Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
1. How did Winston Churchill describe Europe in 1945, just after WWII?
Just after WWII, in 1945, Winston Churchill described Europe as a rubble heap, a charnel
house, a breeding ground for pestilence and hate
(As early as the 1920s, federalists like Coudenhove-Kalergi perceived that European
nations, which had just devastated each other in a nonsensical war (WWI), were a natural
entity that could become a significant global force, if only they could succeed in having a
federalist constitution.)
.Coudenhove-Kalergi is recognized as the founder of the first popular movement for a united
Europe. His original plan was to divide the world into five groups of states:
a United States of Europe that would link continental countries with French possessions
in Africa;
and a Pan-Asian Union whereby Japan and China would control most of the Pacific.
(Coudenhove-Kalergi argued that the constitution of a wide market with a stable currency was
the vehicle for Europe to reconstruct its potential)
Altiero Spinelli is referred to as one of the "Founding Fathers of the European Union due to
his co-authorship of the Ventotene Manifesto,
his strong influence on the first few decades of post-World War II European integration
and, later, his role in re-launching the integration process in the 1980s.
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Jean Monnet was a French politician, instrumental in the creation of the European
Community
Together with the neofunctionalists, he shared the view that integration is a process where the
constructive functions of the main actors, the common institutions,
the constitution of a wide market with a stable currency was the vehicle for Europe to
reconstruct its potential and take the place it deserved within the concert of Nations.
national states had lost their raison dtre, since they could no longer guarantee the
political and economic safety of their citizens. The countries of Europe were too
small to guarantee their peoples the necessary prosperity and social development.
achievement of peace and security among the member states as well as between them
and the rest of the world.
4. Mention the contribution made by Robert Schuman and Jean Monet to the creation of
an integrated Europe.
Jean Monnet was a French politician, instrumental in the creation of the European
Community. In 1943, he stated that
"There will be no peace in Europe, if the states are reconstituted on the basis of national
sovereignty...
The countries of Europe are too small to guarantee their peoples the necessary
prosperity and social development.
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The European states must constitute themselves into a federation..." .
Together with the neofunctionalists, he shared the view that integration is a process where the
constructive functions of the main actors, the common institutions,
Jean Monnet inspired the famous declaration made by Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950, when
he stated that Europe will be built through concrete achievements which create a de facto
solidarity.
On 9 May 1950, Robert Schuman (French Prime Minister and Foreign Minister) delivered a
Declaration in which he proposed the creation of a common market in the steel and coal
sectors. The idea was to integrate Germany economically and politically into a European Coal
and Steel Community with France and other willing countries. He also advocated the transfer
of some sovereignty held by the States to an independent High Authority supposed to exercise
the powers previously held by the States in those sectors and the decisions of which would be
binding to these States. The French Foreign Minister addressed that appeal to all European
countries, but only 5 gave a favorable reply Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and
Luxembourg, besides France, obviously.
and the gradual development by these states of common policies pursuing common
goals and serving common interests.
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take the place of the essential elements of national policies (more precisely, agriculture,
fisheries and foreign trade).
support
and supplement national policies.
Hence, a common policy is defined as a set of decisions, measures, rules and codes of conduct
Common policies have to be implemented by all the participants and must be monitored by
supranational executive and judiciary authorities. In other words, by adopting a common
policy, the participants agree to transfer some of their sovereign powers to common
supranational institutions.
Secondary common policies are defined by the common legislative bodies within
the framework of the fundamental common policies and in accordance with the
Community decision-making process
Horizontal common policies both types of policies above can be horizontal, when
they affect the overall conditions of the economies and societies of the Member States
(social, competition, environment protection)
Sectoral common policies concern certain sectors of the economies of the Member
States (industry, energy, transports, agriculture, fisheries)
8. Which was the first European Community to be established in 1951-1952 and by which
states?
six States signed the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Communities (ECSC)
- (CECO) in Paris on 18 April 1951 France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and
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Luxembourg,. The ECSC Treaty entered into force on 23 July 1952, thus marking the birth of
the little Europe of Six.
six founding States of the ECSC wanted to integrate their armies, as well, therefore, on 27
May 1952, in Paris, they signed the Treaty instituting the European Defense Community
which aimed at the creation of a supranational army, placed, however, under the supreme
command of NATO. Nevertheless, the EDC project was rejected in 1954 by the French
parliament.
Negotiations started, conducted by the Belgian Foreign Minister, Paul Henri Spaak, and, on 25
March 1957, the Six were able to sign, on Capitol Hill in Rome, the Treaties establishing the
two new Communities, namely the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and
the European Economic Community (EEC). These two Treaties entered into force on 1
January 1958 and are known as the Treaties of Rome or the Treaty of Rome or the EEC Treaty.
1957 is the year which marks the birth of the European Community which was to become the
European Union.
European enlargement can be defined as the process of expanding the European Union (EU)
through the accession of new member states, a process which began with the first six founding
members, the so-called Inner Six, which founded the European Economic Community (the
EU's predecessor)
12. Define the spillover effect and its role in the European integration.
This is the spillover effect defined as: a situation in which a given action, related to a
specific goal, creates a situation in which the original goal can be assured only by taking
further actions, which in turn create a further condition and a need for more action and so
forth.
13. Name the enlargement waves that have taken place so far.
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there have been several enlargement waves, as follows:
1. 22 January 1972 the Accession Treaties of the UK, Ireland and Denmark were signed
(much opposition from Charles de Gaulle, resignation, negotiations). They took effect
on 1 January 1973
2. 1 January 1981 Greece (accession application submitted in 1975 after democracy was
restored in this country)
5. 1 May 2004 Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Malta
The primary goal of multinational integration is the achievement of peace and security
among the member states as well as between them and the rest of the world.
