Está en la página 1de 55

P ro b le m a s

d e

E s t tic a

1 F u e rz a s y M o m e n to s
2 E q u ilib rio d e l p u n to
3 E q u ilib rio d e l s lid o s in ro z a m ie n to
4 E q u ilib rio d e l s lid o c o n ro z a m ie n to
5 E q u ilib rio d e l s is te m a d e s lid o s
6 E n tra m a d o s y a rm a d u ra s
7 M e c a n is m o s : p o le a s , c u a s , to rn illo s
8 M to d o d e lo s tra b a jo s v irtu a le s
9 F u e rz a s d is trib u id a s : c a b le s y v ig a s
10 C e n t r o s d e g r a v e d a d

   !

"
  
  "  

Fuerzas y momentos

mA=ih #W ]^W d YRU #c d O ced W_"PO] c U\]^W g jW O c _ g N_k PAW d"lc _RU g RTQ cig c _W#UO c k"RTP dKci\g c U g NWiOYS g POTNjWiO
#UAPON\PAWfkN d Y c O ce N d R l V
N U\] c O `
a

a)
#a



 "!  #!  
"!      $ ! &% 


a

a)

#a

'

 )(      
# 3 0 + + 2 / ++ 2 1 0 ++ / + + * + 4 3 *+7 1 5
= + + ,-. = 6
' 

) (    #   #

CKDF > IJC 9B 8


L CED#F > B ?;A@ 9 L > ;=< 9 8
9AB B = GBH = : = :

MANOPAQ
RTSVUXW#UXQNVY[ZAN\UAW#U\]^WV_a`

a

a)


bced W_"PO] c U\]^WfW_O c _"PY chg WfO c _QNVY[ZANVUW#U\]^W_ g WfQ cig c P U cfg WjO c _k PAW d"lc _m`

~ {Aqq } nAq q z xiys v q w } qVw | r  ~ p p\q } op\q n |


= + + sEt#uv = +


d NOTW#Y c _ g Wm_]^] RQ c `


 
     
 
=

 =  = 

m i CB W] W d Y RU cd WiOED c ON d g WiO Y S g POTN O c g R d  W QQiRTS\U g W O c k PAW "d lcGFIH \ PAW A c \PAW c ZO RTQ c#d c O
OTN VPW g W O c k"RTP d&c c g 2 PU\] c Z cd&c VPAW O cfd W _&PO ] c U ^] W g W c Y  c _k PAW d&l c _ _KW c P U c k PAW d"l c W d ] TR Q c O g WJ
D
A 9 KK&: _ER
WiOYS g POTN g WjO c k PW d"l cLFNM WV_ g WPOKK6: `

 "!$#&%('$)

]m^`TgX@[0fZ Ta@[V3

m i R Q W ]^W d YRU c#d O cd W_"PO] c U\]^W g WiO _ER _"]^W#Y c g WkPAW d"lc _ QNVUQ#P dd WU\]^W_ VPAW _KW RU g RTQ c W#U O c k"RTP d&c
cg 2 PU\] c _ c 
 RW#U g
N VPAWS5 MUTWVXY6Z\[&]_^`Tba@YYcZ\[&]edGTgfhYcZjik]ml`TnVfhYcZGo

q
r s
r t

zx3y zx~y
p
wx3y {}|~y

r u
r v

 "!$#&%('$)
* +,.-0/ `MAW g 1R P32 cc WV_KQ c O c O c _"PY c g WO c _mk PAW "d lc _a`4 R g RTW#U g NW
O=YS g POTN g W O cjd W_"PO ] c U\]^W[_KW N ] RTW#UAW6587
9&:<; YR g RTWU g NWiO#UAPON\PAWfkN d Y c QNVUO ce N d R l NVU\] c OW _N\] RTWUAW>=@?A





o
 Y Y a@YYX

!#"%$'&$  $ )(' % +*,.-0/1(324/1 $ ! $ ,5, 0 $ 67 98  i , $67 ;:  & $ - & =< 4 &$ *>,.?
< $  @1,(o4AB24)
 &C$
H 
$ $ *>I $ ,<%*JD ! $ i $ *LK 6 <%>* /NM1< $ ?)!
$ ,)D/%,FE4*>/1 $ ,G, $ /1 / )(=O-/1 $ * $PQ$ 8I
o RS,T-/1(324/! $ ! $ , &C$ *,T?
< $ @1,
,U/1 LV

WYX T V3a@ o =Z\[ X@o Y^] W ^ T V [ o a =Z VYYo Y^]



WEd T @Yo Y  o aG] WNl`T V3a [ o  V(a [ o ^]
_
RS` $ ,<%* D ! $G$ ,V W T Wba!c Io Y  a V o X] d ] T  o Y6Z T a
_

Yy4 0OI$  $ )(' 4*>G $ ,<%*JD ! $&$ *>,?


< $ @, $ 2 $ , $ !D & , $ *? 6 <U &P < !Do Y,<3(= & <%*/
i $ *4K 6 <%*>/OM1< $ ?)/!)(=G-/1 $ * $PQ$ 8Io
|(xL
}w(x

|3x3y
}x~y
x(x p
x~y {x3y

)}xL
(xL

egf3hFiOjGkQlOm

~ nLuyx } nLu n | z nvun o n t s r n1o p!q


= + w { = =

Yy4 0'=I$ ,U-0/1(324/1 $ < 4?


< $ @IW &$ (= & <%*>/ I a fhYYPZ $ & /%,#-/!(324/1 $  $ ,W X 5
i WN^+D0* $ ,#M1< $
W X ?)/1)( $ -0/1 W< K 6 <%*>/ &$ a@Y iM1< $ ,< & >? $  $ 4 - > &$ (= & %
< *>/g, ] X ]m^, $  6 4 < 0* VYYY ZGo
I$  $ )(' 4,<,(= & <%*>/%, i $ *%K 6 <%*/M!< $ ?)/1)(= o

egf3hFiOjGkQlOm

 $ 2 $ , $ !D0-0 >1 6 K? >- &$ *>,?


< $ @,

r
rs

}x~y
r

X
U/1H%* $ (=1, &C$ ,)DKy
-o

I$ *>.* $ i &$ *, $ 4/O2g* >- & ^*! U >K 6 <g*>/ &$ ? g & /I24/1*>,  $ ,?
< $ @1,, $  $ $

 
   
  = 
!"$#%&('*)!,+-&.&/10"2#%43!/5%+1# 6) "

B 8:9?; = > < =B A + B @ 8:9"; 7


CDE?5%'F/!5%E"4GIH"1) #% &J"2#%-&J"&('*)!,+-&

O N M KL?L?L
O =
PEQ :!"RI#%-&ST/-&J)!U5%!-&.&/E0"V5%!

c Y"X"b `Z _ ^ d aY?X1b `Z _ ^ ] X?Y"Z\[ W


f e = f = =

uwv x!y{z\|}~I-&/G Q !:)"!'V)!,+" &wG Q  1-&kw(V#%-&k6)!w'F,GI)?


t!r-) #\6) &/#%sG5"#(t:!r-) #%6)!I',FGI(1#%&4GIH")#% &E?sw1"I()"G Q #%#\
#%5%H$2w#\) #%(#?GIH"1) #%R"2#%-&JG Q !1V-&#% &Jt!r-)#% &J6)!E'F,GIs$

gh$ikjRlEmonRp
q4 Q &/15%Hsr-t'5%E"2#%-&J'V)!:,+-&

: o 4 o o , ,

_
 *V5   
  

!"$#&%('*),+.-0/2143652798 5;: /=<?> : @BAC> /=<ED6@BFHG /BI JLK(MN/=:OG51P365;798 52: /=: QR/
1SFUTWVXFZYHQR@([&/
1S\2> /BA]52<]7B/=:
/=:;Q^<_/W1a`b> :dc=: e
>[&5fG /Wg2JihjVk1E>$1l7BmG2>[n51B/
1EQRo=:p/=:d[n@,<_/([n@(3(qnm2:fIsrUg tvu@([&3=>[n@=<B[n@,7B@6e
:wqxQ^> GyG /z[n@
1
3652798 52:/=:;QR/
1{V|[n51vc=: e
>w[n51 T V Y \2>/SAE52<]7B@=:}3652:9Fft

gh$ikjRlEmonRp
q4 Q &/15%Hsr-t'5%E"2#%-&J'V)!:,+-&

s
^z= * 2= (
 

! "~#&%('),Z:[n@
1Gqn@6e;52:@([n/
1G /B> :,8@=<_@([n/[n/=8`8/6G 5<_/63!QR@: e
>[n@=<jG /|@=<4q 1EQR@
1j^&@63=Q^ @=:Q^<_/
1jA> /=<ED6@21
G /([7q 1E7B507Bm G;>[n5jt(u@([&3=>[n@=<v[n@b<_/21E>[xQR@:;QR/SFUt

gh$ikjRlEmonRp
q4 Q &/15%Hsr-t'5%E"2#%-&J'V)!:,+-&


       
= + + 
     
+ +


$<45[n/=7B@21ZG/U1]QRc!Qq&36@;t

! "~#&%(')21B[{3=> 5B<_/=8 <4/


14/=:;Q@6G 5|/=:.[&@0AEq&e
> <_@ @6G43>:;QR@Qqn/=: /
G / =@ <4q 1EQR@ I7[ 52<qne;/=:65fV,[n51/7 Q^<_/=7B5w1
G /[n@
1 AC> /=<ED6@
1vF T VF Y /
1]QRc=:B/:B/([8 > :;QR507B/6G qn5lG /j[n51z[&@6G 51t8! 5 1 7B m G2>[&51vG /j[n@
1vA> /=<_D6@
11452:k T:9%;=<?>@;
ACBEDFHG 9JIK<?>ML ACBNDOFQP 9SRT<VU ACBXWZY\[=]^[7_a`2bdcKe7_gfhei_j[lkjm:fn]^e7c]^[poqW


