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Halleit
Manager of Product Development,
Ceramic Cooling Tower Co.,
Performance Curves for Mechanical
Fort Worth, Texas
Nomenclature ,
Counterflow
K overall mass transfer coefficient, ing design but also with water ture to calculate interior points
lb/(hr) (sq ft of contact area) temperature entering tower Ka = the unit-volume characteristic or
(lb water/lb dry air) (7i) a unit-volume coefficient for a
interfacial contact surface, sq ft/ n = exponent related to packing de- specified crossflow packing,
cu ft of tower volume sign determined from test data Btu
tower volume, cu ft/sq ft of plan hr cu ft Btu/lb dry air
area Crossflow C = constant determined by test
water flow rate, lb/hr sq ft plan Ha = enthalpy of saturated air, Btu/lb varies with packing design and
area _ of dry air water temperature entering
Tt water temperature entering X = mesh size, dimensionlessuse a tower (Ti)
tower, F value of 0.06 and retain each L = liquid loading, lb/hr sq ft of hori-
water temperature leaving tower, fifth value of air enthalpy to zontal water area
F calculate interior points G' air loading, lb dry air/hr sq ft of
dT temperature differential, F Hw - enthalpy of saturated air at water vertical air inlet area
h" enthalpy of saturated air at water temperature, Btu/lb of dry air Ml, 2 exponents determined by per-
temperature, Btu/lb dry air i, j_ = array notation for point being formance tests
enthalpy of main air stream, considered, dimensionless packing depth, in the direction of
Btu/lb dry air Tw = temperature of water at Z co- air flow, ft
C = constant related to packing de- ordinate, F packing height, ft.
sign, or the intercept of the Z = mesh size, dimensionlessuse a
characteristic curve at L/G = value of 0.06 and retain each total liquid-to-gas ratio, (lb
1.0varies not only with pack- fifth value of water tempera- VGA- water/hr)/(lb dry air/hr)
^ = C(L/GY" (2)
Where: COUNTERFLOW TOWER PERFORMANCE CURVES
DESIGN CAPACITY 100% GPM
KaV/L = tower characteristic; DESIGN CONDITIONS'. WATER FLOW 100,000 GPM
C = constant related to packing design, or the intercept HWT"I20F CWT"95F WBT=80F
L/G 1.7309 KaV/L'1.1181
of the characteristic curve at L/G = 1.0;
n = exponent related to packing design determined from
COOLING RANGE-F
test data.
The tower characteristic curve for a particular cooling tower design
is usually determined from accurate test data and performance
tests conducted in a research facility. The research data are then
related to field performance tests for further substantiation. The
values of " C " and "n" in equation (2) are a function of packing de-
sign. The value of n is the slope of the characteristic curve for the
packing design. Values can vary from as low as -0.25 to 1.0. The
lower values are generally characteristic of spray fill towers, and
the upper limits are usually associated with high transfer, film-
type packings. The average value of n for industrial type packings
is from 0.5 to 0.6. In accordance with CTI requirements, a slope
of - 0 . 6 can be used within the test code limits without appreciable
error.
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86
If the tower characteristic curve includes the effect of hot water
temperature, then the value of KaV/L varies with temperature. WET BULB TEMPERATURE- F
The cooling tower manufacturer must supply the degree of varia- Fig. 1 Counterflow tower performance curves
T. - h, -_.
y AT
(1,4) (2,4) (3,4) (4,4)
' Ah
H
AX
-
HaU-i.J) n l # w < M , J ) + HwU.j) ~Hai.i-i,l)\
Ha{i,j)
AX
1.0 +
(3)
Where:
Ha = enthalpy of saturated air, Btu/lb of dry air;
AX = mesh size, dimensionless. Use a value of 0.06 and re- Fig. 3 Typical crossffow demand curves
tain each fifth value of air enthalpy to calculate
interior points;
Hw - enthalpy of saturated air at water temperature,
Btu/lb of dry air; 3 Solve for Ha, Tw at (i,j) using estimated enthalpy difference.
", " / ' = array notation for point being considered, dimen- 4 Determine Hwaj) for Tw(ij) in equation (7).
sionless. 5 Calculate Hwaj) Haaj).
6 Compare with estimated value.
Start i = 1. 0, j = 1. 0, Aj = 1. 0, Ai = 0. 0 If not within tolerance the second try could be the average of the
estimated and calculated values.
vUJ)
7 Repeat until tolerance is met.
The foregoing equations and array notation have been given in a
general form for use in computer programming. Although the
AZ equations and procedure may be used for manual calculations, it is
<t>U,j-D L-^iu,j-i> +
H<mt, H,
highly desirable that a digital computer program be available for
(4) the computations. A new set of curves is required for each change
in either boundary conditions. A computer program may be writ-
Where: ten in a matter of hours and is well worth the effort.
Tw = temperature of water at 2 coordinate, F; A typical set of crossflow demand curves are shown in Fig. 3 for
AZ = mesh size, dimensionless. Use a value of 0.06 and retain a hot water temperature of 120F and an inlet wet bulb tempera-
each fifth value of water temperature to calculate ture of 80F. The demand curves are dimensionless and are not re-
interior points. lated to a particular tower design. The curves show the order of
1 Estimate Tw(U). First try could be = [ 7 V , j _ y - (Tw(ij-i) difficulty of the temperature conditions. The above procedure and
- 7W1/2. (5) equations can be used to calculate demand curves for various
2 Substitute Hwaj) for estimated Tui(ij) above in equation (4). crossflow conditions similar to the CTI "Blue Book" for counter-
3 Calculate T ^ j ; , equation (4). flow duty.
4 If Tw estimated = Tw calculated (within tolerance), proceed.
5 If not, second try could be average of estimated and calculat- Crossflow Performance Curves
ed values. The thermal characteristics for crossflow packings must be de-
6 Repeat Step 5 until tolerance is satisfied. termined by performance tests. The crossflow heat and mass
Note: Calculate H and T values to tolerance of 0.01. transfer process for a crossflow tower is best described as a unit-
Interior Points. Known values of Tw, Hw, Ha from preceding volume coefficient or characteristic. The general form of the equa-
points. tion describing the thermal characteristics can be written as fol-
lows:
Start i = 2. 0, j = 2. 0, A i = 1.0, Aj = 1.0
H
Ka CG'"iL"2 (8)
aU,S)
Where:
AX
HaU-l,j) + ~2~ l^w{i-i,j) ~ Haii-l,j) + HwU.j) ~ Haii,j)\ Ka the unit-volume characteristic or a unit-volume
coefficient for a specified crossflow packing,
(6) Btu
u(i,J> hr cu ft Btu/lb dry air
C = constant, determined by test. Varies with packing de-
AZ sign and water temperature entering tower (Ti);
L = 'liquid loading, lb/hr sq ft of horizontal water area;
(7) G' - air loading, lb dry air/hrsq ft of vertical air inlet area;
i i , rt2 = exponents determined by performance tests.
Note: The values of A X and A 2 can be changed to 0.3 without The unit-volume coefficient for a specified packing may be used to
loss of accuracy for interior points. calculate the characteristic curves for a line of towers having vari-
1 Estimate Hwaj) - Haaj). First try could be = Hwa-ij) - ous cell and tower dimensions. The X and 2 coordinates for points
Ha(i-lj) on a characteristic curve may be calculated by solving the fol-
2 Substitute in equations (6) and (7). lowing equations given for various assumed values of G' and L.