II. Match the terms below with the appropriate definition. Provide their Romanian
equivalents. Use the English terms to fill in the sentences below and then translate these
sentences into Romanian:
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legislative body organ legislativ
A. Definitions
1. A representative assembly of persons that makes statutory laws for a municipality, state, o
r nation. legislative body = organ/corp legislativ
2. to fulfill all obligations as a Member State, especially in the course of transition, reform
and adoption and implementation of the acquis communautaire (achi cominoter)
(Community law = dreptul comunitar, aquisul comunitar) - join the EU, a adera la
UE , a se altur UE
3. an abrupt or violent removal of a group of people. Purge = epurare
ethnic purge = epurate etnica
4. the authority of a state to govern itself or another state. Sovereignty = suveranitate
5. a group of countries imposing few or no duties on trade with one another and a
common tariff on trade with other countries / a name for the European Economic
Community or European Union, used especially in the 1960s and 1970s. common
market = piaa comun
6. a published verbal declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an
individual, group, political party or government. (political) manifesto = manifest
politic/ program politic
7. the process of industrial, political, legal, economic, social and cultural integration of
states wholly or partially in Europe. European integration = Integrare European
8. the state or condition of being superior to all others in authority, power, or status.
Supremacy = suprematie
9. a decision made by a third party or a court (judge) that is obligatory/mandatory for the
party/parties which it addresses. binding decision = decizie obligatorie
10.
French phrase meaning reason for being, used to mean a reason or justification for the existenc
e of something or someone. raison dtre = raiunea de a fi, justificarea
11. a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions or
language live in a particular area under one government. nation state = stat naional
12. satisfying all the essential conditions a candidate country must fulfill in order to become a EU
member state. European accession = aderare la Uniunea European / la Comunitile Europene
,
13. the combination of European Union member states into a cohesive economic system, most notably
represented with the adoption of the euro as the national currency of participating members.
economic and monetary union = uniune economica i monetara
14.
system of government in which power is divided between a national government and various regio
nal governments. Federalism= federalism
15. integration between states in one economic sector will create strong incentives for
integration in further sectors, in order to fully capture the perks of integration in the sector in
which it started. spillover effect =efect de extindere/ propagare
B. Sentences:
1. The moderator has no special power or supremacy over his brethren, but is honoured
and obeyed as Primus inter pares.
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Moderatorul nu are nici o putere special sau supremaie/ ntietate asupra colegilor (inseamna
si fratilor) si, dar este onorat i ascultat ca primus inter pares.
2. All applications for European accession are subject to an opinion issued by the
Commission and a decision taken by the Council.
Toate cererile de aderare la uniunea european sunt supuse/ fac obiectul unui aviz emis de
Comisia Europeana i a unei decizii luate de Consiliu.
3. Back in 2004, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and seven others increased the
worlds largest common market to 25 countries.
n 2004, Polonia, Republica Ceh, Ungaria i alte apte tari au contribuit la cresterea celei mai
mari piee comune din lume, insumand 25 de ri.
4. Besides being a legislative body, the senate is the highest court of justice in the case of
political offences or the impeachment of ministers.
Pe langa functia de organ legislativ, Senatul este si cea mai nalt curte de justi ie care judeca
infraciuni politice sau cazuri de suspendare a (punerea sub acuzare, inlaturare din functie/
demiterea) minitrilor
5. It was only in 1948 that a Jewish nation state was belatedly established in the former
Ottoman Palestine.
Abia n anul 1948 statul naional evreiesc a luat fiinta/ a fost infiintat /stabilit, cu ntrziere, in
Palestina post- otoman/ eliberata de sub dominaia otoman.
6. According to some thinkers, a "positive spillover effect " is when the sector such as
coal and steel governed by the central institutions creates pressure so that the
neighboring areas of policy such as taxation and wages are influenced by integration.
Potrivit unor gnditori, un efect de extindere/ propagare pozitiv" este atunci cnd sectorul, de
exemplu cel al crbunelui sau al oelului, reglementat de ctre instituiile centrale, exercita
presiune, astfel nct domeniile conexe ale politicii, cum ar fi impozitarea i salariile, sunt
influenate de integrare.
7. The decision to form an economic and monetary union was taken by the European
Council in the Dutch city of Maastricht in December 1991, and was later enshrined in
the Maastricht Treaty.
8. All the Polish parties united in a joint central committee which issued a (political)
manifesto in favour of performing their duty to the state.
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Toate prile/ partidele poloneze s-au unit ntr-o comisie central comun, care a emis un
manifest (politic) n favoarea ndeplinirii datoriei lor fa de stat.
10. When he was young, Carl's raison dtre was enjoying life and exploring its
possibilities.
Raiunea de a fi a lui Carl cnd acesta era tnr era de a se bucur de via i de a-i explora
posibilitile
11. The duke as a devout Catholic desired to purge the state of heresy, and initiated
repressive measures against the people there, but after some severe and not very
successful fighting he ended by allowing them a measure of religious liberty in those
valleys.
Ducele, ca un catolic devotat, dorea s curee statul de erezie, i a iniiat msuri represive
mpotriva oamenilor din zona, dar dup mai multe lupte severe i fara de succes, a sfr it prin a
permite o frantura / un grad de libertate religioasa n aceste vi.
12. One party went beyond federalism and proposed to split Spain into cantons.
Una dintre pri a trecut dincolo de federalism i a propus mpartirea Spaniei n cantoane.
13. A judgment is a binding decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of
parties in a legal action or proceeding
14. Currently there are about 6-7 countries wanting to join the EU
15. Nations can retain sovereignty in plenty of ways, peaceably co-exist, and get economic
benefits without merging into some large country.
Naiunile isi pot pstra/ mentine suveranitatea n numeroase moduri, pot coexista n mod
panic, i pot obine beneficii economice fr a se uni intr-un stat mare / fuziona ntr-o anumit
ar mai mare (anume).
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EPU, - European Parlamentary Union
ECSC, - The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was an international
organisation serving to unify certain Continental European countries after World War II.
