hp kXys Zin-p-p.

20
De-In\p thsdmcp k-bn--Xp-s
pe-I-cp-c-Xp k-aq-l-lo\w
Pf\p hnte-ibsap tXmn-bmepw
\e-an-bepw aeame \mK-amtam?
De-In\v \ma-cq-]m--I-amb {]]--n\v
thsdmcp k-bn B-k--bn\npw `n-ambn
thsdmcp k-bn-.
AXp-sv Chn-sS-Im-Wp Hmtcm-n\pw
thsd-thsd D-bp-sv
De-I Dc-Xv P\- ]d-p-t]m-cp-Xv
khw Fmw
Dul-lo\w bpn-bp--a-.
Pf\v Am-\nv
hnte-ibw ]mv
Fp tXmn-bmepw Dsp tXmn-bmepw
\ew Cbepw tNtXm-l-c-amb
aeame ]qame
\mK-amtam? ]mmbn amdptam?

Fm a\p-jycpw bpn-bp--ambn Nnn-p--h-c-. bpn-

bpw Fp ]d-bp-tm BZn-a-k-v tbmPn-p coXn-bn
FmWv a\-n-em-t-Xv. ]c-a-Im-c-W-am-bn-cn-p B-k--
bn Fm-n-t\bpw tbmPn-np a\-n-em-p-tm B Nn bpn-
bp--am-Wv. Imc-W-n\npw A\y-ambn Hcp Imcyn-\pw \ne-
\nm-\m-hp-I-bn-. Ifn-a-n-s\-q-SmsX IpS-n-s\-s\ \ne-
\nm Ignbpw? AXp-sImv Kpcp Dd-n-p-Xs ]d-bp-p: De-
In\p thsdmcp k-bn Fv. CXp tIp-tm Cu temIw
iq\y-am-sW- a\-n-em-tXv; temI-n-ep-ff Fm-n\pw
A-am-bn-cn-p-Xv Htc-sbmcp BZn-a-k--Xs-bm-Wv Fm-Wv.
shfn--p-d-hp-aqew ]qame ImWp-tm `ocp-hn\v AXv ]mm-
sW {`aw Dm-Imw. hnte-ibw ]mm-Wv. ]qam-e-bpsS BIm-chpw
]mns BIm-chpw kam-\-am-Wv. AXp-sImv aqV\v Dm-Ip
sXn-m-c-Wsb, Adn-hp-ff Hcm hv Xncp-n-sm-Sp-p-p.
]mmsWp hnNm-cnv `b-s Abm-fpsS a\-n ]qame ImWp-
tm Dm-Ip B-cy-\n`-c-amb ktmjw Kpcp FSp-p-Im-
Wn-p-p. thZm--nse Ibdpw ]mpw F ZrjvSm--n\v Hcp
amw hcpn Ib-dns m\v ]qam-esb {]Xn-jvTn-p-I-bmWv
sNp--Xv. BZn-a-k shdpw {]tbm-P-\-c-ln-X-am-bn-p- H.
AXn \nln-X-am-bn-cn-p B\--amWv AXns aqeyw. ]qam-e-bm-
sWp Xncn--dn-bp-m AXv IqSp-X {]nbw P\n-n-p-p. AXp-
sImmWv thZm--nse ncw ZrjvSm--amb Ib-dn-s\-amn ]qam-
esb Kpcp {]Xn-jvTn--Xv. {]tbm-P-\-aq-ey-s-bmWv ChnsS IqSp-X
Dun--dbp--Xv.
 21

{]nb-sam-cp-Pm-Xn-bn-sX{]nbw XzZo-b
{]nb-a]c-{]n-b-sa--t\-I-ambn
{]nb-hn-j-bw-{]Xn hnSpw {`aw X
{]nba]-c-{]n-b-sa-dn-n-tS-Ww.
{]nbw Hcp PmXn Htc-sbmcpXcw {]nbtabpf-fq.
CXv F {]nbw CXv Fs CjvSw,
XzZo-b-{]nbw \ns CjvSw,
A]-c-{]nbw thsdm-cp-hs CjvSw
Fv At\-I-ambn F Xc-n Htc {]nbw-Xs
At\-I-{]n-b--fmbnocp--Xv.
{]nb-hn-jbw {]Xn CjvS-hn-j-bfn
hnSpw {`aw Dm-Ip {`aw \nan-amWv.
X{]nbw Xs {]nb-amWv
A]-c-{]nbw thsdm-cp-h-sbpw {]nbw
Fv Adn-n-tSWw Fp-ff kXyw a\-n-em--Ww.

{]nbw Ht-bp-q. At\-Ia- n-. B {]nbw B-{]n-ba- m-W.v Bm-

hn kl-Pa - mbn IpSn-sIm-p B\-\ - n`-cX - b - m-emWv Bm-hn
Fm Pohn-Ipw {]nbw P\n-p-X - .v Bm-hm-Is GIhpw k-
hym-]n-bp-am-W.v Fm Poh-\nse Al-m-aa - X
- m-Zn-I ImcWw Hcp-
h hnj-bt- em-ep-]\ - m-bn-o-cp-p. hnj-b - n-emWv B\-a - n-cn-p-Xv
F {`aw \nan-a - mWv hnj-b - n Hcp-h\v {]nbw P\n-p-X - v.
As\ hcp-tm Hmtcm-cp-v CjvSa - p-ff hnj-b - fpw hyXy-
kvXfmbn-cn-pw. B-{]nbw ad-p-t]mbn B m\v hnj-b-
{]nbw hp-Iq-Sp-Xv Am-\w \nan-a - m-W.v A-s\-bmWv Fs
CjvSw, \ns CjvSw, Ah-cpsS CjvSw Fn-s - \-bp-ff CjvSm-\n-jSv -
hv B-{]n-b - n\v hn`-P\w kw`-hn-p-X - .v CXp amn-sb-Sp-
-Ws - a-n \apv {]nb-s-X - mbn tXmp Hcp Imcyw thsdm-
cmpw {]nbw Df-hm-p coXn-bn ka-RvPk - a- mbn tNWw.
ImcWw BXy-n-Ia - mbn {]nb-hkvXp Bbn-cn-p-Xv Bm-hm-Wv.
Cmcyw Ftmgpw HmthWw.
 22
{]nb-a-]-csbsX{]nbw, kzIo-b
{]nb-a-]-c-{]n-b-an-{]-Im-c-amIpw
\b-a-Xn-\mse \cp \ \evIpw
{Inb-b-]-c-{]n-b-tl-Xp-hmbv htc-Ww.

{]nb-a-]-cs thsdm-cp-hs {]nbw GXmtWm

AsX{]nbw AsX-sbpw {]nb-am-Wv.
kzIo-b-{]nbw F\np {]nb-s--Xp-X-s-bmWv
A]-c-{]nbw asm-cp-h\pw {]nb-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.
C{]-Im-c-amIpw \bw CXmWv Pohn-Xs ka-c-k-s-
Sp-p Hcp t]mwh-gn.
AXn-\mse {]nbw GI-am-bn-cn-p--Xp-Im-cWw
\cp \\Ipw{Inb Hcp-h\v \-bp-m-p {]hrn
A]-c-{]n-b-tl-Xp-hmbv thsdm-cp-h-sbpw kpJ-n-\v
htcWw CS-bm--Ww.

Pohn-X-n\v \smcp s]cp-am--n thWw. \app tXmn-b-

Xp-t]m-se-sbmw sNp-Ib - m-sW-n Fhn-tSbpw kwLjw am{Xta
apn-\np-Ib- p-q. {]nb-ns Xe-n hcp ]nSnhm-in-IsIm-
mWv kwLj- Dm-Ip--Xv. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-n Hcp ka-
\zbw sImp-h-c-W-sa-n \mw Nne \op-t]m-p-I-sfms \S-
-Ww. AXn\p Zmi-\n-I-amb Hcp ASn-d-bpw Dm-bn-cn--Ww.
Hm-a-Xmbn, {]nb-ns ASn-m\w B-k--bm-sW--dn-bp-I.
Bm-hns {]nbw Fm-h-cp-tSbpw {]nb-am-Wv. AXp-sImv Bm-
hns {]nb-n-tev tNcp--Xns `mK-ambn \mw {]mY-an-I-ambn
sNt-Xv thsdm-cm-fpsS CjvS-tbpw \psS CjvS-ns ]cn-
K-W-\-bn-tev sImp-h-cnI F-Xm-Wv.
thsdm-cmv CjvS-s Imcyw \ap-pw-IqSn CjvS-sphcp-
tm \mw Aev]wIqSn hnim-e-lr-Z-b-\m-bn-o-cp-p. As\
hcp-tm \apv {]nb--c-am-bn-cn-p Hv thsdm-cmpw {]nb-
-c-am-bn-o-cpw. \mw temI-n-\p-thn Pohn-p-I-bm-sW-n
temIw \ap-p-th-nbpw Pohn-pw. \mw Cuiz-c-\p-thn Pohn-
p-I-bm-sW-n Cuiz-c \ap-p-th-nbpw Pohn-pw. AXp-
sImv F\nv \-bpm-p {]hrn thsdm-cm-fpsS Pohn-X-
n\p Xn-bmbn hcm ]mSn-. A{X-am{Xw Icp-X-temSpw Dsh-
fn- t hm- S pw- I qSn Pohn- m am{Xta {]nb- - f nse kzc- e - b s
Imp-kq-n-m \apv Ign-bp-I-bp-q.

23
A]-c-\p-th-n-b-l\niw {]bXv\w
Ir]-WX hnp Ir]mep sNbvXn-Spp
Ir]-W-\-t[m-ap-J-\mbv InS-p-sNp
]-P-b-Iah-p-thn am{Xw.
A]-c-\p-thn thsdm-cmp-thn
Al\niw cm-It`-Z-an-msX
Ir]-WX hnv kzmX IqSmsX
{]bXv\w I-
Ir]mep sNbvXn-Spp Ir]bp--h sNpp.
Ir]-W kzm
At[m-ap-J-\mbv InSv A[-a-amb kpJ-t`m-K--fn apgpIn
A]-P-b-Iw [-hntcm-[n-bmb Iw
Ah-p-th-n--am{Xw Xs am{Xw kpJ-n-\p-thn
sNpp sNpp.

Ir] XnIpw ssZhn-I-amb Hcp KpW-am-Wv. kl-Po-hn-I-fnepw

Xs Pohs XpSn-p-I sXm-dn-bp--h-\mWv Ir]m-ep. Ir]mep
Fp sNp-tmgpw AXv k-n-sbpw lnXw am\n-m-Wv sNp-
I. Fhn-sS-sb-nepw thZ-\bpw bmX-\bpw ImWp-tm Ir]m-ep-
hns a\w Aen-bpw. Ah-cpsS ZpxJ-\n-hm-c-W-n-\p-thn Ir]mep
X\n-m-hp--sXmw sNp-p. an a\p-jycpw kzw `mcy, Ipn-
I F IpSp-mb XmXv]-cy--fnam{Xw HXpnq-Sp--h-cm-
Wv.- A-Xn-\-p-d-smcp temI-ap-sv Ah Nnn-mt]mepw
sa\-s-Sm-dn-. As\bp at\m-`m-h-s-bmWv Ir]-WX Fv
Kpcp hnti-jn-n-p--Xv.
F-t-mfpw Ir]-WX Cp P\-f - n Bth-in-n-cn-p-I-
bm-Wv. Hcp `qXm-th-iw-t]mse P\w kzm-Xb - psS IpSpw-_]- - m-
-e - n-tev Dh-en-p-sIm-n-cn-p-XmWv \mw ImWp-X - .v Cu
Dh-en-bh - ns\ AWp-Ip-Spw_w (nuclear family) FmWv ]d-bp--
Xv. A\pw Abpw aI\pw aIfpw am{Xw AS-p Hcp IpSpw-_w.
Ah-cpsS kpJw am{X-amWv Ah At\z-jn-p-X - v. Ah kpJw
Is-p-hm-\p-ff {]bm-W - n F{X Bfp-Isf thW-sa-nepw ZpxJn-
n-p-hm aSn ImWn-p-n-. CXmWv Ir]-Ws Pohn-Xc - o-Xn. Ir]-
W Xs t\-n-\p-thn kl-Po-hn-Is - f-sbmw Nhn-n-sa-Xnv IS-
p-t]m-Ipw. BsI a\p-jycpsS BsI \-sb-p-dnv Ah-s\mcp hnNm-
chpw Dm-bn-cn-pI-bn-. As\bp hnNm-ca - n-m-h - s Iw
Zqjn-Xa- mb I-am-Wv. AXn-s\-bmWv A]-Pb - I
- w Fp hnfn-p-
-Xv. AXp-sImv \-fnse Ir]-WX If-bp-I. Ir]m-ep-Xzs
DWn hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-I. temI-n\p kzkvXn `hn-s - .

24
Ah-\n-h-s\--dn-bp--sXm-s-tbmm
eh-\n-bn--em-Zn-a-am-sbm-cm--cq]w
Ah-\-h-\m--kp-J-n-\m-N-cn-p
h-b-]-cp kpJ-n-\mbv htc-Ww.

Ah Ch Fv Ah Fpw Ch Fpw \mw

Adn-bp--sXms ]d-p-t]m-cm-dp-ff Imcy--sfms
Hmm hnNn-\w sNbvXm
Ah-\n-bn temI-n
BZn-a-amb krjvSnpw \nZm-\-am-bn-cn-p
Hcp B-cq]w Htc-sbmcp B-k-Xyta Dq.
Ah\h Hmtcm-cp-cpw
B-kp-J-n\v kzw kpJ-n-\p-thn
BN-cn-p-h sNp {]hr-n-I
A]-cv ap-f-f-hpw-IqSn
kpJ-n-\mbv htcWw kpJw \I-Ww.

temI-n Htc-sbmcp B-k

- tb Dq. B B-k
- -
bmWv Fnepw \nnepw Ah-\nepw Ch-\nepw Hs A[m-c-
bmbn hn-p-X - v. km[m-cW
- b
- mbn Hcp a\p-jy Iw sNp-
tmtgm kwkm-c - n Gs-Sp-tmtgm Cm-cy-sampw Hmm-dn-
. AXp-sImv Ah Fp \ ]d-bp-tm \-fn\npw
A\y-amb GtXm Hcp hyn-bmWv Ah F tXm-emWv Df-hm-
Ip-X- v. Hcp lnp ]d-bpw: Ah {InkvXym-\nbm-Wv, Ah apo-
amWv Fsms. {InkvXym-\nbpw apoapw CtX-t]m-se-Xs lnphn-
s\-]
- nbpw ]d-bpw. cmjv{So-b
- nepw ImWmw C-s\-bp-ff tNcn-Xn-
cn-hp-I. Ah Iyq-Wn-m-Wv, Ah tIm{K-mWv F coXn-
bn. F-s\-bmWv Cu A\yXzw \-fn-tev IS-p-hc - p-Xv? \mw
\psS imco-cn-Ik- - s - b-bmWv Rm\mbn Icp-Xp-X - v. B imco-cn-I-
k--bpsS AkvXn-Xzs am\-Z-WvU-amn hp-sIm-mWv Xs
temI-ns AXnn \n-bn-p-X - v. Cu {]mY-an-Ia - mb sXns\
Xncp-msX temI-n ka-\zbhpw kam-[m-\hpw sImp-hc - m-\mhp-
I-bn-.
\-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-nepw aX-t_m-[-\-n-ep-samw Cu sXv
Bhnv Dd-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Htc-sbmcp B-k--bmWv
k-N-cm-N-c--fnepw kXy-am-bn-cn-p--sX A\p-`-h-t_m[am-bn-
cn-Ww Hcp a\p-jys\ DZm--am-t--Xv. As\ Hcp-h Xs
kpJ-n-\mbn {]hn-p-Xv Fm-h-cp-tSbpw kpJ-n\v Imc-
W-ambn `hn-p-p. Chn-sS-bmcpw \n\nv A\y-c. hymh-lm-cn-
I-\n-b-n-\p-thn am{Xw Ah, Ch Fsms ]d-bmw.
AXp-sImmWv Kpcp A]-c F hmv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cnp-Xv.
A]-c Fm ]c Am--h. {]Xy--n thsd-bm-sW-
nepw ]c-am-n Xn\npw thsd-b-m-h. Cmcyw
\-hw a\\w sNbvXp-d-nv Iw sNp-I-bm-sW-n temI-
n imn-p-thn apd-hnfn Iqt Bh-iy-an-. imn kzm`m-
hn-I-ambn hp-tNpsIm-pw.
25
Hcph-\p-\-Xpa\y-\-epw tN
smcp sXmgn-em-h - n-tcm-[n-tbmn-tS-Ww.
]c\p ]cw ]cn-Xm-]-ta-In-Sp-tm
sccn-\-c-Im-_v[n-bn hosW-cn-n-Sp-p.

Hcp-h\p \Xpw Hcmv \ hcp-p-Xpw

A\y\v Aepw thsdm-cmv ZpxJhpw
tNsmcp sXmgn hcp-n-h-bvp--Xmb {]hrn
B-hn-tcm[n Bm-hnse kl-P-amb
sFIyn\v \nc-p-X-.
Hmn-tSWw Cmcyw ad-p-t]m-Im ]mSn-.
]c\v thsdm-cmv
]cw- ]-cn-Xm]w ]c-a-amb thZ-\sb
GIn-Sp-tm Gev]n-p--h
Fcn-\-cIm-_v[n-bn In-sb-cn-bp \c-I-k-am-\-
amb ZpxJ--S-en
hoWv Fcn-n-Spp hoWv Xo{h-ambn t\mh-\p-`-hn-
tn hcp-p.
Bm-hn Fmw kzc-eb - s- -n-cn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. kl-Pa - mb Hcp
sFIyw Bm-hn-\p-v. Bm-hn Hpw-Xs ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-
p-n-. AXp-sImv B-t_m-[n-bmb Hcm Iw sNp-tm
AXp ka-kvXX - pw lnX-Ic - a
- mbn `hn-p-p. Hcp XSm-I - nse \n-
e-P-e-cm-in-bn-tev sNdn-sbmcp Is-Sp-s-dn-m aXn, AXn
Btm-f\w D-mIm. Ae-am-eI - Dm-Ip-X - v, AXns kzm`m-hn-
I-amb kz-X-bn-tev Xncn-p-h-cp-hm\m-Wv. AXpt]m-se- Bmhv
AXns kz-Xb - n-tev Xncn-p-hc - p-hm {iaw \S-n-sm-n-cn-p-
p. Fm ]ecnepw imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb XmZm-y-
t_m[m BssIyw \jvSs - -Sm-dp-v. Hcmv \ hcp-p
{]hrn thsdm-cmv Xn hcp-m-dp-v. C-s\-bp-ff I-
Bm-hns sFIyn\p \nc-p-X -
- . AXp-sImv AXns\ Kpcp
B-hn-tcm[n Fp ]d-bp-p. t_m[-]qw Nne ap-hv D]-
{Zhw Gev]n-m-dp-,v ]oUn-n-m-dp-.v Xs kpJ-n-\p-thn thsdm-
cp-hs Poh-s\-tmepw l\n-p-hm Nne DZy-an-p-p. A-s\-bp-
-h sImSpw-]m-XI - n-If- m-Wv.
Hcp-hs Iw \-Xm-sW-n \ ^es Ah\v Inpw.
No Iw sNp--h\v km-]s Dm-p ^e-amWv e`n-
p-I. \manp ZpxJw A\p-`-hn-p-p-s-n B ZpxJ-n\p tlXp-
I-amb I- \mw Ftmtgm sNbvXnp-v. AXp-sIm-v thsdm-
cmv Icp-Xn-qn ]cn-Xm]w Gev]n-p--h \c-Im-nv kam-\-
amb ZpxJ--S-en hoWv In-sb-cn-bpw. Bmhv kzbta AXns
GI-Xm-\-X-bn hn-p-sa-nepw Iw sNp--h\v IXr-Xz-
t_m[w Df-f-Xn-\m I--fpsS ^e-fpw AhXs Gp-hm-
pw. acn-X - n\p tij-sampw BIWsan-. \cIw F hmv ZpxJ-
ns Xo{hm-h - sb ImWn-p-hm-\m-W.v AsXtm thW-sa-nepw
kw`-hn-mw. AXp-sImv Bm-hns GI-Xm-\X - v \nc-p I-
am{Xw A\p-jT v n-p-I.

26
Ah-b-h-sam-s-b-an-bm-Wn-bmbv \n
hb-hn-bm-hn-sb-bm-h-cn-n-Spp
Ah-\n-h-s\--Xn-\m-e-h \n\-bvp
h-i-X-bm-a-hn-th-I-sam-n-\mte
Ah-bhw Hs Fm Ah-b-h--tfbpw
Aan kzh-i-K-amn
BWn-bmbv \nv Hcp tI{-_np-hmbn hn-p
Ah-bhn Poh
Bhnsb Bm-hns\
Bh-cn-n-Spp ad-p-I-f-bpp.
AXn-\m AXn-\m
Ah-i-Xbmw kzm-k--bmb Bm-hn\p
hi-s-Sm
Ahn-thIw t_m[-iq-\yX
Hn-\mte Hp \nan--ambn
Ah Ch Fv Ah thsd Ch thsd F
Xc-n
Ah \n\-bvpp Ah-i-\mb Ahn-thIn \n\-bvp-p.

Cwo-jp-`m-j-bn Ah-b-h-n\v organ FmWv ]d-bp--Xv.

\nc-h[n Ah-b-h- Hn-p-tNv kzbta {]hn-p-Xp-S-p-
tm AsXmcp HmKm-\nk-am-bn- (organism). \-fpsS ico-c-
nepw Iptd-tbsd Ah-bh -
- fpv. Cu Ah-bh -
- s
- fms tXmn-
b-Xp-t]m-se-b {]hn-p--Xv. ssI Db-W-sav Cn-p-
Xpw Im hen--W-sav Cn-p-Xpw Cu Ah-b-h--sf-
sbms CW-n-\np Ah-b-hn-bm-Wv. Ah-b-hn Fp ]d-
m HmK-ss\-k (organizer). B HmK-ss\k-sd-bmWv Poh
Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Poh Hcp BWn-sb-tmse Fm {]h-\-
pw tI{o-Ir-X-t\-XrXzw \Ip-p. ]t, Cu Poh-\m-Is
imco-cn-I-Xm-Zm-y-m hymtam-ln-X-\m-Wv. Xs ico-c-amWv Xs
k Fv Poh sXn--cn-n-cn-p-p.
Bm-hns\ Bhn FmWv Kpcp hnfn-n-cn-p--Xv. Hmw ]Zy-
n ]d-bp Icphpw ChnsS ]d-bp Bhnbpw Hp-X-s.
Fm Cu Bmhv PohXzw ImcWw ad-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-p.
CXmWv Ah-iX. B-h-ip \np-hm hnthIw thWw.
AXn\mI-W-sa-n A\m--h-ip \app hn-p-ff sIp-]m-Sp-
I Agn-p-t]mI-Ww. Ah-iX Ah-km-\n--Ww. Ah-i-Xbpw
Ahn-th-Ihpw Imc-W-amWv Hcm Ahthsd Chthsd Fp-ff
Xp-_p-n-bm {]-hn-p--Xv. B-km-m-XvIm-c-Z-i-bn
am{Xta Hcp-h\v GI-Xz-t_m[w A\p-`-h-ambn hcnI-bp-q.
 27
Ccp-fn-en-cp--dn-bp--Xm-Ip-am-m
hdn-h-Xp-Xm-\Y \ma-cq-]-ambpw
Ic-W-sam-Sn-{n-b-Ir-I-ambpw
hcp-hXp ImI! atl-{-Pm-e-sa-mw!
Ccp-fn-en-cpv Ccp Ah--bn Ccp-v
Adn-bp--XmIpw Bm Adn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--XmWv
Bm-hv.
Adnhv AXp Xm AXp Adnhp Xs-bmWv.
AY ]noSv B Adn-hp-Xs
\ma-cq-]-ambpw \ma-ambpw cq]-ambpw
Ic-W-samSv A--cWw apX
C{n-bIXr-I--ambpw C{n-b-, Im-hv, Iw hsc
hcp-hXv {]Xo-X-am-Ip--Xv.
ImI t\mq.
Fmw atl-{-Pmew! Fmw al-mb C{-Pm-ew-X-s!

Bm-hns\ ImWm-Xn-cnm Imc-W-sa-mWv? AXv Ccp-fn-

emWv Ccn-p-X - v. AXp-sImv Ccpfn-en-cn-p s]mcp-fmWv Bm-
hv. Ccp-fm-Ip ad-bn-emWv Cu {]]w apgp-h\pw k-bnp-h - n-cn-
p-X - v. AXp-sImv Ccp-fn-\ - p-d - p- s]mcp-fns\ ImWm {ian-
p-tm-sgms {]]-{- ]-Xo-Xn-If - mWv ImWp-X - v. D
- d
-
-
- n \mw
Hpw Adn-bm-dn-t- m? Fm B Hpw Adn-bm-Xn-cn-p Adn-hn-
m-bva - p-nepw temI-hn-jb- - ]n-qSn ad-n-cn-p-p-v. Nne-
tm kz]v\ - n- Ah Xn-b - dn hcpw. PmK-cn-X
- n AXp Iptd-
qSn hy-ambn tXmpw. PmK-cn-Xhpw kz]v\hpw ]cw-s]m-cp-fns
ZrjvSn-bn hen-sbmcp kz]v\w am{X-am-Wv. Dd- - nepw DWn-cn-
p Bm-hn-tev \mw DW-cW - w. Dd-p thf-bn kpJw A\p-
`-hn-p-sm-n-cn-p \mw Bm-\p-`h -
- n-em-Wv. ]t, DW-
Xn-\p-tijw am{Xta B kpJs Adn-bp-hm Ign-bp-p-q. Dd-p-
tmgpw Rm DWn-cn-p-p-sh Dt_m[w sXfn--h
m\n-bm-bn.
\ Ccp-p-ap-dn-bn Ccn-p-tmgpw Rm, Rm F B D
bmsXmcp D]m-[n-bp-an-msX \ap--\p-`-hn-m-\m-Ipw. B GI-amb
Bm-hmWv ]noSv \ma-cq-]m-I - a- mb Cu hniz-ambn \psS apn
{]Xn-`m-kn-p--Xv. B Bm-hp-X-s-bmWvv A-c-W--fmbpw
C{n-b--fmbpw Im-hmbpw I-ambpw amdn-a-d-bp--Xv. Bm-
hnX-s-bn-cn-p Hcp {]tXyI in-Nm-e\ - w-sIm-mWv CsXmw
kw`-hn-p--Xv. Cu Ap-X-I-c-amb C{-Pm-es [ym\m--I-ambn
Hp \nco-n-p-I. Atm imn Xmt\ Dudn-q-Spw.

28
ASn-ap-Sn-b--Sn-sXmp auen-bw
kv^pS-a-dn-bp-Xp Xpcy-t_m-[-amIpw
PU-a-dn-ho-eXp Nn sNbvXp sNmp
nS-bn-en-cp--dn-h--dn-n-tSWw.

ASn apSn Av ASn-sbtm apSn-sbtm D

t`Z-Nn CmXmbn
ASn-sXmp auen-bw Fm ASn apX apSn hsc
kv^pSw Adn-bp-Xv sXfn-a-tbmsS Adn-bp-Xv
Xpcy-t_m-[-amIpw Xpcy-t_m-[-amWv.
PU-a-dn-hoe PU-h-kvXp- Xpcy-t_m-[s
Adn-bp-n-.
AXv B Xpcy-t_m[w
Nn-sNbvXv sNmp Nnnv Fn-t-cm-hp
CS-bn-bn-encp Adn-h Xe-n hcp Adn-h-.
Adn-n-tSWw Cmcyw a\-n-em--Ww.

B-t_m[w PmK-cn-X-ntem kz]v\-ntem kpjp-]vXn-

bntem A\p-`-hn--dn-bp Adn-h-. Cu aq-h--I-tfbpw Dw-
Ln-p-\np AXo-X-t_m-[-amWv B-t_m-[w. AXp-sImv
AXns\ \mem-atXv F A-n Xpcobw Fpw ]d-
bmdp-v. Xpcobw hmkvX-h-n Hc-h--b-; Ah-m-{X-b-km-
n-bm-Wv. Xpcy-t_m[w kmn-ssN-X-\y-am-Wv. km[m-c-W-_p-n-
sImp Nnn-p-tm-gmWv ASn, apSn Fsm-s-bp-ff am\-
Dm-bn-h-cp--Xv. km[m-cW _pn `uXn-I-hn-j-b--fp-ambn _-
s-mWv {]hnp ioen-n-pXv. AXp-sImv a\-n hcp
tNmZy-smw _pn Dcw ]d-bp-Xv \ofw, hoXn, Db-cw,
I\w Fo Af-hpI-fpsS am\-Z-WvU- D]-tbm-Kn-p-sIm-m-
Wv. Fm Xpcy-t_m-[-am-Is Af-h--Xm-Wv. Hcp Xc-n-ep-
Af-hp-tImsImpw Af-m Ign-bm{X hym]vXn-bmWv Xpcy-
t_m-[-n-\p--Xv.
 Xpcy-t_m[w A\-a - m-Wv. AXp-sImv ASn-sbtm apSn-sbtm
D hn`-P\w Xpcy-t_m-[-n hcp-n-. Fm B Xpcy-t_m-[-
n `qanbpw BIm-ihpw Dtn-cn-p-p. Xpco-bm-\p-`-h-n
m\w kv^Sn-I-k-m-i-amb sXfn-a-bn Fn-t-cp-p. kwibw
teiw-t]m-ep-an-. C{n-b-fpw a\pw _pn-bp-samw P-U-h-kvXp-
--fm-Wv. AXn\p kzbta {Kln-p-hm-\p-ff in-bn-. Bm-hns
{]Im-i - n-emWv AsXmw {]Im-in-p-X - v. AXp-sImv PU-hk - vXp-
v Xpcy-t_m[w Dm-Ip-n-. Nnntm A\p-am-\ntm FSp-
m-hp H Xpcy-t_m-[w. Fm Nn-Ifpw A\p-`-h--fpsS ap{Z-
W- - f mb kv a c- W Ifp- a mbn _- s - mWv {]hn- p- - X v .
Fm Xpcy-t_m-[a - m-Is As\-sbmcp kvac-Wb - p-a
- . AXn-\m
AXns\ Nnn--dn-bm-\m-Ip-sap Icp-Xp-Xv A_--am-Wv. Fm
D]m-[n-Ifpw Dt]-nv, Adn-hns\ kzbw {]Im-in-p-hm CS-bm-
p-tm Xpcy-t_m[w kqcy-Xpeyw \-n {]Im-in-pw. CXmWv
B-km-m-XvIm-cw.

29
a\-a-e sImbvXp atli ]qP sNpw
a\p-P\p asmcp the sNbvXn-tS.
h\-a-e sImbvXp-a-X--bm-bvIn ambm
a\p-hp-cp-hn-p-an-cn-n amb amdpw.

a\-a-e sImbvXv a\-nse kev]-hn-Iev]--fm-

Ip ]q \pn-sb-Spv
atl-i-]qP sNpw atl-i\v An-p
a\p-P\v a\p-jy\v
asmcp the thsdmcp km[\
sNbvXn-tS sNt Bh-iy-an-.
h\-a-e sImbvXpw As-n ]qs-Sn-I-fn\npw
]q s]mnv Anpw
AX--bm-bvIn C\n AXp-a-s-n
ambm-a\p Dcp-hnpw ambm-a{w Dcp-hnv
Ccn-n km[\ sNp-I-bm-sW-n
amb amdpw Xpcy-t_m-[s ad-p-]n-Sn-p
amb amdn-tmIpw.
a\p-jy Fm-hcpw t_m[-hn-Im-k-ns Imcy-n Htc-X-c-
n-ep--h-c-. Nne B-X-zs s]sp {Kln-p-p. Nne-
cm-Is {Kln-m Ign-bmsX Ipg-p-t]m-Ip-p. Hmtcm-cp-c - nepw
Ccn-p hmk\-bmWv Ahs CjvSm-\n-jvS - sf \n-bn-p--
Xv. hmk-\b - psS insb bn-n-t-Xv B-X - z-{K-lW-
- n\v
AXy-m-t]-n-Xa - m-Wv. AXn-\mbn aqp D]m-b- Kpcp ChnsS ]d-
p-Xc - p-p. CXp \s klm-bn-phm\m-Wv. Hmtcm-cp-pw CW-
p-Xp am{Xw kzoI-cn-p-I. ]t, GXp km[\ sNp-tmgpw
eyw B-km-m-XvIm-ca - m-sW Imcyw ad-m ]mSn-.
Hm-a-Xmbn, ]q hncn-bp--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv a\-n kev]-
fpw hnIev]-fpw Ap-cn-p--Xv. Cu kev]-hn-Iev]-sf
]qPm-]p-jv]--fmbn IcpXn A-cm-m-hm-Ip atl-iz-c\v A\
\S-p {]{Inb XnIpw [ym\m--I-am-Wv. hfsc GIm-{KX
ssIh-cn Hcmp am{Xta C-s\-sbmcp \njvT Inp-I-bp-q.
A- s \- b p- Hcmv thsd Hcp km[- \ - b psS Bh- i y- a n- .
Abm t{X-ntem ]n-bntem t]mtIXn. A{Xbpw
Bym- nIamb HuXyw Bn- m Ignnn- s - n
Ipdp Imp-]q- Cdpv atl-iz-c\v A-\-bmbn \Imw.
AXpa-s-n, a\-nse amen-\y- \op-hm-\mbn a{-
Dcp-hn-Smw. hnip--amb Fm {K-fpw Kpcq-]-tZ-i-fpw a{-
-fm-Wv. Ah \nc-cw kzmymbw sN-Ww. kwi-bn-t.
ambm- t am- l - ns ]nSn- b n\npw ]pd- p- I - S - m Ign- b pw.
hnizm-ky-X-tbmsS A\p-jvTn-p-I.

30
PU-a-dn-ho-e-dn-hnp Nn-bn-tm
XnSp-I-bp-an--dn-sh--dn-p kw
hnSp-In-e-h hni-Zm--cw-K-\mbv ta
epS-en-e-ap-g-ep--Xn \q\w

PUw Adn-hoe PU-n\v Adn-bm Ign-bp-I-bn-.

Adn-hnp Nn-bn- Xpcy-t_m-[-n Nn-I-fn.
HmXn-Sp-I-bpan- B A\p-`hw hmp-I-fn-tev
]Ip-hm\pw Bhp-I-bn-.
Adn-sh--dn-p Xpcy-t_m-[s Adn-bm D]m-
[n-bpsS Bh-iy-an- F-dnv
kw hnSp-In PU-kw-_--amb Fm sIp-]m-
Sp-Ifpw Dt]-n-p-I-bm-sW-n
Ah Hcp-h
hniZ A-cw-K-\mbv AXn-cp-If- n-m NnZm-Im-i
- n
\nd-n-cn-p--h-\mbnocp-p.
ta ]noSv
DS-en Aav Rm ico-c-am-sW-p-ff
Am-\-n\v hi-K-\mbn
Dg-ep--Xn- ZpxJn-p-n-.
\q\w CXp Xo-bm-Wv.

\mw F-dn-bp-tmgpw Nnn-m-dp-v. Nnn-msX Hpw

\apv Adn-bm Ign-bn-. Nnn-d - n-bp Adn-hp-Ifpw A\p-`h - - fpw
am{Xta \apv ]cn-N-b-ap-q. Fm Ftm-gmtWm Nn-I-sfmw
\nhr--am-Ip-Xv, hnc-an-p-Xv Atm-gmWv Xpcy-t_m[w {]Im-in-
p--Xv. Cu Xpcy-t_m[w a\-p-sImtm _pn-sImtm C{n-b-
sImtm Hpw {Kmly-amb Xc-n-ep--X-. ImcWw Ch-
sbmw PU-h-kvXp--fm-Wv. Xpcy-t_m[w GIm--{]-Xy-b-km-c-am-b-
Xn-\m, thsd Hn-sbpw klm-ba - n-msX kzbta Adn-bpp. AXm-
bXv \mw \s-s thp-a-bn-msX Adn-bpp.
]mm-Xy-X - z-Nn-I - c- n AZzn-Xo-b\ - mb s_Kvk B Adn-
hns\ Am\w (intuition) Fp hnfn-p. AXp-sImv, PU-h-
kvXp-sImv \mw Ip ioen C{n-bm-\p-`h - - fpw Xpcy-t_m-[-
asp \nbn--Ww. Xpcy-t_m-[m-\p-`-hs Ct-hsc Bcpw
hmp-If - n ]Ip-h - n-n-. A\p-`h - n-p-h -- \v t`mr-Xz-an-m--
Xn-\m samgn-bm-\m-Ip-n-. IS-ens Bg-af - - m t]mb Dp-]mh
Xncn-p-hv \-tfmSv IS-ens AKm-[X - s- b-p-dnv ]d-p-Xc - n-Ib
- n-
sv \ap-d - n-bmw. ISepw ]mhbpw Hm-bn-om ]ns Bcp
]dbpw? Adn-hn-ea - m ]ns \m\mXz-f - n-. Atm Ahs
A-cwKw kmK-cw-t]mse A\--am-bn-o-cpw. ]no-sSm-cn-epw
Ah\v imco-cn-It- _m-[ - m ZpxJn-p-ge - p-hm CS-hc - p-n-. ZpxJw
ico-c- n-t-Xm-Wv. Bmhn-t-X - . Bm-hn \mw B\-X - p-n-e-
cm-Wv. AhnsS ZpxJ-ns ]ina Ati-ja - n-.

