American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2016, Vol. 4, No.

2, 42-49
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajme/4/2/1
Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/ajme-4-2-1

Numerical Investigation of the Transient Radiative Heat

Transfer inside a Hexagonal Furnace Filled with
Particulate Medium
Elham Khademi Moghadam1,*, Rasool Nasr Isfahani2, Arash Azimi3
1
Department of Physics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
2
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
3
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
*Corresponding author: ekhmoghadam@gmail.com

Abstract The transient radiative heat transfer in two 2D irregular geometry filled with particulate media is
numerically investigated. The radiative transfer equation is solved with FTn finite volume method. Non-orthogonal
mesh is used to discretize the computational domain and the high resolution CLAM scheme is utilized to relate the
facial intensities to the nodal values. Various cases of scattering in media with real indices of refraction (dielectric
particles) and complex indices of refraction (absorbing particles) are considered. Both Mie theory and equivalent
isotropic approximation are used to account for the scattering behavior of the media. The difference between these
two methods is found insignificant, especially for the steady state solutions and for media with complex indices of
refraction, while the complexity and computational cost of the equivalent isotropic approximation is much lower
than those of Mie theory.
Keywords: transient radiative heat transfer, Mie Theory, equivalent isotropic approximation, finite volume method,
non-orthogonal grid
Cite This Article: Elham Khademi Moghadam, Rasool Nasr Isfahani, and Arash Azimi, Numerical
Investigation of the Transient Radiative Heat Transfer inside a Hexagonal Furnace Filled with Particulate
Medium. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2 (2016): 42-49. doi: 10.12691/ajme-4-2-1.

They found that for the two-layer media, changing in the

1. Introduction
The transient radiative transfer finds applications in
many emerging technologies such as short pulsed laser in
turbid media, remote sensing, nondestructive biomedical
diagnosis and combustion product analysis. The transient
radiative transfer equation (TRTE) must be solved to find
the radiative intensity field.
Thus far, most of the proposed methods for solving the
radiative transfer equation (RTE) are extended to solve
TRTE. Among these various methods, finite volume
method (FVM) has been a favorite to the researchers due
to its merits such as being easily programmable, fairly
accurate and computationally cheap [1-17]. Chai [1,10]
and Chai et al. [2] have applied FVM to solve TRTE.
They numerically investigated radiative transfer in 1-, 2-
and 3D systems containing the emitting, absorbing and
anisotropically scattering media. They also compared the
results obtained by STEP scheme with those of CLAM
scheme and concluded that CLAM scheme yield more
accurate results especially in the early stages of the
transient radiative transfer. They also could solve the
transient radiative transfer in 2D irregular geometries by
using non-orthogonal mesh (which is also known as body
fitted coordinates). Ruan et al. [3] used FVM to solve the
TRTE in 1D homogeneous and inhomogeneous media.
scattering albedo and optical thickness does not alter the
location of the local minimum moment. Moghadasian and
Moghadassian [5] and Moghadassian and Kowsary [6]
numerically investigated conjugated heat transfer
problems in 2- and 3-D cavities. Kim et al. [7] applied
FVM to solve TRTE in 1D slab subjected to the radiative
equilibrium condition. They utilized and compared
various schemes for calculating convective terms of the
discretized FVM. They found that FVM is an accurate
method for solving TRTE when the medium is cold or it is
subjected under the radiative equilibrium condition.
One of the major difficulties in solution of RTE or
TRTE is the modeling of radiative scattering. In many
cases in both nature and science, there are tiny particles in
media that make the scattering phenomena even more
complicated. Such media is known as particulate media.
Some examples are the scattering of sunshine by the
atmosphere which results in blue sky, red sunset and
colorful rainbow, scattering of light in interstellar dust,
pulverized coal furnaces, combustion systems, etc. The
most famous and general rule that governs the radiative
scattering in particulate media is Mie theory that is named
after Gustav Mie who solved the Maxwell equations to
relate the scattering phase function to the medium
properties like index of refraction and particle size. Mie
theory founded a base for further studies. Some
researchers in the field of radiative heat transfer have
43 American Journal of Mechanical Engineering

