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Leonid Plekhanov, Sergey Plekhanov getmission.ru
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Table of contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Our research objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Investigation of the Tesla tower's working mode by means of analyzing the patents ....................................... 7
Currents in the Earth as an outcome of functioning process of the Tesla's tower ........................................... 13
Computational simulation ................................................................................................................................ 15
Globular lightning and Tesla tower................................................................................................................... 17
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articles and patents that confirm the fact of resistance, which has one of its
standing waves as not being related anyhow terminals in intimate direct or
to conventional EM-waves. For instance, inductive connection with the
ground and the other with an
The chief discovery which elevated conductor, and upon
satisfied me thoroughly as to which the electrical
the practicability of my plan oscillations of a primary or
was made in 1899 in Colorado exciting circuit are impressed
Springs, where I carried on under conditions of resonance.
tests with a generator of 1500 source: The Transmission of Electrical
KW capacity and ascertained that Energy Without Wires as a Means for
under certain conditions the Furthering Peace, Electrical World and
current was capable of passing Engineer, January 7, 1905
across the entire globe and
returning from the antipodes to
its origin undiminished in I finally vanquished all
strength. difficulties and succeeded in
source: World System of Wireless producing a machine which, to
Transmission of Energy, Telegraph and explain its operation in plain
Telegraph Age, October 16, 1927 language, resembled a pump in
its action, drawing electricity
from the earth and driving it
That electrical energy can be back into the same at an
economically transmitted without enormous rate, thus creating
wires to any terrestrial ripples or disturbances which,
distance, I have unmistakably spreading through the earth as
established in numerous through a wire, could be
observations, experiments and detected at great distances by
measurements, qualitative and carefully attuned receiving
quantitative. These have circuits. In this manner I was
demonstrated that is practicable able to transmit to a distance,
to distribute power from a not only feeble effects for the
central plant in unlimited purposes of signaling, but
amounts, with a loss not considerable amounts of energy,
exceeding a small fraction of and later discoveries I made
one per cent, in the convinced me that I shall
transmission, even to the ultimately succeed in conveying
greatest distance, twelve power without wires, for
thousand milesto the opposite industrial purposes, with high
end of the globe. This economy, and to any distance,
seemingly impossible feat can however great.
now be readily performed by any source: Talking With Planets, Collier's
electrician familiar with the Weekly, February 9, 1901
design and construction of my
"high-potential magnifying
transmitter," the most marvelous since the first attempts the
electrical apparatus of which I wave lengths have been increased
have knowledge, enabling the until those advocated by me
production of effects of were adopted, in which this form
unlimited intensities in the of radiation has been reduced to
earth and its ambient one-billionth. When a circuit,
atmosphere. It is, essentially, connected to ground and to an
a freely vibrating secondary elevated capacity oscillates,
circuit of definite length, very two effects separate and
high self-induction and small distinct are produced;
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such a way. Conventional EM-waves are not Ohm's just due to the rather large area of a
capable of exhibiting such a behavior. As of section of such conductor.
classical physics (that is within "Occam's At that, current losses in terms of active
razor"), there are no doubts that Tesla was resistances are proportional to the square of
referring to the current and voltage waves. current (I^2*R), therefore current resistivity
We assume that Tesla just aimed at value is very small (much less than 1A) and
presenting the information in a most square from such value will be even smaller
efficient and somewhat "mystic" way. That in terms of its value. That is why in case of
is why he provided such interesting values ultra small currents distributed over large
in terms of an average velocity of the surfaces of the Earth, ohmic losses can be
process. of very insignificant value.
Based on the information obtained from Thus, even when conducting superficial
Tesla's diaries and patents as well as being qualitative analysis, we may come to
bounded by the fundamentals of traditional conclusion that current and voltage
classic physics such as Maxwell's equations, resonance in the body of planet is quite
we came to the conclusion that the question feasible phenomenon. Later we will move
is concerned with the ripple effect of the towards more precise modeling of such
currents and voltages in the depth of our process.
planet. That is, Tesla literally meant the
currents as such when he was talking of the Based on our reasoning above, starting
currents flowing through the body of the point of our research is that Tesla was
planet. At first, this kind of thought seems literally referring to the CURRENTS when he
to be crazy because it is well known that was talking of them. The latter is quite
the Earth has quite poor conductive accordant with qualitative results and his all
properties. The average parameters of the prior statements as well as with constructive
ground conductivity vary within the range execution of the prototypes executing
from 10 up 1000 Ohmm3. Earth surface energy transmission described in the
can be considered as a dielectric, not patents of the scientist.