31
A\p-`-h-am-Zn-bn-sem-n-cn-n-e-m
X\p-an-Xn-bn-nXp ap-a-n-bmte
A\p-`-hn-bm-X-Xp-sImp [n-bp-s
\p-an-Xn-bm-e-dn-ho-e-dn-n-tS-Ww.
A\p-`hw C{n-b-{]Xy-amb A-\p-`hw
BZn-bn BZy-ta-Xs
Hn-cn-n AmsX Hp-m-ImsX
A\p-anXn C A\p-am-\n--dn-bp-hm- \ap-p-
Ign-bp-I-bn-.
CXv Cu Xpcy-t_m[w
apw apv
An-bmte C{n-b-{]-Xy--ambn
A\p-`-hn-bm-b-Xp-sImv A\p-`-hn-n-n-m--Xp-sImv
[n-bp-sv -[-smw A[n-jvTm-\-
amb [n Ds-p-Xv
A\p-an-Xn-bm A\p-am-\-n-eqsS
Adn-hoe Adn-bm ]p-I-bn.
Adn-n-tSWw Cmcyw \nbw hcp-Ww.

A\p-`hw Fp \mw km[m-cW ]d-bp-Xv Hcp hkvXp-hns\

t\cnp ImWp-tm-gm-Wv. \mw Hcm-tfmSp ]d-bp-p: Rm
ISip-hns\ Ip. Atm Abm Xncnp tNmZn-pw: IS-
ip-thm? AsX-mWv? CXns Aw Abmv ISip-hns
{]Xy-m-\p-`hw Dm-bn-n Fm-Wv. Abm IS-ip-hns\
t\cnp In-n-. AXp-sImmWv Abm-fn kwibw P\n-Xv.
Fm ISip-hns\ Abm-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-s-n Abm-fpsS
{]Xn-I-cWw thsd coXnbn BIp-am-bn-cp-p: Dtm. \o Itm?
AsX-hn-sS-bmWv? Fm-bn-cn-pw. Abmv ISip-hns
cq]s A\p-am-\n-s-Sp-m Ign-p. Cu temI-n {]Xy--
n Fp Imepw \mw AXn-s\mcp t]cp sImSp-pw. t]cv Ax-
I-c-W-nse Hc-h-b-h-amb Nn-n t]mbn ad-n-cn-pw. t]cp
am{X-a Nn-n-en-cn-p--Xv. {]Xy--n I hkvXp-hns
cq]hpw t]cnsIqsS ad-n-cn-pw. ]ns, B t]cp tIp-tm
\psS at\m-ap-Ip-c-n sXfn-bp-Xv hkvXp-h-; hkvXp-hns Hcp
Imev]-\n-I-cq-]-am-Wv. CXns\ {]Xn` Fp ]d-bpw.
Xpco-bm-\p-`hw \apv appm-bn-n-. AXp-sImv \ap-X - ns\
A\p-am-\n-s-Sp-p-hm Ign-bn-. am{X-a Xpco-bm-\p-`hw Hcp {]Xn-`-
bp-a-. Cu temI-ns Imcyhpw A-s\--X-s-bm-Wv. ImWp
temIw \ndw, aWw, cpNn, kv]iw, i_vZw Fo [-fm-Wv.
Fm Cu temI-ns A[n-jvTm-\a - m-bn-cn-p [nsb {]Xy-
-ambn Adn-bm-X - p-sImv A\p-am-\n-d- n-bp-hm\pw Ign-bp-n-. A\p-
am-\n-W- s - a-n AXp apt A\p-`h - n-n-cn-W - w. Bm-\p-`hw \ap-
n-m-X - p-sImv \mw A\p-am-\n-p-Xpw Duln-p-Xpw shdpw
kev]h - n-Iev]- am{X-am-Wv. Cmcyw a\-n-em-W - w.
 32
Adn-hXp [n-sb-b [-am-ao
bcp-fnb [n-b-Zr-iy-am-I-bmte
[c apX-em-b-h-sbm-p-an Xmp
smcp hSnhmadn-hp--tXmn-tS-Ww.
Adn-hXp \mw Adn-bp-Xp
[n-sb-b Adn-hns A[n-jvTm-\-amb
[n-sb-b-.
[amw [-sfbm-Wv.
Cu Acp-fnb [n ChnsS ]d-bp [n
AZriyw BI-bmte C{n-b-tKm-N-ctam at\m-tKm-N-
ctam Am--Xn-\m
[c apX-em-bh ]rYn-hn, Pew, An, hmbp,
BImiw apX-embh
Hpw C [- Bb-Xp-sImv ]c-
am-n Cm--XmWv.
Xmp {]m]-n-I-[-smw
Xmm-bn-cn-p
Hcp hSnhmw Htc-sbmcp B[mcw am{X-amb
Adnhv DXv Adnhp am{X-amWv D-Xv.
Hmn-tSWw Cu -c-lkyw Hmn-tS-Ww.

[-smw CSw sImSp-p [n ImWm-a-d-b-mWv

hn-p--Xv. [nsb ImWm Ign-bp-n Fp ]d-bp-Xv
Hcp aX-hn-izm-k-ns ASn-m-\-n-e. Hcp ssIte-kp-I-jWw
FSp-m, AXp \nn-n-cn-p-Xp \qep sImm-sW-nepw \mw
AXv ssIte-km-sWt ]d-bp-I-bp-f-fq. Fp-sIm-s-m, \qep-
I \nc-h[n tNv Hcp ]pXnb cq]s ssIsIm--tm AXv
ssItekmbn amdn. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcp ]qsh-Sp-m, B ]qhns
\ndw, aWw, BIm-cw CsXms \apv C{n-b-{Km-ly-am-Wv. Fm
\ndw ]qhmtWm? A Fp- ]d-tbn hcpw. aWw ]qhmtWm? A
Fp-Xs D-cw. AXns amhw ]qhmtWm? AXpw ]qh-.
]ns, Chsbmw FmWv? Ch-bmWv [-. Fm [-fpw
tNn-Wn hcp-tm AXp ]qhmbn amdp-p. ]ns, FmWv
]qshv tNmZn-m, Cu [--sf-sbm-stb \apv Nqn-m-
Wn-m Ign-bq. ChnsS [n-bm-bn-cn-p ]qhv AZr-iyambn-cn-
pp.
 \-Xp-t]mse hnNmcw sNp-h - \p am{Xta CXp a\-n-em-Iq. Am-
-h [--fpsS sIp-]m-Sns]v Ducn-tm-cm-\m-ImsX hnj-
anpsIm-n-cn-pw. temI-ns nXnbpw A-s\-Xs - -bm-W.v Adn-
hns Htc-sbmcp hSnhp am{Xta Dq. B hSn-hns\ ad-p-h - p-sIm-
mWv `qanbpw shhpw Impw Xobpw BIm-ih - p-samw \-fpsS
ImgvN-h--n-tep hcp--Xv. Ch-sbmw [--fpsS m\v
\np-h - b
- m-W.v Adnhv Hp-am-{X-amWv [n-bm-bn-cn-p-X - .v hSnhv
F hmv Kpcp-hns IrXn-If - n khn-ti-jm-n {]tbm-Kn-p-
-Xm-W.v hSn-hn\v Cwo-jn subsratum Fp ]d-bpw. Cu hSn-hmWv
Fm-n-sbpw B[m-ca - m-bn-cn-pXvv Fp a\-n-em-W - w.

33
Adnhp \nP-n-Xn-bn--dn-n-Sm-\m-bv
c apX-emb hn`q-Xn-bmbn Xmt\
adn-bp-a-h--bn-te-dn-am-dn- h-w
Xncn-bp-a-em-X-kaw Xncn-n-Sp-p.

Adnhv [n-bmb Adnhv

\nP-nXn kzw \nesb
C-dn-n-Sm-\mbv kzbta A\p-`-hn-dn-bm\mbn
[c apX-emb `qan apX-emb
hn`q-Xn-bmbn Xmt\ ]-`q-X--fm-Ip [-sf
kzbw ssIsm-p-sImv
adnbpw Ah--bn Ne-\m--I-amb Hc-h--bn
Gdn amdn hw Xncnbpw Gdnbpw amdnbpw Npn-n-cn-bp
Aem-X-kaw Xosm-ffn Id-p-tm Dm-
Ip Xoh-e-b-{]-XoXnt]mse
Xncn-n-Spp Adn-hn Id-n-sm-n-cn-p--Xn-
\m {]]--{]-XoXn tXmn-p-
p.

Adnhv Htc-k-abw ssXn-Ihpw Ne-\m--I-hp-am-Wv. AXns

_mly-h-i-p-\np t\mp-tm Adn-hn\p ]e-X-c-n-ep-ff cq]-
t`-Z-fpw `mh-t`-Z-fpw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xmbn ImWmw.
Adn-hns\ Bg-n t]mbn Adn-m ssXn-Ia - mb Hcp kmn-
bpsS \ne-bm-bn-cnpw. krjvSn Fp ]d-bp-Xv Adn-hn-s-Xs
Nme-\-{]-{Inb-bpsS XpS--am-Wv. Adn-hn AK-X-am-bn-cn-p
Cm-in aqe-amWv krjvSn-{]-{In-bv XpSw Ipdn-p-X- v. krjvSn-
-s krjvSn-Pm-e-smw Adn-hn\npw A\y-Ym-I-cn Hcp
tXm-en\v CS-h-cp-p-p.
AXn-s\-bmWv Pohs Akzmyw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. kIe
Poh-Pm-e--fnepw Cu Akzmyw ImWmw. \nP-nXn Adn-bp-
thmfw Cu Akzmyw \ne-\nevpw. \nP-nXn Adn-m Fmw
kz-am-Ipw. {]]-Ne\w Dm-Ip--tXm-Sp-IqSn Poh-Pm-e-
hn{`m-n-bn AI-s-Sp-p. Hcp Xosm-n FSpv Npg-n-bm
Xosm-n k-cn-p hrm-Im-c-n apgp-h\pw Xo In-sm-
n-cn-p--Xp-t]mse tXmpw. sImn-bpsS sXpam{Xta Xobp-
q Fp \ap--dn-bmw. Fmepw \psS Ins\ Ftm Hv
NXn-p-p-v. imkv{Xw Cu sXns\ optical illusion FmWv
]d-bm-dv. {im-\zn-X-ambn hnth-N-\\m]qw a\\w sNbvXmte Adn-
hns \nP-n-Xnsb {]m]n-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q. AXp-hsc {]]--
ns {`am--I-X-bn \fpw Ipcp-n-tm-Ipw.

34
Ac-s\m-Sn-bm-Zn-b-cm-fn-bmnSpw tX
cpcp-f-Xn-te-dn-bp-cp-n-Spp temIw
Adn-hn-e-\m-Zn-b-Xmbv \S-nSpw X
Xncp-hn-f-bm-S-en-sX--dn-n-tS-Ww.
Ac-s\mSn BZn ka-b-ns Ghpw sNdnb
am{XIfmb
Acmfn BnSpw Bc-m-ep-I-tfmSp IqSnb
tXcp-cp-f-Xn Gdn cY-N-{I-n Ibdn
Dcp-n-Spp Dcp-p-sIm-n-cn-p--XmWv temIw
temIw.
Adn-hn B-k--bn
A\mZn AXmbv Imem-Xo-X-ambn
\S-nSpw \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p
X Xncp-hn-f-bm-S Bm-hns Znhy-\-S\w am{X-am-Wv.
CsXv Cu temIw Fp
Adn-n-tSWw t_m[y-s-p-sIm-Ww.

temIw \-fn-tev IS-p-hc- p-Xv A\p-`h- - f- psS \pdp-p-I-

fm-bm-W.v F{X-sb{X Zriy-f
- mWv amdn-amdn a\-n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Ip--
Xv. Hc-\p-`hw Dnepw shfn-bnepw Htc-t]mse Xn-\np-tm
AXns\ Ac-s\mSn Fp ]d-bpw. Fp ]d-m h-am-\I - m-e-
n am{Xta A\p-`h - - n\v \ne-\np-q. ASp- - Ww thsdm-c-
\p-`hw h-am-\I - m-e- n-tep ISphcp-p. Atm sXmp-ap-pm-
bn-cp A\p-`hw `qX-Im-e - ns sNn-tev ]nhm-p-p. Hc-\p-`hw
h-am-\I - m-e- n \ne-\np-tmXs `mhn-bn C\n hmcm-\n-
cn-p A\p-`h -
- ns km[yX Xm-dm-bn-cn-p-p-.v CXn-s\-sbms
\nb-{n-p \nbaw Fm-sWp tNmZn-m XnIpw At-ba- mb
Hcp Xe-n- \psS a\-p-sNv DSn-\npw.
temI-ns Cu Nm{In-I-amb Ne-\m--I-Xsb Hcp cY-N-{I-
n-t\m-SmWv Kpcp D]-an-n-cn-p--Xv. ChnsS temIs (space)
Ime-n (time) \npw `nn-n-m-sX-bmWv Kpcp ]d-bp--Xv. cY-
N-{I-ns Bc-m-ep-Isf Ime-ns am{X-Ifmbn Fp-p.
Hmtcm Bc-mepw `qansb kv]in-p-tm AsXmcp h-am-\-
Im-em-\p-`-h-ambn. B Bc-m ]nm-p-d-tp t]mIp-tm
AXp `qX-Im-e-am-bn. hcm-\n-cn-p Bc-m-ep-I `mhn-Im-e-ns
kqN-\-I-fm-Wv. C{Xbpw at\m-l-c-amb Hcp D]a thsdsb-hn-sSbpw
Is-m Ign-bp-n-. D]-\n-j - p-f- n Nne Ahy ]cm-ai-
Ds Imcyw ad-p-n-. Adn-hn \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p
Cu cY-N-{I-k-am-\-amb Xncn-n-ens\ Bm-hns Xncp-hn-f-bm--am-
bn-mWv hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. {]]w FXv inhs \S-\-am-
sWv ssihkn-m-n-I Icp-Xp-p. Cu {]]--\-S-\w- Fp
XpSnsbp Duln-s-Sp-m Ign-bp-I-bn-. A\m-Zn-bm-sWv \nK-
an-mt\ Hq. Pohn-Xns Cu \S-t\m--h-n \appw ]p-
tNp \r-am-Sm Ign-bW - w. \psS Ir{Xn-aK
- u-ch
- - f
- psS s]m-
-c- Atm XIp-ho-gpw. Bm-\p-`hn AXp-sImv \S-\-
ss`-c-hX-s-bm-Wv.

35
Hcp ]Xn-\m-bn-c-am-Zn-tX-b-scm-mbv
hcp-h-Xp-t]mse hcpw hnth-I-hrn
Adn-hns\ aqSp-a-\n-Xy-am-b-bm-ao
bncp-fn-s\-bos-gp-am-Zn-kq-cy-\-t{X.

Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw

BZn-tX-b kqcy-m
Hmbv hcp-h-Xp-t]mse HnpZnm F-Xp-t]mse
hcpw kw`-hn-p--Xm-Wv
hnth-I-hrn B-t_m[w.
Adn-hns\ aqSpw Adn-hns ]q-Xsb s]mXn-
p-\np
A\n-Xy-am-bbmw \nXy-a-m amb BIp
Cu Ccp-fns\ Cu Am-\-am-Ip Ccp-ns\
Cusgpw ]nfp-amn DZn-p-b-cp
BZn-kq-cy-\t{X BZn-kq-cy-\mWv B-t_m-[w.
Bm-\p-`-h-s `mj-bn-eqsS hyh-l-cn-p-X-cm Bhp-I-bn-.
hymh-lm-cn-I-`m-j-bn Bm-hn\p Xp-ey-ambn Hpw-Xs C.
aqI-\mb Hcm BZy-ambn ]-kmc Xnp-I-bm-sW-n B A\p-
`hw Fs\ thsdm-cmv ]dp-sIm-Sp-m Ignbpw? AtX-t]m-
se-bp- Hc-h--bmWv B m-\n-bp-tS-Xv. Fmepw \mcm-b-
W-Kpcp a\p-jy-ta-[sb `mthm-z-e-am-p Hcp-Zm-l-cWw FSp-p-
Im-Wn-p-p.
Adnhv shfn--am-Wv. Hcp- kq-cys shfn-w-sIm-p-Xs Cu
`qa-WvU-ew apgp-h {]Im-i-]q-cn-X-am-Ip-p. Fm Hcp ]Xn-\m-
bncw kqcy-m Hn-p-Zn-p-I-bm-sW-n Ccp-ns Hcp sNdp-I-
Wn-I-p-t]mepw ChnsS \n--n-bn-m-Xm-Ipw. AXp-t]m-se-
bmWv B-kq-cy-\p-Zn-m Am-\-n-t-Xmb A-Im-c-n\v
\psSbpn \ne-bp-d-n-m Ign-bmsX t]mIp--Xv. Adn-hns\
aqSn-bn-cn-p ambm-aq-Sp-]Sw Xpcv BZn-a-amb B-kq-cys
{]Imiw shfn-hm-Ip Nn{Xw Imhy-kp-camWv. Cu `mhp-I-Xz-aq-
dp Nn{Xw \psS Hmtcm-cp--cp-tSbpw Dn Hfn-n-cn-p
A\--km-[y-X-Isf Zo-]vX-am-m t]mcp-Xm-Wv. Kpcphns A-
cm-\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wv Cu tmI-n-se -{]-ta-bw.

36
Adn-hn\p in-b-\--ap-n-sX-m
adp-Xn-bnSmw ka-b-\y-sb-n-hw
Ccp-]n-cn-hm-bnXn-e-\y-km-ay-amp
p-cp-hn-e-ap sXfnpWn-tS-Ww-.

Adn-hn\p tIh-e-amb Adn-hn\v

in A\--apv A\--amb in-I-fp-v.
CsXmw Cu in-I-sf-sbmw
ka A\y Fn-hw ka Fpw A\y Fp-ap-
Ccp-]n-cn-hmbv cp `m-K--fmbn
Adp-Xn-bnSmw Xcw-Xn-cn-p a\-n-em-mw.
CXn Cu ]ncn-hn
A\y-km-ay-amp- A\ybpw kabpw Hcp-t]mse
ka-\z-bnn-cn-p
Dcp-hn kzcq-]-n
Aav A\p-`-h-km-bpPyw Isn
sXfnv kwi-b--sfmw ]mtS t]mbn
DWn-tSWw DWn-cn--Ww.
Adn-hns Ne-\m-I - X Ah-[n-bn-m-Xm-Wv. AXns km[y-
X--I F{X-am{Xapsv \apv Fn-n--s-Sp-m-\m-hn-. AXp-
sImv Adn-hn\p in A\--ap-v. Fmepw kXym-t\z-j-I-\mb
HcmfpsS Ah-[m-c-W-n-\mbn Kpcp ]d-p-sIm-Sp-pp. Cu in-
Iv s]mXpth cp Xc-n-ep-ff kz`m-h--fmWpXv. Cs\
hI-Xn-cnp a\-n-em-p-tm BZys in On{Z-i-n-bm-Wv.
cm-a-tXv GIo-I-c-W-i-n-bm-Wv. On{Z-in kYm Ie-ln-
p-sIm-n-cn-pw. B[p-\n-I-a-\-xim-kv{X-n CXns\ negative
mind FmWv ]d-bp-Xv. t_m[-nXs Ccn-p sFIy-s-
Sm-\p-ff Du-Nm-e-\-am-Wv positive mind.
Cu tm-I-n Kpcp kzoI-cn-n-cn-p kw-I A\y
Fpw ka Fp-am-Wv. temI-hp-am-bn XmZm-y-s-n-cn-p \m\m-
Xz-{`aw Df-hm-p _pn-bmWv A\y. AXp-sIm-m-WXv Ie-ln-p-
-Xv. Fm, B-\n-jvT-amb _pn-bmWv ka. AXv IqSp-X
kvt\l-nsbpw Imcp-Wy-n-sbpw ka-\z-b - n-sbpw hgn-bm-Wv.
Cu cp in-Ifpw Adnpw Adn-bm-tXbpw \-fn-sems
{]hn-p-p-v. ]t, Ch cpw {]mIr-Xn-Ia - mb in-If - m-Wv.
AXp-sImv A\ybpw kabpw _-tl-Xp-Ia - m-Wv. Kpcp ]d-bp-Xv
B-km-m-XvIm-c - n-tev AW-bW - s- a-n Hcp Lw IqSn apt-
td-X - p-v. A\ypw kapw CSw sImSp-p Hcp A[n-jvTm-\a - p-
v. B A[n-jvTm\w Adn-hns tIh-eX - b- m-Wv. B A[n-jvTm-\s
Kpcp ChnsS \ma-Ic - Ww sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv A\y-kmay Fm-Wv.
B A\y-km-ay-bn Aa-cp-Xn-eqsS \mw Aa-c-\m-bn-o-cp-p.
AXn\mbn \nse XrjvWI - s- fmw HSp-t-X - m-bn-p-v. At_m-[-
n Hfn-p-In-S-p Ima--t{Im-[--tem` t{]c-W-I Fmw
HgnpXo-cWw. Atm Dw sXfn-hp-X - m-bn-o-cpw. B sXfn-
hn Ftmgpw DWn-cn-W - w.
 37
hnj-a-X-bms-gp-a-\y- sh-p-sImhm
hnj-a-a-J-WvUhn-th-I-i-n-sbty
hnj-asb sh-Xn-\m hnth-I-amIpw
hnj-b-hn-tcm-[n-\n-tbm-S-W-n-tS-Ww.

hnj-a-X-bmsgpw A\y A\y F in hnj-a-X-I

Dm-p--Xm-Wv.
shp-sImhm hnjaw CXns\ adn-I-S-p-hm hfsc
{]bm-k-am-Wv.
AJ-WvU-hn-th-I-i-n-sbty Fm AJ-WvU-hn-th-I-in
bp-sn km[n-pw.
AXn-\m AXp-sImv
hnj-asb shv A\y-bm-Ip hnj-asb AXn-
hnv
hnth-I-amIpw AJ-WvU-hn-th-I-am-Ip
hnj-b-hn-tcm-[n-\n-tbmSv hnj-b-ns ]en-m
B-t_m-[-tmSv
AW-n-tSWw tNn-cp-ntS-Ww.

A\ysb Pbn-p-hm hnj-a-am-Wv. Xn\nv Fm-n-t\bpw

A\y-ambn Adn-bp--XmWv A\y-Ym-{K-l-Ww. Cu {]]w apgp-h\pw
Xn- \nv A- \ y- a m- s W- - d n- b p- t m Abm- f n Dm- I p
BZys Ah Zmcn{Zy-am-Wv. A-ns A`mhw am{X-a
Zmcn{Zyw. Cmbva a\-ns\ _m[n-p-Xp-S-p-n-S-p-\n-mWv
Zmcn{Zyw XpS-p--Xv. Atm temIw apgp-h Xt-Xm--W-sa
B{K-lw Abmfn P\n-pw. AXmWv Abmsf Zcn-{Z-\m-p--Xv.
As\ Abm temI-Po-hn-X-n \S-p ]cn{ia- apgp-
h, Fsm-s-bmtWm Xn\n-v A-\y-am-bn-cn-p-Xv AXn-s\-
sbmw Xt-Xm-p-Xn-\p-thn-bm-Wv. Cu apgp-h \mK-cn-I-X-bp-
tSbpw hnI-k\w A-s\-sbmcp Zmcn-{Zy-n\n-mWv \S-p-sIm-
n-cn-p--Xv. kpJw Xnc-bp--Xp-t]mepw temI-hn-jb--fn-em-Wv.-
A-Xns ImcWw, BZy-ta-Xs \mw temIs \n\npw A\y-
am-n-b-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.
Cu A\y-Xz-ap- _pnsb Pbn-p-hm Htc-sbmcp hgn-tb-bp-ff - q.
Rm AJ-WU v t- _m-[k
- z-cq-]\
- m-sW-d - n-bp-I. Rm ]q-\m-sW-
dn-bp-I. Rm \mi-an-m-h - \m-sW-d - n-bp-I. CXn-s\-bmWv hnthIw
Fp ]d-bp-X - .v hnth-tIm-Zbw Dm-bm hnj-bs - sh-ja- y-n\n-
p- apn Xmt\ kw`-hn-p-sIm-pw. sshcmKyw _ew ]nSnp Dm-
n-sb-Sp-t H-. kpJ-hk - X
v p-hn-tev a\v N-en-p-t]m-Ip-Xv
kzm`m-hn-Ia
- m-W.v Fm hnthIw Dm-Ip-tm Fm kpJ-f - p-tS-
bpw \ntI-X\w Bm-hp-Xs - -bm-sWv Ah Adn-bp-p. Atm
kzm`m-hn-Ia
- m-bn-Xs Ah hnj-bh - n-tcm-[n-bmbn `hn-p-p. hntcm-[-
an-m hntcm[n Fp a\-n-em-W - w.

38
]e-hn-[-am-b-dn-bp--X-\y-sbm-mbv
hne-kp-hXmw ka-sbp taen-temXpw
\ne-sb-b-dnp \nhp kmay-taepw
Ie-bn-e-enp Ien-cp-n-tS-Ww.

]e hn[-ambv Adn-bp-Xv Adn-hns GI-Xsb ]e-Xmbn

Adn-bp-Xv
A\y A\y-bm-Wv.
Hmbv hne-kp-hXmw kI-e-Xn-t\bpw Hmbn Adn-bp-Xv
ka ka-bmWv
Fv taen--temXpw CXns ASn-m-\-n C\n
hni-Zo-I-cn-m t]mIp
\nesb Adnv Fhn-sS-bmWv \ne-bp-d-n-t--
sXp a\-n-emn
\nhv t_m[s Ccp-i-n-Ifn
\npw \nhn-nv
kmay-taepw Ie-bn A\ybpw kabpw Hp-tN-cp
\Sp-\n-e-bn
Aenv kzbw Aen-p-tNv
Ien-cp-n-tSWw B A\p-`q-Xn-bn Ftmgpw
Pohn-p-sIm-Ww.
A\y Fm-sWpw ka Fm-sWpw \nhNn-p-X - mWv Cu
]Zyw. Adnhv \m\m-Xz-n-tepw GI-Xz-n-tepw Nen-p kz`m-
h-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bX
- m-W.v Adn-hns Cu KXo-bX - sb (dynamism) Hcp
DZm-lc
- W
-
- n-eqsS a\-n-em-mw. Hcp kqcy-civansb Hcp {]nkneqsS
IS-n-hn-Sp-Ib- m-sW-n AXv k]vXh - -ambn NnX-dn-n-cn-bp-Xp
ImWmw. Fm At\-Ik - q-cy-ci
- a
v n-Isf Hcp sekn-eqsS IS-n-hn-
m AsXmcp _np-hn hp tI{o-Ic - n-pXpw ImWmw. CtX-
t]m-se-bmWv Adnhv GI-Xm-\a- m-Ip-Xpw _lp-kz-cn-Xa
- m-Ip-X
- pw.
]mm-Xy-Nn--I-fn tIp-t]m-cp hnt-jWw (analysis) Adn-
hns A\y F Xe-hp-ambn _-s-Xm-Wv. Fm kwt-jWw
(synthesis) Adn-hns ka F in-bm-Wv. Ch cn GsX-
nepw Hn\p {]m[m\yw sImSp-p-sIm-p- Hcp Pohn-X-ho--
W-s-b Kpcp hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p--Xv. Chbvp cn\pw Ah-
bp-tS-Xmb kmwK-Xy--fp-v. {]k-n-bp-v. kasb D]-tbm-Kn-
t-n-Sv kasb D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm\pw A\ysb D]-tbm-Kn-t-
n-Sv A\ysb D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm\pw Adn-bp--h-\mWv tbmKn.
As\ cp {[ph--tfbpw Ipi-e-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn D]-tbm-Kn--W-
sa-n \mw \psS Dsb Hcp \Sp-\n-e-bn \ndpt--Xm-bn-
p-v. B \Sp-\n-e-bmWv kmay-taepw Ie. B Ie-bn Aen-p-
tNv AXm-bn-X-s-bn-cn--Ww. ChnsS Zzzm-Xo-X-\m-bn-ocp
tbmKn IXr-Xz--m-Xr-Xzt`mrXz tZmj--fn\n-smw
hnap--\m-bn-cn-pw.

39
Acp-fnb in-IsfpSp cmw
]ncn-hn-h-bn ka-Xhn-ti-j-taIw
hncXn hcm hnj-am-hn-ti-j-sam-n
c-anh cp Xc-n-em-bn-Spp
Acp-fnb apI-fn ]d
in-Isf XpSv cp in-Isf Xp-Sphcp
cmw ]ncnhv cp ]ncn-h-p-IIqSn Dv.
Ch-bn Cu ]ncn-hp-I-fn
GIw Hv
ka-X hntijw ka-bpsS hnti-j-amWv
Hv thsdmv
hncXn hcm A-an-m
hnj-am-hn-tijw A\y-bpsS hnti-j-am-Wv.
Ccw Cs\
cp Xc-n cp Xc-n-emWv
Ch ]ncn-hp-I
Bbn-Spp Bbn-cn-p--Xv.
ka F in-sb-p-dnpw A\y F in-sb-p-dnpw Hcp
G-I-tZ-i- hn-h-cWw Ign aqp ]Zy--fn-eqsS \In--gn-p.
Fm Ipd-p-IqSn hym]vXn-bn Adn-hns Cu in-Isfpdnv
a\-n-em-t-X - p-v. kapw A\ypw kmam-\yw (general) hnti-
jw (particular) F Xc-n hopw Hcp D]-hn-`P - \w Bh-iy-ambn
hn-cn-p-p. kmam\yw Fm Fm-n-t\bpw Hn-s-Spv ]d-bp-
-Xn-s\-bmWv hnti-jw- F-m AXn-te-sX-nepw Hns\ {]tXy-In-
s-Spp ]d-bp--Xn-s\-bm-Wv. hmg FXv Hcp kmam-\y-]-Z-am-Wv.
]qhhm-g, IZ-fn-hm-g, Ihmg Fnh hnti-j] - Z- - f
- m-W.v hnti-j-
tNmWv kmam\yw Dm- I p- - X v . Fm Nne- t m
kmam\yhpw hnti-ja - m-bn-o-cm\nS-bp-.v hrw F kmam-\ys
FSp-p-Ib - m-sW-n At\-Ih - r-- f- n HmWv hmg. Atm hmg
hnti-ja - mbnocp-p. Fm kmam-\yfpsSbpw kam-\m-[n-Ic - W
- a
- m-
bn-cn-p (common basis) HmWv Adnhv F hnh-. Atm
kasb-Xs kmam-\y-ka, hntijka Fpw, A\y-sb-Xs kmam\y
A\y, hntij- A\y Fpw ]ncn-p-]d - t- b-n-hc
- pw. C\n hcp tmI-
-fn Cmcyw DZm-lc - W
- k
- l - nXw hy-am-p-p-.v

40
ka-bnepa\y-bnepw kZm]n hn
a-cp-h-Xp--X-Xn hnti-j-in
Aan-X-b-Xm-In-ep-amsI cn-h-n
{`a-I-e-bm-e-Jnew {]ta-b-am-Ipw.

ka-bnepw A\y-bnepw kao-I-cn-p Adn-hnepw A\y-

Ym-I-cn-p Adn-hnepw
kZm]n Ftmgpw
AX-Xn hnti-j-in kav ka-bpsS hnti-j-
i-nbpw A\yv A\y-bpsS
hnti-j-i-nbpw
hnv Aa-cp-h-Xp-v HptNp \nm-dp-v.
Aan-X-b-Xm-In-epw hnti-ji -
- n-I Fn-bm-sem-Sp-
m--h-bm-sW-nepw
BsI cn-h-n BsI-IqSn t\m-n-bm Cu
cp ]ncn-hp-Ifp-tSbpw
{`-a-I-e-bm {ZpX-N-e\w Imc-W-amWv
AJn-ew kIe temIhpw
{]ta-b-am-Ipw Adn-hn\p hnj-bo-`-hnp-Xv.
 Hcp hkvXp-hn-s\-p-dnp kmam-\y-ambpw hnti-j-ambpw \ap--
dn-bm Ign-bpw. kmam-\y-m-\-n Hcp GI-tZ-i-[m-c-Wtb Inp-
I-bp-q. hnti-j-m-\-n hkvXp-hns\ kw_-n IrXy-amb
Adn-hp-I e`n-p-p. Hcm \tmSv sNSn In-ptm Fp tNmZn-
p-Ib - m-sW-n \mw DS-s\-Xs Hcp adp-tNmZyw Atmp tNmZn-
pw: GXp sNSn? sNSn Hcp kmam-\y-m-\a - m-Wv. B kmam-\y-
n At\Iw hnti-j\ - m-a
- D-S - n-bn-cn-p-p-v. Atm
kqcy-Im-n-sSn In-ptm? Fp {]tXy-In-s-Spp tNmZnm
Abmv a\-n-em-Ipw. IrXy-amb Adnhv Abmv e`n-p-p. CXp-
t]mse Hcp Ipp hfp-hc - p-tm temIs kw_-n hnti-
jm-\p`hsf kzmb--am-p-hmthn-bmWv A-t\mSpw A-
tbmSpw tNmZy- tNmZn-p-X - v.
ka F Adn-hnepw A\y F Adn-hnepw Cs\ kmam\yw
Fpw hntijw Fpw D cp ]ncn-hp-Isfn Ign ]Zy-
n kqNn-n-p-htm? Cu hnti-j-i-n-I Ftmgpw kmam-
\y-tmSptNv hn-m-dp-v. Fn-bm-semSp-m Xc-n-
ep- hnti-j -- -fmWv Hmtcm hkvXp-m-\nepw Ccn-p--Xv.
Hcp ]qhn-s\-X-s FSpp ]cn-tim-[n-p-t\m-p-tm Hcm-bncw
tNmZy- B ]qhns\ kw_-np \ap--dn-bm B{K-l-ap-m-
Ipw. B ]qhns \ndw, aWw, BIr-Xn, PmXn F{X-Imew B ]qhv
Pohn-pw? AsX--s\-bmWv ]cm-KWw \S-p--Xv? Cs\ XpS-
p tNmZy- Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m--Xm-Wv. kmam-\y-n\pw
hnti-j-n\pw CS-bn Adnhv Gdn-am-dn-n-cn-bp-p-v. \mw AX-
dn-bm-dn-sp am{Xw. Hcp hv Nnd-I-Sn-p--Xn-t\-m {ZpX-K-Xn-
bn-emWv Adn-hns Cu {]{Inb \S-p--Xv. Adn-hn \S-p
Cu `m\-hrn apJm-c-amWv temI-n-ep-sXmw \apv {Kmly-
am-bn-o-cp--Xv. ASp cp tmI-n Cmcyw DZm-l-c-W-
k-lnXw Kpcp hy-am-p-p.

41
CXp IpS-sa--Xn-em-Zy- am-an-sX-p
Xp hnjam IpStam hnti-j-am-Ipw
aXn apX-emb atl-{-Pm-e-ap-m
hXn-\n-Xp-Xm Icp-shp In-tS-Ww.

CXp IpSw F-Xn CXp IpSamIpp Fp ]d-bp-tm

BZy-amw BZyw ]d
CXv Fp--Xv CXv FXp-sImv Dt-in-p-Xv
hnj-am kmam-\y-amb A\y-sb-bmWv.
IpS-tam IpSw F hmp- s Imv A
am-p-Xv
hnti-j-am-Ipw A\y-bpsS hnti-j-cq-]-n-ep-
Adn-hm-Wv.
aXn apX-em-b A-c-W-hr-n-I-fpsS
atl-{-Pm-ew C{-Pmew t]msebp- {]Xo-Xn-I
Dm-h-Xn-\v Dm-Ip--Xn-\v
CXp Xm CXv F A\y-bpsS kmam-\y-
in-bmWv
Icp-sh-v Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p-Xv Fp
In-tS-Ww a\-n-em-n-sm--Ww.

CXp-hsc ]d A\y-bpsS kmam-\yw, hntijw F Xc-

n-ep- {]h-\s \-fpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-nse Hcp DZm-l-c-
W-n-eqsS Kpcp hy-am-n--cn-I-bm-Wv. CXp IpSw, CXp ]Sw
Fsms \mw ]d-bm-dp--tm. Cu hmIys \mw icn-bmbn A]-
{K-Ynp t\mn-bn-ptm? Hcm \n-tfmSv CXv F hmp
]dp \ndpp-I-bm-sW-n \psS Dn Hcp BImw apn-
\np-p-m-bn-cn-pw. AXp tNmZy-ambn ]pd-p-h-cpw. \mw
tNmZnpw CXv FmWv? Fv. CXv F kmam-\y-m-\-n
F-a hnti-j-m-\ D-S-n-bn-cn-p-p-v.
CXp IpS-am-Imw. CXp aT-am-Imw, CXp ]S-am-Imw, CXp ]pm-
Imw, CXp ae-bmImw...... Cs\ CXv F kmam-\y-n\nv F-
a hnti-j-m-\- Dm-Ip-p. CXv F kmam-\y-t_m[w Cu
temI-nse kI-e-hn[ \ma-cq-]--tfbpw K`w [cn-phncn-p-
p-v. Atm CXv Fp ]d-bp-Xv k-n\pw Pw sImSp-
p P\-\n-bm-Wv. a\-v, _pn, Nnw, Al-mcw Cu A--c-
W-hr-n-I smw Icp-hm-bn-cn-p-Xpw CXm-Wv. Cmcyw hfsc
kqva-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn a\-n-em-t Hm-Wv.

42
CZ-a-dn-sh--Xn-em-Zy-am-an-sX-p
Xp ka, Xs hnti-j-amWp t_m[w
 aXn apX-em-b-h-sbms amdn ta kZv
KXn hcp-hm-\n-Xn-s\-`-Pn-n-tSWw
CZw Adnhv F-Xn CXv Adn-hmWv F hmIy-n
BZy-amw CZw F-Xp-sIm--am-p-Xv
ka ka-bpsS kmam-\y-i- n-sbbmWv
Xs kmam-\y-i-n-bmb ka-bpsS
hnti-j-amWv hnti-j-m-\-amWv
t_m[w Adnhv Fp-f-f-Xv.
aXn-ap-X-em-b-h-sbms Ac-Whrn-I-sfms
amdn Cm-Xmbn
ta Fm-n\pw D]-cnbp
kZvKXn hcp-hm kXy-\njvT hcp-hm
CXns\ ka-bpsS kmam-\y-amb Adn-hns\
`Pn-n-tS-Ww CS-hn-SmsX [ym\n-Ww.