NATO, - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization also called the North Atlantic
Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty
which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective
defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any
external party
MFE, - The European Federalist Movement (Movimento Federalista Europeo, MFE)
was founded in Milan in 1943 by a group of activists led by Altiero Spinelli. The principles
which inspired its foundation are contained in the Ventotene Manifesto, drawn up in 1941
by Spinelli himself, in collaboration with Ernesto Rossi, Eugenio Colorni and Ursula
Hirschmann. Vayssire notes that the manifesto is widely seen as the birth of European
federalism. Spinelli (190786), a former Communist, became a leader of the federalist
movement due to his primary authorship of the Manifesto and his postwar advocacy. The
manifesto called for a break with Europe's past to form a new political system through a
restructuring of politics and extensive social reform. It was presented not as an ideal, but as
the best option for the Europe's postwar condition.
EURATOM, - The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) is an
international organisation founded in 1957 with the purpose of creating a specialist market
for nuclear power in Europe, developing nuclear energy and distributing it to its member
states while selling the surplus to non-member states. It is legally distinct from the
European Union (EU), but has the same membership, and is governed by the EU's
institutions. Since 2014, Switzerland has also participated in Euratom programmes as an
associated state.[1]
EEC, - The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation which
aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states. It was created by the
Treaty of Rome of 1957.[1] Upon the formation of the European Union (EU) in 1993, the
EEC was incorporated and renamed as the European Community (EC). In 2009 the EC's
institutions were absorbed into the EU's wider framework and the community ceased to
exist.
EMU, - The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)[1] is an umbrella term for the group
of policies aimed at converging the economies of member states of the European Union at
three stages. The policies cover the 19 eurozone states, as well as non-euro European Union
states.
PM, - A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of
government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the
prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to
members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding
member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential
systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the
civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.
UK, - United Kingdom
USA - United States of America
IV.Match the terms that indicate various forms of State systems with the correct
definition; provide their equivalents in Romanian. Give examples of states that illustrate
these concepts:
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peoples republic; colony; dictatorship; constitutional monarchy; republic; presidential
republic; parliamentary republic; absolute monarchy; monarchy; federal republic,
confederation; dominion; principality; theocratic state (theocracy) ; sovereign state;
nation state; empire; democracy; oligarchy; dependency
4. a form of government in which the right to govern is held by the majority of citizens within a
country or a state democracy = democratie
Romania, Germany, the UK etc
9. the authority of a state to govern itself or another state sovereign state = stat suveran
Germany , the UK, member states of the EU to some extent
10. . federation of states with a republican form of government. A federation is the central
government. federal republic = republica federal
The US, Germany, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Argentino
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11. a dependent territorial entity subject to the sovereignty of an independent country, but
considered part of that country for purposes of relations with third countries
dependency teritorii dependente / colony
the crown dependencies, , the bailiwick of jersey, bermutas?? , the isle of man of the UK
UK, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium had colonies
12. a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors
which define a nation, such as language or common descent (origine comuna) nation
state stat national\
Romania
Albania, Egypt, Japan, Hungary, Iceland, Portugal, Malta
13. a form of government in which a monarchacts as head of state within the parameters of a
written (i.e., codified), unwritten (i.e., uncodified) or blended constitution constitutional
monarchy
Monaco, UK, Luxembourg, Blegium, Sweeden, Denmark, Spain
Australia,, Belgium, Denmark, Canada, UK, Luxemburg, Morocco, Norway , Netherlands,
Sweden
Absolute monarchy- arab emirates
14. a more or less permanent union of states with some or most political power vested in a
central authority confederation = confederatie
Serbia, Montenegro, Switzerland , the US during the civil war southern states which
still used slaves and the union made of the other states
16. a country that was part of the British Empire but had its own government dominion =
dominion
Former Canada, Australia, New Zealand , Pakistan, India, Malta, South Africa
17. a state in which the absolute monarch serves as the sole source of political power in the
state and is not legally bound by any constitution absolute monarchy = monarhie absoluta
Saudi Arabia, Qatar, united arab emirates
18. an extensive group of states or countries ruled over by a single monarch, an oligarchy, or a
sovereign state empire = imperiu
British colonial empire, Roman, French, ottoman , chinese
19. a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and
which has an elected or nominated president republic = republica
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V. Find the verbs that best complete the sentences below; translate the sentences into
Romanian:
1. I must attend to my duties as hostess and I dont have any time to lose.
2. When the colonies agreed to federate as states, they ceded Customs and excise duties
to the commonwealth government.
Atunci cnd coloniile au cazut de acord sa constituie un stat federal, au cedat (perceprea,
stabilirea, tot ce tine de ele ) taxele vamale i accizele in favoarea guvernului federal/ comun
3. Students will be provided with valuable skills that will enable them to collaborate
across cultures and borders to address shared global challenges in the years ahead.
Studentii vor dobandi abiliti de valoare/aptitudine, deprinderi competene extrem de utile,
care le vor permite sa colaboreze inter cultural si trans frontalier pentru a aborda provocrile
globale comune n anii ce vor urma/ urmtori.
4. And then somebody waltzed in and delivered such an important message that he
wanted nothing more than to be hundreds of miles away.
Apoi cineva a intrat dintrodata i a transmis un mesaj atat de important incat nu isi dorea nimic
mai mult dect s fie cat mai departe (la sute de mile distan).
5. Back in the 19th century, the provinces in that area proved to be unable to constitute
themselves into a nation state.
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n secolul al 19-lea, provinciile din zona respectiv s-au dovedit a fi incapabile s constituie un
stat naional.
6. Euclid discusses all these things in the thirteenth book of his Elements, where he proves
that no more regular bodies are possible, and shows how to inscribe them in a sphere.
Euclid expune toate aceste lucruri n cartea a treisprezecea a Elementelor, unde dovedete c nu
exista alte corpuri regulate, i arat cum acestea pot fi nscrise ntr-o sfer.