utilized it. Trivic et al. [8,12] considered Mie scattering in

the square and cubic enclosures. They successfully
( ) (
I rw , s = w Ib rw , s )
1 (3)
coupled the finite volume method (FVM) with Mie theory
to perform a numerical study of the effect of anisotropic
+
n s < 0 w
(
I r , s n w s d )
scattering on the radiative heat transfer. Steward and w
Trivic studied heat transfer of a convective-radiative flow In the above equations I is the radiative intensity, c is
[15]. They used zonal method for solving radiative heat the light speed in the medium; , and s are extinction,
transfer (RTE) and Mie theory for calculating the absorption and scattering coefficients, respectively. w is
scattering phase function in a three dimensional furnace. the wall emissivity and is the scattering phase function.
The comparison with the experimental data showed the The discretization process of eq. (1) is well explained in
accuracy of their applied solution method. [1,2] is not repeated here.
In most cases, thermal engineers have preferred to use
simplified relations to account radiative scattering, due to
complexity of Mie theory. The Henyey-Greenstein, delta-
2.2. Mie Scattering
Eddington and Legendre polynomial approximations as After discretization (see [2] for example), the source
well as formulation of equivalent isotropic scattering are term in eq. (2), can be calculated as
some of these relations [18].
Mengu and Viscanta [19] approximated the scattering S Pl = P Ib, P
phase function by delta-Eddington relation and solved
( s, s ) d ' d
RTE in a rectangular cube by the first and third-order (4)
NS
l l '
spherical harmonics. In the work of Kim and Lee [20], the + s I Pl '
coupling between discrete ordinates method (DOM) and 4 l '=1 l
Legendre polynomial approximation was done to find the

average radiative intensity and radiative heat flux in a 2D
rectangular enclosure of an emitting, absorbing and If the analytical expression for scattering phase function
anisotropically scattering medium. Guo and Kumar [21] ((s,s)) exists, the average scattering phase function in eq.
considered a slab containing scattering media. They (8) can be obtained by the following relation
compared the results of applying the Henyey-Greenstein
phase function with the equivalent isotropic scattering (s, s)d' d
(s, s) =
approximation. They compared the temporal distribution l l'

of transmittance and reflectance and observed that the l (5)

error between the two models is more significant for the
cases of backward scattering. When the integration is not feasible or (s,s) is an
The aim of present study is to solve the transient unknown function but its value for different s and s can
radiative heat transfer in a 2D irregular geometry be obtained, its average can be estimated by the following
containing particulate media with uniform particle formula [8]
diameter. The TRTE is solved by FVM. The scattering Ls Ls
phase function is calculated by applying Mie theory. The
validation checks are done to make sure of the numerical l ,l s s ls ls
ls =1 ls =1
code. The results are reported for media with different (s, s ) =
particle sizes, particle densities and indices of refraction. l (6)
In addition, the heat transfer parameters (i.e. the heat flux
For particulate media of this study, the analytical
and the incident irradiation) calculated by applying Mie
expression for scattering phase function does not exist and
theory are compared with those obtained by the isotropic
therefore eq. (6) must be used. Scattering phase function
equivalent approximation.
in any combination of s and s is obtained by applying Mie
theory [18].
2. Mathematical Formulation The details of complicated Mie theory are beyond the
scope of this work. They may be found in the books
written by van de Hulst [22] and Kerker [23]. A very
2.1. TRTE Solution Method compact formulation is presented subsequently.
The transient radiative transfer equation in a grey, The scattering phase function is
emitting, absorbing and scattering medium at any position
i1 + i2
r along a path s is given by ( ) = 2
(7)
2Qsca
1 dI ( r, s ) dI ( r, s )
+ I ( r, s ) + S ( r, s )
= (1)
c dt ds The parameters of eq. (7) are
2
Where the source function can be defined as i1 ( x p , m, ) =S1
(8)
2
S ( r, s ) =
Ib ( r ) + s I ( r, s ) ( s, s ) d (2) i2 ( x p , m, ) =S2
4
S1 and S2 are complex functions that can be expressed in
The boundary condition for a diffusely emitting and terms of infinite summation of specific functions as
reflecting wall can be written as follows follows
 American Journal of Mechanical Engineering 44