Cu tmI-n ka F Adn-hns insb DZm-lc- W - k - -

lnXw hni-Zo-Ic - m-W.v CXv Adnhv F hmIy-n CXv F
- n-p-Ib
kmam-\yhpw Adnhv F hnti-jhpw {]ISo-`h - n-n-p-.v Ign DZm-
l-cW- s- -tmse s]sp a\-n-em-m Ign-bp Hcp DZm-lc - W
- -
a CXv. ImcWw [ym\m-I - a
- mb a\-p-sImp am{Xta Cu hmIy-
ns As AXns kv]jvSa - mb A-n {Kln-p-hm
Ign-bp-Ib- p-q.
Hmbn Adn-bp--XmWv ka. A-s\-bm-sW-n ChnsS ]d-
bp Adnhv Ht-bp-q. Rms\mcp hkvXp-hns\ ImWpp, Hcp
i_vZs tIpp, Hcp {]tXyI aWs {Lm-Wn-p-p, ckw
cpNn-p-p, kv]iw kv]in-pp, Ch-sbms Adn-hp-I-fm-Wv.
Rm Hcp tdm-km-]qhns\ ImWpp F hmIy-n Rm ImWp-
-h, ImWsSp hkvXp-hmb tdmkm-]pjv]w, Fsbpw tdmkm-
]p-jv]-tbpw tNp ImW- F {]{Inb C{Xbpw Imcy-
sf hyh-t-Zndn-bp-hm Ign-bW - w. Atm ImW, tI,
kv]in-, cpNn, Nnn- CsXmw Adn-hm-Wv.
CXnse Adn-hns\ am{Xw \ GI-ambn Adn-bW - w. Htc-sbmcp
Adn-hmWv ImgvN-bmbpw kv]i-ambpw Hs hcp--Xv. Adn-hns
sFIys hnti-jn-n-s-Spv a\-n-em-m Ign-bp-I-bm-sW-n
_pn-bn kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p {`am--IX ]mtS t]mbvt]m-
Ipw. km-bn-cn-p Adn-hn \njvT ssIh-cpw. AXp-sImv
Ftmgpw F-dn-bp-tmgpw CX-dnhv...CX-dn-hv...CX-dnhv... Fv `Pn-
p-sIm-n-cn--Ww. Fmw Adnhp am{Xw. Adn-hn \n-\y-ambn
Hp-an-. Atm \appw kZvKXn hcpw.
 43
{]IrXn ]nSnp Npg-nSpw {]Imcw
kpIr-Xn-It]mepatlm! Npg-n-Sp-p!
hnIrXn hnSp--Xn-\mbn the sNbvho
eIrXn ^em-{K-l-a--dn-n-tS-Ww.
{]IrXn {]Ir-Xn-bpsS
]nSn-pNpg-nSpw {]Imcw i-amb Npgn-bns]p Itc-dm-
\m-ImsX
kpIr-Xn-It]mepw Nne km-k - m-cn-It]mepw
Atlm! Npg-n-Sp-p! \neInmsX \wXncn-bpp.
B-cyw-Xs!
hnIrXn hnSp--Xn-\mbv I-_w hnp-In-p--Xn-\mbn
the sNbvhoe AIrXn \njv{In-b-\m-bn-cn-p-Xv Xtam-
Kp-Wh
- n-\n-bmb AIr-Xn-bm-Wv.
^em-{K-l-av hnln-X-I- ^te--Iq-
SmsX sNpIbpw
Adn-n-tSWw kmn-cq-]-n hn-
pIbpw thWw.

{]Ir-Xnsb \ kwkm-c-`m-j-bn ]d-bm-dp- A-n-

e ChnsS a\-n-em-t--Xv. {]m]-n-I-k--bn \S-p Fm
{Inb-I-fp-tSbpw Npm ]nSn-p-Xv {]Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. AsXmcp \nb-
a-amWv. B \nb-as ewLn-p-hm Ignbp-I-bn-. ewLn-m Cc-
n-i-n-tbmsS AXp Xncn--Sn-pw. Cu {]IrXn Hmtcm Pohn-bnepw
hyXy-kvX-am-sW-nepw Fm-n-t\bpw Hcp hyh--bn sImp-h-
cp A\p-c-W-\m--IX {]Ir-Xn-bn BIth \nd-n-cn-p-p-v.
AXns\ [w FmWv hnfn-p-X - v. {]Ir-Xn-bn Xs-bp- cp-
X-cw ]nSn-h-en-I-fp-v. Hv NnX-dn-s-dn-p-t]m-Ip in. B i-
n-bp-ambn XmZm-y-sv a\p-jy-\-S--ap-ff Fm Pohn-Ifpw he-
bp-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. Fm [-ns am-n-eqsS [n-
sb Adn-psIm-p GIm--I-amb Hcp bm\-ap-v. AXp Pohn-
Xs DZm-o-Ic - n-p-X
- m-Wv. B hgn-bn- eqsS kcn-p-tmgpw
hopw \s On{Z-i-n-I Bt-jn-p-sIm-n-cn-pw. AXns\
hnIrXn FmWv ]d-bp-X - v. hnIr-Xn-bpsS ]nSn-bns]-m AXn\n-
pw Ducn-tm-cm \njv{In-bX - ztam Ae-kX - tbm Ah-ew-_n-p-Ib
-
th-Xv.
Nnev Fs-nepw ZpxJ-ap-m-hp-Ib - m-sW-n Ah ivaim-
\-ssh-cm-Kn-Is - f-tmse Hpw sNmsX Hcn-Sp NS-p-IqSn Ccn-
p-Xp ImWmw. Ah-cpsS ZpxJw \njv{In-bXzw ]men-X - p-sImv
Xocp-n-. imco-cn-Ia - m-bp- \njv{In-bXzw Ds-nepw am\-kn-Ia - mbn
Ahv hnIr-Xn-bn\npw hnp-t]m-cm Ignbmdn-. Hpw sNm-
Xn-cnp-Xv AIr-Xn-bm-Wv. hfsc ^e-h - mb Hcp amw Kpcp D]-
tZ-in-p-Xc - p-p. {]Ir-Xn-bnse \nb-a - Fm Pohn-Ifpw A\p-k-
m\w sN-Ww. AXn\n-pw Hgnp-am-dm Ign-bp-Ib - n-. Zmln-
p--h shw IpSn--Ww. hni-p--h Aw Ign--Ww.
CsXmw Bh-iy-f - mWv. Pohn-p Pohn-Ismw Cu Bh-iy-
\nd-th-dp-Ibpw thWw. AXn-\p-thn Iw sN-Ww. I-
Rm sNpp F `mhw ]mSn-. I-s - fmw {]Ir-Xn-bp-
tS-Xm-W.v Rm\mWv Iw sNp-s - Xp `mhn-p-Ib- m-sW-n I-
-fpsS ^e-n F\nv BImw-bpw kwKhpw Dm-Ipw. AXp
_-\a - m-W.v AXp-sIm-mWv kpIr-Xn-It]mepw _-\ - n\v ASn-
s-Sp-X - v.
\ I- sNp-h - c
- mWv kpIr-Xn-I. hoSn-m Hcmv
hoSp-m-n-sm-Sp-p-Xv Hcp \-bm-Wv. ]t Rm hoSp-mn
sImSp-p F Nn \s Al-m-c-cq-]-n _n-pw. AXp-
sImv {]Ir-Xn-bn\npw tamNn-Xcm-Im B{K-ln-p--h \
I--fpsS IXr-Xz-n\npw No I--fpsS IXr-Xz-
n\npw tamNn-X-cm-I-Ww. Fnp ^te--bn-msX Iw sN-
Ww. Atm Iw sNpI Fp-t]mepw ]d-bm Ign-bp-I-bn-.
{]Ir-Xn-bpsS Iw AXns hgnp \S-p-p. \mw AXn-s\mw
kmn-bm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. AXmWp Pohn-X-n\p apn
\Ip- -H-tc-sbmcp {]{In-b.

44
]e-a-X-km-c-hp-ta-I-sap ]mcm
Xpe-In-sem-cm-\-bn-e--sc--t]mse
]e-hn-[-bpn ]dp ]ma-c-m
ce-hXp I-e-bm-X-an-tS-Ww.

]e-a-X-km-chpw ]eXmb- hyh-m-]nXa-X--fp-

sSsbmw kmcw
GIw Hp-X-s-bmWv.
Fv ]mcmsX CXp a\-n-em-msX
De-In temI-n
Hcm-\-bn Hcp B\sbn
A-sc--t]mse A-m Xn-p--Xp-t]mse-
]e-hn-[-bpn ]dv ]e-am-Xn-cn-bp-ff hmZ- D-bnv
]ma-c-m Adn-hn-m P\w
Ae-hXp Iv ey-t_m-[-an-msX Npn-n-cn-
bp--Xp-I-v
Ae-bmsX \mw Ah-sc-tmse Ae-bmsX
Aan-tSWw B-t_m-[-ns A`n-{]m-b-`n-
-X-bn-m hy-X-bn \ne-
sIm-n- tS-Ww.
F{X-sb{X aX--fmWv Cu `qap-J-p--Xv. t]sc-Spp ]d-
bm-hp {]kn--amb aX-hn-`m-K- {InkvXp-a-Xw, Cmw-a-Xw, lnp-
a-Xw, PqX-aX
- w, _p-aX- w, ssP\-aX
- w, knp-aX
- w, jntm-aX- w, Xmthm-
a-Xw, I^yq-jnb aXw, ]mkn-aXw Ch-sb-m-am-Wv. Ch IqSm-
sX-Xs [mcmfw Ahm--c-a-X-hn`m-K--fp-v. Cu aX--sfms
Fn-\p-th-n-bmWv ChnsS kwm-]n-X-am-bn-p-f-f-Xv? Fm aX-
fpw aptmp hbvp eyw HpXs-bm-Wv. Cuiz-c Ht-
bp-q As-n kXyw Ht-bq Fv Fm-hcpw ]d-bp-p.
AtXm-sSm-w-Xs aX-ns NqSp-Ipw A\p-jvTm-\ - pw
BNm-c-pw {]Xy-n-ep-ff hyXym-k- Ip-t]m-cp-p-
apv. AXp-sImv kmam-\y-P\w A-em-n-em-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. AXp
Xom-\mWv Kpcp ChnsS ]d-bp--Xv, ]e-a-X-km-chpw GIw Fv.
Fm aX- - f ptSbpw kmcw HmsW- v.
GsXmcp ey-n-te-mtWm aXw Dup-X - v, B eyw Hp-
X-s-bm-Wv. AXmWv aX-ns kmcw. Fm \Zn-Ifpw IS-enX-
s-bmWv sNptNcp--Xv. GXp hgn-I-fn-eqsS k-cn-mepw Ah-
km\w Cuiz-c-\nXs \ ebn-pw. ]t, a\p-jy CX-dn-
bm-dn-. B\sb ImWmt]mb Ipcp-S-m-sc-tm-se-bmWv Chn-sS-bp-
Bfp-I kwkm-cn-p--Xv. Hcp Ipcp-S ]d-bp-p, B\ Nqep-
t]m-se-bm-sW-v. thsdmcp Ipcp-S ]d-bp-p, B\ ]\--Sn-t]mse-
bm-sW-v. C\n-sbmcp Ipcp-S ]d-bp-p, B\ apdw-t]m-se-bm-sW-
v. Ipcp-S\v B\sb ImWm Ign-bn--tm? Ah B\-bpsS Hmtcm
Ah-b-h-s-bmWv ]nSn-p-t\m-nb-Xv. Ah Fn-t \nK-a-\-
s-bmWv Ah ]d-bp--Xv. Fm B\-sb Pohnsb apgp-h-
\mbpw Ahp ImWm Ign-bn-. AXp-sImv Hmtcmtcm bpn-
I ]dv Ah Xn-p-p.
 aX--fpsS Imcy-nepw Cu amXncn X- \S-p-Xv
\ tIp-t]m-cm-dp--Xm-Wv. Bbncw hj-an-cpp Xn-mepw
Hcp ]cn-lm-chpw Cu Xmn-I-mn-S-bn Dm-Ip-hm- t]mIp-
n-. \mw AXp-sImv X-samw Ah-km-\n-nv aX-ns kmcw
A-cm-m-hn A\p-`-hn--dn-b-Ww. Atm AXp imn-bm-Wv....
AXv kam-[m-\a - m-Wv... AXp ]q-Xb
- m-Wv...-AXv kvt\l-am-Wv... AXv
B\--am-Wv.... AXv kzmX-{y-am-Wv... AXp kmtlm-Z-cy-am-Wv....

45
Hcp aX-a-\y\p \ny-sam-n-temXpw
Icp-h-]-cs IW-n-\q-\-amIpw
[c-bn-enXns cl-ky-sam-p-Xm-s\
dn-h-fhpw {`a-sa--dn-n-tS-Ww.

Hcp aXw A\y\p\nyw Hcp aX-hn-izm-knv thsdmcp aX

hnizm-ks \ny-ambn tXmp-p.
Hn-temXpw Icp Hcp aX-n ]dbp kXyw
A]-cs IW-n\v asmcp aX-hn-izm-kn-bpsS ho-
W-n
Du\-amIpw hnI-e-am-Wv.
[c-bn temI-n
CXns clkyw aX--fp-sS-sbmw kmc-am-bn-cn-
p clkyw
Hp-Xm Hp-X-s-bm-Wv.
F Adn-h-fhpw Cmcyw Adn-bp--Xp-hsc,
{`aw kzaX-hn-izmkhpw CX-c-a-X-\n-bpw
shdpw Nn-{`aw am{X-am-bn-cn-pw.
Fv Adn-n-tSWw CXn- t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cn--Ww.

Fm aX-f- p-tSbpw kmcw GI-am-sW-mWv Kpcp aptm-p-h-

bvp aX-Zi-\ - ns A-m-cw. CXp ]d-bp-tmgpw ChnsS \ne-
hn-en-cn-p aX-hy-hl- m-c- sf Kpcp IW-n-se-Sp-m-Xn-cn-p-n-.
Hcp aX-hn-izm-knv thsdmcp aX-hn-izm-knsb ]p-am-Wv. Xs hnizm-
k-amWv icn, A]-cs hnizmkw sXmWv Fsmcp [mc-Wb - mWv
Fm aX-Ie - l
-
- pw bp-pw Imc-Wa - m-bn-cn-p-X
- .v thsdm-
cp-hs aX-hnizm-k - n Ak-ln-jvWpX ]pep at\m-`mhw
Bim-ky-a-. {InkvXp-a-X-n kz--\mb ]nXm-hn-s\-bmWv
kth-iz-c\ - mbn ImWp-X - v. Cmw-aX
-
- n Am-lp-hn-t\bpw PqX-
a-X- n btlm-ht- bbpw ]c-tam-X\ - mb \mY-\mbn {]Ion-p-
p. `mc-X - n inh-t\bpw hnjvWp-hn-t\bpw tZhn-tbbpw ]qPn-p-
aX-hn-izmkfpv. Chv ]c-k] v cw tNp Pohn-m Ftm
Hcp {]bm-kw-t]m-se-bmWv. Cmw-aX
-
- m-c akvPn-Znt]mbn \nkvI-
cn-p-p. {InkvXym\n ]n-bn t]mbn Ip_m\ ssIsmp-p.
lnp t{X-n t]mbn {]mn-p-Ibpw ]qP-I \S-p-Ibpw
sNp-p.
Cu _mly-amb Pohn-X-{I-as aXambn sXn--cn-p-t]m-cp
Hcp P\X hfsc Ak-ln-jvWp-Xm-]qw CX-c-a-X-s Pohn-X-
{I-a--tfmSv {]Xn-I-cn-p ImgvN-bmWv \mw ChnsS ImWp--Xv.
Cu tmI-n a\p-jy-a-\-ns B kz`m-hs FSp-p-Im-Wn-
p-I-bmWv Kpcp sNp--Xv. aX--fp-sS-sbmw kmcw H-msW
clkyw Adn-bp--Xp-hsc a\p-jy Imn-q-p Cu tIm{]m-b--
sfmw shdpw {`mm-sWv Xncn--dn-tb--Xm-bn-p-v. aX-c-lkyw
Adn-bp Hcm Hcp {kjvSm-hns Fm krjvSn-I-tfbpw ka-`m-h-
\-tbmsS ImWpw. kvt\l-tm-tSbpw lrZ-bm-\p-`mh-tm-tSbpw
s]cp-am-dpw.

46
s]mcpXp Pbn--X-km-y-sam-n-t\m-sSm
smcp aXhpw s]mcp-Xm-sem-Sp-p-hoe
]c-a-Xh-- mZn-bn-tXmn-SmsX ]mtg
s]mcp-Xp- s]m-en-n-Sp-sa _pn-th-Ww.

s]mcpXp Pbn-Xv bp-n-eqsS A\y-a-Xs

tXmev]n-m-sa-p-Xv
Akmyw Akm-[y-am-Wv.
Hn-t\m-sSm-v Atmpw Ctmpw
s]mcp-Xm s]mcp-Xn-sImv
Hcp aXhpw Hcp aX-tbpw
HSp-p-ho-e Dq-e\w sNm Ign-bp-Ibn.
]c-a-X-hmZn Xs aX-a-m aX--tfm-
sSms hntZz-j-ap--h
CXv Hmn-SmsX]mtg CXp a\-n-em-msX shdptX
s]mcpXp s]men-nSpw s]mcpXn Xpe-p-t]mIpw
F _pn thWw F shfn-hp-m-I-Ww.
 aXw Pohn-X-n kam-[m-\hpw kvt\lhpw shfn-hpw
]Ip-sIm-Sp-t Hm-Wv. GIo-I-c-W-ns hN-\--fmWv
aX-n-ep--Xv. B hN\w ssZh-ns GI-Xzs Dd-n-p-Xpw
temI-Po-hnXw ssZth-m-{]-Imcw \S-n-em--s-Sp--Xm-sWpw
t_m[y-s-Sp-p-Xpw Bbn-cn-pw. Cuiz-cs C ka-kvX-Po-h-
Pm-e-fneq-tSbpw \nd-th-d-s-Sp-tm `qan-bn kam-[m\w kzm`m-
hn-I-ambn h-W-bpw. Fm a\p-jy ssZth-sb \nd-th-dm
k-Xn-m-dn-. Ah Ah-t-Xm-bn-p- kzm-amb ey-fpw
ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw sa\-s-Spv AXn-eqsS Ahs Hcp kmev]n-
I-temIw krjvSn-m {ian-p-p. A-s\-bmWv \ne-\np
bmYm-n-Xn-I-a-X--fnepw ]nSn-hm-in-Ifpw imTy-fpw Ib-dn-q-Sm
CS-bm-b-Xv. am{X-a-, aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Fw hn-p--Xn-\-
\p-k-cnv aX-ns in hn-p-sa-p- sXmb Hcp [mcW
kaq-l-a-\-n-ep-v. A-s\-bmWv aX- kwLSn-X-am-Im XpS-
n-b-Xv.
kwL-Sn-X-aXw `qan-bn A[n-Im-c-n\pw A[o-i-Xz-n\pw
thn CX-c-a-X-sc ]mtS Dq-e\w sNm {ian-n-p-Xpw
{ian- p- - X p- a mb Ncn{Xw \app ]cn- N n- X - a m- W v . bqtdm- n
Dmb Ipcn-ip-bp--fpw Zn-tW-y-bn ssihcpw sshjvW-
hcpw Xn-ep t]mcm--fpw aX-ns A{I-tam-p-I-a-t\m-`m-
hs shfn-hm-p--Xm-Wv. CX-c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Isf sImp--Xn-
eqsS X-fpsS aX-n\p Pbnmw Fp--Xn aX-ns
Xz-n\v \nc-m Hcp sshcp-yv.
ssZhw kvt\l-am-sWp ]d-bp-Ibpw, B kvt\ls \ntj-
[n-p bp--fn aXw Gs-Sp-Ibpw sNp-Xv aqey-h-mb
PohnXw \bn-m-\m-{K-ln-p a\p-jyv kwL-Sn-X-a-X--tfmSp-
Xs ]pw tXmp-hm CS-bm-n-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. bYm-aXw
kwL-Sn-Xtam hyh-m-]n-Xtam A. AXv a\p-jy\pw ssZhhpw
Xn-ep-ff {]W-bm-\zn-X-amb Pohn-X-am-Wv. AhnsS A\p-`-h-km-{-na-
bpsS Hcp sFIyapv. B sFIyw ]c-am-mZ-I-c-am-Wv. CsXmpw
Adn-bmsX ]c-kv]cw a-Snp Nmhp sXcp-hp-\m-bvsf-tmse aXm-
\p-bm-bn-Ifpw aX-h-m-fpw Cu temI-n s]cp-am-dp-Xv Gsd
IjvS-amWv! Aev]w Dsh-fn--ap-h C-s\-bp- t]mc-Sn-p aX-
KXo-b-Xsb t{]mm-ln-n-p-I-bn-.
 47
Hcp aX-am-Ip-h-Xn-p-c--sX-m
hcp-anXp hmZn-I-fm-cp-tamp-hoe
]c-a-X-hm-Z-sam-gn ]WvUn-X-m
cdn-bp-an-Xns cl-ky-an--ti-jw.

Hcp aX-am-Ip-h-Xnv ChnsS Hcp aXw am{Xta thq.

Fm-hcpw Fm aX--fnse Bfp-Ifpw
Dc--Xv CXv CXmWv ]d-bp-Xv
CXv B aXw X-fpsS aX-am-bn-cn-
Ww Fp-ff hmZw
hmZn-I-fmcpw aX-hm-Zn-I-fm-cpw-Xs
Hmp-hoe Hmp--tX-bn-.
]c-a-X-hm-Z-sam-gn- ap aX-s-Xnsc hmZ-hn-hm-Z-
-sfmpw Cm
]WvUn-X-m m\n-I
CXns clkyw aX-hm-Z--fpsS ]nnse Am-c
- hn-lo-\-X-bpsS anYymXzw
Cv Ati-jw ChnsS ]q-ambn
Adnbpw Adn-bp-p.

temI-n Htc-sbmcp aXw Dm-I-Ww. Atm Ie-l--

sfmw Xocpw. CXp ]d-bp--hsc kqn--Ww. Ah-cpsS a\-n-en-
cnv XfpsS aX-am-bn-cn-Ww B aXw Fm-Wv. Hcp lnp-hns
B{Klw, Xs aX-amWv temI-n \ne-\n-t-Xv Fm-Wv.
Fm Hcp {InkvXym-\ntbm apkamt\m Nnn-p-tm Ah-
cpsS aX-n-\mWv B alna Nmn-sIm-Sp-p--Xv. AXp-sImv
aX-ku-lm-fpw apw, Bfp-I kwL-Sn-n-p-tm AXn-
sems Hfn-n-cn-p Iptd \nc-I-X-I-fp-v. kulmZw ]d-
bp-h- c - mcpwXs Ah-cpsS ]nSn-hm-in-bpsS Dd NphSv amnhbvm
Xm-d-. Ah-c-h-cpsS aXw Ah-c-hv {]nb-s-Xv Xs-bm-bn-cn-
pp. ]t, temI-Po-hn-X-n a\p-jy ]ckv]cw _-sp
Pohn-tnhcp-tm aX-Po-hn-X-nse sshIm-cn-I-X-I-fp-ambn
Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm Dc-k-ep-I Dm-Im-dp-v. sNdn-sbmcp
Xosmcn Bbn-cnpw BZyw {]I-Sa - m-hp-I. ]ns, AXv Bfn-n-Sn-pw.
`oI-ca- mb \c-ta[-f- n-tephsc aX-kw-Lj- Fn-s-Sp-Xv
\mw Znh-tk\ Ip-sIm-n-cn-p \-kX - y-f
- m-Wv. ssZhw GI-
am-sWpw Cu {]]- - n-ep-ff Fmw ssZh-kr-jvSn-If - m-sWpw
A-cm-m-hn A\p-`h - n-d
- n-bp m\n-I aX-hn-tZz-ja - n-msX
am\-hc- m-in-bpsS apgp-h sFIy-tbpw {]_-es - -Sp-p I--
fn-eqsS aX-Po-hn-Xs Bhn-jI v c
- n-m-dp-.v Ah-sc-bmWv Kpcp ]WvUn-
X-m Fp hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p-X - v. Ah ssZhs icn-bmbnAdn-
bp-Ibpw AXp shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p.

48
X\p-hn-e-a icocn, Xs km
X\p-hn-e-sX-s-Xn-sX-s-sXp kw
X\p-X-sbm-gnp [cn-n-Spp kmm
e\p-`-h-im-en-I-fm-an-tXmn-emcpw.

X\p-hn Aa imco-cn-I-amb kzXz-hp-ambn XmZm-

ysp Ign-n-cp
icocn Poh
Xs Xs
km-X-\p-hn B-k--bn
AsX-tXv AXpw Ft-XmWv
CXv FtXv CXpw Ft-XmWv
Fv Fns\
kw Fm-n-t\bpw
X\p-X-sbm-gnv aa-X-bn-msX
[cn-n-Spp Adn-n-Spp.
CtXmn Cmcyw a\-n-em-n-bm
Bcpw Bcpw
kmm kmm
A\p-`-h-im-en-Ifmw A\p-`-h-im-en-I-fm-bn-o-cp-p.

Rm ico-c-amWv F _pn-bmWv \s Fmw _n-n-

p Alw-_p-n. Am\w \nan--amWv \n B-t_m[w
{]Im-in-m-Xn-cn-p--Xv. ico-c-ns ]cn-an-X-amb AkvXn-X-bn
Rm Fs a\-n-em-p-tm Rm\-m \nc-h[n ico-c-
Chn- s S- b p- v . Ah- s bmpw Rm\- . Fm Cu Am- \ -
n\npw \app ]pd-p-I-S-p-hm Cu hniz-n-ep-ff kIe
Ncm-N-c--tfbpw Xs D-bn tN-dn-bp-I-bm-sW-n Abm
Bm\ nXs-bm-Wv. Fs-m Hpw-Xs Xn\npw
A\y-ambn Abm Adn-bp-n-.
 BIm-inepw A-cn-nepw `qanbnepsamw Rm\p-v.
Fsm- s - b ptm AsXmw Ft- X m- W v . FtXp am{X- a
AsXmw Rm Xs-bm-Wv. Cs\ Hc-dn-hp-m-I-W-sa-n
Fnse aa-Xm-t_m[w Hgn-p-t]m-I-Ww. X\pX Hgn-b-Ww. Bm-
\p-`-hn-I-fm-Im C{X-bpw sNbvXm aXn. Fm-n-t\bpw lrZ-b-n
]pIp-I. Atm hnizw apgp-h\pw \s Bt-jn-pw. Bcpw
kmm A\p-`-h-im-en-IX-s. Hcn- Hcp sslq Ihn {]`m-
X-k-hm-cn-n-d-n-b-tm ap s]p-p-m-bn-cp-p. Ihn-bpsS apf-
smnbn aphoWv I\w hp. Atm Ihn sXmn Ducn
In ]nSn-p-sImv Hcp Ipp-I-hnX sNmn.
When I think of it
As my snow, how light it is
On my bamboo hat.
Fs apfwsXmn-bnse lna-hjs Fs ap-]m-fnI
F-dn-bp-tm CXn-s\mcp `mc-hp-an-tm! CXmWv X\pX Hgnp
[cn-n-Sp hgn. Fmw Ft-sXp Icp-Xp-I. t`Z-_pn CmsX
Fm-nepw kzw D Zin-p-I.

49
AJn-e-cp-am--kp-J-n-\mbv {]b-Xv\w-
k-I-e-hp-anp kZm]n sNbvXn-Sp-p-
P-K-Xn-bn-en--X-ta-I-sap Nnn
L-a-W-bm-X-I-Xm-c-an-tS-Ww.
AJn-ecpw Fm-hcpw
B-kp-J-n-\mbv B-kp-J-n-\p-th-n-bp-
{]bXv\w {]bXv\w
kI-ehpw Cp Fm-hn-[-nepw ChnsS
kZm]n sNbvXn-Spp Ftmgpw sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p-p.
PK-Xn-bn temI-n
CXw Cu aXw
GIw Hp-X-s-bmWv
Fp Nnnv Cu Nnsb Dun-bp-d-nv
AL-a-W-bmsX Zqjy-Nn--I-fn AI-s-SmsX
AI-Xm A-cw-Ks
Aan-tSWw Bm-hn-e-an hbvWw.
 Fm-hcpw Iw sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv kpJ-n-\p-th-n-
bm-Wv. kpJw thW-sa Imcy-n Hcp Xhpw CXs! lnp-
hm-bmepw {InkvXym-\n-bm-bmepw apkam-\m-bmepw kpJw thWw.
sImSnb ]oU-\-fpw bmX-\-Ifpw A\p-`-hnv Hcp-h\pw Hcp aX-
nepw \np-I-bn-. Ah kpJ-ap-ff aX-n-tep t]mIpw.
tZim-S\- ]- - n-I Imem-h - m-t`Zw Dm-Ip-tm hnZq-c
- f - n-tep
]d-p-t]m-Ip--Xp-t]m-se.... -F-n-\m-Wh ]d-p-t]m-Ip-Xv? kpJw
thWw. a\p-jy X-an-msX Hn-p Hcp kXy-am-WnXv. AXp-
sImv \mcm-bW - K- pcp ]pXnb aXs m]n-n-. aX-ns ImX-
emb Xzs Ghpw a\-n-em-Ip coXn-bn Fgp-Xn-c - n-Ib - mWv
sNbvXX - .v Aev]t- \cw izmk-XS- w Dm-bm aXn \ hnn-sSpw.
Cy-bn am{X-a-, Fm cmjv{S--fn-ep- P\-fpw kpJm-t\z-jn-
I Xs-bm-Wv. GXp Xc-n-ep- kpJ-amWv th-Xv? \nXy-amb
kpJw. AXp Is-p--Xp-hsc AXnepw CXn-ep-sams s\mn-
\p-Wv \S-pw. ]t B-kpJw am{X-amWv ]q-kp-J-am-bn-
cn-p--Xv. Fm bm{X-Ifpw Fm At\z-j-W-fpw Fm Ne-\-
fpw Fm t{]c-W-Ifpw Bm-hn-te-p-f-f-Xm-Wv. temI-n Cu
aXw As-n A`n-{]mbw GI-am-sWv a\-n-em--Ww. Fnv
kzm-X-sImv Zqjn-X-am-ImsX a\-ns\ Bm-\--n hne-
bn-n--Ww. Atm Hcm lnpthm {InkvXym-\ntbm apotam
Bbn-cn-p-I-bn-. BZy--hn-lo-\-amb kXy-km-K-c-am-Wv, m\-km-
K-c-am-Wv, B\--km-K-c-am-Wv.

50
\ne-samSp \oc-Xp-t]mse Imp Xobpw
shfn-bp-a-lw-IrXn hnZybpw a\pw
Ae-I-fp-am-gn-bp-sa-p-th--sbm
hpe-Ip-ap-b-dn-hmbn amdn-Sp-p.

\ne-samSv `qan- XpSn

\ocv AXp-t]mse AXp-t]mse Pew
Imv hmbp
Xobpw An
shfnbpw BIm-iw-h-sc-bp-ff ]-`q-X-fpw
Alw-IrXn Alw-Im-chpw
hnZybpw _pnbpw
a\pw a\pw
Ae-Ifpw Xnc-Ifpw
Bgnbpw ISepw
Fp th Fp th
Fm DeIpw Fm temIhpw
Dbv hnIm-kw-{]m-]nv
Adn-hmbn ]c-am-m\p`q-Xn-bmbn
amdn-Spp amdpp.

Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-ns \Sp-hnXs-bn-cn-p Cu tmI-

n {]-bpsS ]cn-Wm-as FSp-p-Im-Wn-p-I-bmWv Kpcp
sNp--Xv. qe-n A`n-c-an-n-cp a\p-jy qes hnv
kqva - n-tev {]th-in-p-p. Fs-m qe-nse B\w
Xphpw ss\an-jn-Ih - p-am-Wv F-h Xncn-d - n-bp-p. a\p-jys hnth-
tIm-Zb- - n-eq-sS-bmWv Cu Xc-n-ep--smcp ]cn-Wmaw t_m[-n
kw`hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X - v. an ]Wn-sb-Spv an\npw Inp-
-Xp-am{Xw Xnp Pohn-p a\p-jy Aev]w-IqSn kqva`q-Xa - mb
Pe-X-zs Adn-bp-Ibpw Ipd-p-IqSn kqva-`q-X-amb An-X-
zs Adn-bp-Ibpw ]ns hmbp-X - zs Adn-bp-Ibpw ]ns
k-hym-]n-bm-bn-cn-p BIm-it- mfw hnI-kn-Xa - m-bn-o-cp-Ibpw
sNp-p.
Xs kzXzs Al-m-aa - X
- m-Zn-If- n \npw hnm-\ - f - psS
Ipg-ad
- n-n-en\npw a\-ns \qem-am-eI - f- n\npw Hs hnap--
am-p-p. ISX-s-bmWv Xnc. sNdpXpw hep-Xp-ambn F-a Xnc-
I IS-c - n B-ev Ifn-t-mw. B Xnc-If - n-semw D-
bm-bn-cn-p IS am{X-amWv kXy-am-bn-cn-p-X - v. \ma-cq-]m-I- a - mb
Fm temI-fpw Adn-hns tIh-ek - z-cq-]X- b - n \npw- Ddp hcp
Aar-Xm-\p-`h - a- mWv. CXmWv Pohn-X - ns ]c-tam-Xa - mb Xew.

51
Adn-hn-en-cp-sm-c-lbmZy-ap-m-bv
hcp-an-Xn-t\m-sSm-cn-Z hma-bmbpw
hcp-anh cp-e-]-t]mse ambm
ac-a-Jnew ad-sb--Sn-Sp-p.
Adn-hn-en-cpv A[njvTm-\-amb Adn-hn-\nv
Hcp Al Hcp Alwt_m[w
BZyw Dmbv hcpw BZyw apf-s]m-pw.
CXn-t\mSv CXnsIqsS
Hcp CZ Hcp {]m]-n-I-t_m-[hpw
hma-bmbpw hcpw Al-p ]cn-]q-c-I-ambn Dm-Ipw.
Ch Cu Al-bpw CZ-bpw
cp De-]-t]mse cp hn-s-Sn-It]mse
ambm-acw ambm-acw
AJnew adsb Adn-hns\ ]q-ambn ad-p-
hbv---h-w
]Sn-Spp ]Sp-]--en-pp

\mw Adn-hm-W.v Adnhp am{X-am-W.v Adn-h- msX thsdmcp k

\ap-n-. Fm Cmcyw \mw ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. hnkvac - W - {- ]-{In-bv
Imc-Wa - m-tb-m-hp ambm-X - z-ns kz`m-hs ChnsS kpXcmw
hy-am-p-p. A[n-jvTm-\a - m-bn-cn-p Adn-hmWv kI-eX - n-t\bpw
{]k-hn-p A. Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m {]]-P - m-e - sf {]k-hn-
p-X - n-\p-apv BZyw-Xs tIh-ea - mbncn-p Adnhv kzbw `nn-
p-p. BZyw Al-b - mWv {]Xy-s - -Sp-X
- .v Al-b - n mXr-
Xzhpw IXr-Xz-hpw t`mr-Xzhpw AS-n-bn-p-.v Pohs Bh-iy-
sf ]cn-]q-cWw sNm-\m-bmWv {]]w hnc-Nn-Xa - m-bn-cn-p-X - .v {]]-
s CZ Fp ]d-bp-p.
Al-bpw CZ-bpw ]c-k] v c
- w thgvNb - n Gs-Sp-X - mWv hymh-
lm-cn-IX - . Cu hyh-lm-c
- n\npw a\v hf-cm XpS-p-p. AXv
{]mXn-`m-kn-It- em-Is Dm-p-p. CtXmsS Adn-hns \ncp-]m-[n-I-
{]-Xe
-
- n\npw \mw ASp-t]mp Ign-p. cp sNSn-h - nI
hv Hcp acs ad-bvpXp-t]m-se-bmWv ChnsS ambm-a-c-n-en-
cn-p Al-bpw CZ-bpw BIp hn-I m\-kz-cq-]s
ad-psImp Xg-p-h-f-cp--Xv. B-hn-kva-c-W-ns aqe-Im-cWw
thZn-n-p Cu tmIw [ym\n-p-d-n-mte \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns
Xzm-h-X-c-W-ns coXo-hn-[m\w (methodology) \app a\-n-
em-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q.
52
[z\n-a-b-ambvKK\w Pzen-p-a-m
fW-bp-a-Xn--e-ti-j-Zr-iy-Pmew
]p\-c-hnsS {Xn]p-Snp ]qn \Ipw
kz\-hp-a-S-p-anSw kzbw{]Imiw!
[z\n-a-b-ambv {]W-h-[z\n \nd-p-Xqhn
KK\w Bm-Imiw
Pzenpw shfn--ns \nd-IS-embn Pzenpw
Am AXn- Cu A\p-`-hm-ar-X-e-l-cn-bn
Ati-j-Zr-iy-Pmew apgp-h \ma-cq-]m-I
- {- ]-]
- hpw
AWbpw sIp-t]m-Ipw.
]p\ AhnsS ]ns AhnsS
{Xn]p-Snv Adnhv aqmbn ]ncn-n-cn-p
Ah-v
]qn-\evIpw Imc-W-am-tb-m-hp
kz\hpw i_vZhpw
ASpw AS-pw.
CSw B CSw
kzbw {]Imiw kzbta {]Im-in-p \psS
Bm-Imiw-X-s-bm-Wv.
{]Xy-n-ep-ff Aw ]d-m Cu tmI-ns apgp-
h ckm-\p-`q-Xnbpw s]men-p-t]m-Ipw. A\p-`q-Xn-k--\ - mb Hcp
tbmKn-bpsS lrZ-b-I-a-e-n Dtn-cn-p {]W-h-[z-\nsb
hmp-I-fn ]Ip-sIm-Sp-m Ign-bpIbn. ImcWw {]Whw
kwKo-X - ns kwKo-Xa - m-W.v Fm B kwKoXw au\-n-s au\-
am-Wp-Xm-\pw. [z\nsb \ i_vZho-Nn-bm-bn-mWv Adn-bp-X - v. B
i_vZw ]pd-ta-bp-X-. B-K-K-\-ns kmK-c-hn-im-e-X-bn
Pmz-ey-am-\a - mbn \nd-p-Xq-hp-Ib - m-Wv. Ccp-fn-ab - psS Hcp \pdp-n-
\p-t]mepw AhnsS m\-an-. \mw Adn-Xpw Adnbm-\n-cn-p-X - p-
amb Fm temIm-\p-`h - - fpw Cu ]obq-jh - jm-he - n-bn apn-tm-
Ipw. Rm B\-n-p-h -
- Ftm CsXmw Fs {]nb-hn-jb - -
Ftm ]d-bm AhnsS \mhp s]mp-Ib - n-. Adnhv ]ncnv
{Xn]p-Sn-IfmIp-Xv HSp-pw. {Xn]p-Sn-Iv Imc-Wa - m-bn-cn-p i_vZw
{]W-hk - m-{-amb kwKo-Xa - mbn amdn-bn-cn-p-Ib - m-Wv. Bm-Imiw apgp-
h kzbta shn-n-f - p-p. samgn-am-dm-\m-Im clkyw amkvac - n-
I-amb _nw_m-tbm-P\ - - f - n-eqsS, A\ym-Zr-ia - mb cN-\m-]m-Sh - t- msS
Kpcp Cu tmI-n ]In-h - n-cn-p-p.