  

8 <_/214@=: G 59[n@21ZAC> /=<ED6@


1v/=:}365;798 52: /=: QR/
1{VL1_> 7B@=: G 5 14/P5;Qq&/=: /j[n@b<_/
1E>w[xQR@=:;Q/

    
= + +

rts=uKvMwhxCyqz|{C}~ cKemK[_8eT[ ;=T<RI A[ka]^TbV_bbheef*fe7_jhei_j[87]^em:[%KeT[Cf mTc]^T[


8_Ke8Telkp >K<IK<VUQ eka]^e[Cfmc]^q[8_jKeCelkp ;7<dL<nR ]eCf8`gk[ `mK[lk]_je[7cgfeblmT_jee84mc]^eW
:k'KeCf_j[k elk C_jKe8elk [lka]^7ce8:k [7c`[=]_:kWY'[=]^[7_`2bVcKe7_'[fH``[7c]_j[lkK[C=]^
_b[c00f:k``[7c]^:ko_[lkK[87]^ f:k[[k0 <H<p W

hj


  

[ /63!QR52< > :wqxQR@=<4q&5 /:}[&@SG q<_/6363qnm2: VL1/=:;QqnG5 G/P[&@SAC> /=<ED6@P/


1  =   
( + + )
! @PA> /=<ED6@P/=:}365;798 52: /=: QR/
1v/
1 F#"%$=J'&
(*)*+,).-0/


W%e7_]bVc RTUUIKUU:L

 f``[7c]^6e2mK[7_8e_j[lkK[C=]^qT[Cf@_b[7c6[ka]^Te8J:_ < cK[[fmc]^


[lkZmTc
M = OP F
mc]^7mKefm:b[_je T[6feq_j[87]^e#kK_][ [ o  `e7cKT [Cftmc]^
| >%<?I%<nU< [Cf ``[7c]^ [ fe mK[7_j8e
_j[lkK[C=]^ f:_bh[7c[lk

 ;=U I >0



 f_mK=][lkCeCfe7_Qf:K[C=]^_   K_Qf:k K[8=]^_j[lkQT['fe!Kelk[  <" T_jK_CbcKe'f:k``[c]^:kHT[
femK[7_8eZ_j[kK[8=]\T[fh:k[[lk!# # %
W $mMkKeCf_j[lkQkc'& ,

(*) 9EI:U (+ 9 >KU (-, 9U


rts=uKvMwhxCyqz2{T{- cfhepjblm_jee84mc]^e k[Z_j[_j[lk[c]^eimTc\:e7_@``[7c]^ >KU AED` m:[peC=]GFKe k HT_j[Zmc


C =
:fe7c: _bd8c]^eCf]_j'Ke7_@``[7c]^ G 9%;IKU AED` mK[e87]GFKe kH_[ mTc\fe7cK mK[a_a`e   UHI Cc

[Cf _b8c]^eCfWY'[=]^[_a`2bVcKe7_@l_jCb8e7`[c]^[[CfT``[7c] _[lkm:fn]e7c]^[  [e7`Kk:e7_j[lk
O P
O Q

JLKNM

.0/1325476985:

 fK``[7c];=<M[lk [Cfmc:e7_mK[_8elk [ >KU?> k4bn]mKe8Telk [7c[CfT:fe7c: _bd8c]^eCf: [7c mc :fe7cK'Ke_jeCf[Cfh


eCf _bd8c]eCfqk[7:e7_je8ekmcKe Kbka]^e7c:Cbe mc`[=]_DK[Cf:``[7c]^!; G [lkH[CfMT[mcKe_je [ mK[7_8elkQ[ >KU>
kbn]mKeCelkt[7c[fM:fhe7cKbVcKCfhbdcKe802[c2mc0:fecK:e7_jeCf[f2efM:fhe7cKbVcKCfhbdcKe8 6k[Ke7_je8TelkHmTcKe'Kbka]^e7c:Cbe T[ R ` <
]^eCf C`k[ `mK[lka]_je [7cJfe jblm_je'e W @e7_je'ae8Cbfhbn]^e7_
fe kjm`e [\f:k%``[7c]:kQ[\f:k
:kKe_j[lk < f:k@K[C=]^_j[k
mK[Of:ka_`e7c0k[ e7c\]^`e8T\Cc0kmMkTbV_j[C8Cbc:[lkKe7_jeCfh[CfelkeOfeZ_j[8=]epT[bdc]^[7_4k[88CBb AcT[fh:k:fe7cKkW

TVU

RES


@ _H:f[7`ek@T[  ka]^=]bh8eW

 fKe7_
_j[km:fn]^ec]^[[lka]a_a`e8T0K_ZfelkZmK[7_8elk o

o k [Ke7_je8Telk
mcKe Tbka]e7cKCbe gW $m``[7c]0[kQmTc 
K[8=]^_  K[_aK[7cKKb7m:fe_ eCf:fe7c:JVcb0K_ o o < : fhe7cKJmK[_a`e8c fhe _bd8c]^eCfmcX7cKlm:fh

jblm_je-
, .
O

W S

J9K M

 0U 

@e7_je CeCf7m:fhe7_Hfe Kbka]^e7c:Cbe < _je88f::e7_@_j[lkjm:fn]^e7c]^[ < e7:fhbCe7cKfhe f[8:k[7c:eCfT]_bcKlm:fk[Z]b[7c:[


9  9EI:< >ML ` fVmK[C\[f``[7c]^ fTKe_S_[lkm:fn]e7c]^[[lk

; 9 ;=U:L<
ADM`

@e7_je8eCfh7m:fe7_@[Cf:7c:lm:f
,
e7fhb8e7c:feOf[2f k[7cK eCf]_b7cKlm:fh    k[ ]b[7cK[m:[

9.T<?I5I


r =s uTvMwxCyXzq{ ~ c: e Ke7__je _bd8c]eCf [ > `ET['fe7_[lka] k`[7]be'eOmcKe'mK[7_j8eK[7_]b8eCf e8Cbe'e Ke=[
 
;I AT e7:fhbCe8e[7ckm[ ] _[7` W Y'[7`:ka]_je7_OmK[0[lkO[Cm:bnKeCfh[7c]^[0emTcKe2mK[7_8e0[ ;I AT e8Cbhe2e :e

e:fhb8eCe[7c0km[ ]_j[` 
eZmc Ke_T[ k[7c]bT _je7_bh\T[ > AT%D`XW


 
 U

.0/1325476985:



 
 U 

;7U
W%e7_]bVc RTUUIKUU:L

Equilibrio del punto

! "#%$'&)(+*-,/.103254625798;:=< >57!2)?%@>)?BA7!CD2)?E8GFDCIH ?BAKJL?B>MC:=7N2)OPO):BF<QCD2K?B>MRSH257UTP>3VXWKCD2K?B>3RN:BYZHD7N>M>PC [\HD<I46>^]>57N>


_ H2`2)?a ?BA _ H2`CD2cb dZegfhCD2i]2ZjkAGjk2`25<O/H25<I4l7k2g2/<m2 _ H :'?':naD7k:BAGjo: 2)?8GFDCHp?BAKCD2c?B>`RSH257UTP>qV!rP2ZjsCD2gtuDegfwv
xZz x y
|\}o~

.0/1325476985:

c:TbCbBAcT[p[Cm:bhfhb _b

x y
|\}o~      
 
=  

   =  
  
+

{

x z
      
=   = 

;T;
%7kAa ?B258G>jXC2!j94 4S:'OP>Iv

! "#%$'&)(+* ,LKMX< 2)? 2Zj _ H258G>1CD21?B> UR :BYZHD7N>2N 2)? p


a ?BA _ H2 CD2G]2ZjkAL jk2G8G>5<I4S:B2/<2;2/< 2 _ H :'?':=a7k:BA-O5H>5<CA kj 2
>5] ?':BO)>QHD<> RSH257NTP>PORQSFeDeLf 25< 2)? D] H<I46AUT C)2 ?ijo: jU46258G>+CD2LOP>5a ?B2j vE0M2 4625798;:n<>57M?B>j 4625< j :BA<2ZjK25< ?BA j
OP>5a ?B2jEJ;2)?]2ZjoAVcv

X
W ^\o~

[]\o~ Y Z

x
{


 

 _ H :'?l:=aD7k:BAK25< 2)?]DH<I46A  _ Hp:'?':=aD7o:BAK25< 2)?]DHD<I46A

*;:<
`
 !e _
*-AI
*;:'A  !e _

*-A:

()      8     3
"$#% &' = "$#% !  = +*-,.0/1*-.2,  "$#% 7 = "6#% 5 4  =

9 ]257N>/<CDA _ H2PC>

 dZb>= f ?  2d E5F f ? HG bb d2= f ? *-AIJ/ d  2d = f


*;:<0/ *@:AB/C*-A:D/


)v >57 4S:=< E eSe =   eDe5F

_a`bcdfeOgihMjOkml 2on7./p,4q3.srt0uv0xwzy LVW6{| .up}~s72^34q0Ouup}.rt03.n80^.ua23nO0834t.201 | 7/10


u.rt02X}.2^..2m.O57^ff/v46.2t0,4^unO2t2^3n80830X. }./prq20/Jf0u;}.2uf42.u.2t4^un80^.u(

B
B

B


 

 _ H :'?':=a7k:BAK25< 2)?]DHD<I4SA   _ H :'?l:=aD7k:BAK25< 2)?]DH<I46A

9 G(R
9 : <
]W
AW
9 G(:
9 :G
9 G([
]W W


" &(* " &() " &('
 
? *;:'A Q -* A: ?   
  =    =   ! % =  ! $ # =  !