2n + 1 z
2
=S1 ( ) n2 + n [ an n (cos ) + bn n (cos )] n (z ) = J n +1 / 2 (z )
n =1 2
(9) (12)

2n + 1 z
2
=S2 ( ) [bn n (cos ) + an n (cos )] n (z ) = H n +1 / 2 (z )
n =1 n
2
+n 2
Where and are related to Legendre polynomials by the On the other hand the Qsca is also can be expressed as
following relations a function of Mie scattering coefficients as follows
dPn (cos )
n (cos ) =
(2n + 1) an 2 + bn 2
2
d (cos ) Qsca = 2
(10) x p n =1
d n (cos )
n (cos ) = sin
2
+ cos n (cos )
d (cos ) (13)
Re(an + bn )
2
Qext = 2
and Mie scattering coefficients an and bn are complex x p n =1
functions of xp=2ap/ and yp=mxp.
If the particles have the same size, the scattering and
n ( y p ) n ( x p ) m n ( y p ) n ( x p )
an = the extinction coefficients of the particles can be
n ( y p ) n ( x p ) m n ( y p ) n ( x p ) expressed as
(11)
m n ( y p ) n ( x p ) n ( y p ) n ( x p ) s, = a 2p NT Qsca
bn = (14)
m n ( y p ) n ( x p ) n ( y p ) n ( x p )
= a 2p NT Qext
Where and are known as Riccati-Bessel functions and
can be related to Bessel and Hankel functions by Although the value of xp is dependent on wavelength,
for the sake of analysis in this study, it is calculated for the
typical wavelength of =3.1415 m as suggested by
Modest [18].

Table 1. media properties for N T=105 (particles/cm3) and =3.1415 m (the values for index of refraction are brought from [8,18])
medium type or particle material xp m (index of refractrion) (m-1) g
F1 5 1.33 1 1 0.8453
F2 2 1.33 1 1 0.6697
B1 1 108 1 1 -0.1794
B2 0.01 108 1 1 -0.4000
Carbon 2 2.20-1.12i 0.979 0.496 0.5990
Anthracite 2 2.05-0.54i 1.013 0.487 0.6549
Bituminous 2 1.85-0.22i 1.051 0.615 0.6456
Lignite 2 1.70-0.066i 0.916 0.822 0.5924
Ash 2 1.50-0.02i 0.574 0.907 0.6341
Carbon 0.5 2.20-1.12i 0.017 0.144 0.0562
Carbon 1 2.20-1.12i 0.224 0.396 0.2146
Carbon 3 2.20-1.12i 1.999 0.507 0.6997
Carbon 5 2.20-1.12i 5.172 0.542 0.7645

Table 2. Dimensionless G (=G/Ebw) along the centerline of the square enclosure (x=0.5 m) predicted by Kim et al. [20]
y(m) isotropic F1 F2 B1 B2
0.020 0.600355 0.518740 0.535868 0.616569 0.632666
0.060 0.556250 0.484921 0.498624 0.570840 0.585263
0.100 0.512708 0.449798 0.461528 0.525645 0.538400
0.140 0.474531 0.419550 0.429650 0.485822 0.496928
0.180 0.441868 0.394810 0.403170 0.451563 0.461070
0.220 0.412683 0.373385 0.379963 0.420857 0.428843
0.260 0.385379 0.353413 0.358333 0.392118 0.398681
0.300 0.359364 0.334146 0.337640 0.364761 0.369998
0.340 0.334617 0.315545 0.317857 0.338761 0.342773
0.380 0.311256 0.297782 0.299127 0.314241 0.317122
0.420 0.289369 0.281022 0.281556 0.291279 0.293117
0.460 0.268964 0.265367 0.265191 0.269885 0.270764
0.500 0.249999 0.250859 0.250021 0.250002 0.249999
0.540 0.232387 0.237473 0.235981 0.231539 0.230725
0.580 0.216013 0.225155 0.222990 0.214376 0.212815
0.620 0.200763 0.213820 0.210952 0.198395 0.196136
0.660 0.186516 0.203371 0.199764 0.183463 0 180560
0.700 0.173155 0.193714 0.189331 0.169461 0.165955
0.740 0.160570 0.184751 0.179558 0.156275 0.152204
0.780 0.148657 0.176397 0.170359 0.143791 0.139191
0.820 0.137300 0.168568 0.161635 0.131900 0.126801
0.860 0.126371 0.161186 0.153281 0.120471 0.114907
0.900 0.115699 0.154161 0.145179 0.109337 0.103343
0.940 0.105067 0.147404 0.137162 0.098291 0.091917
0.980 0.094238 0.140816 0.129025 0.087135 0.080447
45 American Journal of Mechanical Engineering