53
CXn-se-gp-am-Zn-a-i-n-bnp ImWp
nXp kIew s]dpamZn-_o-P-am-Ipw
aXn-b-Xn-emn ad-n-SmsX ambm
aXn-b-dp-hm a\\w XpSn-tS-Ww.
CXn-segpw kzbw-{]-Im-in-X-amb Cu Adn-
hn\npw Bhn`-hn-p
BZn-a-in BZn-a-amb in
Cp ImWp ChnsS \mam-cq-]m--I-ambn
ImWp
CXp kIew CsX-m-n-t\bpw
s]dpw {]k-hn-p
BZn-_oPw BIpw BZn-a-amb _oP-am-Wv.
aXn AXn-emn _pnsb B BZn-a-_o-P-n
Dd-n-p-\nn
ad-n-SmsX BZn-a-_o-Ps ad-msX
ambm-aXn Adp-hm amb-sImp hp-tN {`a_pn
Ah-km-\n-p--Xn-\p-thn
a\\w XpS-n-tSWw XpS-bmbn a\\w sNbvXp-sIm-
n-cn--Ww.

Adnhv \nt-jvS-a-. AXp kzbta {]Im-in-p-sIm-n-cn-p-

p. {]Im-in-pI Fm {Inbm--I-am-bn-cn-pp Fm-Wv. {Inb
sN-W-sa-n in thWw. Adn-hnX-s-bn-cn-p kl-P-amb
Hcp in-bp-v. B in-bpsS BthKw sImmWv {]]--n-
ep-ff Fmw Ncn-p-sIm-n-cnp--Xv. Cu BZn-a-i-nsb {]]--
ns BZn-Im-cW - a
- mbn `mc-Xo-bE
- jn-am Fn-tm-cp-p. CXp kI-
e-n\pw A-bm-Wv. Cu A-bmWv {]]-s {]k-hn-p--Xv.
kIews]dpw BZn-_oPw FmWv Kpcp ]d-bp--Xv. Cu BZn-am-Xm-
hn _pnsb Dd-n--Ww. AsXmcp ka-W-am-Wv. \mcm-b-W-Kp-
cp-hns `nZi\w C-s\-bm-Wv. AXv BZn-_o-Pm-\p-k-m-\-am-
Wv. \mw ChnsS Imn-q-p--Xp-t]m-se-bp `n-b AXv. BZn-P-
\-\nsb Hcp \nizm-k-nt]mepw ad-msX Hm-n-cn-p `n-
bm-W-Xv.
Hmp-Xv Hcp hnj-b-s-b-. hnj-bm-[n-jvTm-\-s-bm-Wv.
an-hmdpw \-fnsems At_m-[ - ns Ccp Xn-b - n B-
hn-kva-c-W-n\p CShcm-dp-v. Atmsgm s t_m[-]qw B-
kvarXnsb XncnsI m]n--Ww. \psS _pn ambm-tam-l-v
Ffpw hi-Ka - m-Ip-X- m-Wv. F{X-am{Xw ss\c-c
- y-tm-Sp-IqSn a\\w
sNbvXm-emWv kI-ew-s]dpw BZn-_o-P-n _pnsb sacp-n-
\ndpm Ign-bp--Xv! AXp-sImv a\\w XpSp-sIm--Ww.
 54
DW-cp-a-h--bp-d-n-en-p-dw
]p\-cp-W-cp-sm-gpXpw kv^pcn-p-hoe
A\p-Zn-\-an--s\- c-p-am-Zn-am-bm
h\n-X-bn\np ]pdp amdn-Sp-p.

DWcpw Ah DWn-cn-p Ah
Dd-n C Dd--n C.
Ddw Dd-p Ah
]p\ DW-cp-sm-gpXpw hopw DW-cp-tmgpw
kv^pcn-p-hoe Dm-Ip-n-.
A\p-Zn\w Hmtcm-Zn-h-khpw
Cs\ cpw Cu c-h--I-fpw
BZn-am-bm-h-\n-X-bn\nv BZn-am-b- B-Ip h\n-Xb- n\nv
]pdp ]ndv
amdn-Spp sshcp-y-ap-Xm-bn Xon-Sp-p.

FmWv Ddw? FmWv DWv? Bpw s]s-smcp

\nhN\w sImSp-m Ign-bp-n-. Fm Kpcp Cu {]tl-fn-I-
bn-tev hy-amb Hcp DmgvN \Ip-p-v. Bcpw-Xs Dd-
m--h-cm-bn-n-. Dd--n FmWv A\p-`hw? Hpw Adn-
bp-n F-XmWv A\p-`-hw. Hpw Adn-bp-n-s-nepw Dd-p-
-h-\n kpJ-ap-v. kpJ-an-s-n Bpw Dd-m tXmp-
I- b n- . Dd- - n temIm- \ p- ` - h - - f psS A`mhw Ds- nepw
Bm- h ns kzcq- ] - a mb B\w Atm {]Im- i n- p- p- v .
Fm Adn-bp-h-s\ Rm GtXm Hcp Idp aqSp-]-S-
n-\p-n AI-s-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. AXp-sImv DWs-Wo-
p--Xp-hsc Rm B-kpJw A\p-`-hn-pp Fv F\n--dn-
bm\pw Ign-bp-I-bn-, ]d-bm\pw Ign-bp-I-bn-.
DWs-Wo-m C{n-bhpw a\pw {]h-\-\n-c-X-am-hpw.
Atm Dn-ep-m-bn-cp Ccp-fn-a-sbmw amp-t]m-Ipw. hkvXp-
-tfbpw hkvXp-X-I-tf-bpw kv]inpw {LmWnpw Nnn-p-sams
Adn-bm XpS-pw. DWn-cn-p-tm ico-c-ns hnipw
Zmlhpw a\-ns Pnm-kbpw Hs ian-n-p-sIm-n-cn--Ww.
{]]-m-\p-`hw Fp ]d-bp-Xv Cu cp {[ph-n-S-bn-em-
Wv. Ccp-n\pw shfn--n\pw CS-bn-emWv F-a cq]--tfm-Sp-Iq-
Snb Cu {]]w \-fn Ap-Xs Na-p-h-bvp--Xv. Hcp
Nn{X-Im-cs Imhm-kn Idp-n\pw shfp-n\pw CS-bn hcp
]e-]e h--fpsS tNcp-h-IsImmWv Nn{X-Im-c amkva-cn-
I-amb Hcp Nn{Xs hc-p-h-bvp--Xv.
Cu c-h--I-fn-tev t_m[w hoWpw Dbpw amdn-a-dn-p-
sIm-n-cn-p-tm Pohn-X-n kpJhpw ZpxJhpw asm sshIm-
cn-I-X-Ifpw Hn\p ]ndsI Hmbn hp-sIm-n-cn-pw. Hcp ambm-h-
\n-X-bn\n-mWv A\p-Zn-\-sa-tmWw Ccpfpw shfn-hpw amdn-amdn
P\n-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. Fm Adn-hns tIh-e-kz-cq-]-n
\np-sImv Dd- -n-t \bpw DWhn-t \bpw t\mn- m- W m
Ign-bp Hcp ]q-Pm-K-cn-Xw (total awakening) kw`-hn-pXp-
hsc \-fpsS kXy-Pn-m-ksb D]-i-an-n-m ]mSn-.

55
s\Snb-In-\m-hnXp \n{Z-t]mse \nXyw
sISp-an-Xp-t]mse In\m-hp-an-{]-Imcw
sISp-aXn ImWp-I-bn tIh-e-n
s]Sp-h-Xn-\m-e-\niw {`an-n-Sp-p.
CXv s\Snb In\mhv PohnXw Hcp \o kz]v\-am-Wv.
\n{Z-t]mse Dd--n ImWp In\m-hp-
t]msebmWn-Xv.
\nXyw sISpw DWs-Wo-p-tm B
In\mhpw sIp-t]m-Ipp.
CXp-t]mse Dd--nse kz]v\w t]mseXs
In\mhpw Pohn-X-am-Ip s\Snb In\mhpw
sIp-t]mIpw
C{]-Imcw Fm C-c-n
sISp-aXn hnj-b-_pn
ImWp-I-bn a\-n-em-pn-.
tIh-e-n {]]w F Cuiz-cs
kz]v\n
s]Sp-h-Xn-\m Fm-hcpw Htc-t]mse IpSp-n-bn-
cn-p--Xn-\m
A\niw Ftmgpw
{`an-n-Spp s\Snb In\m-hns\ kXy-sa--Xp-
t]mse Zin-p-p.
Pohn-X-sa-Xv Hcp apgp-\o-f kz]v\-am-Wv. C{Xbpw ssZLy-
ap- kz]v\-am-b-Xp-sImv \mw kz]v\s Xncn--dn-bm-dn-. \psS
Dd-hpw Dd--n ImWp kz]v\hpw DWn-cn-p-tm
ImWp temIhpw Fmw B s\Snb kz]v\-nse hnhn-[-amb
Ah--I-fm-Ip-p. \n{Z-bn \mw ImWp kz]v\w, \n{Z-hnv Fgp-
tp-tm Ab-Ym-ambn tXmm-dpv. kz]v\-n \mw
t]Snp \ne-hn-fn-n-cn-mw, B\-w-sImv \rw sNbvXn-cn-mw, lnam-
e-bk- m-\p-f - n hnl-cn-n-cn-mw, `oI-ca - mb Zpc- - n acn-p-t]m-
sbp hcmw. Fm DWp Ip-Xp-dp t\mp-tm AsXmw
kmev]n-I - f - m-bn-cp-p-shv \mw Xncn-d - n-bm-dp-v. ]t, A\p-`-
hn-p thf-bn Ah kmev]n-I - f - - . Ah A\p-`hbmYmy-
-fm-Wv.
AXp-sImv Kpcp Cu Pohn-Xtbpw kz]v\t- mSp Xpe\w sNp-
tm \ap-X - ns\ kzoI-cn-m {]bmkw tXmpw. Kpcp Cu s\Snb
kz]v\ - n\npw DWs-Wo-n-mWv \tm-sSmw ]d-p-Xc - p--
Xv. Kpcp-hns A\p-`h - s Kpcp ad-p-hb - v p-n-. \appw Npp-]m-Sp-
I Xo thZ-\I - f- n\npw sIp-]m-Sp-If - n\npw ap-cm-Im
Ign-bpw. temIv Fm-hcpw Cu Pohn-Xs ]c-am-sa-X - p-t]mse
\n\v Pohn-p-Xp ImWp-tm \psS Dnepw tXmpw Cu ImW-
s-Sp temIhpw Pohn-Xhpw BWv ]c-aa - mb kXy-sa-.v AXn-s\-bmWv
tIh-e - ns]v {`an-pI Fv Kpcp ]d-bp-X - .v
Cu temI-P\ - X apgp-h\pw BIm-i - n \o-en-asb Zin-mepw Hcp
imkv{X-\ - d- nbmw AhnsS \oen-ab - n-s-.v \psS Ins ]cn-anXn-
bmWv N{I-hm-f - sf krjvSn-p-s - X-v imkv{X-\ - d- n-bmw. km[m-
cW Pohn-X - nse Ccw Imcy-fnt]mepw \ {`an-p-t]m-Im-dp-
v. CXp-t]m-se-Xs - -bmWv Hcp apgp-h Pohn-X - nepw Dm-Ip {`am-
-IX - . C\n DW-c Bh-iy-am-W.v B DWc B-kq-cy-\n-te-m-W.v
shfn-w.... shfn-w..... k{X shfn-w......-Cc - p-ns Hcp IWnI-t]mepw
ImWp-n-tm? Fsm-c - pXw! CXm-Ipp ]q-t_m-t[m-Zb - w.
56
IS-en-segpw Xnc-t]mse Imb-tam-tcm
pS-\p-S-t\-dn-bp-b-an-Spp
apSn-hn-Xn-s\-nXp l! aqe-kw-hn-Xv
IS-en-e-P-{k-hp-ap- I-at{X!

IS-en-segpw Xnc-t]mse IS-en Xnc-I Db-cp-Ibpw

Xmgp-Ibpw sNp--Xp-t]mse
Imb-tam-tcmv Hmtcmtcm icocw
DS-\p-S Hn\p ]pdsI Hmbn
Gdn Db-an-Spp Dmbn amdn ad-bp-p.
apSn-hn-Xn-s\v Cu {]{In-bv Hcp Ayw
Fhn-sS-bmWv?
CXp l! CsXmcp B-cyw-Xs!
aqe-kw-hn-XvI-S-en {]]--n\p aqe-Im-c-W-amb
B-kmK-c-n
AP-{khpw D Fspw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p
I-at{X k-{]-{In-b-I-fm-Wn-Xv.

Xnc-bn-m IS Hcp hntcm-[m-`m-kw-t]mse tXmpw. Xnc

Fp ]d-bp-tm AXn \pcbpw ]Xbpw Hmf-fpw Ae-Ifpw
alm-X-cw-K-fpw Fmw Ds-Spw. IS-en Xnc-bn-m-Xmbn Ign-
m ]ns AXv IS-e-m-Xm-Ipw. hnim-e-amb IS-en Hcp
Xncbvpw imiz-X-amb \ne-\nn-. Pew Ipd-p-t\cw Xnc-bpsS
BIm-cs]qv Ipd-p-t\cw \ne-\nv ]ns IS-en-te-p-Xs
Xncnpebn-p-p. Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw hj-p-appw IS-en Xnc-
I Dm-bn-cp--p. Ctmgpw \mw Xnc-I ImWp-p. \mw t]m-bmepw
IS-en Xnc-I Dm-Ipw. Cu {]{In-bv Hcp apSnhpw Dm-hp-I-bn-
. CsXmcp B-cy-I-c-am-bn-p-ff kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.
CtX-t]m-se-Xs - -bmWv {]]- - ns k-\{- ]-{In-bbpw \S-
p-X - v. {]]-hpw Xcw-K - s- f-tmsebmWv. \nc-h[ - n-bmb cq]--
fn-eqsS {]]w \psS apn \ne-\np-p-v. ]t, CXv GXp
kmK-c - nse Xnc-If - mWv? aqe-kw-hn-XvIS- e- n-emWv {]m]-n-IX - c
- w-K-
cq]w-sIm-p-X - v. kwhnXv Fp ]d-m Adn-hm-Wv. Adn-hn-
t\bpw Bm-hn-t\bpw At`-Za - mbn Adn-bW - w. B-km-Kc -
- n-emWv
\nc-c - a
- mbn temI-k\w \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X - v. CXv Ah-km-
\-an-msX \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ib - m-Wv. CsXmcp alm-c - yw-Xs
- !

57
Ae-b-dp-am-gn-bn-ep--\--am-bm
Ie-bnXp Iey-b-\m-Zn-Im-cy-amIpw
ken-e-c-km-Zn-i-co-c-tan \m\m
hpe-Ip-cp-hm-bp-cp-hmbn \nn-Spp.

Ae-bdpw Bgn-bn Xnc-bn-m IS-en

A\--am-bm-Ie Dv Ay-an-m ambm-Ie Dv.
CXv Iey Cu ambm-Ie k-\-{]-{In-
bv ka-am-Wv.
A\m-Zn-Im-cy-amIpw CXv A\m-Zn-Im-cy-am-bn-cn-p
ken-e-c-kmZn Pew, AXns KpW-amb ckw
XpSnbh-bpsS
icocw Gn BIm-cw ssIsm-v
\m\m DeIv \m\m-X-c-n-ep- temI--fpsS
Dcp-hmbv Dcp-hmbv cq]--fmbn
\nn-Spp ChnsS \ne-\np-p.

IS-en Hcn-epw Xnc-If- n-m Ah kwPm-Xa- m-hp-Ib - n-sv

\mw Ign tmI-n ]d-p. Fm Imepw Xncbpw ISepw
Hn-p-Xs Ccp-n-p-v. Fmepw IS ]q-ambn im-am-sb-
n-cn-s - . B imX XmXvIm-en-Ia - m-Wv. IS-ens Bg-f - nXs
henb Xnc-q-- Dm-m\p a- Hfn-n-cn-p-p-v.
B-km-Kc - - nepw CXp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. {]]- - n ImWp Fmw
B-km-K-c-n kqva-ambn ad-n-cn-p-p-v. Iyq--dns
ssat{Im-Nn-p-If - n sadn Ccn-p-X - p-t]m-se. Bm-hn Cs\
ad-n-cn-p {]]-k - m-[y-Xsb ambm-Ie FmWv kmt-Xn-I-
`m-jb- n ]dbp-I.
Ie Fp ]d-m Hc-Sb - m-fa
- m-Wv Hcp ]mSv. ]t, Cu ]mSv
{]]-k - vac - W- I - sf apgp-h D-S - n-h - n-p-v. hfsc ka-amb
coXn-bn krjvSn-Pm-e - sf krjvSn-p-sIm-n-cn-m CXn\p Ign-
bpw. AXp-sIm-m-Wn-Xns\ Iey Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Cu {]]w
Ap `qX-f - psS tNcp-hb - m-Wv. Hmtcm `qX-n\pw Hmtcm {][m\
KpW-ap-v. `qan-bpsS KpWw K-am-Wv. sh-ns KpWw ck-am-
Wv. An-bpsS KpWw cq]hpw hmbp-hntXv kv]i-hp-am-Wv. BIm-
i-ns KpWw i_vZa - m-Wv. Cu ]-`q-X - fpw KpW-fpw tNv
\m\m-Io-amb temIw Bhn`-hn-p-p. Cu {]{Inb A\m-Zn-bm-
Wv. BZn-bn-msX \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X - m-Wv. Ctmgpw \S-p-p.

58
\h-\-h-an--se-bn-p- \m-sf- a-t
nh-k-an-Xn-s\ Nn sNbvXn-SmsX
Ahn-c-X-sa-n-b-f-n-Sp--sXmw
{`a-samcp t`Z-hp-an--dn-n-tSWw.
\h-\hw ]pXp-]p--\mb Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-
Cse Cv Cse, Cv
\msf at-Zn-hkw \msf, a-m
CXn-s\ tIh-e-amb Imes shn-ap-dnp
a\-n-em-p Xc-n-ep-
Nn sNbvXn-SmsX Nn-bn Gs-SmsX
Ahn-cXw hncm-a-an-msX
Fn Af-n-Sp--sXmw Fnbpw Afpw Adn-bp--sXmw
{`aw {`aw am{X-amWv
Hcp t`Z-hp-an Ime-ns s]mcp GIamWv,
AXn Hcp t`Z-h-ap-an-.
Adn-n-tSWw Cs\ Adn-b-Ww.

]g-bX - ns\ Ifv ]pXn-bX - ns\ ssIsm-m-\mWv Bfp-I

sImXn-p-X - v. a\-v Fspw ]pXpa tXSp kz`m-ha - p-X - m-Wv.
Hns\ ImWp-tm AXns\ ]pXn-bs - Xpw ]g-bs - Xpw a\v
hnth-Nn--dn-bp-p. ]g-b-Xns\ \ Xn--fbpw. ]pXn-b-Xns\
ssIsm-pw. \ Hns\ ]pXn-bs - Xpw ]g-bs - Xpw Xcw-Xn-cn-
p-Xv GX-Sn-m-\ - n-emWv? Ime-t_m-[ - n-emWv Fm A\p-`-
h-fpw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X - v. Cse FXv Hcp Ime-bf - -
hm-Wv. AXp kw`-hn-p-Ig - n Imcy-am-Wv. kw`-hn-s - Xmw Fhn-sS-
bmWv Ccn-pXv? kvac-Wb - n-emWv Ccn-p-X - v. B kvac-Wb - psS
ASn-m-\ - n-emWv Cv Fv \mw ]d-bp-X - v. Cv C-se-tb-
m IqSp-X bmYmy-ap-X - m-Wv. Cns\ hp-sIm-mWv hcm-
\n-cn-p \msf-sb-p-dnv Nnn-p-X - v.
]mm-Xy-Nn-I - \
- mb _Kvk As\ tIh-ea - mb Imes
pure duration Fp hnfn-p. \mcm-bW - K - p-cp-hpw _Kvks - W-tmse
GI-amb Ime-[m-csb JWvUn-p--Xns\ {`aw FmWv hnfn-p-
-Xv. C-se-sbpw Cspw \msf-sbpw D Iev]-\-I {`a-
-fm-Wv. a\-n-\p--m-Ip Nne {]Xo-Xn-I am{X-am-Wv. Ime-ns
ASn-m-\-n ]g-b-sXpw ]pXn-b-sXpw ]d-bp A\p-`-h-
fpw {`a-am-Wv. Ime-ns Cu {`a-Nn--bn\npw m\-ns
tIh-ea - l
- n-am-hn-tev a\-ns\ Dbn-sb-Sp-W - w. t`Z-f - n-msX
BZy--hn-lo-\-amb Adn-hn A\p-`-h- Ime-L-S-\-bn s]Sm-
sX-Xs kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. CX-dn-bp--h arXyp-hn-tep
\s hen-n-g-p Ime-ns ]nSn-bn\npw ]pd-p-I-S-pw.
 59
Adn-hns\ hnY Rm\p-ansbs
ncn-bp-In-en--dnhpw, {]Im-i-am{Xw
Adn-h-dn-bp--h-s\p cp-tamm
semcp-s]m-cpfmaXn-en hmZ-ta-Xpw.
Adn-hns\ hnv Adn-hn\npw A\y-ambn
AY ]ns
Rm\pw C Rm F t_m[-n\pw
AkvXn-X-bn-.
Fs ]ncn-bp-In Fn\npw A\y-ambn
Adnhpw C Hc-dnhpw Dm-Ip-n-.
{]Im-i-am{Xw Rm\pw Adnhpw Htc-sbmcp
{]Imiw am{Xw
Adnhv Adn-shpw
Adn-bp--h Fp Adn-bp--h-s\pw D
cpw Hmm cpw At\z-jn-p-t\m-n-bm
Hcp s]mcpfmw Htc-sbmcp s]mcp-fmWv
CXn C hmZ-taXpw CXp X-an-m kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.
hy h- l m- c - ` mj- b n Rm Adn- b p- p, Fs Adnhv
Fsms ]d-bm-dp-v. As\ ]d-bp-tm hen-sbmcp sXns\
]nK-an-p-I-bmWv \ sNp--Xv. Rm FXv AdnhpXs-
bm-Wv. Rm\pw Adnhpw Xn Hcp t`Z-hp-an-. Rm Adn-bpp
F {]-{In-bbn Adnhv \n--\npw AI-n-cn-p Hp-t]mse
tXmpw. F{Xtbm Bfp-I Adn-hp-I tiJ-cn-m-\mbn ]pkvX-
I- hmbn-p-]-Tn-p-Xv \ ImWm-dp-v. ]pkvX-I-n-emWv
Adn-hn-cn-p--sX cqV-aq-e-amb tXm-ep-sIm-mWv \-fpsS
hnZym-`ymkw-t]mepw ]pkvX-I-tI-{o-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-p--Xv. am{X-a-,
Fs Adnhv Fp ]d-bp-tm Fs hoSv, Fs Im F
hnh--I-fn hcp--Xp-t]mse Adnhpw Rm kzmb--am-nb
Fs Hcp ssIh-i-h-kvXp-hm-Wv.
Atm IqSp-X Adn-hp--h kaq-l-n AwKo-Ir-X-\m-Ip-
p. Ah Adn-hmIp k-p-sImv A[n-Im-cs Im-fp-p.
Adn-hns\ Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNm C-s\-bp- sXmb t_m[w
klm-b-I-am-bn-p-v. hmkvX-h-n Rm\pw Adnhpw Htc-sbmcp
{]Imiw am{XamWv. Hcp s]mcpX-s-bm-Wv. Cmcyw A\p-`-h-am-
bnp hc-Ww. Atm-gmWv aqey-h-mbn Pohn-m Ign-bp-I. Kpcp-
hns A\p-`-h-n\n-mWv Kpcp Cmcyw \app ]d-p-X-cp-
-Xv. AXn eh-teiw kwibw th. AXp-sImv hmZ--sfm-
p-an-msX Rm\pw Adnhpw Hs-p- A\p-`-sshIyw t\Sn-sb-Sp-
p-I.
60
Adn-hn-s\bpw aa-X-bv-[o-\-amn
d-bp-an-Xn ]c-am-tamn-SmsX
]d-In-ep-a--c-X-z-sa--t]m-eo
bdn-h-dn-bp--h-\-\y-am-Ip-ho-e.

CXn CXns
]c-amw ]c-amw
Hmn-SmsX At\z-jn--dn-bmsX
Adn-hn-s\bpw Adn-hn-s\-tmepw
aa-Xbvv A[o-\-amn Fs Adnhv F Xc-n
Adn-hns\ kz-amn
]d-bpw Bfp-I ]dbpw.
]d-Inepw As\ ]d-mepw
B ]c-Xzw F-t]m B ]c-am--Xzw Adn-bp--h
AXp-X-s-bm-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse
Cu Adnhv Fs Adnhv F Xc-n
Icp-Xn-tm-cp Adnhv
Adn-bp--h\v CX-dn-bp--h\v Ah-\n\npw
A\y-am-Ip-hoe A\y-am-bn-cn-p-n-.

CXv Fs `qan, AXp \ns `qan, CXv Fs ]Ww, AXp

\ns ]Ww Fp ]d-bp--Xp-t]mse Am-\n-bmb a\p-jy
Fs Adn-shp hyh-l-cn-m-dpv. ]c-am-n Rm Adn-
hp-X-s-bm-Wv. Adnhv Ft-X-. hen-sbm-c-n Rmt]mepw
Adn-hn-t-Xm-Wv. Rm\pw Adnhpw c. ]t, Fs Adnhv Fp
]d-bp-tm Adnhv Fn\npw _mly-amb Ftm Hm-sWv
Icp-Xpw. AXp-sImv Adnhv kzmb--am-mthn a\p-jy
{]b-Xv\n-p-p. ]W-ap-m-m {]b-Xv\n-p a\p-jy-sc-tm-se-
Xs. hnZym-`ym-k-m-]-\--fnepw Am-Z-an-I-fnepw a\p-jy-
Ipn-bn-cpp ]Tn-p-Xp ImWmw. tkm{I-okv ]d hn{ip-X-
h-N-\--fn-sem-v, \o \ns-s Adn-bpI Fm-Wv. Adn-
bph-\pw Adnhpw Hm-bn-o-cp AJ-WvUm-\p-`q-Xn-bn am{Xta
\nhrXn Dm-hpp-q.
 ]c-am-m-hns\ Adn-bpp Fp ]d-bp--Xn Hcp sXp-v.
Adn-bp--h ]c-am-m-hm-Wv. CXmcpw Hmm-dn-. AXp-t]mse
Fs Adnhv Fp ]d-bp-tm Adnhv Fn\npw A\y-am-bn-
tm-Ipw. B tXm Hcp henb iq\y-Xsb krjvSn-pw. A]-Ij-
t_m-[s krjvSn-pw. Jeo Pn{_m {]hm-N-I F IrXn-
bn ]d-bpp: Fs ssZhta, Fp hnfn-m ]mSn-. Fs-
m Rm ssZh-n-t-Xm-Ip-p. ssZhw Ft-X-. B Hc-l--
IqSn \-fn\npw t]mI-Ww. ssZhs kz-am-p \mw ssZh-
t-m apn-b-h-\m-sW {]Xy--a-m Hcp A-l-m-c-ap-v.
\-psS aX-fpw Xz-Nn--Ifpw Cu Zqjn-X-h-e-b-n\npw
Dmb Pmc-k--Xn-I-fm-Wv. Adn-hn\v \s hnp-sIm-Sp--Ww. ssZh-
n\p \s kan--Ww. Atm Fv Ah-ti-jn-p-pthm
AXmWv BXy-n-I-amb A\p-`hw.

61
shfn-hn-jbw hne-kpp thdp-th-dm
bf-hn-Sp-an-{n-b-amp Xs [w
Pf-X-b-Xnp ZnKw-_-cmZn \mam
hen-sbm-Sp-b-dn-hmbn amdn-Sp-p.
shfn-hn-jbw ]pd-wtem-I-p- hnj-b-
thdp-th-dmbv sht-sd-bmbn
hne-kpp F-a {]Xo-Xn-I Dm-p-p.
C{nbw C{n-b-
Xs [w Bv AXm-Xns [s Ah-ew-
_n-p-sImv
Af-hnSpw C{n-b-hn-j-b-sf Af--dn-bpp.
PfX AXv C{n-b- sht-sdbmbn Af--dn-
bp--Xv Am\w \nan--amWv.
Cv ChnsS
ZnKw-_-cmZn Znv, BImiw ap-X-embh
\mam-h-en-sbmSv \nc-h-[n-bmb \ma-k--b-tm-sSmw
Dbv Dbv
Adn-hmbn amdn-Sp-p tIh-e-amb Adn-hns\ {]m]n-pp.
shfn Fm BIm-ia- m-W.v GsXmcp hkvXp-hn\pw nXn sNp-
hm CSw thWw. Fm hkvXp-fpw BIm-i - n-emWv Ccn-p-X
- .v
BIm-i - n hkvXp Ccn-pI am{X-a
- , hkvXp-hn BImiw Ccn-
p-p-apv. BIm-i
- n IpSw Ccn-p-X- p-t]m-se-Xs IpS-n
BImiw Ccn-p-pap-.v Cu BImi-n-emWv F-a hnj-b -
nXn sNp-X - .v Hcp hnjbw thsdmcp hnj-b - n\npw thdn-n-cn-
p-p-.v B thpa hcp-Xv C{n-b - fpsS [-hy-Xn-cn-XsImm-
Wv. In\p cq]s ImWm Ign-bp-p. cq]-amWv ChnsS Ins
[-hn-j-b-am-bn-cn-p--Xv. In\p ImWp-hm-\p-ff Ignth Dq.
tIp-hm-\p- Ign-hn-. tIhn ImXns [-am-Wv. Atm
ImXns hnj-ba - mbn hcp-X- v i_vZa - m-W.v Cs\ Hmtcm C{n-b - n-
\pw AXm-Xns [hpw B [-n-\n-W - p hnjbhpw ]pdw-
tem-I- n nXn sNp-p-.v
Af-hn-m sshhn-[y-tm-Sp-IqSn temI-n cq]- DXp-
t]mse kv]i-fpw i_vZ - fpw K-fpw ck-fpw At\-Ia - m-
Wv. C{n-b- Chsb Adn-bp-Xv Af-m-W.v Fm C{n-bh - n-jb - -
-tfbpw Af-m Ign-bpw. B[p-\n-Ii - mkv{Xw Cu temIs Afp
a\-n-em-p-hm {ian-X - ns ^e-am-bn-mWv hnI-kn-Xa - m-bn-cn-p-X - .v
Kpcp JWvUn-Xa - mbn ]d-bpp: CsXms Pf-Xb - m-W.v Pf-Xs - b-m
Cu \m\m-Xz-n-t-Xmb temI-n \mw imiz-Xa - q-ey-sf ImWm
{ian-p-Xm-W.v Fmw amdn-sm-n-cn-p-p. am-an-m-X - mbn Cu
{]m]-n-IX- b- n Hpw-Xs C. Fm Cu ams Adn-hn-tev
B\-bn-p-hm Ign-bpw. Hcp hnj-b - n\np thsdmcp hnj-b - n-
tev {]nbs ]dn-p-\-Sp--Xp-t]m-se-b hnj-b-n\npw
{]nbs ASn-sb-Spv Bm-hn Dd-np \ndpp-X - .v BIm-
iw, Znv XpSn ]m-`u-Xn-Iamb Cu {]]w ap-gp-h \ma-k - b - -
-fm-W.v Fm \ma-fpw A\m-an-Ia - mb Adn-hn D]-kw-lc - n-W - w.
Adnhp am{Xta Dq. CXv Adn-bp-tm PfX t]mIpw. B Adnhp
Xs-bmWv Rm. CXdn-bp-tm B\w Ae-X - pw.

62
]c-h-i-\mbv ]c-X-z-sa-s-sX-tm
-cp-XcpsXp IYn--sXm-n-\mte
hcp-a-dn-th-Xp- hcm IYn--Xmte
]c-a-]Zw ]cn-Nn sNbvXn-tS-Ww.

]c-h-i-\mbv euIn-I-ho--W-n\v ASn-asv

]c-Xzw ]c-am-m-hns\
Fs-sXv Fs ]c-am-m-shv
Hm-cpXv Icp-Xm ]mSn
Acp-sXv Icp-Xm ]mSn-sv
IYn--sXm-n-\mse ]d--Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw
hcp-a-dn-thXv? - F-dn-hp-m-Im-\mWv?
hcm IYn--Xmse shdptX ]d--Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw
m\w ssIh-cn-I-bn-.
]c-a-]Zw ]c-am-m-hns\
]cn-Nn sNbvXn-tSWw [ym\-\n-a--ambn A\p-`-hn--dn-b-Ww.

]c-hi - X
- b
- mWv Hc-phs\ Xfp-X - v. kXyw thsd Fhn-sStbm
BsWp IcpXn AXns em`-n-\mbn {]b-Xv\n-p-tm-gmWv ]c-
h-i-\m-Ip--Xv. D-tc-y-bn Pohn-n-cp m\n-bmb I_o ]d-
bp-p: Cuiz-c an-c-nepw akvPn-Zn-ep-a-. bmK-nepw tbmK-
nepw A. Cuiz-c \ns {]mWs {]mW-\m-Ipp Fv. \mw
\s Xnc-p-\-S-m XpS-n-bnv P- Gsd Ign-p. bm{X
Gsd sNbvXv `qan F Cu k{X-n Fn-tn-p ]Yn-I-
m-cmWv \-sf-m-hc - pw. \-fpsS bm{X \-sf-t-Sn-bp-XmsWv
Adn-bp-tm CXp-hsc sNbvX bm{X-I-sfmw hrYm-hn-em-bn-cp-p
Fp t_m[y-s-Spw. Ghpw ASp Hns\ Adn-bmsX AI-se-
bp--Xn-tep Xe \op \psS _pn ]mc-h-iy-am-Wv. B _pn-
sIm-mWv hopw \ ]c-am-m-hns\ Adn-bm {ian-p--Xv.
]c-am-mhv GtXm Hcp henb hkvXp--hn-s\-tmse am{Xta As\
At\z-jn-p--hs a\-n tXmn-p-I-bp-q. Fs ]c-am-m-
shv Nnn-p-Xv sXm-Wv. Fm Ft-Xp-Ifpw Rm\-m--Xm-
Wv.
Cs\ Nnn--cp-sXp ]d--Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw \apv icn-
bmb ]c-am--m\w ssIh-cn-I-bn-. D]-\n-jpw ss__nfpw
Jp B\pw at\m-l-c-ambn Dcp-hn-Sp-hm Ign-bp ]WvUn-X-in-tcm-
a-Wn-Ifpv. Ah aWn-a-Wn-t]mse thZ-]p-kvXIw sNmn-tn-
p-X-cpw. ]t, Poh sImcp-n sIWn-bn Ahcpw Hcp ]d-h-
sb-tmse Nnd-In-Snp \ne-hn-fn-p k`- ]e-tmgpw
DmIm-dp-v. apn ImWm-mTw ]Tnpm-m-hp H-. Gp-
sNmn lrZn--am-m-hp--Xp-a-. Bm-hns AKm-[-X-bn-tev
kzw X]-n-\m Bn-d--Ww. [ym\-ns kmK-c-kz-X
ssIh-cp-thmfw Cu ]cn-Nn-\w XpSn-tS-Ww.
 63
Adn-hn-en-cp--]-c-Xz-amn-Sm-Xo
bdn-hn-s\-bn--dn-bp--sX-ntb Xm
]c-h-i-\m-b-dn-hoe ]WvUn-X X
]c-a-c-l-ky-an-Xmcp ]mn-Sp-p !

