Chapter 11 Texture Evaluat Abstract In ic ota dfed and then th al, uty, and ile exes ete fo xt) ar decribed in deal Serr exe mesure Contents s one betwee nue an eno texte easton tre dere led by lel Bot 11.1 Texture Defined 23 rete tte sensory and funcoaal maifesaton of te 3 Seca ough he teres of von. ang, ch FR Spd kinetcs” She ten yes on enhance to sey reponse 1 ect male purametr abu ae foe bli Bourne 200: Chen 207, 2008 Kiet 2004, MeKenna, 2003; Mork 1987 Rosenthal, 199; Sessa, 2007: Wiison el“he wee of an obj is paced by he ees ot sgt (lee, nc (ae wat) sd ‘ound estoy tee some pcs aon Sess ser sed pce e pode xe ‘hh oar tues te te pocened BY nom Sino of bs ne fr otal esi of Ta nea pe Tce an oe ine ova tm a aie an an ator eerpcn (iors, 147) Teele an) Farid lhl cn etn Yul, te {Gus an thn popsepve oan whe fog he mille wih roves wel BY we ‘States nh mot al an omar (1957 mee ong th 10 diseparh Steen “ugh i) ea” Cae {io tns oft Viva eae 8 fen we by comme an inc of pret Es, ferumpl itt spac snd tele paps ue Soamet be emccnpable i gulty Green {oa Kann 1971, ea, vin texture cs eae pecans a1 0 the an fee cre ‘Comic of poche. When the ial and be ie tetas of prt ae a toe te dcancy cies & dove pdt Tot ext cn te een! npr de comer Yost lt nd fn ext fe pony tad by fe commer ot a nde A oo ney at aan cao od aly Sear ad Kab (7) ound aol: Slow alee comme searecs of wx Ths indi night eceomomi cases wee ae feo ee ars eed art ta ein we comics Acne enployed ‘mae sepay pce ety mae cl ob ue ane pal pope (Sco ed ig, 8), Seen 202 ts no ihe mai iter of conser ep fon the that ike oe i fulleour fhe ood pled or mth ump un in fs Se ve wih spec ans th pars a ‘nae or tar agg cota” Tobe 11 ‘Mca fe clave snporance of mune ped ods = ih some fn te pee tae te most imporan enya he pict For ese prod dfn te poe re wold ve Te legen teetering) i Sumer? eee san ' wero os ‘adn Samir Kate (9T i chun ny ene cone ace ety an exomey sega inact on consume’ eos Feipomcs te proce Examples a sey (0 ‘rap pot chips ovgh (oo ede) steak, and wid (ootcrncy) cde sok nhs fods he ext Of the produc is important but iti soe te princi! fl easy shart the poduct Examples hay ead and many vegetables Lasioued et (20) sted tat about 20% of Brad accept (rs ated toca textarea tl ote foo th Feed exe tas 4 minor role i the aeceptane be podct and examples ius with eaely low vroies uch a win sos “Fe went comrat within fod on he lator cos fod pout i 8 eal spartan A est ‘Srvising of mated pon, pureed wie sq Sd ground bet sounds mock les appeing ta fee consisting of Salisbury seak French fs, ad hanks of win aqush yl the dilerece berween the two meas ae all lod fo texte. Secesnik Sn Kab (184) formulate general pense that Shout! be kept in mind when cen textural om ‘ein indivi fone oars foods within ame Fide and Wied (1993) frmuled he rin fhe dpaie cnr (he momento-moment change cp sensory tear ona in tbe mouth ing chew ‘hp xpos fore ih platy of potato 1 cm pe and of ram. Aca xan Pion wnt dame comras would be ie cea candy ncusons and cocolat covers ane Masten. “Te imporance of etre in the ideniaion of foods was shows by Sinan (1977) who ended {Su pared 2 food producto elimina th textual ais Se then sled her pees 0 a the GEIS ent he food pric: Onell aboot “so fod praca wore dena cosy by ot ‘ar ocighcallege stents, Oly €% of he panels aid corey ienty Blended cabbage: 7 cor ‘Sit deed pared cvumber 41 corey ‘fed lnded bee, 695 coc deed post ‘ou, anf 81% corecdy enti pursed apoe. ‘un da octet Amercn consis 9 ‘rc infrmatn when ey Wnty and cls