Integrated Reservoir Analysis

Resistivity Measurements

E. Standen
NExT Training
1
Conversion of
resistance to
Resistivity

2
 The Original Concept

R1

R2

R3
R4

R5

R6

R7

SP Well Log
Induced Polarization Array Survey

3
 Resistivity & Conductivity

Resistivity is specific resistance

R=r*A/L
Units are ohm-m
For each tool there is a specific K-factor that relates
the resistance measured to a calibrated Resistivity.
Conductivity is the reciprocal of Resistivity
C = 1000 / R (or R = 1000 / C)
Units are milli-mhos / m or mmho/m
ie. 1ohmm = 1000 mmho (note we dont usually say
mmho/m).

4
 Resistivity & Lithology / Saturation

Low Resistivity is a water-wet formation.

Wet Sands/Carbonates
Shale
High Resistivity is a formation with no
water.
Low Porosity no water
Hydrocarbon present low volume of water (Swirr)

5
 Hydrocarbon Identification from Resistivity and SP.

High Resistivity => HC or Tight?

Clean

Low Resistivity => Water-Wet

6
 Quick-look HC Identification
Highlight the deep resistivity log.
Highlight Sonic or Density log as Porosity.
Both Sonic and Density read higher in Gas
In a porous, wet zone overlay the porosity
on the deep resistivity log, keeping the logs
parallel and on depth.
Hydrocarbon is indicated where separation
occurs high resistivity and high porosity.
Changing relative position of the curves
implies a change in Rw. 7
 Resistivity Tools

Lateral & Normal devices

Laterologs
Micro-resistivity devices
Rxo/Rt concepts
Induction tools
Borehole corrections
Corrections for Invasion
Permeability anisotropy
8
 Normal measurements

9
Ref: Schlumberger
 Lateral Measurements

10
Ref: Schlumberger
 E-Log Interpretation
188lateral

h > 40 ft

h = 28 ft

h = 24 ft

5ft < h < 10 ft

Ref: Schlumberger 11
 Modern Laterologs

Focusing is achieved by applying a guard

current on either side of the main Ao
electrode current which forces it into the
formation. Depth of investigation is
determined by the array size and return
current path for each array.
Superimposed measurements of the DLL
are obtained on the same electrodes by
using different frequencies for each
array. Ref: Schlumberger
12
 LL7 Comparison to
ES Lateral & Normal

13
Ref: Schlumberger
 Micro-Resistivity Logs

Designed to measure in the flushed zone.

Original purpose was to compute a porosity assuming
100% Sxo and using Rmf.
Ratio of Rxo to Rt gives an indication of moved
hydrocarbon.
Devices are selected based on depth of invasion expected,
combinability with other resistivity devices and borehole
corrections required.
Microlog gives a ratio of mudcake Rmc (MicroInverse
1x1) to Rxo + Rmc (MicroNormal 2) that indicates
mudcake buildup and therefore a permeable formation.
Separation has been known to occur over formations with very
low permeability.

14
 Microlaterolog Current Path and Pseudo-Geometrical Factors

Ref: Schlumberger 15
 Microlog Proximity Log

The Microlog (ML) separation was used to

indicate mudcake buildup and potential
permeable zones. Absolute separation is
relatively unimportant, however, it is related
to the mudcake thickness and Rxo. The
presentation scale should be selected to be
10x Rm. The technique is well suited to
carbonate reservoirs, but, it has been noted
that separation can occur over intervals with
as little as 0.001 md! Negative separation
(microinverse > micronormal) is also seen on
occasion and may be related to fresh
mudcake buildup where Rxo is less than
Rmc.
The Proximity log (or MLL) is run on the
opposite pad to the ML and measures Rxo.
Depending on the depth of invasion expected
the correct tool would be selected to
minimize borehole correction and record a
valid Rxo reading. 16
Ref: Schlumberger
 Rxo/Rt as a Moved HC Indicator
If Rt equates to BVW deep in the formation then
Rxo relates to BVW in the flushed zone.
If invasion has moved HC then we should see a
change in ratio between Rxo and Rt as we move
from the Sw=100% zone to the Swirr region.
Relative changes are related to invasion depth and
to relative HC permeability.
The technique applies equally in fresh or salt mud
situations except that the ratio in salt muds most
often used is Rt/Rxo to keep it positive.
Often Rxo/Rt is compared to SP to eliminate shale
effect as SP is related to Rmf/Rw ratio.
17
 Rxo / Rt vs. Rmf / Rw

Sxo**2 = 1/**2 x Rmf/Rxo

Sw**2 = 1/**2 x Rw/Rt

Sxo = Rmf/Rxo
Sxo/Sw = Rmf x Rt / Rw x Rxo
Sw = Rw/Rt

If Sxo = Sw
Rmf Rxo Where else have we seen the ratio Rmf/Rw?
Rw = Rt What about the SP? SSP= -K log(Rmfe/Rwe)

If Sxo = Sw
Then Rxo/Rt ratio will change and
we have an indication of moved Rmf Rxo
hydrocarbon in the reservoir, and: Rw = Rt
18
Rxo/Rt Method to indicate moved HC and permeability changes.