Prysm, cylinder, sphere, cube, cone, trunchiul de con
7. An interim agreement to curb Iran's nuclear programme will enter into force on 20
January.
Un acord interimar pentru a stopa programul nuclear al Iranului va intra n vigoare la data de
20 ianuarie.
8. Does the government really think they must go to war irrespective of the costs?
Guvernul chiar crede c trebuie s declare/ sa intre in rzboi, indiferent de consecinte/ costuri?
Declare war
Wage war on somebody = a duce un razboi/ purta impotriva cuiva
Go to war = a intra in razboi, participa
9. And in that future the world will have plentiful, free, clean energy that will result in
dramatically lower costs for everything, everywhere.
i pe/ in viitor, lumea va avea energie gratuita si curata din belug, lucru care va rezulta in
costuri cu mult mai mici / extrem de mici oriunde, pentru orice.
VI. Identify the meanings of the verb constitute in the sentences below; suggest possible
definitions for each meaning; translate these sentences into Romanian; use the verb
constitute to translate the sentences under B from Romanian into English:
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A.
1. Copper and tin constitute bronze. make up
To be the elements or parts of; compose:, form
(of people or things) combine to form (a whole).
make up, comprise, be, represent
make up, make, form, compose, comprise The country's ethnic minorities constitute 7 per cent
of its total population.
To be the constituent parts of: compose, form, make (up).
Elements, parts of, compose
Def: to form the whole of
RO: Rabia se transmite prin muscaturi;.. simpla atingere a unui animal turbat nu inseamna
expunere la boala
3. The agency is a body that is duly constituted under the charter. set up/ established
To set up or establish according to law or provision
give legal or constitutional form to (an institution); establish by law.
inaugurate, establish, initiate, found, create, set up, start, form, organize, develop;
synonyms:
commission, charter, invest, appoint, install, empower
to establish or create (an organization, a government, etc.)
to set up (a school or other institution) formally; found
set up, found, name, create, commission, establish, appoint, delegate, nominate, enact,
authorize, empower, ordain, depute On 6 July a People's Revolutionary Government was
constituted.
Def: To bring into existence formally:
create, establish, found, institute, organize, originate, set up, start.
RO: Agenia reprezint un organism care este constituit n mod corespunztor, sub / n
temeiul / in cadrul cartei/ n conformitate/ conform cu carta
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6. There were enough members present to constitute a quorum. - form
Combine to form (a whole)
to make up; form; compose: the people who constitute a jury.
(Law) law to give legal form to (a court, assembly, etc) ??
B. 1. Un an are 12 luni.
12 months constitute a year.
VII. In the sentences below, identify the collocations which include the noun sovereignty.
Translate the sentences into Romanian. Use these collocations in sentences of your own.
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RO: Demonstranii au cerut suveranitatea deplin pentru republica autoproclamata.
Sentence: Full sovereignty was attributed to all rulers who held supreme authority within
their States
RO: Suveranitatea parlamentar este un concept din dreptul constituional al unor democraii
parlamentare conform caruia organul legislativ are suveranitate absolut, i primeaza in fata
tuturor celorlalte instituii guvernamentale, inclusiv organisme judiciare sau executive.
Sentence:
The British Parliament had absolute sovereignty over external affairs and the colonists had
absolute sovereignty over internal affairs
Anglophone countries had parliamentary sovereignty as the preferred model.
parliamentary sovereignty is a principle of the English constitution
4. In 1949 the Dutch ceded sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies to the Indonesian Republic.
RO: n 1949 olandezii au cedat suveranitatea Indiilor Olandeze de Est catre Republica Indonezia.
Sentence: Aboriginal people never ceded sovereignty
The last colony over which France ceded sovereignty was Algeria
7. The treaty gave Edward III sovereignty over Calais and the whole of Aquitaine.
RO: Tratatul ii acorda / conferea lui Edward III suveranitate asupra orasului Calais i asupra
ntreagii regiuni Aquitaine.
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Sentence: If laws cannot give sovereignty to congress, they can give it nothing/ they are
worthless
Discussion are being held about who should be given sovereignty over the island
8. The handover of sovereignty to the newly elected government went very smoothly.
RO: Transferul de suveranitate / Predarea puterii/ suveranitii ctre guvernul nou ales a mers
foarte bine.
Sentence: The handover of sovereignty to the people should occur on schedule/
The handover of sovereignty from Britain to China is celebrated by the latter.
The handover of sovereignty to the colony from the empire did not go smoothly
RO: Procesul de integrare european este oarecum subminat de temerile cu privire la transferul de
suveranitate ctre Uniunea European.
Sentence: A transitional government is the beginning of a transfer of sovereignty
The UK no longer accepts the transfer of sovereignty to the EU so they decided to exit/ leave the
EU.
RO: Unii politicieni din statele membre sunt alarmati de poteniala pierdere a suveranitii
naionale.
Sentence: membership to the union has affected the states national sovereignty
When a state joins the EU it hands over part of its national sovereignty
11. There are two countries which have a claim to sovereignty over the islands.
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13. Protesters called on the government to adopt a declaration of sovereignty.
14. Popular sovereignty refers to the doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the
people and that those chosen to govern, as trustees of such power, must exercise it in conformity
with the general will.
RO: suveranitatea popular se refer la doctrina conform careia poporul este investit cu puterea
suverana / puterea suveran este investit n popor, iar cei alei s guverneze, n calitate de
detinatori (administratori fiduciari/ mandatari ?) ai unei astfel de puteri, trebuie s-o exercite n
conformitate cu voina general.
Sentence: The resolution calls on the EU and its institutions to "fully respect the democratic
choices and the popular sovereignty of the Greek people
popular sovereignty is the basic principle of parliamentary elections in a democratic country
15. De jure, or legal, sovereignty concerns the expressed and institutionally recognized right to
exercise control over a territory.
De iure
RO: De jure, sau suveranitatea legala (juridica) se refer la dreptul exprimat i recunoscut la nivel
instituional de a exercita control asupra unui teritoriu.