ood vet woré-ssocaton set Socsniak nd Kleys (098 fond tat foods elite texte responses dit {tonal The percentage fxd pons (So acct (re 208) foc peanut baer. Tprangel‘ond caked pe crt. Te pals ed Moat 79 texture words, with 20 words sed 25 roo ines by he TOD pncins © dscbe te Sits, The mos aque used words desi ‘ens Got had, ow and tend pesto (Tixtnnas, and moisture cotent (ry, wet. mos ip, Mesa etal (1970) wed he Sezai {Klee (1963) say as a Bs tidy the tie deseripions of eva Japanese panei. They Trad thatthe pate wed any more word (robe texture 405) tan tbe Amen pani {O>) Ts wat probly ot ue wo gene ier ‘Cetera the wo groups tet do cla Cittrncer sce Tapanese fous tend 1 have oe tenor ety tan Amesean foods. Aion. the TapanseTangege so vey ch i sob ‘Sacer and oder reaendets would ely ave wed ‘Sermo terms sce they "woul ave » gree ‘Cowiatge of fpanese tan younger people” Lae, Soren (197, coments oa he ono Se mare tapas texte ters That te Sr ums Sd kee fp texte hat 8 oh (1980 alo wie he Suresh and Key (096) udy as bai to wady Asian ee escrito. Tey found ht ines tases (100 SSP ioe females) tod 10S ust erms in rd socaon ith 50 fads. Eighteen of these ‘etoe were wed ore than 25 cmes cach while “Tem wore wid et an 5 times cach, When on (1990) compared is aa with Szoesik and lye (963), Snes (197) an Yoslaws (OSR0 fou ative of een most een Sood coms were sar sos sues Tae (12) Daned oo tes sie we can ths sae th ‘nesta ems and veraions ae nivel A085 Sates, However, tere are some ajo exceptions. Xe pune ot by Rowdaut ea. 2902 in France ‘al ant ls ar ot coo “ost” (Glo yet ine United Stas hse pois. when {So ae toque escrbed as rsp. The 228077 {Beer py tenon not aly te preied Bavo. (Snead cor dimension of fod rods bat 0 (Sie prin eal tacts. Drake (1989) biel a ot of text terms in 23 Language. Fas in is imabable when wainig pals wo Tre nerantv Engh speakers of pul in ferent aula 112 Thee mst Egy tee om ‘Rn gn we ed Su a ee ets ce Say rane Se ey I Sty ey Sa We Gruyter ee oes sh 0) ‘Site a ey mae a i + ned me eames11.2 Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Texture lace perceptions of wx in sors detain We wl discs how the sesoey spect cn eae sual quence of texture perception when conus ing food product is vital evaluation osu followed by diet (withthe fingers) anor indo with ety wens sucha kof fork. or soon ‘ong, pate, saliva} evaluations Concent nog Sng subbing the food wid a wens) are ane ea (one) easton of enn. eiapy, caste (ica 1999, 11.2.1 Visual Texture Many suc hance of fod prot do not nt afte pie spent pe fa ao afte percepon of tae, Comune, ‘pct peding ar to perceived at lng e south Vaal tents aten har some cy ith spperance cfu sucht ne, pae sd taletnos (cnc ia Caper 13) bene ‘eidon we wll cu Wiel trae sa elas these ape tems. These vis eta ‘ou nce ohne, nomi, us pose inet blooms, pressnes tne age 4s notes, wing. nd sre wets (Chen 207, Tre ate roughest ofa one te conte can essed oh vial sd ph se nd ‘and acl evuations. The Miser ee ore his was assed by Brower cal 207 ha ood {hte Bsr tet was mga land ea Poca dnces of th lsc In hand rum sppewasce say tied pats have cl ted foe (vin etinaton of een of Sea of wry ft pore si tod ‘ton (:. dpe ofoenaton af te crane ge) (Gone Baron and Bat, 208) tasonekcr te vinal canon a het es Usg cso as ote cp thee vi ici cu be mangled deen of the meine cada de Wk a 0 fond tte vial tate he Habe rn, change he onl este glo te ec {aan srebey opus ong al oot ot ing pn pon Co ngs wc ne Son let athe suce feriing spo oes ssid an spon song