Changes in HC Perm?
Probably invasion changes.

Initiation of Moved
Hydrocarbon

19
 Using Q-L Hydrocarbon Identification and Rxo/Rt to indicate
changes on the Capillary Pressure Curves.
Zones of constant BVW

Onset of Swirr for

high- flow units.

Initiation of Moved
Hydrocarbon

0 Sw 100 Initiation of HC
Sw=<100% depth. 20
Squeeze Effect on LLD
As the deep laterolog measurement
approaches a thick resistive zone, the
reference current is squeezed into the
conductive borehole, changing the apparent
resistivity measured by the tool. This
appears as a gradual increase in resistivity on
the LLD until the resistive bed is entered by
the Ao electrode where the measurement is
again valid. The upper B electrode is
usually 28 feet or more above Ao. This effect
is not on the LLS and can be explained by
comparing the two curves.
The effect is also noticed on other laterolog-
type devices, notably the SHDT dipmeter and
FMS/FMI imaging tools.

21
Ref: Schlumberger
Borehole Corrections and Invasion Corrections - DLL

Rlld/Rxo

Rlld/Rxo = 15; Rlld/Rlls=1.9

gives Rt/Rlld = 1.3
Rt/Rxo = 20
Dia. of invasion = 33 inches

Rlld / Rlls 22

Ref: Schlumberger
 Azimuthal Laterolog - ARI

Ref: Schlumberger 23
Induction Theory

Most induction tools consist of an array of

transmitters and receivers that focus the
measurement at a particular distance into
the formation, usually 40 inches for ILD
24
and 28 inches for ILM.
Ref: Schlumberger
 Borehole Corrections - DIL

Ref: Schlumberger 25
 DIL-SFL Invasion Correction

Enter with Rsfl/Rild and Rilm/Rild

ratio and derive Rild/Rt ratio along
with diameter of invasion (Di) and
Rt/Rxo ratio. The chart assumes a
step invasion profile and by the
inputs, a fresh mud system.

Rsfl/Rild Each combination of measurements

will have their own Tornado chart so
it is necessary to know particularly,
the Rxo device input to the chart and
the induction tool type. Borehole
correction should be applied to the
measurements prior to entering the
chart for invasion correction.

Ref: Schlumberger
Rilm/Rild 26
AIT Shoulder-bed Effects

27
Ref: Schlumberger
 Laterolog vs. Induction

Salt Muds & High Resistivity formations:

Laterologs preferred
Resistivity series measurement of Rm,Rxo,Rt
Fresh Muds, OB-muds and Low Resis. Fms.
Induction preferred
Conductivity measurement that combines
Cm,Cxo,Ct
Select best log for the borehole environment.

28
AIT vs. HRLA Op. Ranges

29
 Induction v. Laterolog Equivalent
Circuits

Rxo Rt
Rm

Rv

Rhx
Rhy

Rm
Rxo

Rt

Ref: Schlumberger 30
 Definition of Anisotropy

Anisotropy Ratio = Rh / Rv
Coefficient of Anisotropy: = Rh / Rv

z z
y y
x
x TI Anisotropy:
Transverse Isotropic-
Anisotropy
Rhorizontal
Rvertical
R
horizontal

Vertical Well Horizontal Well

Ref: Schlumberger 31
 Classical Low Resistivity Pay Problem

1 V fg Vcg
= + Rfg=1-m kfg=0.1mD
Rh R fg Rcg
Rv = V fg R fg + Vcg Rcg Rcg= 25 -m kcg=200mD <=HC

Rfg= 1-m kfg=0.1mD

kh = V fg k fg + Vcg kcg
Rcg= 25-m kcg=200mD <=HC
1 V fg Vcg
= +
kv k fg kcg Rh = 1.9 -m Rv = 13 -m
kv= 0.2 mD kh= 100 mD
Ref: Schlumberger 32
 Sand
Count

Ref: Schlumberger 33