Adn-hn-en-cpv Adn-hn\nv
A]-c-Xz-amn-SmsX Xs A\y-am-msX
Cu Adn-hns\ Bmhp Xs-bmb Adn-hns\
C-dn-bp--sX-ntb ChnsS Adn-bm-sa--msX
]c-h-i-\mbv Xn\npw A\y-amWv Bm-hv
FpIcpXn At\z-jnp-Xn-
eqsS
Adn-hoe Bm\p`hw kw`-hn-p-I-bn-.
]WvUn-X X m\n-bpsS
]c-a-c-lkyw ]c-a-clkyamb B-cn-Im-\p-`hw
CXmcp ]mn-Spp! BmWv a\-n-em-hp--Xv ?

Bm-t\z-jWw \S-p km[-I-m-cn s]mXpth kw`-hn-

m CS-bp- Hcp sXns\ Kpcp Xncp-n--cn-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
Adn-hn-t\bpw Adn-bp--h-t\bpw A\y-hev-cnp ImWm ]mSn-.
Bm-hn-s\-bmWv kmm-XvI-cn-t--Xv. Fm Hcm km[-\-
I A\p-jvTn-p-tm AXp thsd Fhn-sStbm Ccn-p Hm-
sWp Icp-Xn-bmWv A\p-jvTm-\ - sNp-X - v. {]mn-p-h - cpw
tbmKbpw {]mWm-bm-ahpw sNp--hcpw a{hpw ]qPbpw \S-p--
hcpw Fmw Ah-cn\nv A\y-Ym-I-cn Hcp k-bmbn Ip-
sIm-mWv Bm-t\z-jWw \S-p--Xv. Hm-bn-cn-p kXys
cmn hn`-Pnv hopw Hm-n-tp-hmthn a\p-jy \S-
p s]Sm-m-Sn-s\-p-dn-tmv Kpcp hyk-\-kz-c - n-emWv Cu
tmI-ns Ah-km-\] - mZw Na-n-cn-p-X - v. ]WvUn-XX ]c-ac - -
lkyw Bpw Adn-bm Ignbpn-tm! BcmWv ]WvUn-X?
sse{_-dn-bpsS Hgn tImWn-en-cpv alm-{K- - hmbn-p-Iq-p-
Ibpw Zp{Kl-amb Imcy- ]d-bp-Ibpw sNp Hcp _pn-Po-hn-
sb-bmWv ]WvUn-Xs - \v kmam-\y-P\w Icp-Xp-X - v.
Fm Kpcp C-c - msc ]c-hi - - m FmWv hnfn-p-X - v.
]WvUn-X F-. \psS tImtf-Pp-If - nepw Am-Za - n-If
- nepw an-
hmdpw B{i-a--fnepw Cu ]c-h-i-m A[--c-hym-bmaw sNp-Xv
\ ImWm-dp-v. ]t, ]WvUn-X F hmns t\cmb
Aw A\p-`h - k- m-Ie - y-ap m\n Fm-Wv. ]c-aa - mb Adnhpw
Rm\pw c F A\p-`h - s ]WvUm Fp ]d-bpw. Aev]w-
t]mepw hn`m-Ko-bX - b- n-m t_m[-amWv ]WvUm. Cu A\p-`hw hen-
b-he- nb ]Zm-he - n-If - n tImn-Wn samgn-p-sIm-Sp-m Ign-
bp-Ib- n-. au\-ns AKm-[a - mb Hcp Dsh-fn-a
- m-Wn-X.v ]c-ac
- l
- kyw
Fp ]d-bm Imc-Wa - X- m-Wv. Hmtcm Poh-sbpw ]cn-Wmaw Cu ]c-
a-cl
- k- ys Ddn-bp-X - n-te-mWv th-Xv. Fm CXv Bcpw
a\-n-em-p-n-tm F Aev]w tJZw \nd Hcp kzchpw Cu
tmI-n AS-n-bn-cn-p-p-v.

64
{]Xn-hn-jbw {]Xn-_--ta-dn- ta-hp
nXns\ \nP-kvar-Xnsb \ncm-I-cnq
AXn-hn-i-Z-kvar-Xn-bm-e-XoX hnZym
\n[n sXfn-bp-n-Xn-\n \oXn-lm\n.

{]Xnhnjbw Hmtcm hnj-bhpw

{]Xn-_--tadn tahpp B-km-m-XvIm-c-n\p
XSw \npp.
CXns\ Cu XS-s
\nP-kvar-Xnsb B-kvar-Xn-sImv
\ncm-I-cnq Xn--f-b-Ww.
AXn-hn-i-Z-kvar-Xn-bm Bm-hns koa-b Hm-bm
AXo-X-hn-Zym-\n[n Fm D]m-[n-Ipw AXo-Xa- mb
B\--L-\-amb m\w
sXfn-bpp Dn sXfn-bpp.
CXn\v C \oXn-lm\n CXn Abp--ambn Hp-an-.

hkvXphpw hnj-bhpw Xn A-c-ap-v. hkvXp a\-ns

{]nbm-{]n-b--fp-ambn Ie-cp-tm AXp hnj-b-am-bn. hnjbw hnjw-
t]m-se-bm-sWmWv AjvSm-h-{I-ap-\n-sb-tm-ep-h ]d-bp--Xv.
As\ ]d-bm Imc-Ww, hnjbw \-psS hmk-\sb apgp-h
DWn \s I-tm-p-I-cm-pw. Iw Fp ]d-bp--Xv,
Imay-hn-j-b-n-\p-th-n-bp- \nc--c-amb {]h-\-am-Wv. Hcp
hnjbw \psS A\p-`-h-n-tep IS-p-h-cp-tm B hnj-b-
tmSp tN At\Iw hnj-b- Iqw-Iq--ambn at\m-Z-W-
n-tev Xn--bdn hcpw. Hmtcm hnj-b-Nn-bpw F\n-mZyw
]qo-I-cWw \Iq Fp ]d-bp--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv \s Imay-
hn- j - b - n- t ep t{]cn- n- p- s Im- n- c n- p- - X v . As\ Hcp
PohnXw apgp-h hnj-b-Nn--tbm-SptN {]h-\--fp-ambn
\ Ign-p-Iq-p-tm Pohn-X-ns BXy-n-I-amb eyw ad-
p-t]m-Ip-p.
cp Xc-n-ep-ff kvarXn-I (memory) \-fn {]hn-
p-p-v. Hc-n Htc-sbmcp kvarXn Xs-bmWv cp apJ-
-fn-tep Xncn-p-\nv {]hn-p--Xv. Hv hnj-b-kvar-Xn-bpw,
thsdmv B-kvar-Xn-bpw. B-kvar-Xn-bn-eqsS am{Xta hnj-b-
kvar-Xnsb Cm-Xm-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q. hnj-b-kvarXn _-\-
n\p Imc-W-am-Ip-p. B-kvarXn apn-k-m-b-I-am-Wv. Bm-
hns kvarXn-sbbmWv AXn-hn-i-Z-kvarXn Fv Kpcp hnti-jn-n-
n-cn-p--Xv. Fm kvac-W-I-fp-tSbpw aqe-I--amWv B-k-.
B B-k--bn {]m]-n-I-Po-hn-X-ns apgp-h Hm-I-
tfbpw kqvaambn tImdn-bn-n-p-v. Iw]yq--dnse ssat{Im-Nn-p-
I-fn sadn kqn-p--Xp-t]m-se-X-s-bmWnXv.
ChnsS Cuiz-cs akvXn-jvI-n-emWv CsXmw tiJ-cn-p--
sXv ]d-tb-n-h-cpw. Cu kvarXn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv \ AXn-cp-I-fn-
m m\s Bm-\--ambn A\p-`-hn--dnbp--Xv. sXfn-a-bp-
Hcp Pohn-X-n\v thsd Hcp t]mwh-gnbpw C. B-\n-jvT-amb
km[\ A\p-jvTn-W - w. Fn-\mWv Aam-n-p-Xv? hnj-b - f
- psS
XSw hnj-b-Nn Dn-S-tmfw am{Xta Dq. ]ns F\npw
Bm-hn\pw CS-bn Hcp a[y-hn C. CXp X-an-m kwK-
Xn-bm-Wv.

65
Hcp Ipdn \ma-dn-bm--sXm-p-an-n
pcp-a-d-hm-e-dn-ho-ep-Wn-sXmw
Adn-h-h-cn--Xn-c--Xm-I-bm-eo
bcp-a-sb-bm-c-dn-bp-tlm! hnNn{Xw!

Hcp Ipdn Hcp hi-p-\npw t\mn-bm

\mw Adn-bm-Xv \apv Adn-bm Ign-bm
Hpw Cv C Hpw-Xs temI-n C.
Dcp ad-hm cq]--fpsS ad ImcWw
CsXmw Cu temI-hn-j-b--sf-sbmw
DWv Adn-hoe B-t_m-[-n DWv \mw
Adn-bp-n
AXn-c--Xm-I-bm A\--hn-im-e-am-b-Xn-\m
Cu Acp-asb t{]a-kz-cq-]n-bmb Cu Bm-hns\
Adn-h-h-cn Adn-bp--h Bcpw CXs.
Bc-dn-bpp As-n CsXms Bc-dn-bpp ?
Atlm! hnNn{Xw! ApXw \nd Cu A\p-`hw
Fsm-cp hnNn-{X-am-Wv!

_{Sm v d-en-s\-tm-sebp-ff Nn-I-m ssZh-n hniz-

kn-p-n-s-nepw Adn-hns in-bn hniz-kn-p-p-v. Ch-cpsS
Nnsb temPn- t]mkn-o-hnkw (logical positivism) FmWv
hnfn-p--Xv. Cu Nnm-]--Xn-{]-Imcw Cu temI-n-ep-ff Fm
Adn-hpIfpw Hcn- \apv Adn-p-Xom Ign-bpw. BIm-i-
ns AXnn-I Fhn-sS--bmWv? {]]w Fn\n-mWv Dm-
bXv? {]]--kr-jvSnp ]nn Fs-nepw Dt-iyaptm? C-
s\-bp- tNmZy-smw Hmtcmtcm D-c- ]co--W--fn-
eq-tSbpw \nco--W--fn-eq-tSbpw Isn B D-c--sf-sbmw
tNp-hv Nnn-p-tm temIs kw_-n-p ]cn-n-
]vXn-bp- Hcp Dcw Inp-sapXs-bmWv temPn- t]mkn-
o-hn-kp-I-fpsS hnizm-kw. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp CXn-s\-sbmcp hnizm-k-
am-bn- ImWp--Xv. CXn-s\-sbmcp km[y-X-bm-bn-mWv a\-n-em-
p--Xv.
Hcp aXcnsb Adn-bm-sa-n `qansb apgp-h Adn-bm Ignbpw
Fp-Xv Hcp km[y-Xb - mWv. AXp hnNm-cnv BcmWv `qan-bn-ep-ff
aX-cn-Is - fmw Fn-s-dpn Xn-s-Sp-m t]mIp-X - v. As\
Bsc-nepw {ian-p-p-s-n AXns\ apgp {`mst ]d-bm-
s\m-p. Hcp Ipdn \mw Adn-bm-s - Xm-p-an-n. Cs\ Hcp ho-
W-tIm-Wn\npw t\mp-tm \ap--dn-bm-\m-Im--Xmbn Cu
temI-n Hpw-Xs C FmWv Kpcp ]d-bp-X - v. ]t, Cu
Adn-hn Hcp XI-cm-dp-v. Hns\ thsdm-n\npw thsd-th-sd-bm-
n-bmWv \ Adn-bp-X - v. AXn\p ImcWw Hcp hkvXp-hns\ \mw
Adn-bp-tm AXn\v Hcp cq]w Ds-p-ff - X - m-Wv. temIw Fp ]d-
bp-Xv _lp-kl - {kw cq]-Xs-bm-W.v B cq]-smw \ma-
sImSp-p-tm-gmWv temI-hp-ambn \apv hyh-lc - n-m Ign-
bp-X - v. Fm \ma-cq-]- t- fbpw ka-\z-bn-d - n-bp Hcp kam-\m-[n-Ic - -
W-Xb - p-v. cq]-f - psS ad ImcWw Cu kam-\m-[n-Ic - W
- X - b
- n-tev
a\-ns\ DWn-sb-Sp-m \apv Ign-bm-dn-. am{X-a Cu kam-
\m-[n-Ic
- WX Pohn-X - n-s-Xs ]c-aa - mb A-am-Wv.
\nc-Xn-ib- a
- mb B\-hpw t{]ahpw hgn-sm-gp-Ip Acp-ab - mb
Cu Adn-hns\ Bcm-Wd - n-bp-Xv? A{Xbpw m\-]n-]m-kbpw kXym-
t\z-j-W-]-c-Xbpap Hcmv Cu Acp-a-bpsS Aa-c-k-m]w Km\-
]o-bq-ja- mbn A\p-`h- n-m Ign-bpw. tbmKn-If- psS Nn-n elcn
]I-cp Cu A\p-`hw F{X hnNn-{X-amWv! Fm Ap-X--fn-te-
pw-hv alm-p-X-am-bn-cn-p B-\nhrXn Atlm! hnNn{Xw!

66
Cc apX-em-b-h-sb-p-an-{]-Imcw
hcp-an-\nbpw, hc-h-p-\n-ev]-tXIw
Adn-hXp, \ma-Xp-Xs ap-sa-m
hcp-a-Xp-X hSn-hmp \nn-Sp-p.

Cc apX-em-bh kpJZpxJk-n-{i-amb hnj-b-

Fpw Fm-bvtmgpw
C{]-Imcw Ctm-g-s-t]m-se-Xs
hcp-an-\nbpw C\nbpw hp-sIm-n-cnpw
hc-hv \nev]Xv \n--e-ambn \np-Xv
GIw Hp am{X-am-Wv.
Adnhv AXv GI-amb AXv Adn-hm-Wv.
\mw AXp-Xs \mw B Adn-hp-X-s-bm-Wv.
ap Fm-hcpw ap Fm-hcpw
AXp-X B GI-amb Adnhns
hSn-hmv kzXzw ssIsmv
\nn-Spp \ne-\npp

Fm Pohn-Ifpw P\n-p-Xv hni-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. hniv Hcp

Ima-am-Wv. hniv An-t]m-se-bmWv Pzen-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. Pzen-
p-sIm-n-cn-p An-bn-tev hnd-Ip-I Cp-sIm-Sp-m Ah
In-m-e - m-Ipw. hni-m-Ip Ansb ian-n-p-hm\pw Cc thWw.
]e-X-c-n-ep Cc-I \app thWw. Cu hnj-b-{]-]--samw
\psS Ima-\-I-fpsS D]-i-a-\-n-\m-bp- Cc-I-fm-Wv. i_vZ-kv]i-
cq-]-c-k-K-m-Zn-I-fmb Cc-Isf XnmWv Poh Iqm-Sp--Xv.
Xnmepw Xnmepw Xocn-. hopw hopw Cu hnj-b- hp-
sImncnpw.
Fm Cu ssPhn-I{- ]-{In-b - - p-dv Hcp ssZhn-I{- ]-{In-bb
- p-
v. \nivvNe
- a
- mbn \np kmn-kz-cq-]\ - mb Adn-hn-t\m-Sp B`n-
apJyw P\n-p-X - m-WX
- v. B Adnhv As-n B-m\w hp-
wt]mbpw Ccn-p Xc-nep-X-. AXv GI-am-Wv. B GIw At\-
I-XIsmw Imc-Whpw A[n-jvTm-\h - p-am-Wv. Rm B-cmWv? F
tNmZy-n\v Rm GI-am-Wv, Rm Adn-hp-Xs - -bmWv F D-c-
amWv e`n-p--Xv. Cu al-mb Adn-hns {]kv^p-c-W--fmWv
_mn-bp-ff Fmw.

67
KW-\b - n\np Ihn-s - Xmp km[m
cW-anh cp-sam-gn-sm-c-\y-cq]w
\n\-hn-ep-an-Xp \n{Z-bn-epw ta
en\-\-K-c-n-ep-sa-p-an \q\w.

KW-\-bn \nv C{n-b-n-tbpw a\-n-tbpw

IW-p-Iq--ep-Iv
Ihn-Xv Hv Apd-p- Hv.
km[m-cWw C{n-b-sImpw a\-p-
sImpw KWn--dn-bm-hp Hv.
Ch cpw Hgn Ch cpw IqSmsX
Hcp A\y-cq]w thsd Fs-n-epw- X-c-n-ep
Hcp A-dnhv
\n\-hnepw C DWnepw C,
CXp \n{Z-bn-epw Dd--nepw C,
ta C\-\-K-c-nepw kz]v\nepw C.
Fpw C Fhn-sSbpw C.
\q\w CXp Xo-bm-Wv.

Adn-hns taJ-eI - sf cmbn ]Ip-p-hv a\-n-em-p-Xv

imkv{Xo-ba- mb Hcp coXn-bm-W.v Nne a\p-jy kwkm-cn-p-tm ]eXpw
Iqn-p-gp kwkm-cn-pw. Ah Nnn-p-Xpw A-s\-Xs - -bm-W.v
Atm A- s \- b p- h- c psS Nnv Hcp ASppw apdbpw
DmnsmSp-t-Xv Kpcp-hns [-am-W.v Kpcp ]d-bp Cu hn`-
P\w ]mm-Xy-Nn-I - cpw AwKo-Ic - n-p-X
- m-W.v Hv tkm]m-[n-Ia
- mb
Adnhv (relative knowledge). KW\ F hmp tIp-tm
 AXv shdpw IW-p-Iq- am{X-a - . Fm-c - - n-ep C{n-bm-\p-`h - -
fpw AXp-t]mse t_m[At_m-[A[-t_m-[{- ]-{In-bI - fpw ChnsS
]d-bp KW-\b - psS ]cn-KW - \- b- n hcp-X - m-W.v
Atm KW-\b - ns]Sp Adnhv km[m-cW - a- m-W.v km[m-cW
Adnhv At\-Ia - m-W.v C\n ]d-bmt]m-Ip Adnhv tbmKm-\p-`q-Xn-bn
ssIh-cp tbmKn-bpsS sXfn-hp D-am-W.v _pn-sImv Nnntm
C{n-b - sImv KWntm Adn-bm-hp KW-n s]-X Cu
Adn-h.v CXv Fm Adn-hnepw Ihn Adn-hm-W.v Im v ]d-bp
transcendental knowledge - AXo-X - m\w Cu cv ]n-Ib - n
s]Sm-X - mbn aqm-as - Xmcp Xc-n-ep Adnhpw C Fp Kpcp
JWvUn-Xa - mbn ]d-bp-p.
Nne aX-{K- - f - n-sems s]cpnp ]d-p-t]m-cmdp hyn-
K-Xa- mb hn{`am-I - a - mb (hallucinatory) A\p-`h - - s - f-tmepw km[m-
cW Adn-hns KW-nte Kpcp s]Sp-n-bn-p-ff - q. Cmcyw kwi-b-
te-ia - t\y \np kzoI-cn-mw. C\-\K - cw FXv kz]v\ - ns
t- em-Ia - m-Wv. a\v F{X k-ev]n-mepw AsXmw km[m-cW Adnhp
am{X-am-Wv. Atm KW-\b - n\npw KW-\m-Xo-Xa - mbn t_m[s
Dbn-sb-Spv \ncp-]m-[n-Ia - mb m\-k - - X - b - n Pohn-p--
h\v temIw _-\a - - . hnjm-Z - nt\m \ncm-ibvtm hiw-hZ- \ - m-tI
Imcy-an-. kwK-cl - n-Xa - mbn Ah\p Pohn-m Ign-bpw.
68
Ac-h-h-Sm-Ir-Xn-t]m-e-l- -c-m
bdn-hn-ep-aw-Kn-bnepw IS--bmte
Hcp Ipdn-bmcy-bn-Xn--\m-cy-bm-Ip
smcp-I-pdn-sb-p-W-tc-W-aq-l-imen.

Ac-h-h-Sm-Ir-Xn-t]m Ib-dns BIm-cs ]mmbn

sXn--cn-p--Xp-t]mse
Al Poh
cmbv cp [mc-bmbn
Adn-hnepw B-k--bn-tepw
AwKn-bnepw A\m--k--bn-tepw
IS--bmte Htc-t]mse {]th-in-p--Xp-sImv
Hcp Ipdn B-h-i-p-\npw t\mp-tm
Bcy apn-bn-tep \bn-p
Adn-hmbpw
Hcp Ipdn A\m--h-i-p-\npw
t\mp-tm
CXv Cv CXv ChnsS
A\m-cy-bm-Ipp _-Im-c-W-ambpw Xocpp.
Fv FImcyw
Dul-imen a\-\-io-e
DW-tcWw A\m-m-hn\npw Bm-hn-
tep DWp a\-n-em--Ww.

Hm tcm Ippw ChnsS P\nphogp-tm cp Xc-n-ep-ff

km[y-XI - Ah-\n hp `hn-m CS-bp-v. Hp-In Ah
sXmb Adn-hns taml-he - b-
- n Ipcpn IjvS\ - j- Sv - f- psS IW-
p-I ]dv Pohn-p kmam-\y-P\ - - f - n Hcp-h\ - m-bn-o-cpw. As-
n Ah ]c-a] - p-cp-jm-amb apn-bn-tep \bn-p Adn-hns\
kzoI-cnv B am-n-eqsS Ncnv ]q\pw kzX-{-\p-am-bn-o-cpw.
Cu cp hgn-Ifpw \psS apn Ds-nepw GXp Xncs-Sp--
W-sa \nbw hcp-pXv \-fpsS AXp-hs - c-bp- Pohn-X - ns
kz`mhw A\p-kc - n-m-bn-cn-pw.
Hmtcm Ippw P\n-p-Xv Iptd ]q-ka v c- W
- I - f- p-am-bn-mWv. B
kvac-WI - \psS km[m-cW kvac-WI - t]mseb. Ahy-X - e
- -
n {]hn-p t{]c-W-I-fm-Wv. Atm AXns\ hmk\
FmWv hnfn-p-I. hmk-\b - psSIqsS \psS Hmtcm Znh-ks Pohn-
X-kw-kIv c - W
- h
- pw-IqSn tN-s-Spw. Atm hmk-\bpw kwkvIm-chpw
Hcp hyn-bmb Fn {]hn-p-p. A-s\-bp Rm ]c-
aamb Adn-hn-tev Xncnv A[n-jT v m-\k- X - ys Adn-bm XpS-p-
Xv Bcy-bm-W.v As-n t{ijvTa - mb Hm-W.v
Fm {]nbm-{]n-b--fpsS IXrXzw Gs-Sp-n-p- AwKn-bn-
emWv Rm hn-p-s - X-n AXv A\m-cybmb Adn-hm-Wv. CXp
t_m[n-n-p-X-cp-hm thn thZm-n-I D]-tbm-Kn-m-dp- Hcp
ZrjvSm--s-bmWv Kpcp ChnsS amXr-I-bmbn FSp-n-p-Xv. Nne
shfn--p-d-hp-sImtm atm Npcp-p-IqSn InS-p Ibdp ImWp-
tm AXp ]mm-sWp \n\p `b-hn-lz--cm-Im-dp-v. Ib-dn
]mns\ ImWp-Xv Adnhp Xs-bm-Wv. Fm AXv Chn-S-s
k`-n A\m-cy-bm-Wv. \mw {]m]-n-I-Zr-iy--fn kXys
Zin- p- t m B Adnhv A\m- - I - a m- W v . Fm Ib- d n
]mns\ I B BXs shfnw hcp-tm Ib-dn I
]mns\ \ncm-I-cnv Ib F kXys Xncn--dn-bp-p. CXv
Bcy-bm-Wv. \appw {]]--Zr-iy-sf \ncm-Icnv A[n-jvTm-\-amb
B-k-sb kmm-XvI-cn-t--Xm-bn-p-v. Cmcyw Cu tmI-
ns LS-\sb shfn-s-Sp-m klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-pw.
 69
{ipXn apXemw XpcKw sXmSp-sm-cm--
{]Xn-a-sbgpw Ic-W-{]-ho-W-\mfpw
cXn-c-Y-ta-dn-b-l cay-cq]w
{]Xn ]pdta s]cp-am-dn-Sp--P{kw.
{ipXn apXemw C{n-b--fnsemmb sNhn
apX-emb
XpcKw sXmSpv IpXn-c-Isf ]qn
Hcp B-{]-Xn-a-sbgpw Bm-hns {]Xna Fgp-p
IcW{]ho-W Bfpw a\-s kmcYn \nb-{n-
p--Xp-amb
cXn-c-Y-tadn cXn-bm-Ip cY-n Ibdn
Al Al
]pdta ]pd-p-
cay-cq]w{]Xn kpJ-hn-j-b-smw
AP{kw hopw hopw
s]cp-am-dn-Spp Npnn-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.

PohnXw Hcp bm{X-bm-Wv. \mw Hmtcm-cp-cpw B bm{Xbn

]m-fn-I-fm-Wv. Cu bm{X XpS-n-bn-cn-p-Xv Ftm kw`-hn Hcp
Am-\-n \nm-Wv. Fhn-sS-tbm-hv Rms\s ad-p-t]m-bn.
F{X Hmn-npw Fhn-sS-bmWv Rm Ccn-p--sXv F\n--dn-
bm Ign-bp-n-. Ahn-sS-\n-mWv \mw bm{X Bcw-`n-p--Xv.
As\ Hcp bm{X-bpsS ca-Wo-b-amb Hcp Nn{XoI-c-W-amWv Cu
tmIw. \mw bm{X sNm Hcp hml\s B{i-bn-p-p-v. cXn-
cYw FmWv B hml-\-ns t]cv. AXnse km-cn-bm-bn-cn-
p Rm {]Xna IW-s-bmWv Ccn-p--Xv. {]Xna Poh-\m-Wv.
Bm-hns {]Xn-_nw-_-cq-]-amWv Poh. Rm {]Xn-a-bm-bn-S-p-
\n-mWv F\nv bm{X sNtnh-Xv.
Fs cY-n\p Ap IpXn-cI - Dv. mt\-{n-b - f- m-Ip
Av IpXn-c-I. Gsd {]ho-W-\mb a\-s Ic-W-amWv IpXn-c-
I-fpsS ISn-m ]nSn-n-cn-p-X- v. ]t IpXn-cI- m-Is kpJ-
hn-j-b--fn IpXn-p-]m-bm-\mWv hy{K-X. kp-c-cq-]-fpw arZp-
kv]i-fpw lrZy-amb cpNn-Ifpw hmk-\-Ifpw Im-\--I-c-amb
i_vZ-fpw C{n-b-sf -c-an-np-sIm-t-bn-cn-p-p. FmWv Cu
bm{Xv Hcp Adp-Xn-bpXv? Rm Fnse Fs Adn-b-Ww.
Rm thsd Fhn-sS-bp-a - . Rm Fn-em-sWv Adn-bW - w. Atm
bm{X Ah-km-\n-p. Bm-hn Rm \n-e-\m-Ipw. Fnse Ima-
\-IfpsS Xo AW-bpw. IpXn-c-Ifpw tXcm-fnbpw cY-N-{I-fpw aqSa-
n kqcy-In-cW -
- Gevp-tm Aen-p-t]m-Ip-X - p-t]mse
Xntcm-`-hn-pw.

70
Hcp cXn- X-s-b-l--bn-{n-bmx
Ic-W-I-tf-_-c-sam-n-sXm-s-bmbn
hncn-bp-an-Xnp hncm-a-sap thdm
adn-h-h-s\--dn-thm-f-tamn-tS-Ww.
Hcp cXn-Xs Htc Hcp B\w Xs-bmWv
Al A-l--bmbpw
C{nb C{n-b-fpw
Ax-I-cW A-c-W-fpw
Itf-_cw ico-chpw
Fn-sXm-s-bmbn Fn-h-sbmw Bbn
hncnbpw thsd-th-sd-bmbn Xon-SpXv.
thdmw Adn-h-h Adn-bp--h-\mb Rm thsd
F-dn-thmfw Fp a\-n-em-p-n-S-tmfw
CXnp Cu \m\m-Xz-{`-a-n\p
hncm-a-sav? hncm-a-sa-s\ Dm-Im-\mWv?
Hmn-tSWw \mbn Cmcyw Hm thWw.

B\w Ht-bp-q. AXv Bm-\--am-Wv. Bm-hns\

am{Xta B\- - ns t{kmX-mbn Adn-bm ]mSp-q. thsd Fmw
I]-S-t{km-X-p-I-fm-Wv. anYym-Xzw-sIm-mWv \ Atmv Hen-
p-t]m-Ip--Xv. hyn-i-co-c-n\v D]m-[n-I-fn-eqsS am{X-amWv Adn-
bm Ign-bp-p-q. Al-, A-c-W-, C{n-b-, icocw
CsXmw hyn-]-c-amb D]m-[n-I-fm-Wv. Hmtcm a\p-jy-\nepw Cu
D]m-[n-Iv hyXym-ka - p-m-bn-cn-pw. Nne Bfp-If- psS Ip-Iv
\ ImgvN-i-n-bm-Wv. Fm thsdm-cmv h-sf Xncn--
dn-bm-\m-hp-I-bn-. Nnev Fmw Bg-n Nnn--dnbm-\m-Ipw. ap
Nnem-Is F{X tImepw a\-n-em-hp-I-bn-. CXv Bm-hns
tZmjw-sIm- - . Bm-hns\ ad-p-h - n-cn-p D]m-[n-If
- psS tZmjw-
sIm-m-Wv. D]m-[n-Iv Cu tZmjw ssIh-n-cn-p-Xv \psS
hnI-ea - mb I-sIm-m-W.v Atm I-n ipo-Ic - Ww
sImp-hc - W
- w. D]m-[n-If
- psS tZmjs Xov B-kz-cq-]s F-
s\tbm A-s\-Xs ImW-Ww.
 Htc-sbmcp B\w am{Xta Dq. Bmhv Ht-bp-q-sh-n
B\-hpw ]e-Xm-Im CS-bn-. D]m-[n-t`-Zw-sImp am{X-amWv hnj-
b-t`m-K-n-\p-ff Xzc hcp--Xv. AXns ImcWw Kpcp shfn-s-Sp-
p-Xv A\p-`-hn-p hnj-bhpw A\p-t`m-mhpw thsd-th-sd-bm-
sWv Adn-bp--Xp-sIm-m-Wv. Bm-\--n Cu thp-a-bn-.
hnj-b-t`m-K-nemWv t`Zw hcp--Xv. AXp-sImv Fm t`mK-
pw Hcp AdpXn hcp--W-sa-n B-cXn Hp am{X-amWv
kXy-am-bn-p-q F A\p-`-h-\njvT Bn-p-I-bmWv th-Xv.

71
kh-\-sam-gnp ka-Xz-amp \nev]o
eh-\n-bn-em-cp-a-\mZn eoe-bt{X
Ahn-c-f-am-Ip-an-Xm-I-th-b-dn-m
eh-\-Xn-c kpJw `hn-n-Sp-p.

kh-\-sam-gnv P\-\hpw ac-Whpw CmsX

Ah-\n-bn temI-n
Bcpw Bcpw-Xs
ka-Xz-amp \n-e-amb \ne-bn
\nev]oe \np-n.
A\m-Zn-eo-e-bt{X P\-\hpw ac-Whpw Pohn-Xhpw
BZn-bn-m-smcp eoe-bm-Wv.
Ahn-cf-amIpw apS--an-msX \S-p
CXv BIth Cu {]{In-b-Isf ]q-ambpw
Adn-m B\p-`q-Xn-I-ambn Adn-m
Ah\v B m\nv
AXn-c AXn-cp-I-fn-m
kpJw ]c-am-\w
`hn-n-Sp-p e`n-pp.

`mK-hX - `-
-
- m {]]-s `K-hms eoe-bm-bn-mWv Zin-p-
-X.v `K-hm Hcp sImp-Ip-n-s\-tmse {]]-c - N
- \ \Sn Ifn-
p-p. B `K-hms Nmb-q-p-If - n\npw Dcphw sImp \mw
Pohn-Xs Icp-n-Sn-nv sImp-hc - ptm-tgpw `K-hm ]pXnb Nmb-
tXv \s ambvp-If - b
- pw. AhnsS thsdmcp Nn{Xw hc-b v pw.
{]]-k - r-jvSnv Hcp tkmt-iy-Xb - p-sv ]d-bp-Ibpw AsX-m-
sWv Is-m {ian-p-Ibpw sNp Xz-Nn-m-hn-`m-K - f - p-.v
Fm As\ Hcp eyhpw C Fpw hmZn-p-h - c
- p-.v
 Cu cp KW-nepw \mcm-b-W-Kpcp ]d-bp A\m-Zn-eo-esb
Ds-Sp-m Ign-bp-Ibn-. \s kw_-n-n-S-tmfw A\m-Zn-
eo-e-bn ]q-ambpw \ ]m-fn-I-fm-bn-n-. AXp-sImv B
eoe-bn Dt-cpI Fp--XmWv \psS kp\nn-X-amb Dt-iyw.
As\ {]]--eo-e-bn Dt-cp--Xn XSw \np hyn-
K-X-amb Al-sb \nm\w sNm-\p- {iaw \mw \S-t-
-Xm-Wv. {]k-hn-p--Xn-s\-bmWv kh\w Fv Dt-in-p--Xv. Cu
{]I-c-W-n Bm-hn-emWv {]k-h- \S-p--Xv. {]k-hn-pI
am{X- a - , {]Xn- { ]- k - h n- p- I bpw sNp- p- v . GsXmcp K`-
n\npw Hv PmX-amtbm B K`m-i-b-n-te-p-Xs AXns\
Xncn-s-Sp-p-X - n-s\-bmWv {]Xn-{]-khw Fp ]d-bp-X - v. {]k-hhpw
{]Xn-{]-k-hhpw Fspw Bm-hn \S-p-sIm-t-bn-cn-p-p.
Hcp apSn-hp-an-.
]n.Un Hukvs]kvIn F Nn-Is {]kn--amb Hcp {K-
amWv Tertium Organum. Atlw djy-bn P\n Hcp ann-mb
KpPn-^ns injy\m-Wv. Hukvs]kvIn ]q-tbpw (whole)
Awi-tbpw (part) kw_-n-p Hcp Xz-hn-Nmcw Cu {K-
n \S-p-p-v. ]qw Fm AXn At\Iw Awi-
Dm-Imw. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcp cq]bn \qdp ss]k-I tNncn-
pp. \qdp ss]k-I tNp-h-m Hcp cq]-bmIpw Fp-Xv
\psS km[m-cW KW-\-bm-Wv. Cu KW\ \-fpsS Nn-bn
Fspw hmkvX-h-am-bn-cn-p-p.
Fm Bm-hns\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Cu KW\ hne-tm-
Ip-n-. F-a \ma-cq-] - f- mWv {]]w Fp ]dbmw. AXv At\-
I-am-Wv. GI-amb Bm-hmWv Cu \ma-cq-]-v A[n-jvTm-\w.
Fm Fm \ma-cq-]--tfbpw Iqn-h-mepw Bm-hns ]qX
Inp-I-bn-. \ma-cq-]-sf \ncm-I-cnv ]q-amb Bm-hns\
Hmbn Adn-b-Ww. AXns\-bmWv Am\w Fp ]d-bp--
Xv. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp AXp-sIm-mWv Ahn-c-f-am-Ip Cu kh-\-{]-
{In-b-Isf BIth Adn-bWw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Atm Ah
]c-am-\--ns koa-b thyma-n aXn-a-dmm-Zn-p-p.

72
{Inb-sbmcp Iqdn-X-hnZy; tIhew Nn
bn adp-Iq-dnXp hnZy; amb-bmte
\nb-X-an-Xn-s\ \nevn-epw ]ncn-
zb-]-c-`m-h\ Xpcy-ta-In-Spp.
{Inb Hcp Iqdv Hcp hi-p-\npw t\mp-tm
{Inb-I \S-p-p.
CXv AhnZy CXv Ahn-Zy-bm-Wv.
adp Iqdv CXns FXnh-i-p-\npw
t\mn-bm
tIhew Nnbn GI-amb Adn-hns \ndhp am{Xw.
CXv hnZy CXv hnZy-bm-Wv.
amb-bmte amb ImcWw
CXv Cs\ hnZybpw Ahn-Zybpw Cs\
\nbXw Fpw
]ncn-p-\n-evnepw thdnp \np-sa-nepw
B Zzb-]-c-`m-h\ hnZy, AhnZy F ssZz-X-n-\-
p-dp B-t_m-[s
[ym\n-p--Xn-eqsS
Xpcy-ta-In-Spp Xpco-bm-\p-`qXn Dm-Ipp.

a\p-jy Fsmw sshhn-[y-ap I--fmWv sNbvXp-sIm-

n-cn-p--Xv! Hcp arK-ns Pohn-X-n C{X-am{Xw ko-X-
I Hpw ImWp-n. a\p-jy {Inb-I sNp-Xv ^tem-t-iy-
tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Ipdp kpJ-n\nv IqSp-X kpJ-amWv Fm
I--fp-tSbpw eyw. Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-sf kwkvI-cn--W-
sa-n AXn a\p-jy Ahs Azm-\s sNep-t--Xm-bn-
pv. A-s\-bmWv imkv{Xw Hmtcmtcm Ip-]n-Sn- \S-n-
sm-n-cn-p--Xv. Imep-sImp \S-m-hp a\p-jy Imdpw hnam-
\hpw Ip-]n-Sn-Xpw \nn-s-Sp-Xpw {Inb-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kpJ-
n-\p-thn {Inb-I sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv Ahn-Zy- ImcW-am-
Wv. Fs-m kpJw {Inb-IfpsS kz`m-h-a-. Bm-hns kz`m-
h-am-Wv. Bm-hns kz`m-ha - m-bn-cn-p kpJ-n-\p-thn IW-n-
msX {Inb-I sNbvXpIqn-bn-sp Imcyw?
AXp-sImv bmK-fpw b-fpw AXp-t]m-sebp A\p-
jvTm-\-fpw B-km-m-XvIm-c-n\p t{]mm-l-\o-b--f-. i-
cm-Nm-cy m\-s-bmWv I-ns m\v B-km-[-I-
ambn ImWp--Xv. m\-e-_v[n-p-thn Iw sNp--Xn-eqsS
m\-I-k-ap--b-tZmjw kw`-hn-p-sav im-cm-Nm-cy ]d-bp-
p. I--fpsS adp-]p-d-ambn hcp-Xv m\-am-Wv. Nn-b-am-bn-cn-
p t_m[s Adn-bp--XmWv ChnsS hnZy Fp ]d-bp--Xv.
hnZy Hcp m\-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv. AXv B-cn-I-ambn Adn-tb Hm-
Wv. AXn\p I-ns Bh-iy-an-. Cs\ hnZybpw Ahn-Zybpw
cmbn ]ncn-p-Xs Ftmgpw \np-p. Ch cpw amb-bpsS
A[o-\-X-bn hcp--Xm-Wv. Pohs kwXp-e-\m-hv hnZybpw
Ahn-Zybpw ]c-kv]cw klm-b-I-ambn hn-p-sa-nepw ]q-amb
Bm-\p-`-h-n\v Cu Zzz-tbpw Dw-Ln-t--Xm-bn-p-v.
As\ Hcp Zzb-]-c-`m-h-\-bmWv Xpco-bm-\p-`q-Xn-bn-tev \s \bn-
p--Xv.

