Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
para el Desarrollo
Sustentable en
Mxico
Energas Renovables para el
Desarrollo Sustentable
en Mxico
MXICO, 2006
Publicado por:
Secretara de Energa (SENER)
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Editado por:
Dr. Juan Cristbal Mata Sandoval (SENER)
Dr. Bernhard Bsl (GTZ)
Andr Eckermann (GTZ)
Diseo Editorial:
Unidad de Comunicacin Social (SENER)
Mara Eugenia Silva Romo
Mario Armando Idueta Durn
Lucero Gonzlez Martnez
Autores:
Francisco Torres Roldn (Centro Mario Molina)
Emmanuel Gmez Morales (Centro Mario Molina)
Agradecemos la participacin de las siguientes
personas (orden alfabtico):
15 2 Actores
17 3 Energas Renovables en Mxico-El Estado Actual
y el Potencial
20 3.1 Energa Solar
20 3.2 Energa Elica
22 3.3 Energa Hidrulica
22 3.4 Bioenerga
24 3.5 Energa Geotrmica
24 3.6 Barreras en el desarrollo de las energas
renovables en Mxico
27 4 Marco Legal y Regulatorio-Avances y Perspectivas
27 4.1 Iniciativa de Ley para el Aprovechamiento de las
Fuentes Renovables de Energa (LAFRE)
28 4.2 Contrato de interconexin para
autoabastecimiento y otros instrumentos
28 4.3 Otras Iniciativas
31 5 Instrumentos de fomento econmicos y
financieros-Situacin Actual y Retos
31 5.1 Fondos de inversin
31 5.2 Fondos para incentivar la generacin
32 5.3 Bonos de carbono
32 5.4 Incentivos fiscales
33 6 Instrumentos de Planeacin
33 6.1 Programa para el Aprovechamiento de las
Fuentes Renovables de Energa
33 6.2 Prospectiva de Energas Renovables-
Una Visin al 2030 de la Utilizacin de las
Energas Renovables en Mxico
35 7 Desarrollo Tecnolgico
37 8 Energas Renovables para el Desarrollo Social
39 9 Conclusiones: Retos y Oportunidades para las
Energas Renovables en Mxico
83 Anexo 1: Bibliografa
85 Anexo 2: Listado de contactos
Mensaje del Secretario
para su proteccin.
Grfica 1
Intensidad energtica y de emisiones
4,6E-09 0.255
4,5E-09
Intensidad energtica 0.25
4,4E-09
Intensidad de emisiones
4,3E-09 0.245
4,2E-09
0.24
Kg CO2/$
4.1E-09
PJ/$
4E-09
0.235
3,9E-09
3,8E-09 0.23
3,7E-09
0.225
3,6E-09
3,5E-09 0.22
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Fuente: Centro Mario Molina (CMM) 2005, elaborado con datos del Balance Nacional de Energa 2004.
* Pesos de 1993.
Cuadro 1
Permisos de generacin con ER otorgados a particulares
1
Incluye petrleo crudo y condensados, gas natural asociado y gas natural no asociado.
2
www.cfe.gob.mx, CFE 2005, Mxico.
Grafica 2
5,462 PJ 6,049 PJ
6% Biomasa
6%
1% Geotrmica y elica
1% 2% Nucleoenerga
1%
5% Carbn
3%
4% Hidroenerga
4%
PJ
1994 2004
Capacidad instalada por tecnologa 2004-2014 Generacin bruta por tecnologa 2004-2014
64,210 348,170
8.6%
22.6%
GWh
MW
12.0%
36.4%
33.4%
18.1% Vapor 13.9% Vapor
Fuente: CMM 2005 Elaborado con datos de las Prospectivas del Sector Elctrico 2005-2014, SENER 2005.
Ejemplos de proyectos
3
Balance Nacional de Energa, www.anes.org, ANES 2005, Mxico. 6
www.energa.gob.mx, SENER 2005, Mxico.
4
www.energia.gob.mx , SENER 2005, Mxico. 7
Una Visin al 2030 de la Utilizacin de las Energas Renovables en Mxico, UAM 2005, Mxico.
5
Prospectivas del Sector Elctrico 2005-2014, SENER 2005, Mxico.