conductor. However, it shouldn't be
forgotten that dielectric and conductor are
only some tentative concepts in terms of a
division according to the type of prevailing
process. Nevertheless, each dielectric
exhibits the properties similar to those of
conductor's although dielectric's conductivity
can be considered as much more complex
concept than that of the conductor's due to
the fact that there are many principally
different processes related to the charge
transfer happening in dielectrics. The
conductivity of the dielectrics is also
topologically different in terms of volumetric
and superficial constituents.
Therefore, even at high electrical resistivity
value of 100 Ohmm3 and in a case when
depth of a conductor wit such parameters
comprises hundreds of kilometers, the total
resistance value won't be big. Thus, total
resistance value of entire Earth as a
conductor can extend over hundredths of
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Investigation of the Tesla tower's with the values being of 200 kHz. Reasons
of using such values will become obvious
working mode by means of based on the explanations provided below.
analyzing the patents Let us notice that vast majority of the
enthusiasts performing scientific
investigation of the working principle of the
Tesla's tower do not take into consideration
the fact that required working frequency of
the circuit should have value below 20kHz
according to Tesla, therefore they are not
able to come to correct conclusions.
3) pumping duration is such that light
should manage to reach opposite end of the
globe and get back during one series of
generator's impulses.
becomes a system with distributed conductor with zero charge density in the
parameters such as capacity and inductivity, grounding point and maximum density of a
therefore it should have been described in charge in the upper point of a coil.
other way round.
As of experimental setup conducted by
Tesla, it becomes obvious that in a case of
implementation of the quarter-wavelength
resonance (see condition 1 above),
behavioral pattern of the prototype in terms
of the currents' and charge' distribution
along conductor will completely coincide
with that of the helical quarter-wavelength
resonator described in the work indicated
above.
Namely, oscillatory amplitude of charge
density will increase with the subsequent
increase of a height and will reach
maximum value in the upper toroid.
In case when we expect increase of density rather in undesirable proximity from the coil
of a charge in the Tower along with increase B than in an area close to upper toroid. In
of height (according to the working concept addition, a necessity of elimination of the
of helical resonator indicated above) losses for the Foucault currents is also
obtained as a result of conducting precise outlined in this patent. This should be done
analysis of Maxwell's equations and well by means of making vertical cuts in the cap
corroborating with the experiments) then it connecting coil B with pipe B'. The latter
becomes obvious that two types of an fact is obvious in terms of referring to the
energy will exist in such circuit during its big current values in the system (that is
oscillations. They will be the following: great flow of a charge pumped out the
energy of magnetic field of the coil B (in a ground).
case when the current in coil B has a
maximum value and charge value will be The coil B is wound on a
equal to zero in the upper inductivity) and frame or drum D of
the energy accumulated in electrostatic field insulating material, with
strength (when the current values in the coil its turns close together. I
will be equal to zero and a charge pumped have discovered that when
out of the ground and distributed along the so wound the effect of the
coil will be of maximum value). small radius of curvature
Correspondingly, energy gets accumulated of the wire itself is
overcome and the coil
mainly in an area of localization of the coil B
behaves as a conductor of
within "currents' phase". Based on
large radius of curvature,
consequences, which may arise due to corresponding to that of
puncture of the setup, the necessity of the drum.
elimination of such puncture in fields
adjacent to the coil B is becoming obvious. We have to take into consideration that
That is, puncture should happen as far from great charge, which is pumped out the
the coil B as it is possible in case when ground, is distributed along turns of a wire.