Ce dee ‘which be rote oven he ack of he poet ie by ing «sponta tom ee noe sy Tey fod tt ah apn imps S e covering wet hihy coined win pred oa UhcknssThe vcoty ail canbe mncans we Alby ping etl tom aon eg conn ory ealnig the peng of ts a e's horaonal sie (Eee ta ote Kincopu an Steman 18, Shame Wore Jae tal (200 ind sri pro ry slow you ig vial eae mse 4 ny oni tad rato for fae ed So (01) wed sped compara eo ing echiqar wvouly enh he pened ay of wal exe angles well a phoopoy: eee te sole. Tey oun tha te pel cone fet is dred by eto mchoah ce oe 11.2.2 Auditory Texture 4m sme ass, consames my find that dhe sounds (autor ete asecinted wi ein soos et ezathel impact he Badoni esponcs ual 8 Me pt a ex pty sun Imade wth imdogaty nigel spinach eee. other hd, any tet cn add potest sumer cag enjoyment ax wel, camps ae te sounds seca with any beaks sels he crunchy sounds sss with sing « ty ple. Consumes ofa ound a an ineton of fo quay. Many of ws ve ll humped s meee oa to deine it pens (a Bll snd Treaty went an ws Soe Vien Bou (970 Cat eos So are of ‘eteoct by Lines nd var Vine 0, Sonne a" Go and Van 0) Sone oe ce y mech duce wich gene Earalat eae Sc ttbebres of he mee Daren. 9). i ander cy fot li to canon, sary nth on oy fe Sod yn faint ep of ft (at 9 Spf he ah td ee co prs fig ete ef cgh war Seater mets tcl cme on te utnarpese spt al nal Tee ‘Sear hws cle fay we Ae uncon cer Wien be tare tdssyel by wenger ein tests psc tie poces tr ina ard lon Spo pepund ewe cpos epee a ee Crops te lo, Wir gd cls a tote de we sen wa of he er te The oun of me pcre ns tes Sic no fea igh Expy a ‘cs © mic moins te gt ps eo bcs cm pvt Ses acpi On ort egsng yep fd, me colic caer cps te ast moi al fi deveaes he perced cp af fe Ths product hal oct any Wate al or ey wal Wen ease te ay wag ald fag ap bc senate slo sup ct te, Sareea sca snd a ‘ing oon erste omen fy op iat nase wala ny os ak lem of end pean ni Veter (ian Ciena Ve (81) shed ta cg nd cc of ten fot an be rac ts fre sne ot te bso ovate che somone as (be vitations produc by the fn a is deemed (Crtenen and Vike, 191) Howser network by Emir and Vickers (1985) ndatd tary tapes is ot edundat with orate copes, ‘lations and Vickers (197) si indie at ‘aps, = sory cancers apocatd with food sound They had panelists evaluate th sity betweee pas sounds predunt y eishng te foo wh ir, (ble 1.3). The resus of er sdy need there may be two sentry chronic seputg nest of te sound Ar the ludrest of the sounds inte te pants” pereptons of the inten: lene, ares and snapietloncened Wen the sound is coninuos (even tepals peste Tell 11.3 fest it ae cued len prac See ety (Seka me (Sennen napa Pop le Page ac Rt peaw ip 1 oe rege ed uh Yom wee "ne enh onite exareo popping or apy and when he sound ‘St conloses er pcan et tng or pin. Zama nl Spence (00) showed ta pont chip vere persed s being cise by panelists when he tethorsnereied the ovr sound level sited win bag the ip Boween the on ho hen they ined wastacremnd, or when ey sete ample fe hah-eqotey Sounds (ete range of 201d Dacrenon (1995) foend that crispy foods wee chance by ‘high lees of alpconacid Dgtteqeemey tounde (Ste), ernchy foods ‘er charter by low pod ons th peak in airconcton a 125-2 KH, sad erly fos stte charmed by low phe wom wi a igh [el of tone condo, Crochines acaaly mow read to a larger proportion of lowed ‘ounds wih frequencies less tan 19 kf wile a relatively lger proportion of high ich sounds Frouencies igh han LO KH elt agness (Seymour snd) Hanane, 1985; Viker, 9840, 19S). is moe difbulti