Fuente: Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Oaxaca, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2003.
Estado actual: En el 2004 se tenan instalados 3 MW; 2 Costos: De acuerdo con CFE, los montos de la inversin
MW en la zona sur-sureste y 1 MW en la zona noreste, con para estos sistemas son de 1,400 USD/kW, con un costo
los que se generaron 6 GWh de electricidad. de generacin de 4.34 centavos de dlar por kWh (USD/
kWh)9 y se estima que para el 2020 sean menores a los
Potencial: Los estudios del NREL8 y diversas instituciones 3 de USD por kWh10.
mexicanas (ANES, AMDEE, IEE) han cuantificado un
potencial superior a los 40,000 MW, siendo las regiones con
mayor potencial, el Istmo de Tehuantepec y las pennsulas Proyectos en desarrollo
de Yucatn y Baja California.
En el 2005 la CFE inici la construccin en la Venta,
Las condiciones elicas en el Istmo de Tehuantepec son Oaxaca, de la primera planta elica de gran escala en
de las mejores a nivel mundial. En Oaxaca hay zonas con Mxico (83 MW) que entrar en operacin en Octubre
velocidades del viento medidas a 50m de altura superiores de 2006. Adicionalmente, la SENER tiene programada
a 8.5 m/s, con un potencial de 6,250 MW, y otras con la construccin de otros 505 MW de capacidad elica (en
velocidades entre 7.7 y 8.5 m/s, con un potencial de 8,800 la modalidad de productor independiente) en la misma
MW. regin en los prximos aos, con lo que se espera tener
instalados 588 MW en 2014. Existen 7 permisos otorgados
En Baja California, las mejores zonas estn en las por la CRE para proyectos privados de autoabastecimiento
sierras de La Rumorosa y San Pedro Mrtir (274 MW). con tecnologa elica que aportarn en los prximos aos
Yucatn (352 MW) y la Riviera Maya (157 MW) tienen un total de poco ms de 950 MW al Sistema Elctrico
suficiente potencial para sustituir plantas que operan con Nacional.
combustleo, diesel y generadoras de turbogas.
8
Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Oaxaca, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 2003, 9
Balance Nacional de Energa 2003, SENER 2004, Mxico.
Estados Unidos de Amrica. 10
NREL Energy Analysis Office, www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2020.ppt.
Cuadro 2
Proyectos Elicos de la Cartera del Sector Energa
Centrales Capacidad Generacin
Elicas MW GWh/ao
La Venta II 83 325
La Venta III 101 363
La Venta IV 101 363
La Venta V 101 350
La Venta VI 101 350 Tecnologa: Utiliza materia orgnica como energtico,
La Venta VII 101 350
por combustin directa o mediante su conversin en
combustibles gaseosos como el biogs o lquidos como
Total 588 2,101
bioetanol o biodiesel.
Fuente: Prospectivas del Sector Elctrico 2005-2014, SENER 2005.
11
www.cre.gob.mx , CRE, Mxico.
12
www.conae.gob.mx , CONAE, Mxico.
13
Prospectiva del Sector Elctrico 2005-2014, SENER 2005, Mxico.
14
Balance Nacional de Energa 2003, SENER 2004, Mxico.
15
Sistema de Informacin Energtica: sie.energia.gob.mx/sie/bdiController , SENER 2005, Mxico.
16
Calatayud, Liliana y Jcome, Sergio, 2003, Mxico.
17
Libro Blanco de la Bioenerga en Mxico, Red Mexicana de Bioenerga 2005, Mxico.
18
Ciudad de Mxico, Guadalajara, Puebla, Nezahualcoytl, Tijuana, Ecatepec, Mrida, Acapulco,
Ciudad Jurez, y Tlalnepantla.
19
www.wheelabratortechnologies.com/WTI/CEP/nbroward.asp.
20
Libro Blanco de la Bioenerga En Mxico, Red Mexicana de Bioenerga 2005, Mxico.
21
Una Visin al 2030 de la Utilizacin de las Energas Renovables en Mxico, UAM 2005, Mxico.
22
Balance Nacional de Energa 2003, SENER 2004, Mxico.
generacin
Situacin Actual y Retos
23
Balance Nacional de Energa 2003, SENER 2004, Mxico.