+-,./10234657.830

9;: <>=@?BAC?BAED F 9C:GH=I9JG(:K=MLNOLPQD F 9JG(RTSU?VXWVYD FZ9JG([\=MLP]^VHD

E
/v4^.rt0uJ3.aup}~ }fn80X

_a`bcdfeOgihM j ml 2on7./p,4q3.srt0uv0xwzy LVW6{| .up}~s72^34q0Ouup}.rt03.n80^.ua23nO0834t.201 | 7/10


u.rt02X}.2^..2m.O57^ff/v46.2t0,4^unO2t2^3n80830X. }./prq20/Jf0u;}.2uf42.u.2t4^un80^.u(

B
B

 

 
B 


 

?(A
H0/ }2 WWP LWW^V

_a` bcdfeOgihij#" J2 .O .uv57.rt03.60 | 7/v0083$ 72X}0#72o^457^.3. ]WD 3.,.uv4q.up}~72^34o0} /1.u n80^.u


34^u3.-.Off4^un842X}.2^34^u.26726,^f024&%4/v('842X}0O . }./prq20/0u}.2u4X2.u.2t4^un80 .u(

>

; 7

:7 :7 ?
97

87 =
<

  

9 .2u2 .2 .O^n80^f. ?    y


 

9 .2u2 .2 .O^n80^f. L   y


 

9 .2u2 .2 .O^n80^f.   y  

_` bcd eOgMh  j ) J2z.O .uv57.rt0 3. 0 | 7/10 083*$ 72X}0 4 uM} /1.u n7./p,^4^uM72^34^uM,4/in80^.u .u }~2x.2
.O57^ff/v4+ ^4 u ^457^.u-,K/. ,^.uv02 
] W-D 8 n 083072^4q.^457^.10 ,.uv0 NW-D O. }./ rq20/.O3204/3.


54

  

 y
 V } | ?(LW uv.2 y NW   y ?  A r
!

?8V
/v4^.rt0uJ3.aup}~ }fn80X

_` bcd eOgMh j J2i. .uv57.rt063.m06 | 7/106083*$B72X}0# 72^457^. 3. ]WW D 3.,^.uv4q,.23. 3.  3 4^un80^.u(
. }./prq20/^0 .O 2X}./ 204q3. 20Of4/1.ua3.60 7./ '80  ,0/v057^.0rm^4^u nO0 ^.ua.up}2t}.2uv4^u F   .O-20O4/
3.-f0u;}.2uf42.u.2t4^un80^.uC,0/v0  y VXWWD 0 }4O} | y A&

;
:

13254

= <

  
h 70234 0}.2u2t.2t.O nO0^. %4X/v '842X}0O uv.8027 0#.2t.O,72X}4 0YnO42n7/ /1.26} /1.u 7./ '80u ,^0/10-57.-.up}
.2 .857^f /v4tu 7ou 7rt0 %^03.u./Jn8./14
_
 y W

u.234  sf0 7./ '80-57.-. $ ./1n8.-.O^n80^.72^34 0,72X}4 ,>.2 .O,72X}4 0  .O 20O4/J3 e

 423fnO2 | /1~81n80-3.-.857^ f/vf4

+-, * # )
$%(' "  = $&%(' !   
+
.
1325476

  y L]  L D
/0 89254

 70234Hf0M}.2uX2K.2K.nO0^. , 0 uv.80 27 0 .2 .O,72X}4 0 n842n7/p/1.2 } /1.u 7./ '80u ,0/10 57^. .u } .2
.857^f /v4tu 7ou 7rt0 %^03.u./Jn8./14

_J: y W

u.234  0-7./ '80-57.-. $(./1n8.-.O^n80^f.72^3460O,72}4 . .2m.,72X}4/0  .O 20Of4/J3 e

?]

  

! " $# &%' )(+*-,+ &#-."/./-0'1 32$ 45

{ z
sytMu vwPx = s?tMu r

:Op .

InmoZ  'TR

:qb

67+.0'1/82 :9 " 9 #-42&/ 9 / 9 <; = </ 959?> 2$A@B(  C 31"D"/82&E, 1/+F-GH2$ &#-"JILKG"/ 9 M 9 ,N-#-/O2&.# " &# &%P

PQ > SR I  'TR



UV)675W/2AX2 Y  I Z  [R > 2& 9 / 9 
' / 9 / E2 :9 " 9 -# 4:2&/ 9\95 ]" 9   < 9 "/W#-/ _^O ]/2`H1 P <
# #1a+/ )#1 3 , 1/+F- 9?> 2
1 /-( H +.0'1/./ 9 </./ )/-0'1 $23 45 B9 1D+ / 9 12C < P </.."/ 9 /_#-/ 

! " $# &%' )(+*-,+ &#-."/./-0'1 32$ 45

:~}

: b

IcbdZ -ef gAR h IjikZl: GR


6~ 42&/@B 9 "/A^ 9 <*M $#-P

3546 798;:=<?>A@CBADEF5GHCIKJMLCEFNL HPO0QRHCSUTVIWFYXPILCIWFZEF\[^]`_ba c dPegfih [9jk_ml c0nCegfoIWFpQrqKOsHPOutVXPEFkvwIxXCtVSKO0QrI


HPOyGxSKzuTVI{h|F+I\SKLuE=hSKO}FZE~zPJIHPOCSFpHPLuIKJptVGUtVI\GUt;T;OCX0JZtVGxSbT;tFZSQrS=TAGxE~vwEyFZICI\IOTVSptVWH JS\S=XHPOPQrS0
DIQrIKJpvAtOCSKJTVSYQrIKO9F+tV~OXPI=TuGxSzuTVI=PT;SWFOCE~JMvwS=T;IWFIKOwTVEuFSKLCE=hEFhAI=TuqKOCWHTVEXPI
Ix~Hut;TRtzPJZtVE9

cCe

[j
[]




^n0'1 $2$ 45 / )/2H1   ^j0'1: $2$ 4? / )/2H1 P 

fg
[^] [ j

c e
fg

 H2$ &# " 2&82&/ "/2 9 / B9 /A &/ /

!    - $ )
% #
"
   =  =  (+*, = &' ( =

. H/+ " 0'1/-"

Z  > QP0/ h 1 Z  Q: e R h 2.i Z   e>  R h 2AbdZ  ff Q >  R


e
={SKJ Q tO e ePclCePe 

3546 798;:=<?>g@+*,^OATVS ptVWH JS SxXHPO0QrS I=TCzTVEP~HCI X - I ~ePe


fXPI LCIWF+EF+IYvwSO0Q tVIKOuI IOI=~Hut;T;t zPJZtVEIKOwTVS LCEuFtVG=tV~O
tOCX tVG=SxXPSzCS E TVSgSxGxG=t;~O X IgTVSg HCIJ/.xS10 SKLT;tVGxSxX S IKO I=T I2PQRJZIKvwEsTRtzPJIgXPITVSGHCIKJXPSg~HCILCSWF+S LCE0JNTVS LCE TVIxS
3
DIQ IKJMvAtOCSJIUT0CSUTVE~J^XPI TVS
HCIKJ4.xS0

JLK

I M

T O/QSR

OPK
N


 

N
O4QSR

f
g

  & %
\-]_^`Fabcaed
h Y R $!"#    = "!$#    = "!$#   

3546 798;:=<?> @P@5,^O I=TYIWFZ~HuIKvwS XPI TVS tVWHPJS SxXH O0QrS=kI=TG=SKzuTVI-687IWFMQrq HPOutVXPEmLCE~JFpH I2PQRJIvwE97S HPO
vHCI=T;TVIsGKHWhSsGxE~O9FMQrSKO0Q IAXPIwJZtVPt;XPI.AI~F;:s_<~ewf=Rv ?>utNFZIwSLuT;tVGxSAIKO IUT^I2PQJIKvwE@7 XPI=TGxSKzuTVIHPOCSA HCIKJ/.xS
CIKJ Q tVG=S=T9XPI~FZGxIKOCX IKO0QrB I A ( D _ CWe f}I=T`F+trFMQrIKvwSIWFMQrqIKOAIx~Ht;T;tzPJ+tVEGKHCSOCXPEI=T9qKOCWHuTVE _ dPeFEN=DgIQrIKJMvAt OCSKJkTVS

TVE~OCPt QHCXOCSQRHPJZS=T 'HG XPIUTPvHuI=T;TVI
[+K
UWV

I X$Y R M

T
NFZ


 

')( _|lC d dbv

ac
[9JZE~zuTVIKvwS~F^X I ,5FMQrqQ t;GxS0

Equilibrio del slido sin rozamiento

3546 798;:=<?>\@ [ SKJS TVEF F tVWHutVIKOPQrIWF X t FpLuEuF+t Q tCEuF+ GxSUTVGKHuTVSJ?T;S Q IKO F+tV0O X I=TgGxSKzuTVImh TVS JZIxSxGxG=t;~ObIO TVS
SKJ Q tVGHuTVSxG=t;~O,kT LC~I FZEXPI TVS Cz SKJMJSFZI
GxE0O +F tVXPIJS
XPIWFpLPJZIxG=tVSKzTVI0