eterine the cece of 1 fod though Istenng to Someone ce since trary of te lower pled sounds one ean le tings echy fod i snedated tog he bones ofthe sll and jw 10 the ear (Dacron, 1995) ‘The han joe a sl resonate at so 6 Zand sound in ie freteay rang ae apie by the boc, his the pels own erech ounce ate persed 1 be lower an! kde han thse of 2 person neat to the panels Kapur, 1971. When taming pei oxalate perce ners of ‘runchinet ove should ein hem sche th od withthe molars while the mouth ep cloned Most ofthe hgh tegen sounds wil be damped bythe Sol sae an he recy sounds wil betes ‘rough he kl anda honest th a. Sty, when traning patelsts to evaluate the pore Innit of rapes one shoul tain he och ‘he ood wih be molar while the mou ep open (Cee a, 1990) This metod of chewing i en a | Nolan of courtesy in some cares bt Boing Fashion Most of the higher equa sour wll el united hough a 1 he ears (Dacron al, 1090, ‘Another view of esp and ertchy foals looks 2 te tmesequence of breakage, the deformation fd apie of the ood epon aplon of fre whereas crunchy fous beak in several suse Sages Thus, csp food wil aways be perted {crip reurios of the way the breaking fre | spp buts ricky food ay be perceived rutehy or crisp depending te sping foes A Celery sick whee cowed by te molars wil bo pt epebty rnchy ice wl ek msc bot clery sick sapped Between the ands wl be perceptbly csp since the ak wil raking ‘ikers (1981) fund nara pose ova the persed hardness af rip fod bated 00 sd loge: Cat Prada (2007 ines that the bess eth of scaling acolo of ap ods ‘comets wit hana sensory toss ms bet ferent from te Pex profes be wed for Fue mechanical arly. This may be eae barnes 5s componet of erispre in dee fons. Vicker (19b4a also evahed the sudtry component of the craclitess of foo. She found that ie es est and crunches, ccines cul be stand by ether sound oracle evaluation. The number a ampli fsa repeated aie concaed wih the repo of cracklinest. However, on-scene fons wee more wt ta sur senaons forthe ‘siessnet of hans for most ons As pod oo by Chen (208) th ioctl perepon ett allows hose ar of hearing al ey cp i 11.2.3 Tactile Texture Tri texte ca be dive ino oracle exe, mouth fee haart, phe changes inte or iy. and te ate eta perce when manips lang objet y hand olen wed fr bic rape sa ll "andor ith 11.231 Oral-tacteTeture Sonchcted ithe mouth Tepe el mao salva, tong, apd the dat ae ioe ine Pe {pion of er texture. Chen (209), Leaf ea (209), Xu eal 2008, van der Bi a2. Bourne (208) and Lac eal (2002)povide viws fond ral proesing, masse, and the eflcs Soc psisogy onthe pesepo of fod ext Sesodg 0 am Vite a (208) and ake the ‘reece ofl texte perspton moles ingesice te lips bing byte toa Gace eth, chow iy ot had foods y te sols, wecing with saa Iu enya retidown, defor of smisaié feeds between the tongue and ied pala. manipy Tavon of the foe ines balus by te tongue and ating ingestion hip may sigan hat the foodis sik ling, hard grainy, ce. For example, Engelen ES GOT had he panels ate posed ous Sus and slipperios of carr and mayoanalss by ‘ebbing he ange agit te sie of ep. “Thera eas te perceptions ofa, ing). obese, crumiy elo ocr The fre applied ‘Siig thers ene te fo iat. Moc Su Peon (1995) ang pelet taped odes fund {ft for sas food mois alcome eases) the the force mar ymment he fod did wot rac and the peeved fades wae red w he pereied (eforaton under constant Be foc. A od ex prof sc food probaly does ate ut sme food sch as eiatingelscome close For fo model thx were more pla (ental wanes) he iting