Sentence: European Union membership does not undermine the legal sovereignty of Parliament.
Denmark has legal sovereignty over Greenland.
16. De facto, or actual, sovereignty is concerned with whether control in fact exists.
RO: De facto, sau suveranitatea reala se refera la faptul dac controlul este intr-adevar detinut.
Sentence:De facto, or actual, sovereignty is the sovereignty which is actually able to make its will
prevail/
Execution, or the right of governing, deriving from an explicit or implicit communal compact,
signified the actual sovereignty of the king.
Canada is member of the commonwealth but the UK does not exercise/have actual sovereignty
over this country
17. The member states of international organizations may voluntarily bind themselves by treaty
to a supranational organization, such as a continental union. In the case of the European Union
members states this is called pooled sovereignty.
RO: Statele membre ale organizaiilor internaionale isi pot asuma angajamente n mod voluntar
prin tratat cu o organizaie supranaionala, cum ar fi o uniune continental. n cazul membrilor
Uniunii Europene acest lucru se numete suveranitate agregata/ exercitarea n comun/ comuna a
suveranitii.
Sentence: Pooled sovereignty means the strengthening of a country's resources by combining
them with those of partner countries. /
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The countries that make up the EU (its member states) remain independent sovereign nations
but, by pooling their sovereignty, they gain influence which none of them could have on their own.
By virtue / name of pooled sovereignty, the EU institutions can legislate in the areas in which the
union is competent
VIII. Match the terms that indicate various forms of understandings with the correct
definition; provide their equivalents in Romanian; use these terms to fill the blanks in the
sentences under B below; translate the sentences into Romanian.
Treaty, accord; alliance; compact; convention; covenant; pact; entente; entente cordiale;
bargain; bond; charter; concord, contract; deal; settlement; agreement; protocol; pledge;
understanding
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12. an agreement in writing under seal, as to pay a stated annual sum to a charity/(Bible) Gods
promise to the Israelites and their commitment to worship him alone. Covenant = 1. invoiala,
acord, intelgere, contract scris si semnat de parti / 2. legamant, fagaduinta,
13. an agreement between two or more people or groups as to what each will do for the other.
Bargain = targ, intelegere, negociere
14. the original draft of a diplomatic document, especially of the terms of a treaty agreed to in
conference and signed by the parties. Protocol = protocol
15. an agreement or covenant between two or more parties compact = pact, conventie
16. agreement by stipulation, compact, or covenant. Concord = acord, congruenta,
nelegere, concordie
17. a formal agreement between individuals or parties. Pact = pact
18. an agreement with legal force, an incentive to fulfill an obligation. Bond = obligaiune,
obligatie , angajament
19. an agreement entered into by two or more parties for their mutual benefit, especially in a
business or political context. Deal = afacere, tranzactie, acord, intelegere
20.solemn promise or undertaking. Pledge = angajament, obligatie, promisiune, garantie,
zlog, ,gaj
2. He thought for a long moment, knowing no peace treaty could be reached with the Indians.
RO: Statu pe ganduri un moment lung, tiind ca nici un tratat de pace nu ar fi putut fi incheiat
cu indienii./ nu se va ajunge la nici un tratat de pace cu indienii
3. A convention on the religious orders was concluded in 1904, but had not received the assent
of the Senate in 1908.
RO: n 1904 a fost ncheiata o convenie privind ordinele religioase/ calugaresti , insa nu a
primit avizul acordul Senatului n 1908.
4. In 1893 a contract was made with the Eastern and South Africa Telegraph Company for the
construction of a cable from Zanzibar to the Seychelles and Mauritius, over a distance of 2210
m.
RO: In 1893 s-a incheiat un contract cu Compania de telegrafie din Africa de Est si de Sud,
pentru construirea unui cablu submarin de telegrafie din Zanzibar pana in insulele Seychelles i
insulele Mauritius, pe o distanta de 2210 m.
21
5. The event also contributed towards the conclusion of an entente between Turkey and
Rumania in the summer of 1910.
RO: Evenimentul a contribuit de asemenea la ncheierea unei antante/ intelegere ntre Turcia i
Romnia, n vara anului 1910.
6. The parties have not been able to reach/negotiate a settlement in the case.
RO: Prile nu au putut ajunge la un acord/ sa gaseasca / negocieze o solutie / fost n msur
s ajung la / negocieze soluionarea n acest caz.
7. It was only when the impossibility of realizing the "Northern Accord" became patent that
his influence began to wane, and Russia sacrificed millions of roubles fruitlessly in the
endeavour to carry out his pet scheme.
RO: Abia atunci cnd imposibilitatea realizrii "Acordului Nordic" a devenit evidenta,
influena lui a nceput s scad, iar Rusia a sacrificat milioane de ruble n efortul fara de succes
de a-si pune in aplicare planul preferat.
RO: Favoriza o antanta cordiala anglo-francez, vznd n ea o garanie substan ial privind
efectuarea / aplicarea corespunzatoare acelor pacte .
9. In April 1695 he was impeached once more by the Commons for having received a bribe of
5000 guineas to procure the new charter for the East India Company.
RO: n aprilie 1695 el a fost pus sub acuzare nc o dat de Camera Comunelor pentru ca ar fi
primit o mit de 5000 de guinee s procure/ obtina noua carta pentru Compania Britanic a
Indiilor de Est.
10. The Pope in October signed an agreement binding him to withdraw his troops from Parma
and Piacenza.
RO: Papa a semnat n octombrie un acord cu caracter obligatoriu s-i retrag trupele din
Parma i Piacenza.
11. These naval victories were followed by a further military alliance with France against
Spain, termed the treaty of Paris (the 23rd of March 1657).
22
RO: Aceste victorii navale au fost urmate de inca o alian militar cu Fran a mpotriva
Spaniei, numita Tratatul de la Paris (23 martie 1657).