J Y R


> 

X$Y R




h Y R 
J Y R



lue
={SKJ Q tO e ePclCePe 


 

l^a
[9JZE~zuTVIKvwS~F^X I ,5FMQrqQ t;GxS0

3Y46 7 8;:U<?>s@ [ SKJZSTVEuF X tFLCEuF+t Q t CEuF XPI=T L JE~zuTVIvwSSKO0QrIKJ+tVE~JZGxS=TVGKHTVSKJ VT SQrIO F+tV~O?XPIUT G=SKzuTVI h TVSJIxSxGxGUtV~O
IKOwTVS
SKJMQ tVGKHuT;SxG=tV~OsF+tTVS~F zuKS JMJSWFNFZE0OuE~vwEPKOCI=SWF h FpH LCIWFZE IWFXPIAalCe f


 

l l
={SKJ Q tO e ePclCePe 

%'&)(+*-,/.103254#687:9#;=<#;?>@>A;CBEDFCDGIH?9#J1;LK+J=MENNLK+JCOEJ PADRQTSUD9#GVXW/YEK5Z[PAJL;?O#D1Q\;3PAD<>AJ=KD\P]P^Y+O#J?>`_^VUa1VbJ P

S/VPA; PcWd;1S-aDFCDPAJFeY#J P^W/>`;fJ?9Sb;f_^VbG Y+>`;f;KhgiY9IWj;k1l]J?WjJ?>@F=V9E;?>nm;opJ1S#q#;1SbDI>rKJ:Sb;:_dY#J?>^s;ftuO#;?>A;FC;?9IWjJv9#J?>rSb;


<E;?>@>`;J?9wJxY\VUSUV<>yVbDzJ?9CSb;nO#DEPyVba{Vb|9CV9#K+VUa;K;]<#o}Sb; P}>`J;1aa1VbD9EJ PpJ?9CSbDEPp;?O#D1Q\D\P~k

t +N
 N


 

>CE~zPJI TVS zCSKJpJS?SxGQCSKO GKHuSQRJE HCIKJ/.xSWF ,kT LCIWF+E 3NT;SWF OCE~JMvwSUTVIWFIKO TVEFSKLCE=hEuF  ~  h{TVS HCIKJ4.xS
SKLuT;tVG=SxXPS
IKOI=TuI2PQRJZIKvwE

DgtVSxWJZSKvwS
XPI=T9FZ T;t;XPET;tzPJI

t NI
 NI

%


 E~OCX t;G=tV~OXPI
Ix~Ht;T;tzPJ+tVE

fe@h{L
f

 i {
 N

%
I dbh1 y )
f
~ nX@~ i U~

E~vwSKOuXPEvwE~vwIKO0QrEF JZIWFpLCIxGKQrEXPI
'
 ' G=EuF  eFE _ e


LCIJSKOCXPE~HuIxXPS  _
      !"#$

l 
>AD<ESbJ?FC;PcK+J [P@W)WdVUa;Ik

)(
%[&)(+* ,U.103254 87:9#;=<#;?>^>`;=B#DFCDGIH?9EJ;KJ  NNL KJ=O#J PADRQ SbD9#GVXWY#K5Z[PAJL;?O#D1Q\;3PAD<+>`J=K+DEP]P`YO#J?>`_`Vba1VbJ P
SUVPA; P Wd;1S aDFCD5PAJ FeYEJ P@W/>`;eJv95Sb;e_^VbG Y>A;e;Khg Y+9IWj;Ik  J FC;?9IWdVUJ?9#JeJ?93JxY\VUSUV<>yVbD=<#; g~DRSb;z;a1a1Vb|93xY#JeSbJzJ g)J?>`aJ
Y9zFeY#J1SUSbJnY9\VbKDz;:P^YwJ W/>`JvFCD:KJaDI9-P@Wj;?9WjJ  +* INN-,/F3kl]J)WjJv>@F=V9#;?>cJ1SE;1SU;?>`GI;?F=VbJv9IWjDzKJ1S+FeY#J1S/SbJIk

N
 N

 


 DI<>`J3Sb;L<#;v>@>`;R;a)W #;?9ua?Y#;)W>`D  
_dY#J?>^s;Pwm SpO#JPAD5% cSb;P9ED>@FC;1SbJPfJv9uSUDEP:;?O#D1Q\DEPI zQ Sb;_dY#J?>`s;
;?OESUVba1;K;J?9wJ1SEJ W/>AJ?FCD  k

l Vb;G >A;?FC;KJ1S PA|+SUVUKDeSUV<>`J t

N
 N

 D9#K+VUa1Vb|9wKJJxY\VUSUV<>yVbD 


fC ^y.1Le^y1LR

 /
i {L  i {
% t

0132 I dbh1 y )
X@~ i1 b)

pDFC;?9EKD]FCDFCJ?9IWjD\P >AJ P^O#Ja?WjDzKJn



 Z i 11 Z i 11="N

 O#Jv>`;?9#KDzxYEJK;    !  @h {  ZE


' % $ !#"
& =


M
1k$;?> WdV9 , ,
 N dN M#NNE

%[&)(+* ,U.1032C4 7:9E;<#;?>^>`;B#DIFCDGIH?9#J;]KJ  : KJO#JPAD]Q3SUD9#GVXW/YEKCZJP@Wj;:;v> WdVba?Y\Sb;K;]J?93P^YJ W/>AJ?FCD  Q


PAJ ;vO#D1Q\; J?9 
P`YJ +W/>`J?FCD PyD<>`J Y9#; P^YO#Jv>`_^Vba1VUJ SUVjPA; Wd;1SwaDIFCDPAJFeY#J P@W/>A; J?9 Sb; _^VUG Y>`; ;1Khg Y9Wj;Ik
l]J)WjJ?>^F=V9#;?>pSb;>`J;aa{Vb|9wJ?9CSb;;?> WdVUa?YESb;a{Vb|9k


1
11

 


 DI<>`JSb;n<#;?>@>A;;1a)W #;?9  W/>AJ Pp_dY#J?>^s;P[m S+O#JPAD]%  Sb;n9#DI>@FC;1SEJ?9wJ1SE;?O#D1Q\D QLSb;n>`J;a1a1Vb|9wJ?9 k

l Vb;G >A;?FC;zKJ1ScPA|+SUVUKDRSUV<>`Jkr;zaD9#K#Vba1Vb|99#J1aJ PA;?>yVb;]O#;?>`;zxY#J]Y9 PA|#SUVbKD3PADFCJ)W VbKDL;W/>AJ P _ Y#J?>^s; P[J P@WdJ


J?9wJxYEVUS/V<>AVbDzJ PpxYEJSU; P W/>`J Pp_dY#Jv>^s; P PAJaD> WdJ?9wJ?9zY9zF=VP^FCD]OY9IWdD DCPAJ;v9 OE;?>`;1SbJ{Sb; Ppo


 

1 { 1

 D9#K+VUa1Vb|9wKJJxY\VUSUV<>yVbD

( ' !
 
"$#&% 0 -  = "$#&% *,+ -/. ) =   
+

%

I dbh1 y )
~ nX@~ i U~

1

pDFC;?9EKD]FCDFCJ?9IWjD\P >AJ P^O#Ja?WjDzKJ @h


 { Z

Z
i {L N

 O#Jv>`;?9#KDzxYEJK;  M})     2 rf  Mc) M 


M-
>AD<ESbJ?FC;PcK+J [P@W)WdVUa;Ik

)+*-,/.1032547698: ;<=?>=@A@B=DC!EFGEIHKJ<L5=DMLNE )PORQSE<!HITVUXWY9Z[LN\U]=?L<^L`_W T3Q3Ta>I@bTSE9L<9WI<=?c5=-d!TSYI=`Y


NLF
TSLNbeAJ@TSc5=fQ3TgN=hYILi@=`Y/TSEfjkU]=lQmc`EFGEnNLiFhWLNAUX@B=hL<oQS=pe\T3HWI@B=p=`YrqsWI<KU]=KtIuL-U]L@\F
Ta<=@+L5Q1d=5QSEK@vY/L5Qxw<HW!QSE
YILyL`_W!T3QXTa>I@TSE NbT!Z!z7{5jyt

 


 DI<>`JSb;n<#;?>@>A;;1a)W #;?9  W/>AJ Pp_dY#J?>^s;P[m S+O#J PAD]% Sb;n9#D>@FC;{S#Jv9eJ{S#;vO#D1Q\D f'QLSb;n9#D>^FC;1SEJ?9  


k

l Vb;G >A;?FC;zKJ1ScPA|+SUVUKDRSUV<>`Jkr;zaD9#K#Vba1Vb|99#J1aJ PA;?>yVb;]O#;?>`;zxY#J]Y9 PA|#SUVbKD3PADFCJ)W VbKDL;W/>AJ P _ Y#J?>^s; P[J P@WdJ


J?9wJxYEVUS/V<>AVbDzJ PpxYEJSU; P W/>`J Pp_dY#Jv>^s; P PAJaD> WdJ?9wJ?9zY9zF=VP^FCD]OY9IWdD DCPAJ;v9 OE;?>`;1SbJ{Sb; Ppo




}i~





)
 D9#K+VUa1Vb|9wKJJxY\VUSUV<>yVbD


 -
= -K
= 

)
KaSr55'b'sa-
}i~ 'VA's`3'
|

pDFC;?9EKD]FCDFCJ?9IWjD\P 



>AJ P^O#Ja?WjDzKJ  M aDEP "N


 O#Jv>`;?9#KDzxYEJK;  

 a1DEPcM


  ! 
  
