Applied Mechanics

Engine and transmission

-
when modelling in QSS

Hybrid Vehicles and Control / 2017

Sven B. Andersson / 2017-01-21

(Chapters 3.1 and 3.2 in Guzzella/Sciaretta)

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Background

Conventional Vehicles - energy flow

Engine Transmission

Chassis

(from Intro lecture)

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Engine
(Internal combustion engine)

An engine converts
chemical energy into
work, usually given as
crankshaft torque.
The standard engine
cycle is the 4 stroke
engine
(see animation).

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Engine
The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the
combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air)
in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the
working fluid flow circuit.
In an internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of
the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced
by combustion apply direct force to some component of
the engine.
This force moves the component over a distance,
transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical
energy.

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Engine parameters
Important parameters are
power (Pe)
torque/load (Te)
engine speed (Ne)
mean effective pressure (pme = BMEP)
with some useful relations being

Pe = 2 NeTe=eTe where Pe is engine power (output)

and
pme = Work / Swept volume = NeTe / Vd = 4 NeTe / Vd

Note: Ne is here used for engine speed, in the text book N (without subscript e) is a
constant with a value that depends on engine type (2- or 4-stroke), e.g. see p. 44 and 56

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Engine parameters
Also, efficiency can be expressed as

e = eTe / Pc where Pc = mf Hl is the fuel power

(input)

or

bsfc = mf / Pe = 1 / eHl often given as g/kWh

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Engine modelling

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Engine -
performance map and efficiency

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Engine model -
Willans approximation
A simple model for engine (and motor) behaviour is
Willans description:
pme e(e) pmf pme0 (e)

where the fuel mean pressure is

pmf = Hl mf / Vd

e(e) and pme0 (e) can be given in an engine map, see next
slide

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Engine -
performance map and efficiency (Willan)

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Transmission / Gear-box / Differential

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Transmission / Gear-box
The purpose of a gear-box is to transform mechanical power provide
by a power source at a certain speed 1 and torque T1 to a different
speed 2 and torque T2.
With no losses:

1 = 2

T2 = T1

where is the gear ratio.

Note! Do not forget to consider losses in your simulations!

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Transmission / Gear-box
Gear-boxes encountered:
Manual gear-boxes
Automatic gear-boxes
Continously varaible transmissions (CVTs)

To learn more, go to HowStuffWorks

- http://auto.howstuffworks.com/transmission.htm
or use the links on the following pages.

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Gear-boxes

Manual gear-box, see e.g. Automatic gear-box, see e.g.

https://www.youtube.com/watch? https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotatio
v=K53cPGRE1Kk n_id=annotation_190810437&feature=iv&sr
c_vid=K53cPGRE1Kk&v=Y1zbE21Pzl0

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Differential gear

And - take a look at this (must see!!!)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4JhruinbWc

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Transmission / Gearbox modelling

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Engine and Transmission

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NEDC

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But what
cycle to
use?

Depends
on
vehicle!

Or?!?

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NEDC gear optimization

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Same
opti-
mum
?

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Plot script available

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Transmission / Gear-box

If you are interested in the transmission as a

mechanical system there is a course in the 2nd
quarter
Powertrain Mechanics (TME170)
Here (in QSS) we just use a set of gear ratios

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Case study 1
Gear Ratio Optimization
When you go through this, consider

whether you think the result is reasonable

or not, e.g. through checking where in the

performance map you are operating your

engine (driveability).

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