unavoidable. Technical feature described This sentence makes strong sense: at the
above assists in fulfillment of such great step of coil winding (i.e. at the great
objective. Field strength near surface is distance between neighboring turns of the
defined by the radius of its curvature coil as it was accomplished in earlier Tesla's
granted that surface charge density has experiments for the purpose of isolation of
constant value. In case when surface of such turns from each other, the air is used
pipe B' is less abrupt than surface of semi- as an isolating substance) electrostatic field
spherical elements PP in upper toroid then a strength produced from such charge in
risk of puncture will be partially eliminated proximity to wire itself depends only on
due to its relocation to the area of pipe B' thickness of a wire and has quite high
and into localization area of PP (that is, value. However, in case when turns are
maximally removed from coil B). In his located close to each other, the behavioral
patent, Tesla especially outlines that pattern of system resembles rather that of a
presence of the semi-spherical surfaces PP cylinder which is unevenly charged along its
in upper toroid makes sense only in such height. In this case, electrostatic field
case when other parameters are adhered strength near conductor of winding acts like
like, for instance, radius value of the pipe B' it is created by means of charged cylinder
is significantly greater than that of the with the radius value being equal to that of
radius of semi-spheres PP. This explains a the radius of coil. And, that is what Tesla
necessity of presence of such semi-spheres was writing about (the coil behaves as a
PP otherwise curvature of toroid surface will conductor with a large radius of a curvature,
appear to be smaller than that of a surface corresponding to that of the drum). The
of pipe B' so that there is a high risk latter roughly decreases electrostatic field
existing that the puncture will happen strength near coil and, therefore
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subsequently decreases the risk of puncture high frequencies in terms of normal energy
happening with the circuit. transmission as well as helical resonator
The lower end of the coil was not designed in the most optimal way.
B... should be somewhat The latter led to great sparkling, however it
below the uppermost turn of was not the goal of work itself as it is
coil A. This, I find, thought to be so now. Thus, obtaining the
lessens the tendency of the long sparks was the primary goal which was
charge to break out from transformed into investigations in a field of
the wire connecting both energy transmission along practical work of
(coils B and A obviously) Tesla. And in such case, these sparks were
and to pass along the
serving as unfavorable effect from which it
support F'
was necessary to get rid of by any available
Similarly, in case when our only goal is to means.
perform large transfer of a charge from the
ground, we have to take all possible
measures in order to eliminate its reverse
leakage to the ground. From this point of
view, aforementioned Tesla's comment is
quite obvious and does not require any
additional explanations.
(i.e., vectors of gradient of the field and frequencies with quite high values at the
magnetic fields ) at any point of the space emergence of hysteresis effect which
including surface of the Earth. implies lag in polarization velocity P from
the velocity of changing electrical field . In
The most challenging thing is that actually this case, dipole molecules are not "able" to
we are just aware of the features of charges get oriented in viscous medium of the
and currents distribution only in the dielectric upon change in polarity (direction)
prototype while the same process in the of electric field. Let us remind that
ground, which occurs due to the pulsating relaxation times t have the values varying
charge of the prototype, should yet be within range of 10-10...10-6 s at dipole
detected as it is not known. The latter will polarization. Therefore, relaxation losses
be done after a while. can be observed in polar dielectrics within
Final process of the currents and voltages in frequency range f=106...1010 Hz
the ground under prototype consists of two corresponding to radio-frequency range.
components. One of them corresponds to Amount of losses depends on the work
the process of getting the charge out the performed by alternating electrical field for
ground, another is related to the reacting the purpose of creating polarization of the
process of the ground to the field that volume unit of dielectric. As of other
occurs due to operating process of the polarization mechanisms, relaxation time
prototype. These processes are happening denoted as t has even smaller value,
in a simultaneous manner and are of therefore it doesn't make any difference
superpositional nature (in other words, any within our frequency range. Thus, the upper
of these processes is independent on its boundary of the frequencies, at which the
nature and they do not have any effect on significant losses take place for the slowest
each other). polarization mechanism or polar dielectrics
comprising significant part of the volume
Later we will analyze each process from the total volume of the Earth, is
separately as well as we will simulate total around 1000 kHz. Considering gigantic
mode of the current and voltage waves in distance at which our standing wave is
the space around the prototype according existing, we have to be located far enough
to the model described above from such boundary in order to avoid
It is obvious that two conditions should be attenuation of the current and voltage
adhered in terms of establishing as well as waves in the ground depth. Primary
distribution and reflection of the currents frequency value used by Tesla during his
and voltages in the body of planet: experiments comprised 200 kHz. Such value
will be too low to ensure sufficiency of Q-
1) frequency of the process should be such factor value of resonance of current and
that it could be possible to disregard the voltage waves in the planet body for
losses of polarizing origin in the ground (as establishing standing waves.
in terms of conductivity it still remains Therefore, it is necessary to find some kind
dielectric with the dielectric transmittivity of range up to the upper allowed frequency
values being in the range from 1 up to 100). with the value of 20 kHz (in this case
At polarization of the dielectric, the losses qualitative assessment is possible but
related to the work of external field in terms elaboration of more precise concept is not
of polarization with final velocity take place. likely to happen at the moment).