73
Hcp s]mcp-fn--e-t\-I-ap--t\Iw
s]mcp-fn-sem-c-hp-sa _pn-bmte
Adn-hn-e-S-p-a-t`-Z-am-bn-sX-m
hcp-a-dn-ho-e-Xn-tKm-]-\o-b-am-Ipw.

Hcp s]mcp-fn- Hcp k-bn

At\-I-apv At\Iw cq]-t`-Z- kw`-hn-pp.
At\Iw s]mcp-fn At\Iw cq]-t`-Z--fn
Hcp A-hpw Hcp Aambpw nXn sNp-p.
F _pn-bmte Cu m\-ap-m-bm
At`-Z-ambn cq]-t`-Z--sfmw t]mbn
Adn-hn-e-Spw Adn-hns GIm--I-X-bn
- Fmw hne-bn-pw.
CXv Cu Zi\w
Fm-hcpw Adn-hoe Fm-hpw a\-n-em-m
Ign-bp-n-.
AXn-tKm-]-\o-b-amIpw CXp Xopw cl-ky-amb
m\-am-Wv.

`uXn-I-imkv{Xw {]]--ns ksb At\z-jnp sN-

tm AXp am BsWp a\-n-emn. Htc-sbmcp am Cu
{]]--nse sshhn-y-sf ]ns F-s\-bmWv P-\n-n-Xv?
_lp-hn-[-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-y--fn Fmw Htc-sbmcp am
Xs-bmWv Ccn-p--sXp ]d-bp-tm \mw Xw ]d-bm-dn-.
Fm temI-nse aX- {]]--ns {kjvSm-hmbn AZr-
iy-amb Htc-sbmcp Cuiz-cs\ {]Ion-p-tm Nne AXn
Ahn-iz-kn-p-Ibpw Nne Aan-X-ambn hniz-kn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
Cuim-hm-tkym-]-\n-jv XpS-p--Xp-Xs PK-n-semw
Cui Bh-kn-p-p-sp ]d-p-sIm-m-Wv. Cu Zmi-\n-I{- ]-
tl-fn-Isb \apv Xom Ign-bp-Xv, ]c-aamb Imc-W-n
\nmWv Cu temIw Dm-bs - Xpw F-a krjvSn-Pm-e- f- n-semw
B ]c-aI - m-cWw A-ambn Ccn-p-p-spw Adn-bp-X - n-eqsS
Hcp ka-\z-b_- pn ssIh-cn-p-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. GIhpw At\-Ihpw
Fp Nn-t]mepw Ah-km\w Adn-hn hneo-\a - m-Ipw.
Adnhp am{Xta Fm AkvXn-X-Ipw Dd-hn-S-am-bn-cn-p-p-q.
Fm-hpw Cu Xzw Adn-bm Ign-bm-Xv FpsIm-mWv?
Kpcp ]d-bpp: CXv tKm]y-am-sW-v. CXn-semcp cl-ky-kz-`m-h-ap-
v. hmk-\-bpsS in-bmb Xn--aqew B-_pn sXfn-p-In-
m hfsc {]bm-ka - p-X
- p-sIm-mWv Kpcp CXv tKm]-\o-ba - m-sWp
]d-bp--Xv. ]d-p-sIm-Sp-mepw _pn-sImv a\-n-em-m-sa--
msX A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS Xe-n hc-W-sa-n hmk-\m-bw
Dmbn B-tN-X-\-bn \njvT Dm-I-Ww.

74
s]mSn-sbm-cp-`q-hn-e-kw-Jy-a-sm-Sn-p
sSp-samcp `qhn-Xn-\n `n-`mhw;
PU-a-a-cp--Xp-t]mse Nnnepw Nn
pS-en-ep-an-n-Xn-\m-en-tXmn-teIw.

s]mSn s]mSn
Hcp `qhn Cu `qan-bn
AkwJyw F-a--XmWv.
B s]mSnv DsSpw B s]mSn-bpsSsbmw
Dm-bn-cn-p
Hcp `qhv Htc-sbmcp `qan
CXn-\n `n-`mhw `qan-bn\np thdnv s]mSntm -
s]mSnbn\np thdnv `qantm
D-bn-.
AXp-t]mse AXp-t]mse
PUw Nnnepw Aa-cpp PUw Nnn D-en-bpp,
Nnv DS-enepw Nnv PU-amb DS-enepw
D-en-bpp
Cv CXn-\m CXp-sIm-p-Xs ChnsS
Hmn a\\w sNbvXp t\mn-bm
CXv Nnpw PUhpw
GIw HmWv.

Cu `qan apgp-h\pw s]mSn-sImv Ipn-\n-d-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.

Fsmw Xc-n-ep s]mSn-I? B[p-\n-Ii - mkv{Xw ]d-bp-Xv
]c-at- c-Wp-- sImmWv {]]-w- \nn-Xa
- m-bn-p-Xv Fm-W.v Ce-
Ivt{SmWpw t{]mtmWpw \yqt{SmWpamWv Hcp B--ns DL-S-
I-. C-s\-bp F-a B- {]]--\nn-Xn-bn ]p-
tNn-cn-p-p-v. Kpcp ChnsS `qan-bnse s]mSnsb DZm-l-cnp
]d-bp-tm hfsc hni-Z-amb A-n-emWv AXns\ a\-n-em-
t--Xv. Ipih Hcp IpSw Dm-n-bm AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn Ifn-
av s]mSn-bm-Wv. B IpSw apgp-h s]mSn-bmWv. B s]mSn-bn-semw
IpSw Ccn-p-p. IpS-n\v BIm-cs \Ip-Xv s]mSn-bm-Wv.
s]mSnsb hnv IpS-n\ncn-mt\m IpS-s-hnv s]mSnncn-mt\m
Ign-bp-I-bn-. Atmpw Ctmpw Dtn-cn-p Cu Ah
Xs-bmWv \psS Poh-\nepw D-Xv. \mw a\-n-t\bpw ico-c-
tbpw Nne-tm-sgms cmn a\-n-em-n-tm-cm-dp-v.
sds\ sUmv F ]mm-Xy-Nn--I-\mWv a\-n-t\bpw ico-
c-tbpw ]ncn-p-hv Nn-bvsmcp cq]-`-{ZX sImp-h-cp-hm {ian-
-Xv. Fm sUmns Nn tcmKm-Xp-c-amb Hcp hyn-Xz-n-
te-mWv a\p-jys\ \bn--Xv. a\pw ico-chpw csp [cn-p-
-Xn-eqsS Pohn-X-ns Akw-Xp-en-Xm-h XpS-p-I-bm-bn. AXp-
sImv Kpcp Nnpw PUhpw Fp hn`m-Ko-b-X-I Hcn-epw
kw`-hn-n-n-- Fpw PU-n Nn-an-cn-p-Ibpw Nnn PU-
a-an-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p-sv shfn-s-Sp-n. Imev]-\n-I-ambn
a\p-jy krjvSn- t`Z_p-n-I-sf-sbmw Kpcp ka-{K-ambn ka-\z-
bn-n-p-I-bmWv ChnsS sNp--Xv.

75
{]IrXn Pew X\p t^\-am-gn-bm-m
hl-a-l-sa--e-bp--Xqn-Pmew
AI-a-e-cm-dn-shms app-Xm Xm
\pI-cp-h-Xm-a-ar-Xm-b-Xnp \q\w.

{]IrXn Pew {]IrXn Pe--kam\amWv.

X\p t^\w ico-c- sh-p-an-f-I
t]mse-bm-Wv.
Bgn Bm Bm-hn\p kmK-c-ns
kz`m-h-am-Wv.
Alw Alw Fv Rm Rm Fv
Ae-bp-Xv ey-an-msX Ae-bp-Xv
Dun-Pmew Xcw-K-\n-c-I-fmWv
AI-a-e-cm B-kq-\-ambn hncn
Adn-shms Adn-hp-I-sfmw
app-Xm ]c-am-m-Z-I-c-amb app-IfmWv.
Xm Aar-Xm-b-Xnv Hcp-h Ahsb Aar-X_np--
fmbn ChnsS
\pI-cp-hXmw \q\w Xo-bmbpw \pIcpp.
D]-a-I-fn-eq-tSbpw _nw_--fn-eq-tSbpw {]Xo-I--fn-eq-tSbpw
kwkm-cn-p-Xv temIv Fhn-sS-bp-ap ]ucm-Wn-I-amb Bym-
n-I-kw-ln-X-I-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. B ]ucm-Wn-I-kw-kvIr-
Xn-bpsS In apdn-bm irwJ-esb {]Xn-\n-[m\wsNp \mcm-
b-W-Kp-cphpw D]-a-I-fn-eq-sSX-s-bmWv Bm-t\z-j-I-\n Aar-
X-hjw sNmcn-bp--Xv. Bmhv Bgn-t]m-se-bm-Wv. Bgn Htc-k-
abw Bg-ap-Xpw A\--hp-am-Wv. Cu Ah-\n-bn Bgn-tb-m
t{ijvT-amb Hcp D]-asb thsd Hcp hkvXp-hnepw Zin-m-\m-hp-
n-. B Bgn-bnse Pew-t]m-se-bmWv {]Ir-Xn.
Pe-amWv Bgnv k-bm-bn-cn-p--Xv. B Pew Ipan-f-Iv
cq]w sImSp-p-tm AXns\ {]Ir-Xn-bn ImWp sshhn-[y-
am ico-c - f- mbn ImW-Ww. \nc-\n-cb - mbn Ae-p-sIm-n-cn-p
Xcw-KP- m-e- Al-b - m-Wv. Xcw-K\ - n-cI- FmWv At\z-jn-p-
Xv? Ah Ic-bn-tev HmSn-b-Wv kzbw Xn--Iv IS-
enXs Xncnphne-bn-p-p. AXp-t]m-se-bmWv Alw hnj-b-
p ]nmse Ae-p-Xn-cnv kzbw `m-i-\mbn Bm-
hnXs hphne-bn-p-X - v. Kpcp-hns IrXn-If - n apgp-h IS-
en-s Nn{X- hopw hopw {]Xy-s - p ImWm-dp-.v Kpcp A{X-
am-{Xw IS-ens\ ASp-d - n-n-cn-W - w. B IS-en-\S- n-bn app-I
Hfn-n-cn-p-Xv D]-cn-X-e-n\npw t\mn-bm ImWn-.
Bgn-tep t]mI-Ww. Atm app-If - psS I-n-p Ie-
h-d-bn \ Fn-tcpw . AXp-t]mse Bm-hns Bg--
fn\npw Adnhv DWp-hc - p-tm apn-t\-m hne-bp B-
kq-\- f- m-bn-cnpw B Adn-hp-I. Aar-X\ - n-jy-n-bmb Cu A\p-`-
h-sf Hcp m\n-bpsS Ftmgpap Hcp Ah-b - m-sWp a\-
n-em-W - w.

76
aW-e-f-hp sNmcn hm]n-bn-t
eWn-b-Wn-bm-be hoin-Sp--hw
A\r-X-]-c-c hoin-b--cm-m
hns\-b-Ita _lp-cq-]-am-n-Sp-p.
aW Af-hv Af-hn-msX \nc--c-ambn aW
sNmcn hoWp-sIm-n-cn-p
hm]n-bn-t Ipf-n
AWn AWn-bmbv Hn\p ]ndsI Hmbn
Ae hoin-Sp hw Ae-am-e-I Dm-Ip--Xpt]mse
A\r-X-]-c-c hoin Ak-XyfpsS -]c--c-bm-Ip
Imp hoin
A-cm-m-hns\ kz-amb B-cn-I-t_m-[s
AIta AXnXs
_lp-cq-]a
- m-n-Spp ]
- e
- c
- q-]
- f
- mn tXmn-npp.

Bmhv kzhpw \nehp-amb Hcp Pe-cm-in-t]m-se-bm-Wv.

ChnsS Hcp Ipf-nse Pe-n-t\m-SmWv Bm-hns\ D]-an-n-cn-p-
-Xv. B Ipf-n-tev \nc-c - a
- mbn aW hoWp-sIm-n-cn-p-Ib - m-
Wv. aW-ens ]X-\m-Lm-X - m Pe-n-\p-m-bn-cp imn `RvPn-
-s-Spp. Ipfw apgp-h Ae-am-eI - f
- m {]p-_v[a
- m-bn. CXp-t]m-
se-bmWv A-cm-m-hnsbpw kz`m-hw. s]mXpth kz-am-bn-cn-p
Bm-hn hmk-\I - f
- psS Imp aqew _mly-hn-jb-
- hphoWv
AcwKw Imdpw tImfpw sIm ISt]m-se-bm-Ip-p. kuay-amb
B-hn-ipn \nd-n-cp-t- m \mw Fhn-tSbpw Zin-n-cpGIX
s]mbvt]m-Ip-p. \m\m-Xz-{`aw Df-hm-p {]]-k - r-jvSn-I shdp-
p-fh
- m-p-h
- b
- mbpw Nne-tm-sgms Bkn Df-hm-p-hbmbpw
amdp-p. Pohn-X- nse Fmhn[ sshIm-cn-I{- ]-p-_v[X - I
- fpw kw`-
hn-p-Xv C-c - n-em-Wv.
tSmtm-bn-bpsS Am-I-cn-\o\ F hntizm--c-Ir-Xn-bn
A-bp-tSbpw Ico-\n-sbpw kam-[m-\-]q-amb Pohn-X-n-tep
IS-p-h t{hmkvIn F A-bpsS Imap-I AXp-hsc \ne-
\n-n-cp im-kp--c-amb Pohn-Xs Cf-n-a-dn-p-p. IpSpw-
_-_-- BSn-bp-e-p. kvt\l-n\p thn-bp anYy-bmb
]c-w-]m-n-en Dd Hcp \new \jvS-sv ]nSn-p-\nm-\m-
hmsX A sdbnm-f-n Xe-hv B-lXy sNp-p.
tSmkvtmbn-bpsS Cu t\mh-ens X\n-bm-h-\-Xs-
bmWv \-fpsS Pohn-X-nse ]e kw`-h--fpw. hnj-b-sf
Bm-hns kz-am Pe-cm-inbntev IS-n-hn-SmsX t\m-
Ww. \mw \psS Bm-hns\ AXns kzm`m-hn-I-X-bn im-
am-bn-cn-m am{Xw A\p-h-Zn-p-I.
 77
]c-samcp hnp, ]c in Imm
adn-h-\-e, Pe-a-, -an-{n-bmw
[c-Wn, -bn-Xn-s\bp Xz-ambv \n
scn-bp-an-Xns cl-ky-taI-am-Ipw.

]c-samcp hnv ]c-a-amb Bm-hmWv BImiw.

]c in Immw k-hym-]n-bmb ambm-i-n-
bmWv Imm-bn-cn-p--Xv.
Adnhv A\-e Adnhv An-bmWv.
Pew Aw C{n-b- Pe-amWv.
C{n-bmw [cWn C{n-b-hn-j-b--fmWv `qan.
CXn-s\ Cs\ kpw Nnpw Hcp
hyh--bn
Ap Xz-ambv Ap Xz-ambn
\ns-cnbpw \ns-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.
CXns clkyw Ap `qX-fpw Adn-hns
Ap `mh-fpw tNs-cn-bp
Cu clkyw
GI-amIpw GI-amWv.

{] ]w Hcp hyh-bmWv (system). B hyh \nin-Xa- mb

Nne \nb-a - f - n-eq-sS-bmWv \S-n-em-bn-sm-n-cn-p-X - .v _mly-tem-Iv
{]]- - n-s\mcp hyh-b - p-X
- p-t]m-eX - s B-cn-It- em-Ipw Hcp
hyh-b - p-.v Cu cp hyh-I - fpw Hn-p Hcp kn-m-\h - p-
ap-.v Cs\ ka-kX v Xtbbpw Dsm-p Hcp Nnm-kw-hn-[m-
\s]n {^ntPm^v Im{] Pohs amdme (Web of Life) F {K-
n khn-kX v cw NsNp-p-.v AIhpw ]pdhpw F t`Z-an-msX
ka-{K-ambn Nnn-p Hcp LS-\s - b (structure) Atlw aptm-p-h-
bvp-p. systems thinking, network thinking, holystic thinking,
organismic thinking - F-sm-sbWv Atlw B Nnm-co-Xnp
t]cp-sIm-Sp-n-cn-p-X - .v
\mcm-bW - K - p-cp-hm-Is CsXmw hfsc apt ASppw apd-tbm-Spw-
IqSn Adn-bp hn[w ]d-p-X - n-cn-p-Ib - m-W.v Hcp hiv BIm-iw,-
hm-bp, An, Pew, ]rYn-hn- CsXms-t _mly-{]-] - w. C\n B-
c-{]-]- - n- Xp-ey-ambn ]c-aa- mb t_m[w, ]c-S- n-p ambm-in,
\nXy-Po-hn-X - n Dm-Ip tkm]m-[n-Ia - mb Adn-hp-I, C{n-b - ,
C{n-bm- Ch An-t\bpw ]-`q-X - f- p-ambn Xn-d- n-bW - w.
BImiw \apv ]cn-Nn-Xa - m-W.v Fm ]c-aa - mb Bm-Imiw \apv
]cn-Nn-Xa - - . AXp-sIm-mWv BIm-i - ns A\-X - bpw Hu-Xyhpw
kqvaX - bpw k-hym-]I - X
- bpw Fmw IW-n-se-Sp-p-sImv ]c-a-
amb t_m[s AXp-ambn tNp-hb - v p-Xv.
hmbp-hns in A{]-Xn-lX - a
- m-W.v Fm-bn-Spw ]c-S- n-p-sIm-
n-cn-p Imn-t\m-SmWv ambm-i - nsb _-s-Sp-p-X - v. Hcp
sNdnb AWp apX BImiw hsc-bp kh-nepw ambm-in
Hfnpw sXfnpw hoip-p-v. t_m[-n-ep-mIp Fm Adn-
hp-Ifpw An-X-z-am-Wv. C{n-b--fm-Is Pe-X-z-s-bmWv
{]Xn\n[m\w sNp-X - v. [c-Wnsb C{n-bh - n-jb- - f - p-ambn tbmPn-
n-d
- n-bW - w. Atm \mw Nnnv Hcn-epw ImSp-Ib - dn t]mhp-Ib - n-
. tIh-et- _m-[ - n Ch-sbmw Hcp hyh-t- bm-Sp-IqSn s]cp-amdp-
Xv Hcp kmn-sb-tmse t\mn-m-Wm Ign-hp-m-Ipw. ]c-aa - mb
Bm-Za - m-WX- v.

78
ac-W-hp-an ]pd-p-an hmgvhpw
\c-kp-c-cm-Zn-bp-an \ma-cq]w
acp-hn-e-a acoNn \ocp-t]m \n
evs]mcps]mcpfmw s]mcp-f - n-tXmn-tSWw.

ac-Whpw C ac-Whpw C.
]pdpw C P\-\hpw C.
hmgvhpw AXn-\n-S-bn-ep Pohn-Xhpw C.
\c-k-p-c-cm-Znbpw C a\p-jy, tZh-m XpS-n-b-hcpan.
\ma-cq]w Ch-sbmw \ma-fpw cq]-fpw
am{XamWv.
acp-hn Aa acp-`q-an-bn ImWm-dp-
acoNn \ocp-t]m Pe-{]-Xo-Xn-t]mse
\nevs]mcp s]mcpfmw \ne-\n-p Hm-WnXv.
CXv s]mcp-f \ma-cq-]--sfmpw ]c-a-amb
kXy-a.
Hmn-tSWw CXv Ftmgpw kvacn--Ww.
ac-W-amWv a\p-jys\ hmsX `b-s-Sp-p--Xv. acn-p-tm
\apv ]eXpw \jvS-am-Ip--Xp-t]mse tXmpw. Cu temI-nse
kpJ- ]ns A\p-`-hn-p-hm Ign-bp-I-bn-. ac-W-ap--Xp-
sImv am{X-amWv kXytbpw ssZh-tbpw a\p-jy At\z-
jn-p--Xp-t]m-epw. ItTm-]-\njn arXyp-hns h{-n-tev
A`n-i-]vX-\mb \Nn-tI-Xv [oc-X-tbmsS \S-p-sNv tNmZn-p
tNmZyw, arXyp-hns\ Fs\ AXn-ew-Ln-m Ignbpw Fp--
Xm-Wv. knm-cm-P-Ip-am-c ac-W-ns _o`--apJw Iv
`bpw ZpxJnpw BWv sImmcw hnv Cd-n-tm-b-Xv. ac-W-n-
s\mcp ]cn-lm-c-ant F-dn-bm thn.
Kpcp ]d-bpp, ac-Whp-an. Rm acn-p-n. acn-p-n- Fp
am{X-a Rm P\n-n-n Fpw Kpcp kzbw ]d-bp-p. P\n-n-n-m
Kpcp-hn-s\-p-dn-mWv \mw Xn-p-X - .v P\n-n-n-m Hcp Kpcp-hns
t]cn-emWv \mw kwL-S\ - I- s
- fms Dmn AWn-\n-c - p-X- .v Kpcp
hopw ]d-bpp: F\n-smcp PohnXw Dm-bn-cp-n Fv.- B-tm-
]-tZ-ii - X- I-
- ns clkyw a\-n-em-n-sb-Sp-W - s - a-n euIn-I_ - p-
n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Nnn-m ]mSn-. B-_pn sXfn-ph-cW - w. Rm
Bm-hm-sW-d- n-bp-tm imco-cn-Ia - mb AkvXn-Xb - n\n-smw hnap-
-\m-bn. Bm-hm-Is P\-\a - c
- W
-
- f - n-msX Fpw \ne-\np-
D-bm-W.v
ico-ca - mWv P\n-p-Xpw \ne-\np-Xpw acn-p-X - pw. Rm
ico-ca - m-sWp Icp-Xp-h - acn-p-p. ico-c - n-s\-s-nepw Xw
]n-bm ZpxJn-p-p. Pohn-X-n-ep-S-\ofw Ch ]cm-Xn-Ifpw Ip-
s-Sp--ep-I-fp-ambn Pohn-p-t]m-cpp. Fm Kpcp \sf Bm-
hn-tep Wn-p-I-bm-Wv. AhnsS Rm, a\p-jy t]mep-a-.
AhnsS tZh-mtcm Akp-c-mtcm C. B-t_m[w DW-h\v
CsXmw shdpw \ma-fpw cq]-fpw am{X-am-Wv. Npp-s]mp
shbn-ep--tm acp-`q-an-bn-eqsS Zml-P-e-n-\p-thn Ae-p-Xn-
cn-bp-tm A-Ise Pem-ibw ImWp-p. shw sIn-n-S-p-
-Xp-t]mse. ]t, F{X \S-mepw B Pem-i-b-n-tev \ap-v
Fm Ign-bp-n-. hopw hopw AI-p-t]m-bvsm-t-bn-cn-
pw. AXp Im\P-e-am-Wv. Im\ Fm tXm Fm-
Ww. Im\P-ew-sImv Zmlw Xocp-I-bn-. Im\P-e-n\p
bmYm-X-Yy-amb \ne-\npw C.
AXp-t]mse P\-\hpw ac-Whpw \ne-\npw Fmw B-n-
X-\mb Hcp-h-\n acp-`q-an-bn ImWp Pe-{]-XoXn t]msebmWv.
AhnsS bYm-n Pew Dmtbm? Pew Dm-bn-n-. Fmepw
\ Ip. Pew D-Xp-t]m-sebpw Pew \ne-\np--Xp-t]m-
sebpw tXmn-n-p. kqcys {]Imiw Ipd-p-h--tm Pe-{]-
Xo-Xnbpw \jvS-ambn. CXp-t]m-se-sbm-s-bmWv Pohn-X-ns Imcy-
hpw. s\Snb In\m-hmWv PohnXw Fp ]d Kpcp-hn\v AtX kzc-
ns ]dbmw ac-W-hp-an ]pd-p-an ]ns FmWv
PohnXw?
 79
P\n-k-abw nXn-bn Pn-b-\y
W-a-Xn-en-n-Xn-cn--sX-{]-Imcw?
l\-\-hp-an--s\-X-s-bm-I-bmte
P\-\-hp-an-nXp NnXv{]-`m-h-sa-mw.

P\n-k-abw P-\n-p thf-bn

nXn-bn P-n-sb Ah C.
Pn P-\n-p--h
A\y--W-a-Xn P\n-p ka-b--msX
C P-np \ne-\n-ev]p-an
CXv Ccn-Xv F{]-Im-cw Htc-k-abw Dbpw Cm-bvabpw
Hn-n-cn-p-Xv F-s\-bmWv
l\-\hpw Cs\ Xs P\-\-s-tm-se-X-s-a-c-Whpw
C-s\-X-s-bm-Wv.
BI-bmte AXp-sImv
P\-\-hp-an P-\-\-hp-an-, ac-W-hp-an-.
CXv Fmw ChnsS ImWp--sXmw
NnXv {]`mhw Adn-hns Ap-X-I-c-amb
{]`mhw am{Xw.

P\n-pI F-sXmcp {Inb-bm-W.v {Inb Fm Ne-\a- m-W.v Nen-

p Hn\p \n-eX - b
- n-. {Inb-bn AXp-sImv nXn-bn-. P\\w
F {Inb \S-p thf-bn Pnv AXn nXn-sN-m Ign-bp-
I-bn-. P\-\a - p-h - \- mWv Pn. Pn ssXn-Ia - mb Hcp \ne-bm-W.v
AsXmcp {]{In-bb - - . Cu {]tl-fn-Im-P\ - y-amb hmgvhns cl-ky-n-
tev shfnw hoip Cu tmIw [ym\m-I - a- mbn Cg-]n-cn-s-Sp-t
Hm-W.v P\n-p ka-bv Pn Cm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw P\\w Ign-m
]ns Pn Fp hnfn-m Ign-bm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. P\\w
F {]{In-bb - n\npw thsdmcp {]{In-bb - n-tep IS-p-tm Ahn-
tSbpw Pnp m\-an-msX t]mIp-p. -
Cu temIw Fp ]d-bp-Xv Ne-\hpw \n-e-Xbpw IqSn--
e-Xm-Wv. t_m[w \n-e-am-Wv. temIw Nen-p-sIm-n-cn-p--
Xm-Wv. Hcp DZm-lc - Ww ]d-bp-Ib - m-sW-n IS-ens Bg-n \n-
e- X - b p- m- b n- c n- thXs apI- c v {]p- _ v [ - a m- b n- c n- pw.
thsdmcp DZm-l-cWw FSp-p-I-bm-sW-n Npg-en-m-n-s \m`n-
\n-ea- mb Hcp tI{-amWv. Cu tmIw Du sImSp-p-Xv Fm
{Inb-Ifpw Adn-hn \S-p Ap-X-I-c-amb {]`m-h- am{X-am-
sWp ]d-bm-\m-Wv. P\-\hpw ac-Whpsamw B alm-{]-`m-h-n
kw`-hn-p--Xm-Wv. B-t_m[w sXfn-bp-tm Cu {]`m-h-ns
ImnI-X-bn\npw \mw ap-\m-Ipw.

80
nXn-K-Xn-t]mse hntcm-[n-bmb krjvSn
nXn-e-b-sa-smcp Znn-semp hmgpw?
KXn-bnh aqn-\p-sa-p-an-n-tXmm
nXn apX-em-bh Kocp am{X-amIpw.

nXn-K-Xn-t]mse Hcp hkvXp nXn sNp-tm

Nen-p-n-. Nen-p-tm B
hkvXp nXn sNp-p-an-.
hntcm-[n-bmb - Cs\ nXnbpw KXnbpw Htc-
k-abw tNcm--Xp-t]mse
krjvSn-nXn ebw krjvSn, nXn , ebw Fo
{]{In-b-I
Fsmcp Znn F-s\-bmWv Htc-bn-Sv
Hp hmgpw Hn-n-cn-p-Xv?
Ch aqn\pw krjvSn, nXn, ebw
Ch aqn\pw
KXn Fpw C kzX-{-amb Hcp AkvXn-X-bn-.
CtXmm Cs\ hnNn-\w sNbvXm
nXn apX-em-bh `qan apX-emb Fm `qX-fpw
Kocp am{X-amIpw shdpw hmp-I am{Xam-sWp
t_m[y-am-Ipw.

Cu {]]--n \mw Ip-t]m-cp ]e-kw-`-h--fnepw Hfn-

n-cn-p sshcp-y-sf \mw {in-msX t]mbn-p-v. Hcp
hkvXp Hcn-Sv nXn sNpp Fp ]d-m B hkvXp \n-
em-h- b
- n-emWv F-dn-bW
- w. ]ns AXn-\v F-s\-bmWv Ne\w
Dm-hpI? hkvXp Ht-bpp Fn AXv ]ns FhnsS\nv
Ftmv Nenpw? Nen-pXv Hcn-S-p-\nv thsdm-cn-S-t-m-
Wv. Ne\w XpS-m HcnSw thWw. Ah-km-\n-m HcnSw thWw.
AXn-\n-S-bn-ep A-cmfhpw thWw. Bmhn\p P-ap-sp ]d-
bp-Ib
- m-sW-n AXn\p \mihpw Dm-bn-cn-pw. P\n-n-W
- s
- a-n
thsd Hv Dm-bn-cn--Ww. Atm cv D Dm-Ip-p. cv D-
Iv Htc-bn-Sv Htc-ka - bw Ccn-m Ign-bp-Ib
- n-. Hcp tai hn-cn-
p CSv Hcp Itk-cp nXn sNm Ign-bp-Ib - n-. AXp-sImv
B-k GI-am-bn-cn-p-X - n-\m B-k - b - n Ne-\a - n-. Ne-
\-an-m Hn\v \n-ea - mbn \nt Bh-iy-hp-an-.
krjvSn Fp ]d-bp-Xv Hcp Ne-\-am-Wv. ebw As-n \miw
Fp ]d-bp-Xv thsdmcp Ne-\-am-Wv. AXn-\n-S-bn-ep \ne-\nn-
s\-bmWv nXn Fp ]d-bp--Xv. CsXms B-k--bpsS GI-
Xsb [ym\n-p-d-n-m shdpw hmp-I am{X-am-bn-o-cpw. \mw
hymh-lm-cn-I-tem-I-n A\p-`-hn-p Fm A\p-`-h--fnepw
hmp-I-fm \nn--s Hcp {]m]-n-I-t_m-[-amWv \s \nb-
{n-p--Xv. B-t_m-[-n\npw hmns {]k-n-Isf
ASn-am-n-bm krjvSn Fpw nXn Fpw ebw Fpw \mw
]d-p-t]m-cp {]{In-b-Ifpw Ah-km-\n-pw. Cu \nd-hmWv sshcp-
y-an-m \psS B-cn-I-X.

81
{]IrXn ]ncn-smcp Iqdp t`mr-cq]w
kI-e-hp-ambv shfntb kap--knpw
Cl-]-c-am-samcp Iqdn-Z--bmte
hnI-kn-Xam-anXp t`mKy-hn-iz-am-Ipw.
{]IrXn ]ncnv B-i - n-bmb {]IrXn ]ncnv
Hcp Iqdv Hcp `mKv
t`mr-cq]w t`mm-hmbn \np-p.
Hcp Iqdv adp-`m-Kv
CZ--bmte CZ ImcWw
Cl-]-camw Cl-]-c--fmb
kI-e-hp-ambn Fm-ambn
shfntb kap--knpw _mly-temIw {]Xn-`m-kn-p-p.
CXv CXmWv
hnI-kn-Xamw hnI-knp \np
t`mKy-hn-iz-amIpw t`mKy-hn-iz-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.

kpJw D-bn-Sp am{Xta Bcpw Pohn-p-Ib

- p-q. \ Imem-
h-b - p CS-tv Bfp-I t]mIm-dnt? \ k-p CS-
fn-tev Bfp-I t]mIm-dnt? kpJs Xnc-p-sIm-mWv a\p-
jy Hmtcm \nan-jhpw Pohn-p-X
- v. Cu kpJs A\p-`h
- n-p-
Xv BcmWv? AsXmcp Al-b - m-Wv. AXns\ hni-Zo-Ic- n-p-Ib - mWv
Kpcp ChnsS sNp-X - .v Bm-hns Ccn-p Hcp in-bmWv
{]Ir-Xn. B {]IrXn kzbw cmbn ]ncn-bp-p. temIs `pPn-p-
hm-\p Xm-sd-Sp-m-Wn-Xv. `pPn-W - s - a-n Al t`mm-hns
cq]w ssIsm-W - w. ck-ap hkvXp- am{Xta t`mm-hn\p
{]nbX Dm-p-p-q. A{]nbw Df-hm-p hkvXp-sf Xn-f - -
bp-tmgpw t`mm-hn\v ckw Dm-Ipw. t`mmhv A\p-`h - n-p-sIm-
n-cn-p Cu ]pdw-temIw cp Xc-n-ep kpJw {]Zm\w sNp-
p-v. Nne t`mKy- AtmXs kpJw sImSp-p-p. Ah
sFln-I - f- m-Wv. Nneh Iptd Ignv kpJm-\p-`h - s \Ip-p.
Ah ]c-f - m-Wv.
\psS hmbn Hcp a[p-c-]-e-lmcw Cp-X-cn-I-bm-sW-n
Atms \ap-X - ns ck-ad - n-bmw. kpJw A\p-`h - n-p-Ib - pw
sNmw. Fm Hcp hmg hm Iptd Ign-mWv \ap-X - ns
^ew e`n-p-X - v. I-f - psS ^ew Cs\ ]ncnp- \np--
Xns\ ASn-m-\a - m-n-bmWv Clw Fpw ]cw Fp-ap hnh
ChnsS tNn-cn-p-X - v. Cu t`mm-hn\p tap-\S- - p-hm-\p
CS-amWv t`mKy-hn-izw. AXpw {]IrXn-bpsS Hcp ]pd-am-Wv. t`mm-
sh ]pdhpw t`mKy-hn-iz-sa adp-]p-dhpw tNv hymh-lm-cn-I-temIw
Dm-bn-h-cp-p. B-kz-cq]w Atmgpw hnIm-c-c-ln-X-am-bn-s \ne-
sIm-p-p. \mw B-k Xs-bm-Wv.

82
Ac-Wn-I-S-s-gp-a-n-t]msebmcm
bvhh-c-en-cp--Xn-c-sgpw hnthIw
]c-a-Nn-Zw-_-c-am `m\p-hmbv \n
scn-bp-a-Xn-n-c-bm-bn-Spp khw.

AcWn IS-sgpw AcWn IS-bp-tm AXn

\npw Pzen-p-b-cp
An-t]mse Xo t]mse
Bcmbvhh-cn Ccpv m\s At\z-jn-
p--h-cn\nv
AXn-c-sgpw hnthIw AXn-cp-I-fn-msX DZn-p-bp-cp
m\-{]-Imiw
]c-a-Nn-Zw-_-c-am ]c-a-amb NnZm-Im-i-n
\nd-p- \np
`m\p-hmbv \ns-cnbpw B-kq-cy-\mbn Fcn-p-
sIm-n-cnpw
AXnv B m\m-n-bn
Cc-bm-bn-Spp khw - Fmw In-sb-cn-bp-p.