ore Increases un il poe eached Whee he food exist ow zd then acre. Tie urd atte Iona ie face was gly celal percied ‘ness (r=090) A el fod empleo plastic fo bute. For rie fod mods (Harmar (alles) they found at me fs be iting le Sts the short with abrapt nemaes and decrees ie ore and agin poraved ardees was highly clad © maximal bae fre (098) Cokie, fea eal wold food example of «bite produc. Fereived hares fas on fie ite ceases wih fond thickness (Agra at Loca, 2003). De Wik (£21 008) ound thatthe Bie sz ough asta for $hocolte favor day soma was iia Soler (38203 than fora cocoate Bavord i iy dink (8.74045 However, when thee itor inved he i fot (hy ing pap) they found hc bse Siler sapere ‘Cheng lngmens si ands 0d Foods to sell enough prels to swallow and 10 mi ese Pareles with salva to frm a Tabac blu for ‘allowing There lage vation chewing ches oss roe ely 16, 98S, Winerwt oe, 08 207g a 2058) Four at br #7 aja wih somal eatoe be Sewn tots eiy | ow pent forswalowag ranged Gm 0110 ngewe nian poe mo Sle tne ec over cing len al pes fy tn for slowing (glen Sosa, Tr ens fond a eg ts evened sone of chew oc pt 0 > tovng Food hanno outely cones Gants lagi dering ce tod mek avy ‘Soon wihcowing over al 208, Fuching Say 20m, Winger ca 307). Bis ta {27 showed at ceed supe sine nt ese 12 ord ne tere ty Pot om Neate. York be Une Kgl ed pe ngs eluate ids and semsoide. Aadtonly, te cohesiveness f mass anda cle was developed 5 Mtoe (1986) pubobed 3 paper descibing the selection one peda anchor te intensypints ‘onthe Sadar ale. Between 1963 ad 1986 many rods a changed in fomalaion a wer m0 lenge rewesenutive of «peti intnsy on x pet {ed Texare Profle sale anders were oo abe anymore. Sh ao moti and esha ot number fe scale deen, Table 11.7 and 118 ar pic pally based onthe improvemens othe Texts Profle made by Mur (1988). (Others have moi be standard sales co tt te suit hei aa, see for example, Chan (G008) who cretd ae slo te we and fod this cae the ator sed scotia parame ad sensory palit 10 deenine te appropeat ps {eso oe on he tnd seals, few ees he ‘oticatons ofthe Tene rile standard sels ‘fete made becniae te Aeron fod prec cd 1 anchors wee at aaa tbr Count, ‘kample, Baume ot al (1975, or Otepbayo oa (2003) tor non-food produc, tx Sch (1975) ‘The Schwa paper awl aring place for san are procs snd related penal ae o conmetc ema that have importa sin fol popes The review by Skier (988) i 4 very comple tee The sensory tex profile i il nase ce, for example, Lee and Resumes (20) hase he Seige for eat bute and Breland Mellen (GOO1) who ted it for chess, Chauvin et a (2008) desloped ew standard sae for eis‘eases De — omg wih he pa stp, Th al tet ee se tecoe pated oboe tone cot ih ep towers ewes tenet of pnt spray eng Sateen Poker oon posse ne el lcd Cie Aout rosters y ema ete ge wen ing ely ‘Soups noe i rons euecn oer pos cmp as. ig ope fet consi “Sop tener oa se einen pe sh le ‘7 Fecbeim anc be ange pas en pce wen ay be cone we et os oe imple up amp pd een Anam i agit et st rai fe esa evaiefaiasaural ty decmpiafemaneionstzedat ‘ede ar OG Bs 77D cracls. aod crunches ley and wet ads 11.3.2 Other Sensory Texture Evaluation (ae 119 Techniques ‘Crdelo eta. (1982) wed fread ag tude eimai ores the stad texture pole ‘eas ot aienee chen, faci, ar test pummines sod acon. Tey found at tbe Cheon tls of he wauonal Texare pote we omene dowevard when plowed agama tbe mage {ode ciation seals, Ti cts that for these ruc the peels exhibits restr dscrmioton the lower levels fie Tis pater on isan with Web's