Grfica 5
Escenario prospectivo al 2030
Geoenerga Geoenerga
y elica y elica
5% Biomasa 5% Biomasa
7% 3%
Hidroenerga Hidroenerga
1% 9% Petrleo
22%
Nucleoenerga Nucleoenerga
1% 2%
Carbn Carbn
3% Petrleo 6%
51%
Gas natural
32% Gas natural
53%
Fuente: CMM 2005, elaborado con datos de Una Visin al 2030 de la Utilizacin de las Energas Renovables en Mxico, UAM 2005, Mxico.
24
Censo de Poblacin y Vivienda, INEGI 2005, Mxico.
Grafca 6
Cobertura del Sistema Elctrico Nacional
97.09 y ms
95.87 a 97.08
94.65 a 95.86
89.78 a 94.64
89.77 y menos
El SIEPRCM pretende, en los prximos 5 aos, impulsar El SIEPRCM aportar a las localidades piloto
proyectos de electrificacin rural con ER, en los estados capacitacin para el desarrollo de actividades productivas
de Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca y Veracruz, dotando de relacionadas a la energa. Adems, proveer con
electricidad a 50,000 viviendas. El 60% de las localidades capacitacin tcnica local para dar mantenimiento a los
a electrificar son de poblacin indgena. Se llevar a equipos y coadyuvar en la formacin de estructuras
cabo en estrecha colaboracin con la Comisin Nacional inter-institucionales para el desarrollo de proyectos de
para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indgenas (CDI), en el electrificacin rural con ER; asegurando as, la rplica del
marco de su programa de apoyo en infraestructura bsica proyecto piloto en comunidades aledaas.
(PIBAI) en los 50 municipios ms pobres del pas. Para
ello se utilizarn diversas tecnologas incluyendo celdas Los recursos para su desarrollo consistirn de una donacin
fotovoltaicas, turbinas elicas, plantas micro-hidrulicas, GEF, a fondo perdido por 15 MUSD, y un prstamo
pequeas plantas generadoras con biomasa y sistemas de Banco Mundial por 15 MUSD, que apalancarn
hbridos ER-diesel. una inversin estatal y municipal por 60 MUSD.
Adicionalmente se buscar una coinversin de programas
federales como Micro-Regiones de SEDESOL y PIBAI de
CDI; as como privada por 10 MUSD para tener una bolsa
total de 100MUSD a invertir en 5 aos.
Edited by:
Dr. Juan Cristbal Mata Sandoval (SENER)
Dr. Bernhard Bsl (GTZ)
Andr Eckermann (GTZ)
Publishing design:
Unit of Social Communication (SENER)
Mara Eugenia Silva Romo
Mario Armando Idueta Durn
Lucero Gonzlez Martnez
Authors:
Francisco Torres Roldn (Centro Mario Molina)
Emmanuel Gmez Morales (Centro Mario Molina)
Translated by:
Carolina Fuentes Castellanos
We thank the participation of the following people
(alphabetic order):
55 2 Actors
57 3 Renewable Energies in MexicoStatus Quo
and Potential
60 3.1 Solar Energy
60 3.2 Wind Energy
62 3.3 Hydropower
62 3.4 Bioenergy
64 3.5 Geothermal energy
64 3.6 Barriers to the development of
renewable energies in Mexico
73 6 Planning instruments
73 6.1 Program for the Use of Renewable
Energy Sources
73 6.2 Renewable Energy OutlookA Vision for 2030
on the Use of Renewable Energies in Mexico
75 7 Technological Development
Graph 1
Energy and emissions intensity
4,6E-09 0,255
4,5E-09
Energy intensity 0,25
4,4E-09
Emissions intensity
4,3E-09 0,245
4,2E-09
0,24
Kg CO2/$
4,1E-09
PJ/$
4E-09
0,235
3,9E-09
3,8E-09 0,23
3,7E-09
0,225
3,6E-09
3,5E-09 0,22
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: Centro Mario Molina (CMM) 2005, made with data from the National Energy Balance 2004.
* 1993 pesos.
Chart 1
RE generation permits granted to private actors
1
Includes crude oil and condensated, associated and non-associated natural gas.