PohnXw Hcp X]-m-Wv. B X]-\-{Inb \S-p-Xv Ac-Wn-

I IS-bp-X - p-t]m-se-bm-Wv. b-Ip-WvU- n Xo ]nSn-n-p-hm
cv ac--j-W- Xn Dc-mWv Xo Dm-p--Xv. B ac-I-j-
W--sf-bmWv Ac-Wn-I Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Xmsg hn-cn-p Ac-
Wnsb A[-cm-cWn Fpw apI-fn IS-p-sIm-n-cn-p Ac-
Wnsb D-cm-cWn Fp-amWv hnfn-p--Xv. IS-n AXns
aqbn Fp-tm-gmWv AXn\npw An Pzen-p-b-cp--Xv.
ssaYp-\-{]-{In-b-bnepw CtX-t]m-ep Hcp aY-\-amWv \S-p--Xv.
AhnsS Pzen-p-b-cp-Xv B\--aq-bm-Wv.
ChnsS Pohn-X-am-Ip X]-\-{]-{In-b-bn Hcp Xm]-k\v t`mm-
hm-bn-cn-p Xs Al-bpw t`mKy-hn-iz-am-bn-cn-p {]]-hpw
Xn-emWv ]c-a-amb Hcp aqey-km-m-XvIm-c-n-\p-thn kwLj-
W-n-tes-n-cn-p--Xv. t`mmhpw t`mKy-hn-izhpw Hcp {]tXyI
A\p-c-W-\m--I-X-bn Fn-t-cp-tm Bm-\p-`hw {]f-bm-n-
t]mse Al--tbbpw euIn-I-X-tbbpw hngp-n--f-bp-p. ssZzX-
-f Dshfn tXPn-b Hcp kqcy-\m-bn- {]Im-in-pp. Pohn-
Xnse Ccp in-If - n\nv \app ]pd-p-IS-
- m Ign-n-
cn-p-p. Imaw, t{Im[w, Akqb Ah-sbmw m\m-n-bn ZKv[-
am-bn-tm-bn. Cu kmm-XvIm-c-amWv Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw \ap-p-
m-n--cp--Xv. PohnXns NnZw-_-c-ntev \s ssI]n-Sn-
p-bp-p. CXmWv ]c-aamb Aw F-dn-b-Ww.

83
DS-bp-an-cn-p-ap-Zn-p-sam-p- am-dn
pS-cp-an-Xn-p-S-en kz`m-h-amIpw
apSn-bn-en-cp--dn-bpp aqp-am-m
hnS-c-dp-sam-nXp \nhn-Im-c-amIpw.

DSbpw \inpw
Ccnpw nXn sNpw
DZnpw P\npw
Hp-am-dn-p-Scpw Hcp cq]w amdn thsdmcp cq]-
n XpScpw
CXv Cu ]cn-Wmaw
Cv DS-en ChnsS ico-c-ns Xe-n
kz`m-h-amIpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kw`hn-p-
sIm-n-cnpw
apSn-bn-en-cpv km-Xo-X-ambn hnv
Bm t_m[w
aqpw Adn-bpp krjvSn-nXn-eb -
- sf Adn-bpp.
CS-cdpw ZpxJw Ap-t]mb
HnXv Cu Bmhv GI-amWv.
\nhn-Im-c-amIpw Cu Bmhv am-an-m--Xp-amWv.

{io_p-\mWv Pohn-X - ns Wn-IX - s

- b-p-dnv Zmi-\n-Ia- mb
Hcp ]cn-t{]yw (perspective) \apv BZyw ]d-p-X--Xv.
Atlw {]]-h - k
- vXp-f
- psS P\-\hpw \ne-\npw ac-Wh - p-samw
imiz-Xa- mb B\-s {]Zm\w sNp-n-sv \s t_m[y-s-Sp-
n. _p ]d-bpp: temI-Po-hnXw ic-m-et- a-L - s - f-tm-
se-bm-Wv. Hcp \r-n Ne-\ - amdn-amdn hcp-X- p-t]m-se-bmWv
P\-\hpw ac-Whpw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. Icn-ta-L-p
IpdptI Hfn-an-p Hcp hnZyp-X IW-s-bmWv Pohm-bpv IS-p-
t]m-Ip--Xv. Fsmcp {ZpX-K-Xn-bm-W-Xn-\v. sNp-mb Hcp ae-
bn\npw DutmsS Xmtgp {]h-ln-p Pe-]mXw t]mse-bm-
W-Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv _p temI-Po-hn-Xs ZpxJambn IXv.
Fm \mcm-bW - K
- pcp A-s\-sbmcp hnjm-Zm-I - X
- sb ]n-
b ]d-bp--Xv. Hp-m-hp-Ibpw \ne-\np-Ibpw \in-p-Ibpw
sNp-Xv ico-c - ns kz`m-ha - m-sW-m-Wv.- kz`mhw Fm am-
an-m \nbaw Fm-Wv. {]]--nse Cu ssPhn-I-{]-{In-b-I-
sfsbmw \app XSp-m Ign-bp-Ib - n-. XSp-m am\-kn-IX - e
- -
nepw imco-cn-IX - e
-
- nepw B k-{]-hmlw A\m-tcm-Ky-Ic - a- mb
Hcp hnj-ak- - nsb krjvSn-pw. Fm ChnsS thsdmcp t]mwh-gn-
]d-bpp: Rm Fp ]d-bp k krjvSn-nXneb-v AXo-
X-amb Hcp D-bm-sW-m-Wv. AXoXw Fp ]d-m CXn\p
]pdv F. Cu aqv {]{In-bI - pw Bm-hn m-\a - p-v.
Fm Cu aqv {]{In-bI - f
- mepw Bm-hn\v Hcp `mh-t`-Zhpw kw`-
hn-p-n-. Bmhv apSn-bn-en-cp-v aqpw Adn-bpp.
F{_lmw amkv t emhns\tmsebp a\x- i m- k v { X-
Dpw-Km-\p-`qXn (peak experience) Fp ]d-bp-Xv apSn-bn-en-cpv
Adn-bp--Xn-s\-bm-Wv. apSn Fp ]d-m Dpw-Ka - mb Xew. `mhm-
Xo-XX-ew. AXp-sImv Bmhv Hcp Xc-n-ep hnIm-c - n\pw ASn-
s-Sp-n-. Hcp Xc-n-ep ZpxJhpw Bm-hns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sp-pan-. AXv
Ftmgpw D-bp-X - m-Wv F A-n km-W.v AXv Ftmgpw
Adn-p-sIm-n-cn-pp F A-n Nnm-W.v AsX-tmgpw
B\-n-p-sIm-n-cn-pp F A-n B\-a - m-W.v

84
Adn-h-Xn-\m-e-h-\o-hn-Im-c-ap-s
cp-fp-an-tXmn-e -k-Xy-ap--Xpho
\nc-h-[n-bmbv \ne-bp \nev]-sX-m
adn-hn-segpw {]Ir-Xn-kz-cq-]-am-Ipw.

Adn-h-Xn-\m Adn-bp--Xp-sImv
Ah\o hnImcw ans cq]m--c--fmb Iew.
IpSw apX-em-bh
Dsv D-Xm-sWv
Acpfpw \mw ]d-bm-dp-v.
DXv Dho kXyn ap am{Xtabpq.
CtXmn AkXyw CXdnm Iew, Nn Fo
hnIm-c--sfmw Ak-Xy-am-Wv.
\nc-h-[n-bm-bv F-a Xc-n ImW
- s-Sp-sXmw
\ne-bp \nev]-sXmw kz-ambn AkvXn-X-bn-m
\ma-cq-]--fmWv
Adn-hn-segpw Adn-hn\npw Fgpp hcp
{]IrXn kzcq-]-amIpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kzcq-]-am-Wn-sXmw.

GsXmcp hkvXp \nn-p-X - n\pw Hcp ]Zmw Bh-iy-am-

Wv. B ]Zm-amWv B hkvXp-hns bYm k-bm-bn-cn-p--
Xv. kv]nt\mk F ]mm-Xy-Nn-I - Cu ksb substance
FmWv hnfn-X - v. Hcp Ipem-e Ifn-av Acp Ipgv AXns\
Ipem-eZ- WvUpw N{Ihpw D]-tbm-Knv ]cph-s-Spn ]m{X- Dm-
p-p. Nn, Iew, ]m\, IqP, IpSw CsXmw B Ifn-a - n\nv
Ipem-e DmnsbSp-p-p. Ifn-a - n \nn B Hmtcm cq]-
tbpw t\mn \n-tfmSv tNmZn-p-Ib - mWv: CsX-mWv? \n
]dbpw, CXp Nn-bm-sW-v, CXp IeamsWv. Atm Ifn-as - -
hnsStmbn? Iew F \ma-n-sbpw cq]-n-sbpw ad-hn Ifna-
s k AI-s-p-t]m-bn. \ma-n\pw cq]-n\pw Aan-Xa - mb
{]k-nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw \mw Adn-bmsX sImSp-p-t]m-Ip-p.
ksb ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. Cu {]]- - n \nc-h[n cq]-fpw \nc-
h[n \ma-fpw tNv {]]- - ns ksb ad-p-hb - vp-p. \ma-
cq-]
- f
- psS taml-he
- b
-
- n \mw IpSp-n-tm-Ip-p.
a\v \ma--fpsS kzm[o-\-n s]n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. B a\-
nXs cq]--fpsS {]Xn-`-I-fp-ap-v. cq]w Fp ]d-bp-tm
AXn\v C{n-b-tKm-N-c-amb Hcp A-kvXn-Xbpw at\m-tKm-N-c-amb
thsdm-cp AkvXn-Xbpapv. C{n-b-tKm-N-c-amb cq]w hymh-lm-cn-
I-am-Wv. C{n-b-tKm-N-c-amb shw IpSn-mte \psS Zmlw amdp-
I-bp-q. Fm sh-n\v at\m-tKm-N-c-amb Hcp {]Xn-`-bp-ap-
v. a\-n-e-S-n-bn-cn-p sh-ns {]Xn` \psS Zmlw
amp-I-bn-. ChnsS ]d-bp cq]m--I-Xbpw \mam--I-Xbpw ]mc-
amn-I-X-bn am{Xta \ne-bp \np-pp Fpw Adn-b-
Ww. B Adn-hmWv \s kzX-{-\m-p--Xv.

85
\ng-semcp _nw_-a-t]-n-bmsX \nev]o
segp-ap-e-sI-p-a-_nw-_-am-I-bmte
\ng-ep-a-X-nXp t\cp-a hnZzm
s\gp-Xn-bnSpw ^Wn-t]mse ImWp-samw.

\ng \ng
Hcp _nw_w Hcp _nw_s
At]-n-bmsX B{i-bn--msX
\nev]oe \ne-\np-n-.
Fgpw DeIv Fpw Fm-bn-Spw {]Xo-X-am-bn-m-
Wp temIw
A_nw-_-am-I-bmte Hcp _nw_s B{i-bnp
\ng-en-p--X-.
\ng-ep-a-X AXn-\m {]]w \ng-ep-a.
CXp t\cp-a kzbw k D-Xp-a.
hnZzm NXp-c-\mb Hcp Iem-Im-c
Fgp-Xn-bnSpw hc-bvp
^Wn-t]mse ]mn-s\-tmse
ImWp-samw Fmw ImW-s-Sp-I-bm-Wv.
 Hcp Pem-ib - - ns apn \mw sNp \np-tm \psS
BsI cq]w kv^Sn-Ik - - m-ia - mb B Pem-ib - - n {]Xn-^e - n-pw.
As\ {]Xn-^e - n-p-tm Pe-n ImWp-Xv \psS {]XnOmb-
bm-W.v \mw BWv _nw_w. Pe-n {]Xn-Omb Dm-bn-cn-p-Xv
\mw D-Xp-sIm-m-W.v Fm {]]-s Hcp \ngt]mse Icp-
Xm Ign-bp-n-. {]]w Hcp {]Xn-_nw-_a - m-sW-n {]]- - n\p
Imc-Wa - m-bncn-p _nw_w Fhn-sS-bm-Wn-cn-p-Xv? Bmhv GI-
am-W.v AZz-ba - m-W.v AsXm-cn-epw \m\m-Xz-tm-Sp-IqSn {]Xn-^e - n-p-
I-bn-. AXp-sImv Bm-hns {]Xn-_nw-_a - mWv {]]w Fp ]d-
bms\m-p-Ib - n-. {]]- - n-\m-Is kzbta Hcp AkvXn-Xb - p-an-. \nh-
Nn-m Ign-bm coXn-bn-emWv {]]- - ns \ne.
B_v sFo {]]w Ime-n-sbpw tZi-n-sbpw
kn-{i-Wa - m-sW-mWv \nh-Nn-X - .v Fm sslk _Kn-s\-tm-
ep-h - {]]- - ns kqvat- c-Wp-f - psS ]T-\ - n-\mbn Xp\n--
tm AhnsS ]c-am-Wp- Dspw Cspw ]d-bm Ign-bm
nXn-bn imkv{X- - msc {`an-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X - mbn ]d-p.
A-s\-bmWv sslk_Kns {]]-k - n-mw uncertainty prin-
ciple Bbn amdn-bX - v. thZm-hpw {]]-s Dm-n-m-Wn-p
ambsb A\nh-N\ - ob FmWv hnfn-p-X - .v AXo-h\ - n-]p-W\ - mb
Hcp Iem-Im-c Nn{Xw hc-m B Nn{Xw Poh-p-X - mbn tXmm-dp-
v. Hcp ]mn-s-bmWv Nn{Xw hc-b v p-s - X-n B Nn{Xw Im
\mw `bp \ne-hn-fn-pw. AXp-t]m-se-bmWv Bm-hnepw {]]-c - -
N\ \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X - .v Bm-hn Xs-bn-cn-p Hcp in-
bmWv XqenI ]nSn-p-X.v CXp \nh-Nnp a\-n-em-p-X - n-t\-m
Ap-X] - c
- X- {- -Xt- bmsS Bkz-Zn-p-X - mWv el-cn-Zm-bI - w.

86
X\p apX-em-bXp kh-sam-n-sem-n
\r-X-hp-am-b-Xn-\m-se-b-\y-`mKw
A\p-Zn-\-a-kvX-an-bm-Xn-cn--bmte
]p\-cr-X-cq-]-hp-ambvsmen-n-Sp-p.

X\p apX-em-bXp icocw apX-em-bh

kw Fmw
Hn Hn Hcp ico-c-n thsdmcp ico-c-an.
AXn-\mse AXp-sImv
A\y-`mKw Hcp ico-c-n Cm ap
ico-c-
A\r-X-hp-ambn Ak-Xy-ambnocp-p.
]p\x Fm
A\p-Zn\w Fspw
AkvX-an-bmXncn--bmte (B--k-) \in-p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-
p--Xp-sImv
EX-cq-]-hp-ambv EX-amb icocw Gn-sImv
s]men-n-Spp {]Im-in-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.

X\p Fm ico-ca- m-W.v GsXmcp ico-c - n\pw nXn sNm

ew thWw. Hcp icocw {]tXyI CS-n nXn sNp-X - p-
t]mseXs AXn-s\mcp Imehpw thWw. Fp ]d-m GsXmcp
ico-c
- n\pw Ime-nepw tZi-nepw am{Xta nXn sNm-\m-hp-I-
bp-q. Fs tai-p-ds ]qm-{X-n Csmcp tdmkm-]pjv]w
Ccn-p-p-s-n thsdmcp tdmkm-]p-jv] - n\v B ]qm-{X-n
Ccn-m Ign-bn-. Hcp ]qhn\p am{Xta nXn sNm AXn CS-
ap-q. Atm B ]qm-{X-n Ccn-m Ign-bmsX t]mIp
At\Iw ]q-fp-v. ]qm-{Xs kw_-n-n-St- mfw Ah-sbmw
]qm-{X-n Cm-h - b- m-Wv. AXm-bXv B Htc-sbmcp tdmkm]qhv
Am-s - Xmw Cmh-bm-Wv. Ah-sbmw A\y-`m-Ka - m-Wv. AXp-
sImv A\r-Xh - p-am-Wv. Ak-Xy-hpam-Wv.
CXp-t]mse ico-c--fpsS Xe-n Hn thsdm-n\p nXn
sNm Ign-bp-Ib - n-. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn {io_p-\v nXn sNm
Ign-bp-I-bn-. Itk-c-bn taipw nXn sNm Ign-bp-I-bn-.
Hn thsdm-ns A`m-hs \mw ImWp-p-v. Cu thsdm-p-
I-sfms A\y-bm-Wv. s]menbpanX\y Fv KpcpXs ]d-n-p-
v. CsXmw Zmi-\n-I-amb Ipg-a-dn-n-ep-I-fm-Wv. Fm hfsc
A\m-bm-k-ambn Kpcp CXns\ kao-I-cn-p-Xv C-s\-bm-Wv:
Fm Hcp k Aev]w-t]m-epw a-temsX Cu ico-c-
smw B[m-c-am-bn-cn-p-p-v. AXv B-k--bm-Wv. AXv
DZ-bm-kvX-a-b--fn-m--Xm-Wv. Fsmw ChnsS Dcp-th-n-bncnp-
ptm Ah-sbmw B B-k - b
- psS Dcp-h
- f
- m-W.v AXp-sImv
AXns\ D]-\n-j - n ]d-bp-Xv EXw Fm-W.v Cu {]m]-n-Ii - c
- o-c-
sf apgp-h EX-ambn Adn-bW - w. Cu Adn-hmWv imiz-Xa - mb Pohn-
Xs {]Zm\w sNp-X - .v
 87
X\n-sb-bn-sXm-s-bp-app Xn-temtcm
cn\-an-X-c-fn-en--,bn-{]-Imcw
X\p apX-em-bXp kp-atbmm
e\r-X-hp-a--X-hm-Ny-am-bn-Sp-p.

X\nsb CsXm--bpapv Hmtcmtcm hkvXp-sf H-bvsm-

v FSp-p-t\m-n-bm
CsXmw D-Xp-X-s-bm-Wv.
Xn Hmtcm C\w Xn Hcn\w
CX-c--fn-en asm-cn-\-n C
C{]-Imcw CXp-t]mse
X\p apX-em-bXv icocw apX-em-bh
kp-a k-bp--X.
Hmm ]cn-tim-[n-p- t\m-n-bm
A\r-X-hp-a Ah Cm--Xp-a.
AXv Ahm-Ny-am-bn-Spp AXp hmp-sImv samgn-bm-\m-
hm--Xm-Ip-p.

Hmtcm-n-t\bpw FSp-p-t\m-n-bm Fm-n\pw Dbp-v.

tX-bp-v, am-bp-v, ]ip-hp-v, \mb-bp-v, ag-bp-v, shbn-ep-v.
shbn- C Fp ]d-bp-hm Ign-bp-n-. am- C Fp ]d-bp-
hm Ign-bp-n. Fm ]ip-hn IpXn-cb - n-. ]ip Hcp C\-am-Wv.
IpXnc thsdmcp C\-am-Wv. Hn thsdm-ns Cmbva hcp-X - p-
sImv icocw km-sWv ]d-bp-hm Ign-bmXv. km-sW-n
Fhn-sSbpw Fm-bvtmgpw Dm-bn-cn-Ww. kv Cm-bvab - n-.
kv C\-an-. k kam-\m-[n-Ic - W
- a- m-Wv. Fm amdn-sm-
n-cn-p ico-c- Cm-bvav hg-n-sm-Sp-p--Xn-\m,
\in-p-t]m-Ip--Xn-\m Ahbvp kzbw D-bn- Fp ]d-bm
Ign-bpw. Fm Ahsb ]q-ambpw C Fp ]d-bm-\pam-hp-
n-.
\ XWp-p cm{Xn-bn In-fn-p-X - p-sImp ]pX-b v p-tm
XWpv AI-p- t]m-Ip-p-v. NqSp Inp-Ibpw sNp-p-. Infn C
Fp ]d-bp-hm Ign-bp-n-. In-fnv hymh-lm-cn-Ia - mb AkvXn-X-
bp-v. AXp-sImv AXv A\r-Xh - p-a
- . ico-c - f- psS temI-n Hcp-
Xcw A\nh-N\ - o-bX Xn-\np-p-.v Fs-Sp-mepw Dspw
Cspw Htc-ka - bw ]d-bm Ignbpw? Dspw Cspw Hcp-anp
]d-bp-Xv Hcp sshcp-y-am-Wv. \ap-smcp icn-bmb ho-Wt- Im
Cm-X - p-sIm-mWv Cu sshcpyw P\n-p-X - v. B-n-X\- mb
Hcp-h\v Cu sshcp-y- Dm-Ip-n-. Dbpw Cm-bvabpw hen-
sbmcp D-bn \S-p Gdn-am-dn-n-cn-be - m-Wv. AXp Xncn-d- n-b-
Ww. Ahm-Ny-amb HmWv temIw.
88
kI-e-hp-ap--Xp-Xs Xz-Nn-m-
{K-l-\nXp khp-ta-I-ambv {Klnpw
AI-ap-J-am-b-dn-bm-bvIn ambbmw h
]I ]eXpw {`a-ta-In-Spp ]mcw.

kI-ehpw D-Xp-Xs Fmw D-bp--Xp-X-s-bm-Wv.

Xz-Nn-m-{K-l Xzs a\\wsNbvXp a\-n-
em-p--h
CXp khpw \ma-cq-]m--I-amb apgp-h
temItbpw
GI-ambv {Klnpw Htc-sbmcp D-bmbn Df-f-dnbpw.
AI-ap-J-ambv Bm-`n-ap-J-ambn
Adn-bm-bvIn Adn-bmm
ambbmw h]I amb-bm-Ip henb i{Xp
]eXpw \m\m-Xz-_p-nsb DWn
{`ata-In-Spp ]mcw henb {`aw Dm-p-p.

temIw anYy-bm-sWp tIp-tm B Zi-\s Bfp-I

sImcp-Xm-Xpw _pn-iq-\y-hp-ambn Icp-Xp-p. AXp-sImv i-
cm-Nm-cy {_-kXyw PKnYym Fp ]d-t- m euIn-It- `m-Kn-
I ]c-a] - p-t- msS AXns\ hymJym-\n-p. BNm-cy-kzm-an-I Pothm
{_-ssh \m]cm Fp IqSn Iqn-tp-p-.v {_-amWv kXyw.
PKXv anYy-bm-W.v Poh Fp ]d-bp-Xv {_wXs-bm-W,v thsd
Hpw A FmWv i-cm-Nm-cy ]d-X - ns Aw. anYy Fp
]d-m Cm-s - X-- . kz-ambn D Cm-Xpw amdn-sm-n-
cn-p-Xpw FmWv B hmns Aw. \ma-cq-]m-I - a
- mb Fmw
B-km-m-XI v m-c- n-\p-ff Hcp D]mbw F \nebvp am{X-amWv
i-c anYy-bmbn ]d-bp-X - .v {_-km-m-XI v r-X\v Fmw H-tc-sbmcp
kXyw am{Xw. B A-n-emWv ChnsS \mcm-bW - Kpcp kI-ehpw
DXp-Xs Fp Dd-n-p-]d - b
- p-X
- .v
 Cu ImW-s-Sp-s - Xmw D-Xp-Xs - . Cm-X -
- . Fm Ch-
sbmw thsd-thsd D-X-. Fm-n\pw IqSn H Dtb Dq.
As\ kh-n-sbpw D Hm-sWp A\p-`h - n-d- n-bp Bsf-
bmWv Xz-Nn-m-{K-l Fp hnfn-p-X - v. \mw Xz-Nn-m-{K-l-
\m-bX - n-\p-tijw Cu temI-n Fp thW-sa-nepw `pPn-p-sIm-
q. _\w Dm-hp-Ib - n-. Hmbn Adn-bmsX kI-ehpw DXp-
Xs Fp hnNm-cnv temI-t`m-Py-sf Dm t]mbm Ah
t`mm-hns\ sIWn-bn hogvpw. Cu sIWn Hcp-n-h - n-cn-p-Xv
amb-bm-Ip h]-I-bm-Wv. \n-fn Hcp i{Xp \ns-Xnsc
{]hn-p-p-v. \n sNbvX GtXm Hcp sXn\v ]I hom-\p-
{ia-n-emWv AXv \ntj-[m-I - a
- mb coXn-bn \n-fpsS I-
sf hnI-ea - m-p-X - v. thZm- - n am{X-a amb-bp-X - v. Fm
a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw Pohn-X - n Dsb Hmbn {Kln-m Ign-bm
Hcp nXnhnti-ja - p-v.
sltK F Nn-I CXns\ negativity FmWv hnfn-X - v.
Cu \ntj-[m--I-amb amb hm \m\m-Xz-_p-n-bmWv ]ns
{]hn-p--I. ]e-]e ck-fpw ]e-]e XmXv]c - y-fpw hntcm[hpw
shdppw Fmw IqSn-e - v a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Xmdp-am-dm-Ipw. AXp-sIm-
mWv Bm-hns\ AI-ap-Ja- mbv Adn-tb-n-hc - p-X- .v _Kvks Xz-
Nn-b- nse intuition \pw AI-ap-Ja - mbn Adn-bp-Xpw Htc Adn-hp-Xs - -
bm-W.v GI-Xz-{K-lW - _ - p-n-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu intuition k - w-`h - n-p-X - .v
AXn-\m Cu hnizw apgp-h\pw Hmbn Adn-bp-I. Hmbn IcpXn B\-
n-p-I.

89
Adn-hn-en-cpk-Z-kvXn-sb--kwJyw
s]mcn-bn-f-In-`p-h\w kv^pcn--bmte
Adn-hns\ hnsmcp hkvXp-h-\y-an-s
dn-b-W-ao-b-dn-ssh-I-cq-]y-ta-Ipw.
Adn-hn-en-cpv tIh-e-amb Adn-hn-en-cpv
AkZv AkvXn Fv Dspw Cspw Htc-k-abw
tXm- hn[-n
AkwJyw I-W-
s]mcn CfIn Xosm-cn-I Cf-In-s-dnv
`ph\w {]]w
kv^pcn--bmte {]Xo-X-am-Ip--Xp-sImv
Adn-hns\ hnv Adn-hn\npw thdn
Hcp hkvXp A\y-an-sv thsdmcp k Csv
Adn-bWw Adn-b-Ww.
Cu Adnhv C-s\-bp-ff m\w
sFI-cq-]y-taIpw GI-cq]w \Ipw

Htc Xzw Xs-bmWv ]e-hn[ ZrjvSm---fn-eqsS Kpcp Bhn-

jvI-cn-p--Xv. Fm Hcp tmIw thsdmcp tmI-n\p ]Icw
hbvm\pw Bhp--X-. AXns coXn-hn-[m-\-n-\p (methodol-
ogy) hyXym-k-ap-v. \s kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Adnhv F hmv
tIp-tm a\-n ]Xn-p-t]mb Iptd A--fmWv
s]mn-h-cn-I. Fm CXp-hsc \ a\-n-em-n-bn-p A-
n-sem-p-a Kpcp Adn-shv {]tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Cwojp `mj-bn
awareness Fpw consciousness Fpw GXm-sms ASp-
p-hcm-hp cp kw-If - p-v. Fm ]mm-Xyv Cu cp
hmp-Ifpw Ah-cp-tS-Xm-bn-p- A-I-ev]-\-I-fn-eq-sStb a\-n-
em-m Ign-bp-Ib - p-q. AXp-sIm-mWv C{X-am-{Xw hni-Zo-Ic
- W
- hpw
hn]p-e-\hpw \tInhcp--Xv.
An-IpWvUw \ In-nt? AXn\npw Xosm-cn-I
NnX-dn-s-dn-p-X
- p-t]m-se-bmWv temIw {]Xo-Xa - m-Ip-X
- v. B {]Xo-
Xn-bmIs hfsc W-am-{X-amb t\cta \ne-\ne-\np-p-ff - q. Hcp
Xosmcn Ipd-p-t\cw hmbp-hn Xn-\nv Nmc-ambn Xocp-p. AXp-
sIm-mWv Ak-Zv- -AkvXn Cspw Dspw ]d-bm-hp
AkwJyw Xosm-cn-I Cf-Ip-p Fp Kpcp ]d-n-cn-p--Xv.
Htc-k-a-bw-Xs kZv`m-hhpw Ak-Zv`m-hhpw temI-ns {]tXy-I-
X-bm-Wv. Fm Adn-hm-Is km-am-{X-am-Wp-Xm-\pw. B k-
bn \nmWv kpw Akpw IqSn--e `ph\w P\n-p--Xv.
CXn Ak-n\p Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p-Xv amb-bm-Wv. amb Adn-hn
\nln-X-am-sW-nepw amb-bm A_m-[n-XamWv Adn-hv. ambsb AXn-
ew-Ln-p-sIm-p-Xs tIh-e-amb Adn-hn\v \ne-\np-hm Ign-
bpw. Fm Poh-Xm-Zm-y-ap-m-bm Cu amb Ahn-Zym-cq-]-n
Fm Pohn-I-fnepw hkn-pw.
A-s\-bmWv temIw Dspw Cspw apd-amdn {]I-S-am-Ip-
-Xv. hnizm-khpw Ahn-izm-khpw, Hmbpw ad-hnbpw, DWhpw Dd-
hpw Fmw amb-bpsS hcp-Xn-bn hcp-X - m-Wv. Fm Adn-hns
tIh-e-kz-cq-]-n Cu Zzzm-\p-`-h--fn \nsms hnap-n-bp-
v. Adn-hns\ hnsmcp hkvXpA\y-an-sv AXp-sIm--dn-b-Ww.
Fm am{Xta ChnsS ImWp \m\m-cq-]--fnepw sFIy-ns
{]Im-i-[m-csb hnf-n-sb-Sp-p-hm Ign-bp-I-bp-q.
 90
A\r-X-sam-c-kvXn-Xtb ad-bvp-I-ns
\p-`-h-app kZ-kvXn-sb-n-hw
A\p-]-Z-a-kvXn-X-bm-en-Xm-hrXw kZv
L\-a-Xn-\mse Itf-_-cm-Zn-Im-cyw.

A\r-Xw AkXyw
Hc-kvXn-Xsb ad-bvp-In kXys ad-bvp-I-bn
kZv AkvXn Fn-hw B-k Ds-p-ff Xc-n-ep-
F A\p-`-h-apv A\p-`hw Fm-hpap-XmW.v
A\p-]Zw Hmtcm A\p-`-hhpw
AkvXn-X-bm km-tNX-\-bm
CXm-hrXw \nd-hp-XmW.v
AXn-\mse AXp-sImv
Itf-_-cmZn Imcyw icocw XpS-nb Imcy-{]-]w
apgp-h\pw
kZvL\w kn-\m hym]vX-am-Wv.

Hcp \pW ]d-m B Iw s]mfn-bm-Xn-cn-W - s- a-n \nc-

cw \pW-I ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-W - w. Fmepw kXyw Fs-nepw
Xe \on ]pd-p-hc - m-Xn-cn-n-. kXyw F{X ad-p-h - mepw adt
Ccn-p-p-ff - q. Cm-Xmbnocp-n-. \-psS kmaq-ln-IX - bpw aXhpw
hnZym-`ym-khpw amaq-ep-Ifpw Fmw hymP-am-W.v Cu hymP-Po-hn-X - ns
]cn-cw-`W
- - nsn-cn-p km[m-cW - a
- \
- p-jy\v Ftm-sg-nepw kXy-
ns Hcp t\ A\p-`hw Dm-Im-Xn-cn-p-Ib - n-. AtXmsS At-
lw kXys ]q-ambn Adn-bm thn-bp-ff {iaw Bcw-`n-pw.
Ccp-fS- K-f - n-eqsS \S-p-\o-p P\m-he - n-sb t- \mn
tbip ]dp: \n temI-ns shfn--am-Wv. ae-ap-I-fn
]WnX Hcp \K-cs Hp-sImpw ad-p-h-bvp-hm Ign-bp-Ib - n-
. \mw F{X \ntj-[n-mepw \-fn a-dn-cn-p km-tN-X-
\sb F-s\-bmWv Cm-Xm-m Ign-bpI? Rm C, Rm
C Fsm-cm hnfn-p-]-d-m Abm Cm-Xm-Iptam? Rm
Am-\n-bm-Wv, Rm Am- \ n- b mWv Fp ]d- m
Abm Am-\nbm-Iptam? m\w-sIm-t Abm-fXv ]d-b-
pXv? m\-an-m-m F-s\-bmWv Abm Am-\n-bm-
sWv Adn-bpI? AXp-sImv ksb Hcn-epw
AkXywsImp ad-bvp-hm Ign-bp-I-bn-. kXyw imiz-X-am-
Wv. A\rXw Aim-iz-X-am-Wv. \psS Hmtcm A\p-`-h-nepw \nd-
n-cn-p DXs-bmWv Fm {]m]-n-I-h-kvXp--fnepw \nd-
n-cn-p--Xv. AXn-s\-bmWv kZvL\w Fp ]d-bp--Xv. a\p-
jy\pw Dc-K-fpw ]n-Ifpw arK-fpw ama-e-Ifpw apw hnpw
Fmw kZvL-\-am-Wv. kZvL-\-ambn Adn-bp-tm-gmWv At\-I-X-
I Xntcm-`-hn-p--Xv. As\ kZm-\--ambn \app Pohn-m
Ign-bp-p.

91
{]nb-hn-jbw {]Xn sNbvXnSpw {]bXv\w
\nb-X-hp-a-s\ Xs \nev-bmte
{]nb-a-P-a-hy-b-a-{]-ta-b-ta-Im
Zzb-an-Xp-Xm kpJ-amp \nn-Spp.

{]nb-hn-jbw {]Xn kpJ-ap-m-p hnjbw

t\Sm-\mbn
sNbvXnSpw {]bXv\w \mw {]bXv\w sNpp.
\nb-Xhpw Ftmgpw
A-s\-Xs kpJw-tX-Sp hy{KX
\n-bmte \ne-\npw.
{]nbw {]nbw
APw AXv P\nm--XmWv.
Ahybw AXv \mi-an-m--Xm-Wv.
A{]-tabw AXv Adn-hn\v hnj-b-am-hm--XmWv.
GIm-Zzbw AXv GIhpw AZz-b-hp-amWv.
CXp-Xm Cu {]nbw Xs-bmWv
kpJ-amp \nn-Spp B\--kz-cq-]ambn \np--Xv.

a\p-jy Hcp kXym- t \z- j nbm- I p- - X n- \ p- a pv kzm`m- h n- I -

ambnXs Hcp kpJm-t\z-jn-bm-W.v kpJ-hn-jb - - tXSn-bmWv Ah
Ae-bp-X - v. hniv Hcp ZpxJ-am-Wv. t]mj-W - ns A`m-ha - mWv hni-
sp ]d-bp-X - v. B ZpxJs \nhm-cWw sNp-hm As
Xnc-bp-p. hni-S- - n-bm kpJ-ap-m-bn. Atm Ah IcpXpw
A-n-emWv kpJw Ccn-p-s - X-.v IqSp-X Aw Ign-m A-
s\-bm-sW-n IqSp-X kpJw Int-X -- t? AsXm-cn-epw kw`hn-
p-n-. Hcm-fpsS CjvSh - k
- vXp-hmb ]mbkw Abm-sf-smv ]p
ms-nepw \n_-np IpSn-n-m Abmv B ]mb-k - n-t\mSv
shdpp hcm XpS-pw. ]mbkw kpJ-hk - vXp-hm-bn-cn-p-p-sh-n
Abm-fn Fs\-bmWv ]ns AXv shdp-ns\ Dmp-Xv? \mw
temI-n-ep- Fm hnj-b - f - n-epancn-p \-fpsS {]nb-Xsb
[ym\m-I - a
- mbn aqey-hn-th-N\w \Sn t\mp-Ib - m-sW-n {]nb-
ns t{kmXv hnj-ba - s
- pw {]nb-ns t{kmXv B-k-
-bm-sWpw Adn-bm\m-Ipw. {]nbs At\z-jn-p- bm{X Hcn-
epw Ah-km-\n-p-n-.
BmWv kpJw thm- Xv ? Fm Wn- I - a mb
kpJs imiz-X-amb kpJ-n-\p-thn hnth-In-I-fm-b-h XyPn-
m-dp-v. As\ XyPn-ptmgpw kpJm-t\z-jWw \nb-X-am-bn-
Xs \np-p. {]nb-hkvXp \nXy-amb B\-s {]Zm\w
sNp-n-S-tmfw At\z-jWw \op-\op t]mIp-p. Bm-
hn am{Xta \nXy-amb B\ apq. Bm-\w AP-am-Wv. AXv
Fs-nepw Dm-bn-p--X-. Dm-Im--Xp-sImv \in-p-Ibpw
C. P\-\hpw hn\m-ihpw IqSmsX B\w {]Im-in-p-p. a[p-c-
ap- ]mbkw IpSn-p--Xp-t]m-se-b Bm-\w A\p-`-hn-p-
-Xv. ]mbkw Hcp hnj-b-am-Wv. ck-\-bn-eq-sS-bmWv AX-dn-bp--
Xv. Bm-\w Hcp hnj-b-a-m--Xn-\m A{]-ta-b-am-Wv. C{n-
b-sImtm a\-p-sImtm Adn-bm Ign-bp-I-bn-. hnj-b-
kp-J- At\-I-am-sW-nepw B-kpJw GI-am-Wv. AZz-b-hp-
am-Wv. Cu B\--kz-cq-]-tan \mw \psS Pohn-Xs kw^p--
am-t--Xp-v.
92
hyb-a-W-bmsX shfnp the sNpw
\nbaan-cn--Xp-sImp \nXy-amIpw
{]nb-a-Ita ]ncn-bm-sX-bp-n-Xn-o
{Inb-sbmcp tIhe_mly-enw-K-amIpw.

hyba-W-bmsX hncm-a-an-msX
shfnp the sNpw _mly-ambn \mw Iw sNbvXp-
sIm-t-bn-cn-p-p
\nbaw F \nbaw
Ccn--XpsImv Df-f-Xp-Im-cWw
\nXy-amIpw {]nbw \nXy-amb B\w
AIta ]ncn-bmsXbpv \n A\n-ln-X-ambn Ccn-
p-p-v.
CXnv Bm-\--n\v
Cu {Inb _mly-ambn sNp {Inb-I
Hcp _mly-enw-K-amIpw Bm-\-s tZymXn-n-p
_mlytNjvS-I am{X-amIpw.
 CXp-hs- c- \mw t]dn-\S-
- n-cp Fm ap[m-cW
- I
- t- fbpw XInSw
adn-bvp shfn-s-Sp-emWv {]nbw AIta ]ncn-bmsXbpv
Fp-X - v. {]nbw Fm B\-w. Atm ZpxJ-s-p-dnv IhnX
Fgp-Xn-b-hcpw IY-I Na--hcpw Zi-\- Icp-n-Sn-n--hcpw
\n--n-bn-msX \w Xncn-tbn hcpw. \mw B\--am-Wv, ZpxJ-
a-. tbip ]dp: Bm-hn Zcn-{Z-cm-b-h `mKy-hm-m Fv.
Kpcp AXv Xncp-p-p: Bm-hn\p Zmcn-{Zy-an-. Bmhv alm-k--
-\m-Wv. [\y-Xbpw \ndhpw Bm-hp-X-s-bm-Wv. Zmcn{Zys Hcp
`mKy-ambn Icp-Xp-Xv {]Xn-tem-a-I-c-amb Hcp Zi-\-am-Wv. {]IrXn
apgp-h hk--k-ao-c-W-\n ]qh-Wn-bp-tm ]qp-n-I Xpn-
-fn-p-Ibpw a[p-a-n-I-I aqfn-mp ]mSp-Ibpw tImIn-e-
ImIfn ]mSp-Ibpw sNp-tm B-Z-cn-{Z-\m-b-h KZvKZw s]mgn-
p-Xv D-a-amb Zi-\-am-bn-cn-n-. Fm krjvSn-Ifpw B\--
n\nmWv kw`-hn-p--Xv. anYp-\--fpsS -kwtbmKw Zpc--
]q-a. A-s\-bm-sW-n AXn {]nbX Df-hm-p t{]c-
Wsb Cu {]m]-n-I-X-bn ImWp-am-bn-cp-n-. Hcp \In
\r-am-Sp-tm Ag-Im AwK-N-e\--fn\npw \b-\--
fnepw apJpw ]cn-tim-`n-X-am-bn-cn-p {]km-Zm--I-X-bn\npw
Hs \mw a\-n-em-p-Xv, Dn-en-cn-p B\--amWv ]pds
Ne-\s krjvSn-p--sX-m-Wv.
Fm- h - c p- t Sbpw Dn \nXy- a mb B\w B- k - -
bn\npw ]ncn-bmsX Ccn-p-p-v. \mw sNp {Inb-I-sfmw
AXns _mly-amb Bhn-jvIm-c- am{X-am-Wv. Nn{X-Im-c Nn{Xw
hc-p-Xpw Ij-I hb-en hnn-d-pXpw Bimcn ac-n
sImp-Xpw Fgp-p-Im-c kmln-Xy- Ipdnn-Sp-Xpw Fmw
B\--ns _mly-enw-K--fm-Wv.
khw ln kn-Zm-\w
t\l \m\mkvXn In\.
Fmw kn-Zm-\w am{Xw. thsd Hpw ChnsSbn. CXmWv Kpcp-
hns Zi-\w.