12. A tenant is not responsible, under such a covenant for deterioration due to diminution in
value caused by lapse of time or by the elements./ A biblical covenant is a religious
covenant described in the Bible, applying to all humanity, and is principally an agreement
made between God and man.
RO: Un chiria nu este responsabil, in conditiile unui asemena contract/ conventii / conform cu
un astfel de legmnt, de deteriorarea bunurilor din cauza trecerii timpului sau din cauza unor
fenomene naturale pe fondul devalorizrii cauzate de trecerea timpului sau de ctre elemente./
Un legmnt biblic este un legmnt religios descris n Biblie, aplicabil ntregii omeniri, i este
n principal o acord intelegere ntre Dumnezeu i om.
13. By the year 1431 the faade was nearly completed, and Contarini made a bargain with
Martino and Giovanni Benzoni for the marbles to cover what was yet unfinished.
RO: Pn n anul 1431 faada era aproape finalizat, iar Contarini a fcut un trg cu Martino i
Giovanni Benzoni pentru a acoperi cu marmura portiunile neterminate care avea sa acopere
ceea ce era nc neterminat
14. At the opening of the conference (23rd June 1882) Italy secured the signature of a self-
denying protocol whereby all the great powers undertook to avoid isolated action.
RO: La deschiderea conferinei (23 iunie 1882) Italia a asigurat semnarea unui protocol de
abnegatie, prin care toate marile puteri s-au angajat sa evite aciuni izolate.
Pentru a evita actiunile izolate
15. The Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary
Union; also referred to as TSCG or more plainly the Fiscal Stability Treaty / Fiscal
Compact is an intergovernmental treaty , a new stricter version of the Stability and Growth
Pact, signed on 2 March 2012 by all member states of the European Union (EU), except the
Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, and Croatia.
16. The concord of the Order with the towns and the Hanse was one great cause of its
prosperity until the close of the 14th century.
23
RO: Concordana Ordinului cu oraele i cu Breasla (medievala) negustorilor fost o cauza
principala a prosperitii sale, pn la sfritul secolului al 14-lea.
Acordul ordinului cu Liga hanseatica a negustorilor a avut ca rezultat o mare prosperitate
17. The Warsaw Pact was a military treaty and association of East European countries, formed
in 1955 by the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and
Romania, which was dissolved in 1991.
RO: Pactul de la Varovia a fost un tratat militar i o asociere a rilor/ statelor est-europene,
format n 1955 de ctre Uniunea Sovietic, Bulgaria, Cehoslovacia, Germania de Est, Ungaria,
Polonia i Romnia, si care a fost dizolvat n 1991.
18. Herbert resented his wife for subjecting him to the bonds of matrimony.
RO: Herbert avea resentimente fata de soia sa care il supusese legamantului contractul
cstoriei.
RO: Carta drepturilor fundamentale ale Uniunii Europene prevede/ include/ cuprinde/
consfiinteste / consacr anumite drepturi politice, sociale i economice pentru cetenii i
rezidenii Uniunii Europene (UE) n legislaia UE.
24
3. However, its then legal status was uncertain and it did not have full legal effect [1] until
the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009.
RO: Cu toate acestea, statutul su juridic de atunci era nesigur i nu a produs/ avut efecte
juridice depline/ complete/ totale [1] pn la intrarea n vigoare a Tratatului de la Lisabona la 1
decembrie 2009.
4. Under the Charter, the European Union must act and legislate consistently with the
Charter and the EU's courts will strike down legislation adopted by the EU's institutions
that contravenes it.
5. The Charter applies to the Institutions of the European Union and its member states.
Carta este aplicabila pentru toate instituiile Uniunii Europene i celor ale statelor membre.
6. Following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009 the fundamental rights
charter has the same legal value as the European Union treaties.
7. The Charter referred to in the Treaty is an amended version of the 2000 document
which was solemnly declared by the same three institutions a day before the signing of
the Lisbon Treaty itself.
Carta menionat n tratat este o versiune modificat a documentului din 2000, care a fost
prezentata solemn de aceleai trei instituii cu o zi naintea semnarii Tratatului de la Lisabona.
8. Article 51(1) of the Charter addresses the Charter to the EU's institutions, bodies
established under EU law and, when implementing EU laws, the EU's member states.
Articolul 51 (1) din cart vizeaza institutiile UE, , organismele create/ infiintate/ instituite n
conformitate cu legislaia UE, si in mometul in care este pusa in aplicatie legislatia comunitara
cat si statele membre ale UE, cand aplica legislaia comunitara.
9. In addition both Article 6 of the amended Treaty of European Union and Article 51(2)
of the Charter itself restrict the Charter from extending the competences of the EU.
n plus, att articolul 6 din Tratatul modificat al Uniunii Europene cat i articolul 51 alineatul
(2) al cartei (in sine) restrng/ restrictioneaza/ limiteaza capacitatea cartei de a extinde
competentele UE/ Carta de la extinderea competenelor UE.
25
10. A consequence of this is that the EU will not be able to legislate to vindicate a right set
out in the Charter unless the power to do such is set out in the Treaties proper.
11. Furthermore, individuals will not be able to take a member state to court for failing to
uphold the rights in the Charter unless the member state in question was implementing
EU law.
Mai mult dect att, persoanele fizice nu vor fi n msur s cheme in judecata un stat membru
pentru c nu a aparat/ protejat/ respectat drepturile inscrise in cart cu excep ia cazului n care
statul membru n cauz punea n aplicare legislaia UE.
12. It is this last point that has been subject to the most debate.
13. The Charter is not the first attempt to place human rights principles at the core of
European Union law.
Carta nu este prima ncercare de a plasa principiile drepturilor omului n la baza legislatiei
Uniunii Europene.
14. All EU member states are, and candidate states are required to be, signatories to
the Council of Europe's European Convention on Human Rights, so that many
principles from the Convention, such as the right to a fair trial, were taken as the
baseline for European Court of Justice jurisprudence even before their formal
reiteration in Charter.