In addition, the evolution of infinite series in the above The integration of eq. (19) is calculated numerically
equation is terminated by the following relation of using the trapezoid rule with 1000 points in the range of -
Deirmendjian et al. [24]. 11.
n= 9 + 1.2 x p (15)

There are recursive formulae and series for calculation

3. Validation Check
of the Bessel and Hankel as well as Legendre polynomials
First the numerical code for the Mie scattering is
and their derivatives [24] that are used in this study to
validated by the results of Trivic et al. [8] and Kim et al.
write the numerical FORTRAN 90 code.
[20]. Consider a square enclosure of length L=1 m. The
bottom wall is black and hot (Eb,ref=1 W/m2) and other
2.3. Equivalent Isotropic Approximation walls are cold and black at 0K. The medium is purely
The equivalent scattering and extinction coefficients as scattering with =1 m-1. The indices of refraction are
well as the equivalent single scattering albedo can be assumed real and are brought in Table 1. Trivic et al. [8]
related to the original values according to the following and Kim et al. [20] considered this problem but just the
relations [21], results of Kim et al. [20] are brought here for the sake of
brevity. Their predicted values for G/Eb,ref along the
s,eq= (1 g ) s (16) centerline of enclosure (x=0.5 m) are reported in Table 2.
The results of this study are brought in Table 3. The
eq = (1 g )
+ s,eq = (17) identical 2525 spatial grid is used for better point-to-
point comparison. The Ls=33 is used as suggested in [8].
s,eq (1 g )
eq
= = (18) The finer sub-control angle is seen to produce
eq (1 g ) insignificant difference in results.
In addition, the numerical code is checked for the cases
where the dimensionless asymmetry factor is of complex indices of refraction of Table 1. The scattering
phase function for different values of (0) is
1 dI ( r, s ) dI ( r, s )
+ I ( r, s ) + S ( r, s )
= (19) obtained and is shown in Figure 1a and Figure 1b. They
c dt ds are exactly the same as the diagrams obtained by Trivic et
and =cos . al. [12] that are not shown here.