ow se Chapa). Weber’ aw feds smaller dflerence tesla ow ietel of meray The data lo uggs that he rom rom ‘Stegny sales and mage eximaton seas ar ‘itor bt sear “The sensory scent dost athe iin 2 patel tnatss oui diferentes ath ext of Od (ie Foreagle, Weenn tal. (2008) wed conse Sts waning aia «pane fo elute yoni Salad desing, cit, and warm sce. They Found tht he pone! grouped the sensory tx of these semis foods nn six lates (nso asc lated abs utc feed bts; elk Fomogensiy aed atnbucs, adbsioncohesio feed ates; weeded abu Senge own Soret npg etensy a an fot sits. Thes aut sbsequenty ‘rie range of staid fos andr fleet coe ‘Stas Engel tal. 2008, Waser et al, 2005). Chen have also wed generic docnpve analysis (o deco the texte of cooked potatoes TBY%S tal, 200), Kec (Varela tl, 203), ot read (Saimenklbo-Manola tal, 200), creamy fods (Tourer et 2007), crip and crunchy dy fds term sulfite (Ekberg tl 009, and mayonnaaes (Tempest 2009.e See eae at gr Any at Seow __Gigs Ashen Speenis ‘oem ara 11.3.3 Instrumental Texture ‘Measurements and Sensory Correlations Tenure is a semory propecy” (Secs 2002) an ths the goal of trent Next” meas mets so produce mechanical es that can place ‘ensry pel textasevalanio ols The ed replace tne sensory pane is usaly dc to tore ‘ceny. Base quon ta sho be st are wha ‘we mcant by obactve machine "exe proper nd does a ensry tata propety hve wane smeaing serous fod protic? For example ste sensory harness of chase aes tharos of 1 cook, os he perceived juin sociated with | ap the sae shat poved in coke steak? ‘Ngan at th Inraare would nce many cxamples where the authors we the sae word (eg anes) fr dc measurements of bah sesry a insrunestl texte prance he feo pot The problem is tat ese measurement een ot highly conlated with one another, Whe his soars {he author of» protolo paper soul be exemy caret 0 disingush Between the sesery a the insrumenl measurement Fgue 111 inoue ner reesion ad crelaton between «medics “Toxure Profi Analysis (TPA) ab the sensory exe niu (ample ener) fr crea sack ta (Kin eral, 2005, ln Bis ese the author were ver carl 1 we ‘sremert Orgy, many nsrument texture me. Ssremens wer aang 10 fad ingle pensar (ora overall ue) cole wi sensory ere Predict sensory abuts fom &unkue ise frame” (Brel aad Meine 2001) and at Feet, many scents hve ben exploring mehads that woud be more mv in ature Vitel 2008 ‘exe parameters with senso ext aia was Friedman eta ((963), Thee authors were pa of he you developing te General Fd Tere Profle ‘They designed new pice of quent ota lathe etre measurements dined by Sees (195) in pyseal measurement The Genel Fos Texuromete had plunger which pencraed the fa in wo cytes, the peerton foe was, eoned tnd atibus of he armen xare profi wert ‘sisted corel ell wih he sensory tere Frances fated by the tine Tenure Pole pan eft. Du his carctlsleton ofthe insrmen tl texure purance the auth: had high core on fetween ther ese and intent measure ‘tens Tey comioued refi the Texto ad [blithe a umber of papers coclating inne 1 and sensory exe atts (Seek ea 1963. The measurement chaque bcd on the Texter became Enos th Tete Profle Tere Profle metid. Late the TPA tchique, Sevsiopl with he Texuometer, wate wed i Irn Univeral Tsing Mashing and thet eed ‘uipments (Bree 1975: Fane, 1969, Seema "91968; Varela ca 2005, Steen (1968, 857) cand sensory speci snd food eginoce aga Bil coring so ‘ery and intrmenl ati. She Ged a sis of tuts orig Sersory tence al she fore ‘aes bined by Want tar sear esol Son ceficens aged fom -0 