Graph 2
5,462 PJ 6,049 PJ
6% Biomass
6%
1% Geothermal & wind
1% 2% Nuclear
1%
5% Coal
3%
4% Hydropower
4%
PJ
1994 2004
348,170
64,210
8.7% To be defined
9.6% To be defined
2.5% Geothermal & wind
2.5% Geothermal & wind 2.5% Nuclear
46,552
2.1% Nuclear
4.2% Dual
3.3% Dual
208,634
2.1% 5.1% Coal 6.8% Coal
2.9%
4.5% 3.2% 8.9% Hydropower
4.4%
5.6% 19.9% Hydropower
3.8%
8.6%
22.6%
GWh
MW
12.0%
36.4%
33.4%
18.1% Steam 13.9% Steam
Source: CMM 2005 Elaborado con datos de las Prospectivas del Sector Elctrico 2005-2014, SENER 2005.
Examples of projects
Potential: With an average solar insolation of 5 kWh/m2, 3 Technology: In 1997, the average wind turbine had a
Mexicos potential is one of the highest in the world. By capacity between 600 and 750 kW. By 2005, wind turbines
the year 2013, 25 MW with photovoltaics are expected to with capacities ranging from 2 to 3 MW were available
be installed for a generation of 14 GWh/year. In addition, a in the market, as well as prototypes of up to 6 MW. The
combined cycle hybrid system with a 25 MW solar system is biggest diameter in the year 2000 was of 80 meters while at
planned to be in place by 2009 (Agua Prieta II, Sonora)4. present it reaches 120 meters.
Costs: Photovoltaic systems are currently a feasible Status Quo: 3 MW were installed in 2004; two of them in
option in sites located far away from the electric grid and, the South-Southeast and one in the Northeast zones of the
for uses such as electrification, rural communications, country, which generated 6 GWh of electricity.
water pumping and cathodic protection, among others.
2
Balance Nacional de Energa, www.anes.org, ANES 2005, Mxico. 5
www.energa.gob.mx, SENER 2005, Mxico.
3
www.energia.gob.mx , SENER 2005, Mxico. 6
Una Visin al 2030 de la Utilizacin de las Energas Renovables en Mxico, UAM 2005, Mxico.
4
Prospectivas del Sector Elctrico 2005-2014, SENER 2005, Mxico.
Source: Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Oaxaca, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2003.
Potential: NREL7 studies as well as those obtained from Costs: According to CFE, the investment needed is of
several Mexican institutions (ANES, AMDEE, IEE), 1,400 USD/kW, with a generation cost of 4.34 USD cents
identified a potential superior to 40,000 MW. The regions per kWh (USD/kWh)8. Costs are expected to be less than
with the largest potential are located in the Tehuantepec 3 USD cents per kWh by 20209.
Isthmus, state of Oaxaca, and the Yucatan and Baja
California peninsulas.
Projects in development
Wind conditions in the Tehuantepec Isthmus are among
the best in the world. Certain regions in the state of Oaxaca In 2005 CFE began the construction of the first large-scale
register wind speeds over 8.5 m/s (measured at 50 m height), wind plant in Mexico (83 MW) in La Venta, Oaxaca. This
with a potential of 6,250 MW, while other zones have plant will initiate operations in October 2006. In addition,
been found with velocities between 7.7 and 8.5 m/s, with a SENER has planned the construction of an additional
potential of 8,800 MW. 505 MW of wind energy (in the modality of self-supply)
in the same region over the next years. Approximately 588
In Baja California, the best zones are located in the MW are expected to be installed by 2014. Seven permits
Rumorosa and San Pedro Mrtir mountain ranges (274 have been granted by the CRE for wind energy self-supply
MW). Yucatan (352 MW) and the Mayan Riviera (157 private projects that will provide over 950 MW to the
MW) have enough potential to substitute fuel oil and National Electric System over the following years.
diesel generation plants, and turbo gas generators.
7
Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Oaxaca, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 8
Balance Nacional de Energa 2003, SENER 2004, Mxico.
2003, United States of America. 9
NREL Energy Analysis Office, www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2020.ppt .
Chart 2
Wind energy projects in the Energy Sector portfolio
10
www.cre.gob.mx , CRE, Mxico. 14
Sistema de Informacin Energtica: sie.energia.gob.mx/sie/bdiController , SENER 2005,
11
www.conae.gob.mx , CONAE, Mxico. Mxico.
