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ACPowerTransmission
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Contents
1Introduction
2PowerAngleRelationship
3SteadyStateVoltageStabilityLimits
4RelatedTopics

Introduction
ConsiderthefollowingmodeldepictingthetransferofACpowerbetweentwobusesacrossaline:

Figure1.SimpleACpowertransmissionmodel

Where isthevoltageandphaseangleatthesendingend

isthevoltageandphaseangleatthereceivingend
isthecompleximpedanceoftheline.
isthecurrentphasor

ThecomplexACpowertransmittedtothereceivingendbuscanbecalculatedasfollows:

Atthisstage,theimpedanceispurposelyundefinedandinthefollowingsections,twodifferentlineimpedance
modelswillbeintroducedtoillustratethefollowingfundamentalfeaturesofACpowertransmission:

Thepoweranglerelationship
PVcurvesandsteadystatevoltagestability

PowerAngleRelationship

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Initssimplestform,weneglectthelineresistanceandcapacitanceandrepresentthelineaspurelyinductive,i.e.
.Thepowertransferacrossthelineistherefore:

Where iscalledthepowerangle,whichisthephasedifferencebetweenthevoltagesonbus1and
bus2.

Wecanseethatactiveandreactivepowertransfercanbecharacterisedasfollows:

Plottingtheactivepowertransferforvariousvaluesof ,weget:

Figure2.Activepowertransfercharacteristicforalosslessline

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ThefigureaboveisoftenusedtoarticulatethePowerAngleRelationship.Wecanseethatinthissimplemodel,
powerwillonlyflowwhenthereisaphasedifferencebetweenthevoltagesatthesendingandreceivingends.
Moreover,thereisatheoreticallimittohowmuchpowercanbetransmittedthroughaline(shownherewhenthe
phasedifferenceis90o).Thislimitwillbearecurringthemeintheselinemodels,i.e.lineshavenaturalcapacity
limitsonhowmuchpowertheycantransmit.

SteadyStateVoltageStabilityLimits
Thelossless(L)linemodelcanbemademorerealisticbyaddingaresistivecomponent,i.e.
.Thepowertransferacrossthelineistherefore:

Fromtheaboveequation,theactiveandreactivepowertransfercanbeshowntobe:

Fromtheactivepowerequation,wecansolveforthevoltageatbus2usingthequadraticequation,i.e.:

Where

Bykeepingthevoltageatbus1,powerangleandlineimpedanceconstant,wecanplottheeffectofincreasingthe
activepoweronthevoltageatbus2onaPVcurve:

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Figure3.PVCurveatBus2foraRLline

ThePVcurveshowsthatthevoltageatbus2fallsastheactivepowerloadingincreases.Thevoltagefallsuntilit
hitsacriticalpoint(around2.7puloading)wherethequadraticequationisnolongersolvable.Thisisreferredtoas
the"nosepoint"or"pointofvoltagecollapse",andisthetheoreticalsteadystatestabilitylimitoftheline.

RelatedTopics
PowerFlow
SimplePowerFlowExample
OverheadLineModels

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