 =   "$#%'& #'(

ME
5t =@ UTa< { 
  

)+*-,/.10325476G8 3 ;<!= >=@A@B=CEFGEIHKJ<!L`=Y/LiQSEK<HITVUXWY Z O MLNbEf) LNAUw WI< TSYI=ME@WI<E YILpN\W1N L54IUg@BLFGE!N =WI<
M=N=`Y/E@ _KWL M/WL`YILDYILNbQXT6!`=@ NbTa< @BE.!`=F
TSL<KU]E ME@ WI<=DHW+S= dL@ UTSc5=5Qt- =k>=@A@=?NL =ME5O =?NE>I@L WI<=
N\WIML@e\TSc5TSL clT3Q7+a<YK@TSc`= Q3TgNb= Y/Lo@=`Y/TSE jyt  T Q3= Q3E<HITVUXW!Y Y/L Q3=o>!=@A@B= LNG{5j8&vYILU]L@AF
Ta<!=@fL5Q w<HW!QSE YIL
L`_W!T3QXTa>I@TSE1t

 

EK>I@BLQS=>=@A@B==`c-U =<hUX@BLN eWL@"!`=N$#


%QMLNEi)&/QS= <!E@AFG=5Q L<GLlQ =ME5O E vO QS= @BL`=`c5c5T('<GL<*) YTa@TSHITSY/=

ML@AML<Y/TScW QS=@AFGL<IU]Ly=yQ3= HW+S=Kt
uiTS=`H@=FG=pYIL5Q N,'/Q3T3YIE[Q3Ta>I@BLIt.- p = c`E<YTSc5T('< <L5c`LN=@bTS=M=@B=p_WLWI< N,'Q3TSYIE7NEFGL-U TSYIE =UX@LNve WL@"!`=N+LNAUL
L<fL`_W!T3QXTa>I@TSEpLN _W!LyQ3=NmUX@BLN eWL@"!`=N NyL c`E@ UL<fL<pWI<pF
TgN\FGEMIWI<KUE0/mEGNL`=<iM!=@B=5QSLlQS=N21

i
b c
j
g

d e
h
f
E<Y/T3c5T('<fYILyL`_W T3Q3Ta>I@bTSE

< ; = <
5> ?@ = = 9:
d*e ACBED

f F.GIHJ(KMLONQPRKQPRS
HTKUWV
NUXGISCY
K5H
USCY$J[Z\KH]G^YEUX_a`Y
G^J7NH
b0c



   !

$%  &'(   &!)* +-,.  /' $i 0 687 9;:


e j i
1
2+3.4
5

<( =
?>-
@+A'B C  &. EGD F
HJIGK
=

R P
STU (STU )=O
L ,. MB &.'/NA ' Q
+ V WYX Z\[ ]\X_^

fijklmonqpsr.t j o
 A ( ou, +v wGx sNA. y,'A. ' v,. z
{ +|A|A'B {' {
q>B
@+A'B }~
 M&G
&
w)x  (' oo 
( +( ::': bq
? wGx   c,B +
!&8NA. ?,A. ' z,.J u
? B u' " ::': by  b
&G' B % .,. +c'  . B 'aiu) .,. +c'  . B =  :': b)-A8
&.@'x|A.C 
? @! N!A. ,. &.'
' o w'| * i  " :':': b . B c,. =
. -B o



!M

`)acbed/f?g\h d

"#
o Jx& ::  " :':



fijkGlmnqpr C& MJ o ' =,.  @ A. 
@! C' A'&q,.J ? o  y = cA. |B ( & 
(>-
@+A' C _A'&! '
j 
 A
M  &G
!&y o  
= 
  o& M&y
z JJ
 A
oo
& h ) 
 &G&8  w)x  zNA.  z ,'A '
,)
  o M
? += :':': 
b ! j A.o +% o,. +C  w)x /' o  oNA. C ,'A. o' ?
@!  &i


 1

"

 C

`)acbed/f?g\h d


"

   !

Equilibrio del slido con rozamiento


 !"$#&%(')+*$'-,.$.-/0*'"1('32+465
!#$798;:(*<=2'-1( 4>?2!$@'-*$>2A2@:$1'@B@7DC 7D'32E8FG5
C)!"?2'H:'328I@J'?5DJBK7D#3:$@J)*MLM:$&8N&O&PQ"2K:$1('@BK7DCG7D'H7RC 5
7S)*$J'32T5
7I2UE45D!U7SV)!&8FG5K:#&(2&O!WA'8F'X7SZY
)[\' 5] 5D!*$'H5DJBN:'^KV)J*$'@&V)X7D'^&8F-'_`1@"&8N''=5DK@J'')a!:(7
5;7R$7D'5Db1(2U7DCG7Dc!7R*7DC )*$"d
[e' 5(C)$')BK7
C 7D'&8N'f*'=&V)X7D'$8FXgR(7R"1f'G5' a!:(7
5
7S$7DhO

.! $.!

i>jHkmlJnEoqpJr

!s t!@'5Dub)C8IvC^:8;@XBN:'@V)32EY$wx5>1'!2Hmy(5
32Q&" 5D'32m'-5
(2\1( 4>(2 rZz y rZ{ 4+5DuB|:'KV)b}
$* 'T@&V)X7D'^&8FJ'T_AO
WA7D)#3"E*$' 52c5
7
*$H5
7R$@'


} .! .! r {

r z

~ !*7
C 7Dc!*$'E')a!:>7
5
7R$U7D

r { zu {EEG)

.! {f3G)

r z & NDZx x 3qU3q 3


qT9q !)^
q
}

!"(*$"!"'&8F>2e'32K1')C8FJ*$'= E{< <(C (2.!+.


1'^@*$Ja!:(')*$ { 3$yR/ B?/


:
O |8N7R .N.I,.$.(

(
s
@ ' 5bC $')BK7DCG7D'&8F' *$' @&V)X7
'&8FXgR(7R"yf5
 K@ '32K 8 ' '328F *$*$' "3](7RX7D'^&8F 7S$X7R'$8F' 4`5

C)!@'!2K1!*7D'&8F'EBN:('KV)E*$'T@&V)X7
'&8FJ'32Q5DT >7S" y$5R:' #&2U'fC^:$H1(5D'Ea!:'`b 

wx5$] 5D! *$'x '32^!$yRf/ y&*$'E*$!*'fa&:')*$E' 5$] 5D& ?.$yh


 $"PxZK@Z&"$#&%')\_*'5DBK7D#3:$@)*L:$&8F *$'u"32` "!#`4+5
!#$798;:(* <h?,Xy>2'
"&8N7D'^'H'?')a!:>7
5
7R$U7D+1 4> *$H'?' 5!*$'J*$':$2!1!8F'  .>O H *'2@:+'#$8;@'"u_ 4+"')*7D&8F':$
C)(5D'X:$>7D*$ ?2K: ' $8;@'^"$ZOhW' 5x' $8I@'"_ 1'*$'X:$ C:('1 *$'X"32"%x !#O>WA'8F'X7SHY )[
*7R$:Lb' 5\*7
)#3@"+*$'G5=2c5
7D* 5
7R$@'+*'5Dd [EC) 5DC:>5Db5D"8F'h27Dc! *$' 5xC)>5D' d C)[Z5D-BN:'KV)-*$'
@&V)X7D'^&8F-'' 5 1 4> d>*[m2U7 ' 5 1 4>2'AC)!h27D*$'@J5
7I2Uy>*$')*!:(C 7RT2U7#' >7I28F'^] 5D!@'!2m*$&
'  '4  % 1@
a!:'Z5DTu2U'="^&8F'#&E'')a&:(7
5
7R7DJ'"5DT1(2U7
C 7Dc!"7R*7DC))*$$O
2

(4)+*

3 ()+*

576

i>jHkmlJnEoqpJr

W 7D #3@"-*$' 52c5;7D*$ 5


7R$'&O t!@'+5DX@-)C8;v BN:'@V)32"Ye5
(2Z1'32(2*$'+5DXJ46' 5(5Da!:' y 5

A
8F'h2U7
c!*$'G5C)>5D'T45
Z@'32@:(598F$8F' '' 5h1$:$&8N"*$'1 4>y(a!:''32m5DH2K:$"*$'5Du!"G54+*$'A5DbB|:'KV)u*'
@&V)X7D'^&8FhO

()+*
0 ,

 ()+*

_ -/.