Table 3. Dimensionless G (=G/Ebw) along the centerline of the square enclosure (x=0.5 m) predicted in this study.
y(m) isotropic F1 F2 B1 B2
0.020 0.599530 0.519407 0.536840 0.614522 0.630658
0.060 0.559019 0.490733 0.503624 0.572443 0.586791
0.100 0.515640 0.456089 0.466700 0.527509 0.540154
0.140 0.473927 0.421347 0.430908 0.484273 0.495285
0.180 0.436937 0.390839 0.399591 0.445811 0.455250
0.220 0.405248 0.365777 0.373455 0.412717 0.420652
0.260 0.377859 0.345202 0.351482 0.384006 0.390520
0.300 0.353372 0.327464 0.332195 0.358285 0.363474
0.340 0.330672 0.311171 0.314405 0.334444 0.338408
0.380 0.309122 0.295505 0.297435 0.311840 0.314682
0.420 0.288479 0.280168 0.281038 0.290226 0.292042
0.460 0.268740 0.265196 0.265231 0.269591 0.270468
0.500 0.250000 0.250780 0.250147 0.250024 0.250039
0.540 0.232367 0.237142 0.235934 0.231623 0.230846
0.580 0.215911 0.224465 0.222704 0.214453 0.212941
0.620 0.200647 0.212856 0.210506 0.198524 0.196327
0.660 0.186538 0.202348 0.199332 0.183790 0.180954
0.700 0.173501 0.192906 0.189123 0.170165 0.166726
0.740 0.161418 0.184443 0.179782 0.157526 0.153516
0.780 0.150144 0.176839 0.171188 0.145724 0.141172
0.820 0.139512 0.169950 0.163200 0.134587 0.129517
0.860 0.129330 0.163622 0.155661 0.123922 0.118357
0.900 0.119384 0.157694 0.148394 0.113519 0.107482
0.940 0.109454 0.152000 0.141198 0.103167 0.096693
0.980 0.099330 0.146370 0.133846 0.092687 0.085831
Then the ability of the code is examined for the case of shown in Figure 2a. All walls are black at Tw=0K. The
non-orthogonal mesh. The transient radiative heat transfer extinction coefficient is 1 m-1. The characteristic time step
in 2D quadrilateral enclosure of Figure 2a is considered. is tc=h/400c where h=1 m for this case. It is found that
The enclosure is filled with an emitting, absorbing and further decrease in tc does not change the results
non-scattering medium at Tref. The 2525 grid system is significantly. The dimensionless radiative heat flux on the
 American Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46

bottom wall is compared with previously published results seen. This can secure the accuracy of the results of
of Chai et al. [10]. The comparison is shown in Figure 2b. subsequent sections.
As it can be seen in all cases a good agreement between
the results of present study and previously reported ones is

Figure 1. Scattering phase function for (a) different materials of Table 1 at xp=1 and (b) for Ash at different particle size parameters

Figure 2. The validation check for FT6 FVM with non-orthogonal grid (a) the geometry and grid and (b) the dimensionless heat flux on the bottom wall

The temporal dimensionless heat flux on the bottom

4. Results and Discussions
The transient radiative heat transfer is numerically
investigated in a quadrilateral of Figure 2a. It should be
stated that the radiative equilibrium condition is applied to
all cases. All the walls are black. The wall number 3 is hot
(Eb,ref=Tref4=1 W/m2). Other walls are cold at 0K. The
medium is initially at 0K. The characteristic time step is
tc=h/400c.
First the dielectric particles (those with real index of
refraction) of Table 1 in medium with =1 m-1 are
considered. For the sake of analysis, the medium is
assumed purely scattering and eq. (14) is not used to find
the values of and s.
wall of Figure 2a is illustrated in Figure 3a and Figure 3b
for F1 and B2. It is seen that for forward scattering
medium, in each time step the heat flux on the bottom
surface is higher because the value of radiative intensity is
larger in comparison with backward scattering. In these
figures Mie calculations are compared with the equivalent
isotropic approximation. It should be noted that both of
the media are assumed purely scattering. It is seen that the
equivalent isotropic approximation underpredicts the
radiative flux for backward scattering medium and
overpredicts it for forward scattering medium. The reason
is that the equivalent optical thickness is higher than the
original value for the backward scattering. Therefore the
medium absorbs greater amount of energy and weaker
47 American Journal of Mechanical Engineering

radiative intensity reaches at the cold surface. Conversely, approximation and those of Mie theory is 9.0% which
the equivalent optical thickness is lower than the original happens for B2 at t/tc=600. The maximum relative
value for forward scattering. The maximum relative difference for the steady state results (t/tc=800) is 3.6%.
difference between the results of the equivalent isotropic

Figure 3. The temporal dimensionless heat flux on the bottom wall for (a) F1 (the forward scattering medium) and (b) B2 (the backward scattering
medium)

Figure 4. The scattering phase function for (a) different materials of Table 1 at xp=2 and (b) for carbon particles at different size parameters