Toate statele membre ale UE, precum/ ca si statele candidate / care candideaza trebuie s fie
semnatare ale Conveniei Euopene privind Drepturile Omului, inaintata de Consiliului
European, asadar multe principii prevazute de Convenie, cum ar fi dreptul la un proces
echitabil,
Sa fie considerate esentiale de curtea de just, chiar inainte de reiterarea/ reafirmare/ repetare/
reluare lor oficiala in carte / sa serveasca drept model/ sa fie standardele minime
au servit drept referin/ model pentru jurisprudena Curtii Europeane de Justi ie, chiar nainte
de a fi reiterate oficial n Cart.
15. In interpreting the human rights protections provided by the general principles of EU
law (described in the Court cases section above), the ECJ had already dealt with the
issue of whether the rights protected by those general principles applied to member
states.
26
Problema aplicarii drepturilor protejate de aceste principii generale
16. Having ruled in Johnston v Royal Ulster Constabulary[10] that a right to fair procedures
was one of the general principles of EU law, in Kremzow v Austria[11] the ECJ had to
decide whether or not a member state was obliged to apply that principle in relation to a
wrongful conviction for murder.
Dup ce a decis/ hotarat n Johnston v Royal Ulster [10], c dreptul la proceduri echitabile era
unul dintre principiile generale ale dreptului UE, n Kremzow v Austria [11], CEJ a trebuit s
decid dac statele/ un stat membru era sau nu obligat s aplice acest principiu n cazul unei
condamnari pe nedrept pentru crim.
Constabulary=police
17. Kremzow's lawyers argued that his case came within the scope of EU law on the
grounds that his wrongful conviction and sentence had breached his right to free
movement within the EU.
avocaii lui Kremzow au susinut c dosarul su este de competenta/ este sub incidenta dreptulu
UE/ intra n domeniul/ sfera de aplicare a legislaiei UE pe temeiul faptului ca / motiv c
hotararea de condamnarea a acestuia pe nedrept reprez o incalcare
i-a nclcat dreptul la libera circulaie n cadrul UE.
18. The ECJ responded by saying that since the laws under which Kremzow had been
convicted were not enacted to secure compliance with EU law, his predicament fell
outside the scope of EU law.
CEJ a rspuns spunnd c din moment ce legile sub care Kremzow a fost condamnat nu au fost
adoptate pentru a asigura respectarea legislaiei UE, situaia/ impas/ problema/ nenorocire/
incercare sa nu intra n sfera de aplicare a legislaiei UE.
19. The wording in Kremzow v Austria, referring to the "field of application of EU law",
differs from the wording in the Charter which refers to the implementation of EU law.
[12]
Formularea din Kremzow mpotriva Austriei, referindu-se la "domeniul de aplicare a legisla iei
UE", difer de formularea din Cart, care se refer la aplicarea/ punerea n aplicare a legisla iei
UE.
20. However, the amended explanatory memorandum issued alongside the Charter in 2007
describes the wording used in the Charter as reflecting ECJ precedent.
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1. Pactul de la Varovia sau Tratatul de la Varovia, numit n mod oficial Tratatul de
prietenie, cooperare i asisten mutual a fost o alian militar a rilor din Europa
Rsritean i din Blocul Rsritean, care voiau s se apere mpotriva ameninrii pe
care o percepeau din partea alianei NATO (care a fost fondat n 1949).
The Warsaw Pact or Warsaw Treaty, officially called the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation
and Mutual Assistance, was a military alliance formed by Eastern European and Eastern Bloc
countries, which wanted to defend themselves against the perceived threat posed by NATO
alliance (which was founded/ constituted/ established in 1949).
The establishment/creation of the Warsaw Pact was hastened/ sped up by the rearmed/
remilitarized West Germanys accession to NATO,
rearmed West Germany and its accession to NATO, after the Paris Acts were ratified by the
Western countries.
3. Tratatul de la Varovia a fost iniiat de ctre Nikita Hruciov n 1955 i a fost semnat
la Varovia pe 14 mai 1955.
The Warsaw Pact was initiated by Nikita Khrushchev in 1955 and was signed in Warsaw on
May 14, 1955.
4. Pactul i-a ncetat existena pe 3 martie 1991 i a fost n mod oficial dizolvat la
ntlnirea de la Praga, pe 1 iulie1991.
The Pact dissolved// lapsed/ ceased to exist on March 3, 1991 and was officially dissolved
during the meeting in Prague on 1st July 1991.
5. Toate statele comuniste ale Europei Rsritene au semnat acest pact, (cu
excepia Iugoslaviei).
All the Eastern European communist states had signed this pact (except Yugoslavia).
6. Membrii Pactului de la Varovia i-au luat angajamentul s se apere unii pe alii, dac
unul sau mai muli dintre ei erau atacai.
The members of the Warsaw Pact pledged to defend each other if one or more members were
attacked.
28
7. Tratatul declara de asemenea c semnatarii i bazau relaiile pe principiul
neinterveniei n afacerile interne i pe respectul suveraniii i independenei naionale
pn la urm, aceste principii vor fi nclcate mai trziu n cazul interveniilor
din Ungaria - (1956) i Cehoslovacia - (1968).
The Treaty also stated that the signatories based their relations on the principle of non-
intervention in internal affairs and on the respect of sovereignty and national independence - in
the end, these principles were to be breached by interventions in Hungary - (1956) and
Czechoslovakia - (1968 ).
8. Albania a ncetat s mai fie membru activ al alianei n 1961 ca urmare a rupturii chino-
sovietice, criz n care regimul dur stalinist din Albania s-a situat de partea Chinei.
Albania ceased to be an active member of the alliance in 1961 following the Sino-Soviet rift, a
crisis in which the tough Stalinist regime in Albania supported/ sided with China.