%
}

~ !*7
C 7Dc!*$'E')a!:>7
5
7R$U7D



!(5D'"!2 *'=w28 8N7
C)&O

mFnFoqpfr3sutvAwhx$y'zGx"z|{~}1Vrvw
V
opZrvAwGxyzGx"z{}r3s t_vAwA

vw D r5Csu_AsArs  tsr


th3sr t&Vt =r
{

vw

!"(*$"!"'&8F>2e'32K1')C8FJ*$' ~

         

=
 +

"!$#&%'
+ ) -
. ** ) (
= ) = ,

/"%103254627%89'!:<;=>0 ?%""@%@A4CBDE';=F@A!&'4C@4CB&<"#&%G47;=46H"I4=!<0 J2K4C

R P O M M L
= Q = N

/94SG!UTGV8WI!DXYZ4C"2[!'\]0I^@%GA;C0$0I^;=0_Y`0Iba 8caEde;C0>@!&YE!&GD2[0>"f;C!G00I!90J8g"b;=
2[10 4=B&<`;C'46@A@A4CB&<"_;ChHh!`0I@@;CG\";i%?D!j!j"%'kTGHS#&%94=;=46H" 4C!1l

$,
l K2546 
  

<>=@?ACBEDGFIHKJL /  H3I>T!DY`!"?NMOP "$;CQ%4C?%":SRV%"D2[UT '>Y`0  a 8 ;C!&?"42 %WV7\0I Y`D254=:


#&%94=;=46H" 4C! !A89'bW;SHG!&"X, "`%"g0 !&!&K25A\2[A; #&%-Y2;Z9[V\] 8WY`'4C"2[<%' @HG;C`%"G4C"!  0%
(5"2 Y`!^Pl A;h(" 5 27IY`!_O G" %' @%G3! " Y`&0I aEd>9`#ga`l 2[3YZ4ia' A;b1;C!& YKciG46Y`!g'A;
@!"G% 4C@A4CD2["h!DXYZ4=D2[! #&%_;ChH3 0IhY`D2[?D<#&%G4=;746H"I4C!$`;Ch!90 4C@A4CBD<4i'4C@A"Dl

e

klknm ioi

f gUhji

prq



C4 A?Y` "A;_0IB';=4C'! ;=4iH"Dl /!DH" ;C HG3 @2"!G$#&%5%X&0(' A; 0I! " ;C H3Z8 "A; H9;C!"#&%\;=
2[10 4=B&Z"A;@HG;Ch8 ;C0%G;2["2[)+*_Z;G"%"D25!<"_!89!-, \"#&%_&0;Cj0%"Y`_">;=F!&3Y`A;D8b">;=.%5%X_'
!DXYZ4CD2[!1l /0 %K%X"h!DXYZ4CD2[! 254= 0%21A;C!& Y43(5146Y`!6%87 9 *
:

P
w hxi

y
 z
{| }

~Ux <
,

< d

;J!&4C@A4CB&<"#D%G4=;=46H'I4C!

~x

m n oqpfr3sut.stJx$y'zGx"z { }1Vrvut

~x m n xqpZrvstqo$yzx'z { }rs tvut


z

D r5Csu_AsArs  tsr
th3sr t&Vt =r
x
{|



   !

%&  (')$*   '!+, -/.) 01$ 32

B < B ; B
C EHFG < 5 C < 5 456
4 @ D = =?> E-F)G D + 4 A 78:9

I .) , (')$1JK) 
O R S PQ LNM
=
T KUVWK-XY ')Z ('[ .V  , 3 (K) 0
\!'] 3 ^0')
H
\'[$ 3 JKWV$[? _
')

bZc d-f d-e `&a


=
gih,V') 0V  ('! 3$ j
k l-K$'$ 3  K) H
\'[$ 3 JKWV$
mon-prq(s

0)[ 0V,)$! ) ,)


ZZ )0Y[, )V)0)$[)!
)!j$$+!
3)!!0)~)j )  !W,j()0
)N$^-V
(![V$) !^_|[
j00

$
j)(/j)
j| ,0j0Y ^)!!0)$Y
$300),1 /1) k/$) ?
  ) 0$)0

$0$,
0
$3$,!
(!



q

tYu]vxw1y3z|{1}

)~ ,0^0V,W )(/-N0)-?$00),x /)!!0$0 



,-/V !^j(0)$$!]$j )0Yo)j-*/$j$
)!03^_) /3$,!(
!(N3) ,
$,!
(!k
,*)H
YV-


0-, 3$0W
$]V$)0
[$3YV$?
U




W m?^s!mZn-p

q

q

"$#
 _V  
  

0  
$!)*)$! $]
1/
-$,1$!_
)*$)-?   -/1 )0Y

$)) ,) _0  &$/0
!$[,!
(!(!W, ])-*/$) /
0
3- $   +
$!)
) )(!W, iYV$?
)_|
00
i$
)(/ 0Z ])-/W ,
/
-$0:$$!
 /V) 0YV! _)0
1$)0,-&$^) ^!)30
$?(! )!3 [!V
U

 

tYu]vxw1y3z|{1}

 ))
0
-N$^-V ![VV) !0
^0
^)(,]/^0
)0$[ -
 0


 $ o-&$HV |$?

~),H+$)W )(/-[ 0)-? )(/[
[,-/V ![ 0()0Y )-j
/ $
[)0 $[) ,[$1,$
!U   ))
0
-^$1V
!V$V !0
[_) /[
,!
(!k
,*)H
YV-


0-, 3$0W
$]V$)0
[$-V !]V$) !)00
3 )_

} #

#
- .
! )+*
q

,#

n

))
0
[$-
!]VV) !0
3 ?V)

}/'
)1* -
)

q '
) *
n
0'

n

kY
 $]
j
$0 )13 ])Y 
)-Y
&) %& 
"$#  " "('  $



  !

0  )) $! )0-


$ W)?()0Y)Z/$ , [ $,$
/)0
)?!HU!Y/
0 !*$j,$
! ] /W,  -j$$$(
0))-
)+$)^
00Y )HU
j_|(,$)3)(/^) ! )j
) ^([?
0V)
0$3 ? W0

$-V
$]V$V)(!!  ) 0$)0
$ [)0
[$

tYu]vxw1y3z|{1}

~)$,[Z) ,]0W) ()W,_) /-*  - k0 }


1 /1$*,!  !Y * 

) /^ Y
^(*


-,(^0
1WV$,



} (

- 

)0
[$3YV$?



  
" !

"


}
$#&%'
"




-

  $* !Y-/) 1$   0


"  

3)(, )$1$ 
=   


 _V  
  

0Z* )^) /,^)$!()j$^) )$ W   ! )3 [WV$Z()0Y$


)3/W, k !$,Z$)Z ,) 
0 /)! / W,   -*$Y
$*$ 
1/ |]
*) ,
  -Y)$ W -   &  )/
)(, $ -
 $   /V) |0
0N$$$
)-
 Z U?
!]0 
x
3) ,^!
$U



s0sH

tYu]vxw1y3z|{1}

0
Y
1$0 )-

||     
   = 




 
?
% m
*

N1) /,[/[
Z ,$()-
$] 
*(U?
0 ]]!
]V,00
Z) ,Z
)-
1$ H


-,(]$0&W
$V, )0
$]0$
U~)$,]
*)(,1W _) /-:U0 )- 
 U? $H Y

1,00
 0 )0Y*)[-j
/$$
[_) /[1,!  !-, )V
$

)0
3 /V)0k-N
)!0

&

  !

  
||   
= 
 

=   



||


, / !03#"$&24%(50'),1"+687 *&0 "59%,.1-  %,/ 0 "1





  )$*(!+,-,)1$3!_
)j
 ?
[$0(

C
=1>@?
;
  

A <

B
: =@D1?

$~ U/ W-Y()$1)(, )$


*0U)0
! $H -
 x )$H
$H )-Y
*! )kH

)0
$j
,00
Y (N3)(/3$,!
(!1- /1$,0Y00
Z) 
0

  



  

E q u ilib r io d e l s is te m a d e s lid o s

B,+.-/1032465879;:; =<>?=@  BADCE>FHG'IG=JGKLC BNMPOBCE Q  3@ISRGKD UT'


BV@OB'G PKD@WG.X 3LGFHC : MYKLG'JCMZK[CE<?G
@ HI KLV\CWO3 KLC!IG]?I BCZ^_MHJGKLCW`ba UOV\CEFHCbKLG=F!@GKD 3?'G HOB'AD BQ@L]Idce@  UfghOI UKLV\CHKLG'JCM;KLCf<?G=@ 
K?@JG?A? BV BG%iCEL kj\CE  UOlOm UKL;MnKD@oV\G f 3?CP@  BICYWOB!> BV@Om\V BpE YFHGI B f Gq@ oV\<OmGfr8G UG>Fb  =OB8 UG sK[ BpE
IGOV\<OBG#MPOB=?G\\VV BpE WG HOB'

BV@OBV BpE t

;
^

!#"%$'&)(%*


sLCE<OBGFHEKlIG,g K> UT. mV\f

B   
+.-/s0m2465 W:; YV mOm  IE?CHIG JGK[C MP?\I mC8^ K[G;G V@G f 3L;G G E@ mO3 <L BCbG Om JCKd BV BpE Y  I mV\\I8G BO 


AD BQ@?\Iece@ f f GV\CE sK[ BIGL E@G UC 
I K OBK DK @JGLAD BV BGEK KLCf mO UKLK)%r8G UG>Fb   OB LG\\V\V mpE G BO 

BV@OB\V mpE ;MbOB, UG 1K[ BpE WIGOV<OBGf u
2+6 7
;
^
<
5
8:9;7
:

!#"%$'&)(%*

B 
+.-/s0m2465 Zg OsG.X ?GFHC   
IG @  <>? C!iCEFHCQ  G\8IG8OBCf Q 3@I oMPJGKLC     K[GZJCM%KLCE<?G
 ! #"
@ 8J?GI G
BV\O O3 KL MoG YGOsJ@ f UC u a KLCE<?G8@ KLGFb BV 3Om  IELCW F!<  oOm UKLC IG8?\I BC!^ na bF M6JGKLC
$ %
sghO,K[GFb BV mO3  IE?C_GEK> UTYV\COmCV\\IC K[CE<?GP@ NKD@JGLAD BV BGPiCEL kj\CE  UO >@QfCKLa OhV\CEFHCnKLG G G nOB AD BQ@?
 & '
:
\Idce@ f Ua GKD U IC GO V\CE c @ f UC G _G E@ 3Om <L mC1r8G. UG>Fb    r% <@ c.'GO I m\Q?FHPIGO#KLpOm mIC O3 <?GbIGbOB
( &) *'
<>?]MYIG. G>Fb   OBZJCK[ BV BpE IGOsVG f 3?CbIG;QL G\I\IbIG8Om <D? < OBEK ?G\V\V BCE GK G YOBCKhJCMCK M
) +' % -, .) /'
u V OB8A @GDj\8IG LCfj\Fb BG  UC E@G;\V. %KLCf<?GZGOsV mOm  IE?C I hK[ 1GOJGKLCWIGO KLGFb mV mOm  IE?CWGK  Ha   /0 1 @TO
 2
GK GO OBCE F   kFHCqIG