12
Prospectiva del Sector Elctrico 2005-2014, SENER 2005, Mxico. 15
Calatayud, Liliana y Jcome, Sergio, 2003, Mxico.
13
Balance Nacional de Energa 2003, SENER 2004, Mxico.
16
Libro Blanco de la Bioenerga en Mxico, Red Mexicana de Bioenerga 2005, Mexico.
17
Ciudad de Mxico, Guadalajara, Puebla, Nezahualcoytl, Tijuana, Ecatepec, Mrida, Acapulco,
Ciudad Jurez, y Tlalnepantla.
18
www.wheelabratortechnologies.com/WTI/CEP/nbroward.asp.
19
Libro Blanco de la Bioenerga en Mxico, Red Mexicana de Bioenerga 2005, Mxico.
20
Una Visin al 2030 de la Utilizacin de las Energas Renovables en Mxico, UAM 2005, Mxico.
21
Balance Nacional de Energa 2003, SENER 2004, Mxico.
generation
Besides the LAFRE Trust Fund (chapter 4.1), there are
Instruments of economic
22
Balance Nacional de Energa 2003, SENER 2004, Mxico.
Graph 5
Prospective scenario by 2030
Geothermal Geothermal
& wind & wind
5% Biomass 5%
7% Biomasa
Hydropower 3%
Hydropower
1% 9% Crude oil
22%
Nuclear Nuclear
1% 2%
Coal Coal
3% Crude oil 6%
51%
Natural gas
Natural gas
32%
53%
Source: CMM 2005, prepared with data from Una Visin al 2030 de la Utilizacin de las Energas Renovables en Mxico, UAM 2005, Mxico.
23
Censo de Poblacin y Vivienda, INEGI 2005, Mxico.
Graph 6
National Electric System Coverage
The SIEPRCM intends, within the next 5 years, to promote The SIEPRCM will provide training for the development
RE rural electrification projects in the states of Chiapas, of energy related productive activities to the pilot
Guerrero, Oaxaca and Veracruz, providing electricity populations. It will also provide local technical assistance
to 50,000 homes. Sixty percent of the communities to be for equipment maintenance and will aid in the integration
electrified are of indigenous population. This project will of inter-institutional structures for the development of RE
be carried out in close collaboration with the National rural electrification projects, thus ensuring replication of
Commission for the Development of Indigenous People the pilot project in surrounding communities.
(CDPI for its acronym in Spanish), under the framework
of its Program in Support of Basic Infrastructure (PIBAI The resources for its development will consist in a GEF
for its acronym in Spanish) in the 50 poorest municipalities grant of 15 million USD and a World Bank loan of 15 million
of the country. They will use diverse technologies including USD that will leverage state and municipal investments
photovoltaics, wind energy, micro-hydro plants, small totaling 60 million USD. Additionally, a co-investment of
biomass generators and hybrid RE-diesel systems. federal programs will be sought, such as the micro-regions
of the Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL) and
PIBAI of CDI, as well as private investments of 10 million
USD to maintain a total investment of 100 million USD
over a period of 5 years.
Support to the development of technological maps is Finally, the objective of the package of incentives and
necessary. IIE developed a wind energy map with the goal modifications to the legal and regulatory framework is to
of having a reliable evaluation of the national potential of set the stage for the development of new projects and to
each RE source. Once the LAFRE is approved, resources ensure their feasibility in order to increase the use of RE.
will be destined for this purpose since it establishes that Such actions are part of a National Strategy that will allow
20% of the budget assigned to research and development for progress in the fulfillment of the Mexican Governments
must be committed to technological maps. commitments to ensure future generations a country with
economic growth that takes into consideration long term
As long as no additional resources are made available, social and environmental variables and fosters a transition
it is convenient to promote wind energy development in towards a sustainable development.
Oaxaca, concentrating efforts in consolidating projects
that are already under development. It is also necessary
to strengthen RE research groups that currently have
limited resources, resulting in incipient technological
development in new areas like liquid fuel production,
biomass gasification or hydrogen production through the
use of RE.
ISBN: 970-9983-07-5