The slowest polarization mechanism of the Namely, this frequency range (at most 20
polar dielectrics amongst all known ones is kHz) is indicated by Tesla in his
referred as relaxation losses related to patent US787412. Despite of the fact that
dipole polarization of dielectric. Such kind of Tesla was conducting his first experiments
the losses can be observed in polar at quite high frequencies with the values
dielectrics - polymers and ferroelectrics and being of 200 kHz, later he was trying to use
is usually occurring in a field of the frequencies with much lower values and he
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was stating such thing in patent US787412 more complex task to perform than
as well as in the other sources (for designing the scheme "big inductivity coil
example: since the first attempts the wave plus toroid". At that, this experiment will not
lengths have been increased until those bring great results at the frequencies with
advocated by me were adopted The Effect big values based on reasoning provided
of Statics on Wireless Transmission, above.
January, 1919, pages 627 and 658). Now Correspondingly, classical understanding of
we can understand why he'd done it. "Tesla booster" is radically different from
what Tesla really meant while patenting his
2) for the purpose of establishing currents tower. It is obvious that this is not a means
and voltage resonance, it is necessary that for creating meters long sparks. This is the
wave would manage to go through all the wireless means for performing energy
conductor (in our case it is a planet) forth transmission over long distances with high
and back. This fact is indicated by the Tesla value of an efficiency coefficient. Sparks
in the patent US787412 as well. can be considered as unfavorable effect.
3) external emission losses of the current Therefore, we can see that in reality Tesla
waves traveling inside of the planet should prototype should have been made of thick
be minimized. This is possible only in case cable with the quarter-wavelength of the
when the greatest part of energy of the reference generator (while classical "Tesla
EM-waves emitted by such currents will be boosters" are made of thin cable with great
reflected from the planet's ionosphere like number of turns and not well thought cable
from the conductor and "recuperated" length with pumping frequency of the
further into the currents' energy in the circuit, required pumping duration is not
planet. It is noteworthy that dependency of sustained and the work is performed within
the ionosphere's conductivity from the high frequency range instead of low one
frequency is of nonlinear nature. In with the values being of 10-20 kHz, i.e.
addition, ionosphere is not acting as a conventional booster designed in
"mirror" in case of high frequencies. The unconventional manner is being built).
latter points out at necessity of using only
low-frequency oscillations. We will provide
more detailed description of such process
later on. Computational simulation
So, it is obvious that it is possible to
transmit energy via excitation of current and
Thus, we come to conclusion that Tesla was voltage waves in the body of planet. The
referring to the possibility of arranging question is, what kind of value will
current and voltage waves and their transmission efficiency coefficient have and
resonance in the body of planet. For this how such value will depend on distance to
purpose, Tesla tower fits finely along with the prototype. This is the issue that has to
its technical features. be thoroughly explored by means of
computational simulation as well as
In other words, it would be just sufficient to conducting of experimental research. Tesla
build toroid on top of the ground and on thought that the value may be around 96%
which the electrons would be going in and and the distances can be endless in terms
out in compliance with harmonic law. At of energy transmission within planet.
that, frequency value would be around 10 However, actual experimented implied
kHz and required voltage would have value energy transmission over 20 miles.
of dozens of MV (according to the Tesla's Therefore, there is no guaranty that such
calculations). Of course, such parameters high efficiency coefficient value will remain
can be reached without use of Tesla's same if energy transmission is attempted
scheme, on the basis of modern over longer distances than that pointed out
components only. However, it will be much above. It mostly depends on the
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conductivity type of the ground (superficial used for the purposes of performing the
or volumetric), which was really used and research analysis of the fields/currents for the
was "working out" in Tesla's experiments. dynamic processes in case when the objects'
The parameters of such prototype are also geometry can be commeasured or is
the subject of great importance (pumping significantly exceeding the wavelength.
frequency and a value of charge being
directed towards upper toroid area). That all The Earth's prototype was designed in the form
has to be checked out. Nevertheless, this of a ball-dielectric with the diameter of 60km.