Then the absorbing particles (those with complex index
of refraction) of Table 1 Are considered. The particle
density is NT=105 particles/cm3. The scattering phase
function for different materials at xp=2 is shown in Figure 4a.
The scattering phase function for different sizes of the
carbon particles is also shown in Figure 4b. It is easily
noticed that all particles have the forward scattering
character because their scattering phase functions have
higher values for acute angles of scattering. The peak of
the function happens at =0. This forward characteristic
becomes more significant for higher size parameters as
can be seen in Figure 4b where the peak of the scattering
phase function at =0 becomes more pronounced at
higher values of xp.
Figure 5 shows the dimensionless radiative flux on the
bottom surface. As shown in this figure, the difference in
the scattering phase function for various particles is not
much. Therefore the difference in the values of radiative
flux of Figure 5 is mainly attributed to the values of and
. Besides the fact that the radiative intensity travels with
lower changes in a media with lower extinction coefficient,
the value of single scattering albedo has a significant
impact on radiative transfer. In cold regions such as
neighborhood of the bottom wall, the first term on the
right of eq. (4) tends to zero and the source term reduces.
But the nodal coefficient (aP) remains unchanged.
Therefore the ratio of s to becomes important and
higher leads to higher radiative intensity. As a result the
 American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
heat flux in a medium such as ash with lower value of
and higher value of must be stronger.
Figure 5. The temporal dimensionless heat flux on the bottom surface
for different particulate media
Another noticeable issue in Figure 5 is the influence of
cold walls on the radiative heat flux of the bottom wall.
Figure 6. The temporal dimensionless heat flux on the bottom wall for media of (a) carbon particles and (b) lignite particles
5. Conclusions
In this work the transient radiative heat transfer in
particulate media with the radiative equilibrium condition
is considered. The solution is performed numerically by
coupling of Mie theory and FVM with CLAM scheme. It
is assumed that the medium itself (without the particles)
does not participate in radiative transfer. After validating
the code, different types of media are considered. In
addition, the results of applying Mie theory are compared
with the equivalent isotropic approximation. Based on the
results, some conclusions can be drawn:
48
The heat flux is low at smaller values of x because this
region of wall 1 sees more of wall 4 that is a cold wall.
When x/h increases, the influence of wall 4 diminishes
and in the midsection of the bottom wall (around x/h=1),
the heat flux reaches its peak under the influence of hot
wall 3. Then due to the presence of another cold wall (wall
2) the decrement of q starts and at the end of the bottom
wall, it again reaches minimum.
The comparison of Mie calculations with the equivalent
isotropic approximation for media of carbon and lignite
particles is displayed in Figure 6a and Figure 6b,
respectively. Again the heat flux is slightly overpredicted
by the equivalent isotropic approximation. The larger
relative difference between Mie theory and the equivalent
isotropic calculations is 4.3% which occurs for lignite
particles at t/tc=600. The maximum difference has
reduced since in these cases the medium is not purely
scattering and by using the equivalent approximation the
optical thickness does not change as significant as in the
cases of a purely isotropic medium. Also this difference is
larger for medium containing lignite particles because it
has a higher as reported in Table 1. As a result, applying
isotropic approximation changes its equivalent and
more abruptly relative to the media such as carbon
particles that have lower value of .
Radiative heat flux on the cold surface is higher
for forward scattering media;
The transient and steady state temperature fields
tend to be more uniform for forward scattering;
At a constant particle diameter ash particles have
the highest value of among absorbing particles
because they have the lowest absorptive index
among other materials of Table 1 and radiative
flux is higher for medium of fly ash particles;
The effect of cold walls is important in predicted
values of heat flux;
The equivalent isotropic approximation
underpredicts the heat flux on the cold surface for
49 American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
the backward scattering medium. It overpredicts
the heat flux for the forward scattering medium;
The radiative flux and integrated intensity are
higher for media with smaller particles;
The equivalent isotropic approximation is much
simpler than the Mie theory and its predictions
are accurate especially in the cases of forward
scattering and absorbing particles. Also it is more
accurate for the steady state solutions than the
transient ones. However, its key parameter, g, is
found when is obtained. Therefore an
analytical expression or numerical data of is
required.
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