3 
J? E@G'GOsK[ KD UGFH'GK> UG'G WG f@ mOm <L BC/4

^
=
:

aB'F

 

  

!#"%$'&)(%*


, ,
5 CE<?GHOB%<>?WV.    BV\FHG f UGd+.2ZA @GDj\K[a OBK= CE>FHOmGK]G M u M GO JGEKLC :IGbOB%<D?f h %
 
V\CE I mV BpE
12 \2 e5+m5PIGqG E@ 3Om <L mCbGK E@G%OBKh 3?GEK#A @GDj\K]KLGqV\CE
UG G P@ PJ@ f C1 K CE>FHOBGK G G M :
u KLG'V\CE
U !G =
aO@G\QfC8JCf I BViC8J@  UC%GOJGKLC%IG OB=<D?f

rq B\QLFH'IGOsKLpOm mIC!Om <?G

B
* !
,
u


a ;F
* 

 aB'F
=
 u GK  :
 a F aO@G\QfCHGOtT Q@OmCHGK  " !
 a [ ;I K> U V B u <
< :
r8G8OB8AD BQ@L%KLG8IG\IE@VG E@GqOB;I K> U V B
GK u a "
 8  " (
Q  oa 1'F6 ghOV\G f 3?C%IG'Q? GI\IHKLG'G V@G f 3?' a E F IGOG.X ?GFHC IG OB=<>?

/
* 

1 
CE I mV BpE WIG'G E@ mOm <[ BC%IG OB=<>? 
B
* !

 " 8 UQ "  
*
"! " $&% % #
'( ) =

+

`
-
* !
`


.
= *
-
* !

*.


sLCE<OBGFHEKlIG,g K> UT. mV\f


r8G OB'V\CE I mV BpE WIG'G E@ mOm <[ BCKLG, mG G 
=


) =  % #


 2 
? GO OBCfhF k  FHC IGO V\CGAD BV BG f UG%IG8?Cfj\Fb mG f UCatOBHK[ 3@V BpE 6GK,IG8FHC  Fb mG f UCY  Fb k G f UG  % A @G?j\
% 
IG ?Cj\Fb BG f C% BG G%KD@ OBCE FHT.X FHC E@G8GK# BQ@Os
bJCE OBZ CE>FHO  ?8GO OmCEhIICWIG  $
aGO  OBCE IG 

OB= CE>FHOHGK   VCK  "
 6 
r8G "
  KLG, BG G
" aB!

"!$#&%(')+*,.-/0(1&2314/65798+5;:=<>:@?A8CBED79F(5"1G8H?A:IFJ<68(DKF=L>8;0MFIFJL6FONP8Q?A8L;7A:=R;/6FS?TR;<6:J79UT1G0(1&:=V6871XWM8/ZY[F\2>Y[F(2
0M8] 8^?A:Q]SR6:@?_Y37AF:`/^2GFaUT1Gb@R;79FaFM5cNdR"/ZY[FZegfh/i?TRj14/ZY[:`71G87 V6FPDj5;8>?k:@?U_:`79F@?l5;:C79FM561G8nmkDo<6:?A8Cpq0MFM5;FR"/6FZe
r:Y[:`7T]+14/6F`7h:(2"<6:@?8k5":(2>0(1&2&14/>5798<6F`79FtsR>:u:?_Y[:v/68Iw;R6:(2GsZR6:Ze(xy8;5;F@?y2GF@?z?TR"<6:`79UT1&0(1G:@?z?A:t0M8/$?1G5;:`7AF`/ 2&1{?AF@?e

!#"%$'&)(%*

 
(ejF`7OY 14/ 
  

"!$#&%(') *"!$#68L"79:CR;/ <K2GF`/68 1X/60(2&14/>FM5;8 sR>:U_87_] FR"/&%`/6b@R>2G8 5":'"(t0M8/o2GFV68Z7A1XWM8/ZY F(2 ?A: ?1 Y)6F`/ 5;8>?
L>2G8;sR>:@?5;:<6:@?8>?+*+,.-    0/ D1*32-54   6/ 79:@?T<6:(0Y 1 w6F`] :J/ZY[:Ze7]SL68>?I:@?_Y8%J/ R"/>1G5;8>?=] :M561GF`/ZY[:+R;/
0MF`L>2G:;e9 8>?t0M8":MUT1G0(1&:`/ZY[:@?=5;:S7A8ZWMF`]+1G:`/;Y[8a:`/;Y379:+2&8>?vL>2&8;sR6:@?D :(2<>2GF`/68 14/60(2314/6FM5;8 ?A8/ , -: ;  D 2 -: ;=< ;

79:@?T<6:(0Y 1 w6F`] :J/ZY[:Ze r:Y[:`7T]+14/6F`7+2GF Y :`/ ?1?>Z/ 5;:(2t0MF`LK2G:D2GF@?+U R6:J7TWMF@?+5;: 798;WMF`]+1G:`/ZY 8^sZR6:nFM0Y@)6FJ/ ?8L;79: 2G8>?
L>2G8;sR>:@?Pe

* 2

* ,

ACBCD



 
$7A8L>2G:`] F?h5": f?_Y8%Y 1&0MFZe

"!$#&%(')Q*"*+-I/6FkL6F`7T79FkR;/>1GUT87_] :S5;:k<6:?A8  


4 / D 2G8/6b;1 Y{R65 :@?_Y k 

% FJ7OY 1G0`RK2GFl:`/ ?TR: ;Y379:J] 8 D U_87_] F
R;/ 
%`/6b@R>2&8S5;: "( 0M8/+2GFuV>87A1XWM8/;Y[F(2 e#;R : ;Y37A:`] 8 ?A:=F`<68\DKF?A8L;79: 2&F?TR;<6:`7AUT1G0(1G: 231{?AF=5;:vR;/lL>2G8"sR6:t5;:v<6:@?A8
 < / z ; ?1 Y3R>FM5;8o?A8L"79:R;/6F ?TR"<6:`79UT1&0(1G:14/60\2&14/6FM5"F7_R6bZ8>?AFQsZR6:QU_87_] FR /&%`/6b@R>2G8 5": <C(t0M8/o2GFV68Z7A1XWM8/ZY F(2 e
r:Y[:`7T]+14/6F`7 2GF 79:MF(0M0(1? 
> /q:`/ 2GFF`7_Y 1G0`R>2&FM0(1?>/ Dq:\2 0M8":MUT1G0(1&:`/ZY[: 5;: 798ZWMF`]+1G:J/ZY[8 ] 4/>14] 8 <6F`79F sR6: V6F DKF
:MsR>1&2314L;7A1G8$e

ACB D
 D




(ejF`7OY 14/ 
  

"!$#&%(') *C-/6F :@?0MF(2G:`7AF 5;:.<6:@?A8 p ?A:.FJ<68(DKF.:`/aR;/6Fl<6FJ79:M5w6:`7_Y 1G0MF(2 2&1{?AFID ?8L;79:lR"/ ?TR6:(2&8CV687A1GWM8/ZY[F(2


7_R6bZ8>?A8$e f 2 0M8;:MUT1&0(1G:`/ZY : 5;: 798ZWMFJ]+1G:`/ZY[8i:? -  ; 46e 9yF 5"1{?TY[F`/60(1&F :`/ZY379: <>:(2G5;F>8>?+:@?+5;: j0J]e-I/6F

<6:`7c?A8Z/6F 5;:n<>:@?A8 BF?A0(1G:`/>5;:n<687C2GF :@?A0(F(2G:`79F;e r:`Y[:`7_]+14/>F`7.V6F@?TY[F sR6: <6:(2G5;F68^<;R6:M5":o?TR;L>147C?c14/ sR6: 2GF
:@?A0MF(2&:`79FI?A:t0MF(1GbZF;e



 
$7A8L>2G:`] F?h5": f?_Y8%Y 1&0MFZe

"!$#&%(') *C-/ ?A:`]+1&0(1&2&14/>5798a5":S<6:@?8 -:4  / D 79F(5"1G8+H ;?: F`<68\DKFC?A8L"79:SR;/>F?TR;<6:J79UT1G0(1&:lV687A1GWM8/ZY[F(2


7_R6bZ8>?AF;e9 FSL6F`7T79FSV68Z] 8;b`/6:MF+5;:S<>:@?A8 * -    / D 2G8/6b;14Y3R65 `H ; :@?TY8%.F`7OYO1G0`R>2GF(5;F.:`/ ?9R 
: ;Y37A:`] 8 D ?A:
F`<68(DKF ?A8L"79:S2GF ?TR;<6:`7AUT1G0(1G:S2&1[?AFl5;:(2h?A:`]+1G0\1&2&14/65Z798C:`/CR;/C<;R;/ZY[8 sR6:k5"1{?TY[FuH 

5;:(2g: ;Y{79:`] 8 kef 2?1{?_Y[:J] FS?A:
] F`/ZY 1G:J/6:Q:`/ :MsRK1&2&14L;71G8 :`/o2GF<68K?1G0(1?>Z/o14/65"1G0(FM5;FZe r:Y[:`7T]+14/6F`7F!=:\2 w6F(2G87I5;:\2.%`/6b@R>2G8 L#t5"14L"R NPF`7 :(2
"
5"1GFMb@79FJ] F5;:\2 ? >62&1G5;8C2&14L;7A:5;:l2GFIL6F`7_7AF 0! :(2>w6F(2&87 5;:k2GF=/>87_] F(2 :`/$oDQ5;:2&F=79:MF(0M0(1?>/C:`/C2&FIF`7OYO1G0`R>2GF(0(1?>/
52GFSU R6:J7TWMFS5;:k798ZWMFJ]+1G:`/ZY[8
"
?8L;79:l:(2 0(1&2314/65798SD :(2$w6F(2G87z]  4/K14] 8C5;:(2 0M8;:MU91G0(1G:`/;Y[:l5;:798ZWMF`]+1G:J/ZY[8

<6F`79Fl:(2
"
:MsR>1&2314L;7A1G8$e


% - ; 
  H



)



) '+*-, &0/21*  
. + = 
&('
?
f 2G:w6FJ/65;8lF(2>0`R6FM5Z79FM5;8;(D 0M8Z] 8 34576
8:9+. <2=> ;

H @A B 345 6

 3C4 5

 A .
B

-  ; (

!