kind of transmission can be done via small Unfortunately, it was impossible to create a ball
distances of about 10 miles. At that, if it is of greater size while using such tool. The ball
true what Tesla was talking about 96% has basic parameters such as conductivity,
value of efficiency coefficient achieved dielectric permeability etc, which correspond to
during energy transmission for such those of the real foundations of the ground
distance then it means that attenuation of surface. The real features and parameters of the
the currents in the ground is very small and atmosphere acting as a air layer-dielectric were
resonance can be established in extended also taken into account. So were considered
part of the Earth shell (otherwise energy these of the ionosphere which is acting as a kind
transmission through radially-directed of "mirror" of the energy of EM-waves that are
currents in the ground over distance of 20 being induced by the current waves in the
miles with efficiency coefficient value being planet. It is also noteworthy that the date
of 96% is not possible as the currents flow regarding the Earth's properties on the great
from the prototype over all directions and depth are not of presumable nature. In fact,
even minor attenuation of the currents' there is not any generally accepted Earth's
energy would result in almost complete loss prototype existing in terms of its properties at
of current wave energy in such great the great depth. However, it is quite obvious
distances. that EM-field as well as currents in conductors
(and in our case the Earth-dielectric is acting as
such conductor) do flow only in superficial layer
due to so-called skin-effect. As of the main and
the most probable range of the Earth's surface
parameters as well as the most used
frequencies with the value of 10 kHz, the depth
value of a skin layer can account kilometers.
Thus, actual process of the current waves'
distribution (in case if it really takes a place)
happens only in relatively thin superficial layer
of the Earth shell. Hence, there is no necessity
to make any kind of assumptions regarding
internal structure of the Earth and parameters
of the materials in the great depth.
high value (around 30 kVcm that results in ideas similar to Tesla's description were
air puncture) and sufficiently high frequency completely conformed as well as stable
value of 200 Hz in local proximity to the controlled generation of GL of such kind
prototype as it was indicated in early Tesla's was achieved and conditions, under which
experiments during of which he was such GL occurs, were also identified.
frequently observing GL phenomenon. If For our Russian reader, we can suggest to
there is going to happen discharge or kindly take a look at the results obtained
puncture in air zone of an external field with upon completion of same series of
such parameters then there is going to experiments, which were published in UFN
occur plasma due to ionization and air proceedings.
warming. Plasma has better conductivity And getting back to the analysis of the Tesla
than air does and therefore has inductivity prototype on energy transmission, we come
distributed over air volume. In other words, to conclusion that Tesla considers
air part transforms to the conductor with simultaneously few features for the purpose
restricted dimensions. In locally conductive of eliminating risk of puncture formation
area, external field will "move" conductivity (discharge arc) in a field of concentration of
currents at the field's frequency. The latter main reactive energy of the prototype (coil-
will result in heating of plasma and, thus, resonator). So, it becomes obvious that in
keep it burning. As a result, field will case of formation of such unit in a coil's
increase up to sizes at which EM-waves proximity (where electrical and magnetic
emission, which is proportional to the field fields are of large size) it is probable that all
size will be of same energy (proportional to accumulated reactive energy will move from
the square of radius field - that is, section the prototype to the energy of plasmic
area of plasmic sphere). Growth of plasmic formation during short period of time, which
sphere radius value will stop at this point will result in explosion. It is especially clear
and plasma will be transformed into quite considering specific methods of generating
stable substance (which will be stable while GL in performed experiment, which was
external field is oscillating and GL is still described above and main purpose of which
within close distance from field source). was to arrange quick "discarding" of all the
Real process has much more complex energy of resonance circuit into discharge
nature and it is necessary to consider such which will result in formation of GL. At that,
plasmic area as globe resonator for EM- as such GL appears to be in a field of
waves and try to discover all possible working prototype, life time of such GL is
resonance modes of such resonator (which quite long (measured in seconds) and will
are divisible by external field frequency be longer the smaller GL will move away
value) etc. However, these GM result from from the source supporting its burning (that
ohmic heating of plasma by alternating is, prototype). In case, when the setup is
electrical field of setup as described by completely deenergized immediately upon
Tesla. formation of such kind of GL, its life time
will decrease by many times. The latter has
It is noteworthy that some enthusiasts to be examined during upcoming
already conducted experimental experiments, though.
evaluation in terms of possibility of
generating such kind of GL and all basic
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