Vs sided against
10. Dup terminarea oficial a celui de-al doilea rzboi mondial, n conformitate cu
discursul lui W. Churchill (prim ministru al Regatului Unit la acea dat), de la Fulton, s-
a declanat Rzboiul rece i a aprut conceptul de cortin de fier.
Following the official ending of the World War II, as stated by / according to W. Churchill's
speech (the then / Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the time), at Fulton, the Cold War
started/ was triggered and the concept of iron curtain took shape / appeared/ emerged.
As a result of the consistent policy to defend the economic and political system (implicitly the
economic interest of big capital in the Western world) the German troops, considered to be/ as
"prisoners" , and located on the territory of West Germany, were rearmed and constituted /
formed the basis for the future/ what was to be called " Bundeswehr "- the regular FRG army
(Federal Republic Germany)
12. Pe fondul evenimentelor din 1948 din Cehoslovacia (expulzri ale etnicilor germani,
alegeri, reconstrucie economic) apare infiltrarea agenilor serviciilor speciale
ale S.U.A. i Marii Britanii cu rol de "agitatori".
29
On the wake of the 1948 events in Czechoslovakia (expulsions of German ethnics, elections,
economic reconstruction), there was an infiltration / there came / there happened
American and British special services agents infiltrate the country and act as "agitators"/
trouble makers.
13. Existnd cauza, trupele sovietice nu prsesc Europa Central i de Est cucerit-
eliberat, staionnd pe teritoriul mai multor state.
With good reason/ given this reason, the Soviet troops do not leave the conquered and also
released/ and later on released Central and Eastern Europe, being deployed / stationing on the
territory of several states.
Uniunea sovietica credea ca le-a eliberat
Occidental credea ca le-a cucerit
14. Aflate pe linia de demarcaie dintre cele dou blocuri foste aliate, armata sovietic nu a
plecat din Ungaria dect dup dizolvarea Tratatului de la Varovia.
Located on the demarcation / dividing line between the two former allied blocs, the Soviet
army did not leave Hungary until after the dissolution/ termination of the Warsaw Pact.
15. In timpul revoluiei maghiare din 1956, guvernul maghiar s-a mprit n dou faciuni,
una condus de Imre Nagy iar alta condus de Jnos Kdr.
During the 1956 Hungarian revolution, the Hungarian government was divided into two
factions, one led by Imre Nagy and teh other by Jnos Kdr.
16. Pentru a ajuta la scderea tensiunilor, trupele sovietice s-au retras parial (i-au redus
numrul) din Ungaria pe durata disputelor interne.
To help decrease/ ease tension, the Soviet troops only partially withdrew (reduced their
numbers) from Hungary during internal disputes.
17. Cnd faciunea lui Imre Nagy a declarat c Ungaria s-a retras din alian iar partizanii
si au atacat unitile militare -garnizoanele armatei sovietice a urmat replica iar
militarii Tratatului de la Varovia au reintrat n ar n octombrie 1956 la cererea
lui Jnos Kdr i a faciunii sale, iar rezistena (impropriu spus dac trupele sovietice
ar fi prsit vreodat Ungaria) maghiar (parial sprijinit moral, militar i mai ales
financiariar de ctre N.A.T.O.) a fost nfrnt n dou sptmni.
When Imre Nagy's faction declared/ stated that Hungary had withdrawn from the alliance, and
its supporters attacked military units the soviet garrison, the barracks od the soviet army/ the
Soviet army garrison troops, there followed retaliation from the pact / the warsaw pact
retaliated / responded
30
and the troops re-entered the country
by re-entering the country in October 1956 at/ upon the request of Jnos Kdr and his
faction, and the Hungarian resistence was defeated in only two weeks ( improperly called
resistence because the soviet troops never really left hungary, the so called resistence
benefited/ was partial support/ benefited from partial / wich NATO/ to which NATO extended
partial . . support
18. Forele Tratatului (Pactului) de la Varovia au fost folosite i n luna august1968, dup
declararea-declanarea evenimentelor interne din Cehia Primverii de la Praga, cnd a
fost invadat Cehoslovaciapentru a pune capt reformelor puse n practic de guvernul
lui Alexander Dubek.
The Warsaw Treaty (Pact) Forces troops were also used in August 1968/ as well, after the
beginning of the Czech internal events from the Prague Spring period in Czechoslovakia ,
when Czechoslovakia was invaded to put an end to the reforms implemented by Alexander
Dubek's government .
The head of the Czechoslovak Communist Party military department, Lieutenant General
Vaclav Prchlik, had already denounced the Warsaw Pact in a televised news/ press conference,
as an unequal alliance, and declared that the Czechoslovak army was ready to defend the
country's sovereignty by fighting if necessary
20. Pe 20 august 1968, o for constituit din 23 de divizii ale armatei sovietice au intrat n
Cehoslovacia sprijinit i de o divizie maghiar, dou est-germane, una bulgar i dou
poloneze.
On August 20, 1968, a force made up of 23 divisions of the Soviet army entered
Czechoslovakia, with the support of a Hungarian division, two East German ones, a Bulgarian
one and two Polish ones.
Romania was against the intervention and therefore refused to contribute with troops.
31
This intervention was explained by the Brezhnev Doctrine which states that:
23. "Atunci cnd fore care sunt ostile socialismului ncearc s deturneze
ctre capitalism dezvoltarea unor ari socialiste, acest fapt nu devine numai o problem
a rii n discuie, dar i o problem i o preocupare a tuturor rilor socialiste."
"When forces that are hostile to socialism try to hijack to capitalism the development of a
socialist country, this becomes not only a problem of the country in question, but also a
problem and a concern for all socialist countries."
24. n mod implicit, acest doctrin rezerva chiar conducerii Uniunii Sovietice dreptul de a
defini "socialismul" i "capitalismul" n conformitate cu propriile interese.
By default, this doctrine reserves the right to define "socialism" and "capitalism" only to the
leadership of the Soviet Union, in accordance / according to its own interests.
32