93
Ne-ap-S-e X\np Xs-bm-m
hnep-a-[nIw {]nb-h-kvXp-hn--b\yw
hne-kn-Sp-am--KXw {]nbw hnSmXo
\ne-bn-en-cn--Xp-sImp \nXy-amm.
New DS-e am-n\p hnt[-b-am-Ip
 ico-c-tmSp XmZm-y-an-m-Xmb
X-\nv Hcp-h\v
Xs Bm-hnepw Xs Bm-hn-t\-m
A[nIw {]nb-hkvXp A[nIw {]nb-s--Xmb hkvXp A\y-w
C as-hn-sSbpw C.
hne-knSpw kv]jvS-ambn A\p-`-hn-p
B-K-X-{]nbw Bm-hn-t\m-Sp- {]nbw
hnSmsX hnp-t]m-ImsX
Cu \ne-bn CtX \ne-bnXs
Ccn--Xp-sImv XpS-cp--Xp-sImv
Bm \nXyw Bmhv \nXy-amWv.

icocw am-n\p hnt[-b-am-Wv. Hcp inip-hm-bn-cn-p-tm

icocw \t arZphpw Zp_-e-hp-am-bn-cn-pw. Fm B DSX-
s-bmWv _mey-n-eq-sSbpw Iuam-c-n-eq-sSbpw buh-\-n-
eqsSbpw hm-Iy-n-eq-sSbpw ]cn-W-an-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. ico-
c-ns Cu Ne-\-kz-`m-h-hp-ambn XmZm-y-s-m kpJ-Zpx-J-
amdn-amdn hp-sIm-n-cn-pw.
{io_p-s ASpv Hcp bphXn Xs acn-p-t]mb Ipn-s
ih-ic - o-ch
- p-ambn Fn. Ah tIWp-Ic -
- p- sImv {io_p-t- \mSv
At]-np: Fs Htc-sbmcp Ipv acn-p-t]m-bn. F\n-n\n Bcp-
an-. At-ss Ipn\v ]p\Pw \Im-\m-hpw. _p bp-h-
Xnsb t\mn. Ah-fpsS ssZ\y-Xb - n Aenhp tXmnb _p-`K - -
hm ]d-p: \o Fhn-sS-\n-s-nepw Hcp ISp-Ip-aWn hmn-smp
hcq. Bcpw acn-m hon\n-m-bn-cn-Ww ISp-Ip-aWn sImp-h-
cp-hm.
Iri-Ku-Xan FmWv B bph-Xn-bpsS t]cv. Ah Ipns\
AhnsS InSn ISp-Ip-aWn hmn-p-hm-\mbn HmSn. BZyw I
hon Ibdn. AhnsS ISp-Ip-v. ]t, B Krl-\m-Ys A
Ipd-p-\m-fp-Ip-ap-mWv acn-p-t]m-b-Xv. ky-bm-Ip-thmfw hoSp-
ItXmdpw Ib-dn-bn-d-n-bnpw Bcpw acn-m hon-\npw KuX-
anv ISp-Ip-aWn Inn-bn-. Ahp a\-n-embn acWw Fm- hoSp-
I-fnepw kw`-hn-n-p-s-v. Xs Ipv am{X-a acn-sXv. Ah-
fpsS Dn Adn-hns Xnf-w A\p-`-h-s-p. kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp
{]imn Dudn-q-Sn. Ah Xncn-p-hv _ps Im InS-
n-bn-cp Ipns\ FSp-p-sIm-p-t]mbn kwkvI-cn-p. Fnv
{io_p-s injy-bmbn.
DS-en-t\m-Sp {]nbw Gdn-b-Xp-sIm-mWv Ahv ZpxJw Dm-
b-Xv. Fm Xncnv AXn-\p-]cn Hcp kXyw Dsv Ahv
t_m[y-s-p. As\ Bm-hn {]nbw P\n-p. ico-c-n-t\m-Sp-
XmZmyw hnS-Ww. Bm-hn {]nbw P\n-m am{Xta DS-en-
t\m-Sp- cmKw Ap-t]m-hp-Ib - p-q. hncmKX ASn-tnm-sX-Xs
Bm-hn-ep- {]nbw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-Ib - mWv thXv. Bmhv
{]nb-ns Ccn-n-Sa - m-Wv. _rl-Zmc-Wy-tIm-]\ - n-j
- n bm-h-
evIy ssat{X-bn-tbmSp ]d-bpp: `mcy `m-hns\ kvt\ln-p-Xv
`mhn-ep- {]nbw sIm-. Bm-hn-ep- {]nbw-sIm-m-Wv.
`mhv `mcysb kvt\ln-p-Xpw `mcy-bn-ep- {]nbw sIm-.
Bm-hn-ep- {]nbw-sIm-m-Wv. Bm-hn {]nbw P\n-m
Hnt\mSpw shdpp tXmp-Ib - n . ico-cX
- m-Zm-y-ap-hp am{Xta
shdpv F hnImcw P\n-p-Ib - p-q.
\ns-tmse \ns Abm-c-t\bpw kvt\ln-p-I. Cu
Abmc \psS Bm-hmbn hc-Ww. Rm Fs kvt\ln-
p--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv Abm-cs\ kvt\ln-p--Xv. Bm-hn-
ep- {]nbw DWmte B kvt\lw k^-e-am-Iq. ss__n-fn
kv t \l- s - p- d nv tbip a[p- t cm- Z m- c - a mbn kwkm- c n- p- p.
ssZhw kvt\l-am-sWp ]d-bp-p. Fm Kpcp Bm-hn-en-cn-
p {]nbw Xs-bmWv ssZhm-\p-`qXn Fp ]d-bp-I-bmWv sNp-
-Xv. \mw \s \-hw kvt\ln-p-I. Ne-ap-S-ev kvt\ln-p-
I. Atm B\w kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp Ah--bmbn amdpw.
kzm`m- h nIw Fm Cgn- h n- m B\- - a m- W v . AXp- s Imv
B\w Bm- h p- X - s - b m- W v . \psS Fm A`n- c - a - \ - fpw
Bm- [ n- j v T n- X - a m- b - X p- s Imv Bmhv \nXy- a m- W v . Bmhv
Fspw D-Xm-Wv. CXp [ym\n-p-I.

94
De-I-hp-ap--Xp-am-bv-ep \nevpw
\ne hep-Xm-sbmcp \oXn-tI-Sn-Xt{X,
Adp-Xn-bn-Sm-\-cp-Xm-X-hm-Mva-t\m-tKm
Nc-an-Xn-sep Ncn-nSpw {]amWw?

De-Ihpw \ma-cq-]m--I-amb temIhpw

D-Xp-ambn ]c-a-k-Xy-hp-ambn
Ien-\nevpw \ne Hnp Ien-cn-p nXn
hep-Xmb hfsc henb
Hcp \oXn-tI-Sn-X-t{X Hcp \oXn-tI-Sm-Wv, sshcp-y-amWv.
Adp-Xn-bn-Sm Acp-XmX Adp-Xn-bn-m Cu hntcm-[m-`mkw
Ahm-Mva-t\m-tKm-Ncw hmp-sImp hnh-cn-mt\m a\p-
sImp {Kln-mt\m Ign-bpI-bn-.-
CXn Cu sshcp-y-n-
Fp Ncn-nSpw {]amWw? Fs\ {]am-W-
{]hnpw?

shfn--ap-n-Sv Ccp-n\p \nm Ign-bp-I-bn-. CXp X-

a kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. Fm shfn-hpw Ccppw Hn-n-cn-p-n-Sp
am{X-amWv {]]--{]-XoXn Dm-Ip--Xv. Hcp hkvXp-hns\ ImWm
klm-bn-p-Xv hmkvX-h-n shfn-w-sIm-p- am-{X-a-, B
hkvXp-hn\p Ccp-n-s-Xm-bn-p Hcp ]m--ehpw thWw. GXp
cq]w FSp-mepw AXn Ccppw shfn-hpapv. shfn--ns
A`m- h - a mWv Ccp- s p ]d- b p- - X v . shfn- - nXs Ccpv
Dtn-cn-p-p-v. CsXmcp henb sshcp-y-am-Wv. Ccp-p-t]m-
se-X-s-bmWv \ma-cq-]m--I-am-bn-cn-p temIw Ak-Xy-am-bn-cn-
p--Xv. B temIw BXy-n-I-am-b- k-Xy-hp-ambn Hn-n-cn-p-Xv
Zmi-\n-I-X-bn hcp Hcp sshcp-y-am-Wv. AXn-s\bmWv Kpcp
\oXn-tI-sSp ]d-bp--Xv. Cu \oXn-tI-Sns\ Xop-hm thn-
bmWv Fm Xz-Nn--Ifpw Zi-\-im-kv{X-fpw H-s-n
thsd Xc-n Xz-sf Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv. Fnv Cpw Cu
{]iv\w ]cn-lr-X-am-bn-n-.
{]iv\w FmWv? sshcp-y-ap- cp hkvXp- Hn-n-cn-
pp Fp--XmWv {]iv\w. hmkvX-h-n kXy-n\p sshcp-
y-an-. sshcpyw \-fn-emWv Ccn-p--Xv. \-fpsS sshcp-y-
amWv kXy-n \ Btcm-]n-p--Xv. Xz-Nn-m-{K-l\v
sshcp-y-an-sv Kpcp-Xs ]d-n-p-v. hmp-sImtm a\-p-
sImtm ]d-bp-hmt\m hnNm-cw-sN-phmt\m Ign-bm--XmWv B-
k-Xy-ns \ne. Cs\ hmpw a\pw {]th-in-m Hn-
s\-p-dnv Fs\ a\-p-sImv Nnn-m\pw hmp-sImp ]d-
bm\pw Ignbpw?
Fm \ CXn-s\-p-dnv hj--fmbn Nn-X-NWw
\S-n-sm-n-cn-p-p. {]am-W- D-cn-p-p. Hmtcm imkv{X-
n\pw AXn-t-Xmb {]am-W--fp-v. Nmm-I\pw Fnyqdpw
ImWp--Xns\ am{Xta kXy-ambn Fp-p-q. Ah {]-Xy--
hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. {]Xyw am{Xta Ahp {]am-W-am-bn-cn-p-p-q.
Nne A\p-am\tbpw AXnsIqsS Iqpw. Atm I-Xns
ASn-m-\-n A\p-am\w \Sn AXn-eq-sSbpw kXyw Is-
m {ian-pw. a\v Ncn-mnSv A\p-am-\-n-\v Fv kmwK-
Xy-am-Wp-f-fXv? CXp-t]mse D]-am-\w, i_vZw, Am-]-n, A\p-
]-e_v[n Fo {]am-W--sfms thZm-n-I D]-tbm-Kn-p-t]m-
cm-dp-v. Fm AsXmw shdpw t\c-tm-p-I am{Xw. B-
k-bpw temIhpw Hn-n-cn-p \ne Hcp Ap-X-{]-Xn-`m-k-am-
Wv. B {]Xn-`m-ks B-cy-`-cn-X-\mb Hcp inip-hn-s\-tmse
In-cn-m am{Xta Hp-I-bp-q. In-cn--W-sa-n a\p
ImSn t]mse-bm-I-Ww. AXn\v AsssZz-Xm-\p-`hw Dm-I-Ww.

95
hn]p-e-X-bm hnt\m-Z-hnZy ambm
hyh-ln-X-bmbv hne-kp hniz-hocyw
Ch-fn-h-fn--h-Xo-bm-bnSpw X
h-b-h-a-WvU-I-Sm-l-tIm-Sn-bmIpw
hn]p-e-X-bm A-Xn-cp-I-fn-m
hnt\m-Z-hnZy Hcp B\-tm--h-amWv
{]]--{]-Xn-`mkw
ambm-hy-h-ln-X-bmbv amb-bm Bhr-X-ambn
hne-kp {]I-S-am-Ip
hniz-hocyw hniz-ho-cy-amWv
Ch Ch.
Ch Cv Cu hniz-hocyw ChnsS
{]]--cq-]-n
Ah-Xo-bm-bnSpw {]Xy--am-bn-o-cpp.
X Ah-bhw hniz-ho-cy-amb Ch-fpsS
Ah-b-h--fmWv
AWvU-I-Sm-l-tIm-Sn-bm-Ipw F-a oc-]-Y-.

Kmcn kpJmhv F imkv{X- Dancing Wuli Masters

Fsmcp {K-sa-gp-Xn-bn-p-v. Cu {K-n Atlw {]]s
Du-tc-Wp-f - psS kwL-\r-ambn-mWv hn-p-X - v. kwL-
SnX Du-]S- e - s- -bmWv wuli F ssN\okv ]Zw-sImv A-
am-p--Xv. B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xw-t]mepw Du-I-W- \rw
sNpp Fp ]d-bp-tm \mcm-bW - K
- pcp hniz-X{- s Hcp hnt\m-
Z-hn-Zy-bm-bn-mWv Fp-X - v. B hnt\m-Zh
- n-Zyv am\-f- n- (dimen-
sionless). B_v sFo hymJym-\n-p-X hniz-Nn-{X-n\v
\mev am\-f - m-Wp-ff - X
- v. \ofw, hoXn, Db-cw, Ne\w Fn-hb - mWv B
\mep am\-. Fm AXn-cpI-fn-m \S-cm-Ps - B\-tmhw
`mc-X - ns mythologyI-fn shdptX ]d-p-t]m-cp Imev]-
\n-IX
- b
-
- . sNdnb AWp-hnepw _rl-mb BIm-i - nepw {Xkn-
p\np hniz-ho-cy-ns Xn-s - Im-mWv {]]-h- n-em-kw-
Xs kw`-hn-p-X - v.
hniz-ho-cys Ch FmWv Kpcp ]d-bp-X - .v ambmin-bm-WXv.
in inhs hma-`m-Ka- m-W.v in ssN\-mv yin BWv. Cu in-
sb-Xs - -bmWv _Kvk elan vital F-Xp-sIm-p-t-in-p-X - .v {iocm-
a-Ir-jW v ]
- c
- a- l
- w-k {_s tZhn-bm-bn-mWv Zin-p-X - .v AXp-sIm-
mWv Kpcp hniz-ho-cys Ch Fp hnfn-p-X - .v Cu ImWm-hp
{]]hpw AXn-\ - p-d- p-Xpw Cu tZhnbpsS AwK-hn-t-] - am{X-
am-W.v amb hnt-]i - - n-sIm-mWv temIs Dm-n-m-Wn-p-X - .v

96
AWp-hp-a-J-WvU-hp-akvXn \mkvXn-sb-n
s\ hne-kp-n-cp-`m-K-ambn cpw
AW-bp-a-\--c-akvXn \mkvXn-sb-o
b\p-`hw \ne-bp \np-t]mIpw

AWphpw Ghpw sNdpXpw

AJ-WvUhpw Ghpw hepXpw
AkvXn \mkvXn Dbpw Cm-bvabpw
Fn-s\ FXc-n-ep Zzzm--I-X-bn
Ccp-`m-K-ambn B-k--bpsS cp hi-ambn
hne-kpp {]Xo-X-am-Ip-p.
cpw AWbpw Bm-\p-`-h-tmsS Zzz-
\inpw.
A\-cw A\-cw
AkvXn \mkvXn Dspw Cspw
Fo A\p-`-hhpw Fp A\p-`-hhpw
\ne-bp \np-t]mIpw \ne-\n-m-\m-ImsX
A{]-Xy--amIpw

Ghpw sNdnb Hn-s\-bmWv AWp Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Ghpw

hep-Xn-s\-bmWv AJWvUw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. At\Iw AWp-
tNmWv Cu {]]--nse Hmtcm hkvXphpw Dm-bn-p--Xv.
Fm hkvXp-fpw Hn-p-tN-cp-tm AXv AJ-WvU-am-bn. B-
kXyw Htc-k-abw sNdp-Xnepw sNdpXpw hep-Xnepw hep-Xp-am-Wv.
AXv Al--bpsS cq]-sa-Spv kp-Nn-X-ambn s]cp-am-dm-dp-v.
Al AWpXzw ssIh-cn-p-tm-gmWv kp-NnXXzw Dm-Ip--
Xv. Xs hyn-K-X-amb kpJ-n-\p-thn am{Xw Pohn-p-n-Sv
Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw \nIr-jvS-amb Hcp hyn-Xz-n-tev Xmgp-I-
bmWv sNp--Xv. Fm kp-Nn-X-amb Hcp a\-ns\ Ifv
hnizs apgp-h kvt\ln-m Ign-bp Hcp AJ-WvU-t_m-[-
am-bn-o-cp-hm\pw \app Ign-bpw.
{]]w ISp-Ip-a-Wn-tbmfw Npcp-n-bn-cn-p Hcp Ah--bn
\nmWv s]mn-s-dn--Xv. As\ s]mn-s-dn {]]--amWv
Ctm hnI-kn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. Dn-s-bp-n Npcp-n-tm-
Ip-tm \fpw s]mn-s-dn-mdp-v. \-fpsS s]mn-sdn
t{Im[m-th-i-n-emWv ]cn-W-an-p-I. AtX- t]m-se-X-s-bmWv
a\v D-bp-tSbpw Cm-bva-bp-tSbpw {[ph--fn Xn De-bp--
Xv. D {]Xym-im-P-\-I-am-Wv. Cmbva \ncm-im-P-\-I-am-Wv.
Fm CsXms tXm-ep-I am{X-am-Wv. CsXmw sIp-
t]m-Ipw. Xo sISp--Xp-t]m-se. As\ sIp-t]m-Ip Ah--bn-
emWv \nhmWw kw`-hn-p--Xv. {io_p \nhmWw Fp ]d-
bp-Xv a\-ns {[ph-n-Sb - n-ep- Btm-f\w \ne-bvp--Xn-
s\-bm-Wv. \nhmWw Dtbm Cm-bvatbm A. AXp sNdptXm
heptXm A. AXp hmK-Xo-X-amb A\p-`-h-am-Wv. {]]--{]-Xo-Xn-I-
sfmw \ne-bn-msX \ne-p-t]m-Ip Cu A\p-`-h-km-I-eys FSp-
p-Im-Wn-m-\mWv Cu tmI-n-eqsS Kpcp {ian-p--Xv.

97
AWp-h-dn-hn aln-am-hn-ew-K-an-m
XW-bp-a-J-WvU-hp-ap ]q-amIpw
A\p-`-hn-bm-X-dn-ho-e-J-WvUamw NnZv
L\-anXp au\-L-\m-ar-Xm-_v[n-bmIpw

AWp Poh
Adn-hn tIh-e-amb Adn-hns
aln-am-hn al-X-z-n
AwK-an-msX imco-cn-IX Ap-t]mbn
AWbpw hnebw {]m]npw.
AJ-WvUhpw Av AJ-WvU-amb kXyw Atm
]q-amIpw ]q-Xsb {]m]npw.
A\p-`-hn-bmsX Adn-hoe kzm\p-`qXn hcmsX CX-dn-bn.
AJ-WvUamw AJ-WvU-amb
NnZvL-\-anXv NnZvL-\-am-WnXv.
au\-L-\m-ar-Xm-_v[n-bmIpw au\w L\o-`q-X-amb Aar-X-
km-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.
IS-cb - nse ]psm-Sn-bn Xn-\n-n-cp Pe-IWw IS-
en hoWp. s]s-Xv IS-embn amdn. IW-n\p IS-em-Ip-hm Hcp
s\mSn aXn. ]t, Hcp-]m-Sv Imn-cp-n-p-thWw IS-eW - b - p-hm. AWp-
hmb Poh F{X-sb{X k-cn-mWv Bm-hns Xoc-s-n-bn-cn-
p--Xv. B aln-X-hn-im-e-Xsb I-tm Pohs Dn-s-bp-
n\nv Hcp kzcw hp. \ns t{kmX-mWv Cu A\-X - .- Cu
A\-X - b
- n Aen-bm-\mWv \o P\n-X - v. AXmWv \ns kmbp-Pyw.
Pohs PohXzw Adn-hns al-Xz-hp-ambn Iep-cpIn Hm-bn-
op. JWvUn-Xa -
- m-smcp t_m[w. A\p-`h -
- ns ]qn-a.
tX IpSn-n-n-m Hcm-tfmSv tX\ns a[p-cn-as - b-p-dnv Fs\
samgn-bm-\mWv? ]d-mepw Abmv a\-n-em-hp-Ib - n-. A-cm-m-
hns tX\nw kzm\p-`q-Xn-sIm-pXs \pW-bW - w. ]ns Hpw
anm Ign-bp-Ib - n-. B-im-n-bpsS AKm-[X - b -- n au\w XnSw
hp \npp. L\o-`q-Xa - mb au\w! Nnm-cl
- n-Xa - mb `qanI! Aar-
X-ns \oe-km-Kcw!

98
CXp-hsc \msamcp hkvXp-hn--dn-o
eXn-kp-J-sa--\niw IYn--bmte
aXn apX-em-bh amdn-bm-ep-am-
kzX-b-gn-bm-X-dn-shp sNmn-tS-Ww.

AXn-kp-J-sav IqSp-X kpJw thWsav

A\niw Ftmgpw
IYn--bmte ]d-bp--Xp-Im-cWw
CXp-hsc C{Xbpw Ime-am-bnpw
\mw \mw
Hcp hkvXp GI-amb B-hkvXp
C-dn-oe ChnsS Adn--tX-bn-.
aXn apX-em-bh \m\m-Xz-{`-a-n\v CS hcp-p
Nn-I
amdn-bmepw Cm-Xm-bmepw
B-kzX B-kzXzw
AgnbmX Adn-shv Agn-hn-m Adn-hm-sWv
sNmn-tSWw samgn-n-tSWw

kpJ-hn-jb - - p ]nmse ]cw ]mbp a\p-jy B-

imn Fsv Adn-bp-n-. kpJ-hn-jb - - sf hn]p-es - -Sp-n-sm-
n-cn-p imkv{Xhpw kmt-Xn-I-Xbpw Htsd {]hr--am-bn--gn-
p. Hmtcm cmjv{Shpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-\ne-hmcw sa-s-Sp-p-
hm imkv{X-km-t-Xn-IX-Isf hnI-kn-np-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.
\ hoSv, \ Im, \ hkv{Xw, cpNn-Ic - a- mb `-W - CsXms
kpJm-t\z-j-W-ns ]mX-bn-ep-ff Is--ep-I-fm-Wv. Hcp kpJ-
n\nv AXnepw sa-ap- thsdmcp kpJ-n-te v AXmWv
\psS ap{Zm-hm-Iyw. AXp-sImv Zn\w-{]Xn ^mj amdp-p. A`n-
cp- N n- I amdp- p. _- DS- p- h mp- s Im- n- c n- p- p.
AXn-kp-J-sav A\niw IYn--bm-te. kpJw thWw kpJw
thWw FmWv ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. ]ns FhnsS-bmWv
\apv \s Adn-bp-hm t\cw? \mw \psS {]im-n-bpsS Xocv
Cn-cn-t\-c-sa-nepw Ccp-n-ptm? \psS Bm-hns {]W-h-
a-c-sf C\n-a-tbmsS Bkz-Zn-n-p-tm? \mw \psS Bm-
hns Bg-ta-dnb hnlm-b-n t`Z--fn-msX Hcn--se-nepw hne-
bn-n-ptm? Csp ]d-tbn hcpw. \mw Hpw Adn-n-n-.
Fm Adn-bm thn-bm-bn-cpp Am-Z-an-I-fn t]mbn ]Tn-
-Xv. Am-Z-an-I aXn-hn-\n-I-fm-Wv. aXn Fm _pn-bm-Wv.
hyh-t-Zn-p _pn. aXn hn-p-tm AXns\ Al-Xn
Fp ]d-bpw. Al--Xn-bn\npw ]Sp-p-b-s PohnXw
]fp-p-sIm-mcw t]mse-bmWv. sNdn-sbm-cm-LmXw aXn. XIp
Xcn--W-am--Ipw.
Fsmw {]bm-k--fmWv a\p-jy A\p-`-hn-p-Xv? GIm-
-Xbpw \ncm-ibpw DXvI-WvTbpw `oXn-bp-samw Hcp-hs hyn-
Xzs Imp-Xn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Fmepw \mw Adn-hm-f-
m-sc-tmse kwkm-cn-pw. F\n-ss Adn-bm-sap hp ]d-
bpw. Fm B-kzm-X{yw B\p-`q-Xn-I-am-Wv. AXp {]im-
n-bpsS el-cn-bmWv. hnjm-Z--hn-bn-m NnZm-Im-i-am-Wv. AXn-
s\-bmWv B-kzX Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Hcn-epw \in-p-t]m-
Im Cu Am\w hopw hopw \mw Adn-p-sIm-
n-cn--Ww. ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ibpw thWw.
 99
Adn-h-l-sa--Xp-c-p-ta-I-am-am
hc-W-sam-gn--h\\y\pp hmZw
Adn-hns\ hn-l-a-\y-am-Ip-sa-m
edn-hn-s\-bn--dn-bm-\p-am-cp-an-.

Adnhv tIh-e-amb Adnhv

Alw FXp cpw Rm Fp cpw
Bh-cWw Hgn--h\v ambm-ad amdn-b-h\v
GIamw GIamWv.
A\y\v Bh-cWw Hgn-bm--h\v
hmZ-apv Cm-cy-n X-ap-v.
Adn-hns\ hnv ]c-a-amb Adn-hn\nv
Alw Rm
A\y-amIpw Fm thsdbm-sWp hm
Adn-hns\ Cu Adn-hns\
Cv Adn-bm\pw ChnsS Adn-bm\pw
Bcp-an Bcpw Dm-bn-cn-p-I-bn.

Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw awKfw ]mSp--Xn\p apmbn AXns

knmw Hcn-qSn Ac-nv Dd-n-p-p. B knmw CXm-
Wv. Adnhpw Rm\pw c-. GI-am-Wv. ]t, Cu GIXzw Adn-bm-
-h-sc-p-dnp ]cn-K-W-\bpw Kpcp hnp-If-bp-n-. AXp-sIm-
mWv Bh-c-W-sam-gn--hp am{X-amWv Adn-hn-tbpw Al-n-
tbpw GIm--IX D-bn sXfn-p-h-cp-p-q. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp
B GIm--I-X-bpsS Pohn-p kmy-am-bn-cp-p. kh-nepw
Xsbpw, Xs kh-nepw I-dn-bp-h - Imcp-Wy-im-en-If
- mWv.
Atd-_y aW-em-c-Wy-n sImp-]n-Sn lnwk-In-S-bnepw
{]hm-N-I-\mb apl-Zp\_n Imcp-Wy-ns ]qo-I-c-W-amb
PohnXw temI-n\p ImWnp-sIm-Sp-p. Pdp-k-te-anepw tPmZm
\Zo-X-S-fnepw tbip hnfw-_cw sNbvX kvt\l-k-tiw AssZz-
X-t_m-[-n\nv Dd-h-sIm--Xmbn-cp-p. Rm\pw Fs ]nXmhpw
c Fp ]d tbip [nm-cn-b-. Ffn-b-h-\n Ffn-b-hs
kzc-amWv AXn [z\n-p-X - v. AssZz-X- ns emfn-Xy-n [nm-
c-ns kzcw tIp-Xv Am-\w-sIm-m-Wv. Adn-h-l-sa--
Xp-c
- p-ta-Ia
- mw. F{X at\m-lc- a- mb {]Jym-]\- a
- m-Wn-Xv. Fm Cdm-
Jnhv Hcp kq^n-h-cy CtX- kXyw temI-n-t\mSp sXm-bn-S-
dn-sImv hnfnp ]d-p. A\ lv Rm\mWv kXyw Fv.
Atm At-ls Kf-tZwsNbvXp. Cu Ak-ln-jvWpX t{]mm-
l-\o-b-a-.
A\lJv Fv akq Alv F kq^n-k-ymkn
samgn--tm AXns Aw km{-Zm-bnI-hm-Zn-Iv lrZ-b-
I-tTm-c-am-bn-op. Rm\pw kXyhpw c FmWv AXns
Aw. kzm`m-hn-I-amb m\-n cn-. ]t, ssZh-n\pw
a\p-jy\pw CS-bn Am-\-ns hen-sbmcp ]SpX Cn-p-v.
B ]SpX ambm-a-d-bm-Wv. AXp t]mbm a\p-jy ]pXn-sbmcp hk-
m-cm-a-n-tep {]th-in-pw. temIw Hmbn ImWm B{K-ln-
p kp- Xncn--dn-tb Hcp kwKXn, Zzz- ]q-ambn
Ap-t]m-I-Ww Fp-f-f-Xm-Wv. Adn-hns\hnv Rm A\y-am-sWp
hcn-I-bm-sW-n Rm kzbw Dbnm Hm-bn-o-cm CS-
bp-v. cp D-I Hcn-epw km[q-I-cn--s-Sm-hp--X-. Cu
hnizw apgp-h\pw Htc-sbmcp D-bm-Wv. AXns Xmf-`-{ZX \
A\p-\n-anjw A\p-`-hn-p--t]m-cp-p-apv. Rm Csp hcn-I-bm-
sW-n Adn-hns\ Adn-bp-hm ChnsS Bcpw Dm-bn-cn-p-I-bn-.
AXp-sImv Rm\pw Adnhpw Hm-Wv. Fshnv Adnhpw C. Adn-
hns\hnv Rm\pan. a{a-[p-c-amb kwKo-X-at Cu D!

100
AXp-an-Xp-a kZ-a-lw k
nZ-ar-X-sap sXfnp [oc-\mbn
kZ-k-ZnXn {]Xn-]-n-bp ktm
anXn arZp-hmbv arZp-hmbv Aan-tS-Ww.

Alw Rm
AXpw CXpw A AsXpw CsXpw ]d-bm-hp
Hpw-X-s-b-.
kZw A Rm kns A-hpa,
kn-Z-arXw kpw Nnpw B\-hp-amWv
Fp sXfnv F sXfn A\p-`q-Xn-bp-mbn
[oc-\mbn A`b\mbn
kZv AkZv CXn kn-t\mSpw Ak-n-t\mSpap
{]Xn-]-n-bv {]Xn-]n Cm-Xmbn
kZv Hmw CXn kmb HmwIm-c-n
arZp-hmbv arZp-hmbv arZp-hmbn arZp-hmbn
Aan-tSWw Aan-tS-Ww.

CXp-hsc \mw \psS Dsb ap ]e-Xp-ambn Xnp a\-n-em-

p-Ib - m-bn-cp-p. Rm ip-amb t_m[-amWv FXv Hcp knm-a - -
. kzw A\p-`q-Xn--Xs-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-m-Wv BZy-ta-Xs Rm
AXp-a CXp-a F cp \ntj-[ - f - n-eqsS kwkn-a - m-p-X - v.
Fn A[y-kvXa - m-bn-cp Fmw Rm Xn-f - b
- p-Ib - m-Wv. ssZh-
cmPyw B ae-bntem Cu ae-bntem A Fp tbip Xd-np ]d-
bm ImcWw, A-s\-sbmcp XmZm-y-_pn P\-f - n Ccn-p--
Xp-sIm-m-W.v Fnp lrZ-b - n-tep Nqn A\p-`h - s Dd-n-m-
\mbn AXp \ns lrZ-b - n-em-Ipp Fp ]d-bp-p. Atm \mw
AXns\ hopw Hcp knm-a - mbn ]cn-KW - n-m ]mSn-. B-k
Hcp hkvXp-hns A-sa-X - p-t]mse a\-n-em-n-bmepwt]mcm. AXv
kpw Nnpw Aar-Xhpw Ien-cn-p ckm-\p-`q-Xn-bm-W.v AXv
kzmX-{y-am-Wv. AXv A\-X - b
- n-te-p- Fs AkvXn-Xz-ns
{]th-i\ - a
- m-W.v
F\nv `bw tXmp-n-. ImcWw Rm Fs-b - msX thsd
Btcbpw ImWp-n-. Fs Rm Fn\p `b-Ww? Rm Fs
Xo{h-ambn kvt\ln-p-p. F\nv Rm\-msX thsd Bcp-an-. thsd
Fp ]d-bp-s - Xmw RmX-s-bmWv. F\nv AXn-cp-If - n-m-X - n-
\m Rm A\-a - m-W.v Fmw F\n-n-tm sXfnp ImWm
Ign-bp-p. Hcp hkvXp-t- fmSpw F\nv {]tXy-Inv Bkn tXmp-
n-. D-sXtm Cm-s - Xtm hyh-t-Zn-m Ign-bm D-
bpsS \nd-hmWv Rm. Rm Akw-K\ - m-W.v Fs k Imcp-Wy-km-
K-cw-t]mse arZp-ea - m-W.v kpK-t- a-dnb Hcp ]qhpt]mse-bmWv Rm.
Rm ]cn-afw {]k-cn-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. FnXs B ]cn-afw
\nd-p-Ih - n-bp-p. Fnse GIm-I - X- b- n Fmw arZp-hmbn arZp-
hmbn hne-bnv hne-bnv Hmbn amdn-bn-cn-p-p. Bg-ta-dnb au\w!
HmwIm-c - ns kuay-amb \mZw! ]c-am-m-ZI - c
- a
- mb Cu \nan-j - ns
[\yX! AXv samgn-bm-\m-hp-n-..........
 D]-kw-lmcw

Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-n\v Hcp-]mSv hymJym-\-fpw hni-Zo-I-c-

W-fpw Dm-bn-p-v. Aq- - n Hcp hymJym\w F \ne-bv
CsX-gpXn-bp-p--Xv. CsXmcp lmUv_p-m-Wv. \app sImp-\-
S-m-hp Hcp ]pkvX-Iw. Fm, CXn ]Z-tZw sNbvXn-cn-p-
Xpw Aw ]d-n-cn-p-Xpw Kpcp-hns Zi-\s BIth
B[m-c-am-n-sm-m-Wv. AXp-sImv hmp-Iv Aw ]d-
bp-tm \nLp-hn\npw t\sc A-sa-Spp ]d-bp-I-b-
sNbvXn-cn-p-X- v. As\ sNbvXn-cp-s-n Iptd hmp-I CW-
- a n- msX Iqn- h - - X p- t ]m- s etb tXmp- I - b p- q. Kpcphpw
hmNym-n-\p-]-cn-bmbn hmp-Iv Hcp eyw Ipdn-p-p-v.
AXv Kpcp-hns `mj-bn-ep ss\]pWn hnfn-tm-Xp--Xm-Wv. Fp-
X-s-bm-bmepw Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw Hcp alm-Zi-\-am-sWv a\-
n-em-p-hm Cu hymJym\w [mcmfw aXn-bm-Ipw. Bm-\p-`q-Xnv
Hcp ]pkvX-Ihpw klm-b-I-am-hp-I-bn Fp kXyw Kpcp-Xs
shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-p--Xm-W-tm. Adp-Xn-bn-Sm-\-cp-Xm-X A-hm-Mva-t\m-
tKm-N-cw CXn-sep Ncn-nSpw {]am-Ww? Bym-n-I-{K-- a\p-
jy\v Btm-p-JX (self-orientation) am{Xta Dm-n--cp-p-
q. kzm\p-`hw, kXym-t\z-j-Whpw Kpcp-Ir-]bpw kn-p-n-
Sp\npw B\--kz-cq-]-ambn Ddphtc-Xm-Wv. Kpcp-hns
ImcpWyw \-fn-semw Aar-X-hjw sNmcn-b-s.