HJI
H I
G
D E S:1 5T7U / UWVX50T ,Y,2ZX[ UW\ UP]^_U 1 G

DFE KML2NPORQ

 4
(ejF`7OY 14/ 
  

0!Qr:=2GFt0M8Z/65"1G0(1=>/.5;:t:MsR>1&2314L;7A1G8 ?A: Y 1&:`/6:

    
 =  
  
 
  =
  
 
  

 %\')"!$%v,.%#%$ )&#  (' %  #M)' !  '*#+&,('  ) .-0/ b@R6F(2GF`/>5;8lFu0(:`798S2G8>?] 8] :`/;Y[8>?79:@?T<>:M0Y[8l5;: ?A: Y 1G:`/>:

3 ; < = 2 >1 ; 57698 4


+ : =
?A@)BDCFE9G)H&I"JLK)BH(E MONQPSRLTVU W W ^`_QP U
XZY)[&\[L] [&a

bdcfehg EiCFEDjkEAH&B%l*m7n)l g H&Iol gp CFBAH&B%l*m7BDj grqg l g G)HsCFI



DL%DA Dy

 .

e BtlrE q ILG)H gq%g nLGuH&BABJLK g l gp C g Ikm7B0v g BDG)BAJLKBAlExwyK)BDCzEAH&B{CFIszE9j g BDGsv|I"Bm~}QMONOm7BDGu (TxU


[&\%]
DE CFEoB%l)ElrILCjG g jkIH&B%l q I&B%w grq%g B9Gsv|BoH&BhCFI&zEDj g BDGsvI lrEm g vK)E qg nLGfBm0H&BjkI g j g BDGsv|I g G&j g G)BDGsv|BtlrE"wK)BDCFzE
\
H&B{CFIszEDj g B9Gsv|I q K&jo@lB} Mu

e BtlrE q ILG)H gq%g nLGuH&BABJLK g l g p C g Ikm7B0v g BDG)BB%l&)E%lrILC`H&BtlrE{G)IsCjkE%l MT&TxU T
\ \

 
C7I p lrBDjkELm`H(Bmvv gq Es

dfeCg>hjilk)monqp>rtsuwv'xwyWz+{}|#uwv~y9xwy#{}|q#w'{wy{}|#>zy9uvW/u|#|Wuwy)|~>y9j)~>yxy{}|v).|#|
{}yqwy#{zvtyWu/vt/z}vv.~$Huv1yCyWzQ:uwvWz'wv.6lvwyWz.v~y z|.vWQ/yWu|yWuQy){wy)/|WwvWuw~>|/v xwyz${}|#uwv
{}ytyuwWwyWuzvxwvWzv.~>vtvT7q~y)yCzy| {$y)vWxw|1|QyWuo{}yt)|#uS{4/~>yWzvTl{}|Pw{4jy).|y./)/yWuy~y
z|.vWQ/yu|yWuy{ ~>yCyWzQ:uwvWz5/v~>{vuw)/v W7v''vlv#wy'xwy)~yt{:z6/v'xwyWz${4|#uwvt{47u
#wy y)vWl#u~y{4ll.y

f


+

# 9

 
  

 EDCFE"lrE @)Im grqg nLG g G)H rg q E%H&ElrEtv|E p lEtG)IBmvBDG q IsG)H grq%g ILG)BmH&BtjkI g j g BDGsv|I g G&j g GBDGsv|Bs`G B%l*E9@)I%dIkB9G
\
EH&BDjm H&BtlrE{G)ILCjkEl)E q v )EtlrEAwK)B9CzEAH&B{CFIszEDj g B9Gsv|IofH g C g i g H(EE q%g EtlrEAH&BDC7B q )s E

!#"$%'&)(+*),+-.*/&10*/32."4(5&)(6*798:.2)*: ;<0.*/= >0?#09&1(@A1($"BCC,




>


d
d
D

e B%l(@)I(lisILG)I"H&BAwK)BDCFzEm m7BAH&BHLK q B g G&jkBH g EDv|EDjkBDGsvBxBls)ElrILC`H&BtlrEAwK)BDCFzExH(B0C7IszEDj g BDG&v|I"BDGuB%l*mK)B%lrI

K =
J I EFHG
L ! M
N E G)IsCjkE%l*B9GPO w ILCjkE q ILG rl EA)BDCyv grq E%lK&GQ9G)iKlrI
t I GB%l m K)B%lrISR)H&B lrIdm
JLK)BOBLm B%lj g mFjkIuJLK)BOwILCjkE rl EAv|E p lrE q L

H&Ev|Im m7BuH&BHsK q B m K )E%lrILC  e BklrE mFK&jkEuH&B"jkIsjkBDGsv|Im{CFBm@)B q v|I H&BT g iK)E%l`E q BDCFI m7u B I p v g BDG)BklE
\ [&\aL]
B q K)E qg nLG

acb ['` =
Z _ [5^ +
] ['\ Y UWV#X



) vWz 7u> w

ty /v /z}v {}y /yWuwy /|{ wv)/|#zy#{        xwyzvWuw~| #wy.~>v xwvWz}v /v uw|#zv)yWucy1
=  =  
vWxw|)| C/ o9y lv y.Wv.)/#u C {4yf /yWuwy wyWz.v ~y9z|.vWQ/yWu| % "$# " !
=
ty)xw|>' &/|#uw|~yq wyWz.v{{4y|/yWuyT:uy.~>/vWvWyWuyTlvu|#zv)yWu)( 6 5 =
/0,1,32 , + + ,- * 87
. 6 4 =
y).|y./)/yWuy ~y'z|.vWQlyWu|qyWuy)j{y)/|Ty{ >3y) wv)/|#z CS7|T~y/v wyWz.v ~y9z|.vWQ/yWu|y#{ 7
P/v9xwyWz${}|uwv9xwy.~y{}y)7z5{lyWuw~|txw|#z</vv /v{47u#wy y{v ~y{4ll.y
h 9<; uo/vx|{4/)l#u'&7Qy)/vvWlvy{yWu {4wv))/#u~y| :Q/yWu|P7uQ7uyWuy)#olv{yWz.v{~yz|.vWQ/yWu|
:
/yWuwyu {= wv1/|#z C7|w xw|z/vuw|#zv)?>6vPwyWz.vQ~yz|.vQ/yWu| yWuA@ /yWuyP/vP~>7z}y..)/u ~y/vvWlv
~>7z}/l~v9wv.)/v vWzz}7wv
BDCFE?GHCIJCLK:MON>0PNQBRK:STNUBDV3GWMXK
MYNZCC\V\NZC ]^SNQ_ E`S3a
SLK
M1b1cMGedC#



f v)/vWuw~>|v .yz|q/v{v ~y9|#yWu|{ zy{xwy)C|T~y( w{}y/yWuy
n k
n gml v j o k gmh u rFs:t q o p gml gih
p = + =j rFs:t j

ty/v/yHQ~y)j{}yuw|TvWxl/)v.~v v)z}/uw/|T~y wyz.v{<|#zv)~|txw|#z</|{ wy.C|#zy{ dxw zyJ{i| {  Tyu/yWuw~>|yu


WwyWuv'wy QO = : = ~ 8D } 3
F
= =

+
  \
= W
0
0 W  = = =

+


8UD' ?
\m
Z3e $U
= 01T

Entramados y armaduras



$:Z 3 \ 0UO

!"$#&%('*)
 Z =3'+ 'e  Z-,e/. e \0Q
10 3 2 Z eO33Z3
 / :Z$F/43 Z
BF B*C B
i

3 F?zF?65
F?87:9
;2 Z <,U
>=O 3
Y30@?
 zZ A
e 7 7 'e6:EDW 'e$3F/43
TFO 5e 43G

 * NM
.
L

 * NM
.

O J


H I

L T L T





  + * ;
 UD

!"$#&% ' K
0Q D
Z ,U: > =O 1
3 ?
 OO\A
 
e  Z O1e F D Q
D
\/F
z'e
EDW'$33F/41 F O \ 5 e /41G

*   * * 
I
H J

 


 



$:Z 3 \ 0UO

!"$#&%  K
0 Q D
iZ ,U: > =Oz1
z3 ?
z OO\ 
\zZ : e YzZ O3$zZ , /. e
O D \1Q^ 1
e6
ED0 'e33/43 F  5e /43G


  + * ;
 UD

I
 * 

J K


 



$:Z 3 \ 0UO



  + * ;
 UD

M e c ani smos : p ol e as, c u as, torni l l os y di sc os

M todo de l os trab aj os v i rtual e s

F ue rz as di stri b ui das: c ab l e s y v i g as

C e ntros de g rav e dad

También podría gustarte