410-01, She sed a if oe assume ht Boh the seer and inst sed practices (nt ays an appropri asumption) then these inconsistent comlatons we dat tot contig codons ssh as © ‘The coelon cet i Gepentent oo the range and number of sampler wed. Adstcnlly, the Pearson's conslaoncsfiint fol on liner the ales ay nett be logan tanslomed. ‘The insumenal mearenent shoud mimic as {ar a8 posible the condo ured to alte "he sensory tbe. Thar i tnderes era ‘ated by 2 single be tough the sample wih the iniors thn swe force measuteren i ior ites tbe highly contd: Om the ther hand ie tenders ofthe sample sel Ie by chewing with the molars then » ahett forse measurement may no be sori wih the pecivd teneres. the Sample sca teat above ambient temperate thea th lnsrumenal measurement should be dea te same temperate. Despite the evident ran Hillis aod Neuen (201) potted outta salmon aed sees the israel texte mesure is fagentyperfrmed on ter fh andthe sensory texts it eased cooked fh shold nt be sures a ‘an corelaions ewe he tne measurements Sine the sample soften destroyed uring either aed by bot etd. Theoret sap ale imy be art ofthe problem. especially. if tei cnuierabe variation in he ere acs of samples ram he sue source Thi fee & publ wih meat samples whos the ener. ness within singe mul can ary lnpainaly (Coit ta, 205) Never non destnctive meth, tds sch a nari spetocepy (Boga tal, 2906 allow the sensory set oe te ‘ane spe for oth te astuentl nd ete Ieatureents but many of thee methods ae a stewing cles, dni, sary ow aes te 163 fcr wilt ie uly o stun.Brean and Jowit (977) categozod the Findoment, nitive. and emprial. The fonds mena ecbigues mesa welldefned physic! Properties nd a tate the autos Fe ta 0 einen echnue aally di a fodamental ‘Meanucrent Recent Rost 208) sated hat seas ‘fest and dynam vest mesures en is okay foam ressureents of texture. Kit at (2009) sated ane pit Dencing test ase 0 ‘Beare be faculty of sectsbaped foods was {hoe fundamen meant This twcign was tied witha hy Rojo and Vicet 208) 0 say persed ees i pz chips, With iiaive (Chniges measaretet ies the soos ofthe {eat an ihe js ding the sensory mere ak ely as possible, Hykig and Nica (2001) sated thr the inseumental rmozss elation of son by compesion ras an maaive method rela Wo the sowory femmes easton of presing the ‘itn wih ides finger. Examples of avative (eciges ae the puncte et which messes the fore gue 19 psch a ole inthe food (8 ‘bination of see an compression fre) the we ‘St vound menses (gpathosoncs, Due. 201 ont, 209, Kim tl, 2908), ane leoayogrhy (EMO) The eaty wore by Vickers and coworkes (Gee Vice, I9ETS) on sig the Suods asta ‘td baglcewing dry and wet crisper food {0 dermine prcved capes and crunches as been expended though the ws of fast Fourier transfor alge (ARChaka otal, 1996) and facta analyses (Bae tal. 198, Gonzales Baron ted Bade, 2008) to aie sound tequences (Ge Bete cal, 2000) See Conder eta 2001) fer eviews of EMG in food texte raktions ‘Non iforation on EMC can be found i Foster el 200, Gone ea, 200; kanes al, 207,28. seal and do no neces "asate” cos fod roc, This i not mcesnly a problem since Brake eta (1989) ste tht “Whie fundamen fa rhea) test reveal inporant information bo octwek are and mokelar rangement {i ches), empl exe ealuatons work ually well oe beter at pedcong sensory Wextre open” Image anlyes andor micosopy ae abo wed in relntonstip 10 vital an sometines, mt nt fovcrelacti texte (D. Monaco et ty 2008 (Gonnice Baron and Bul 2008; Lassued et ‘tos Marexs end Toybo, 2000; Zeng ea, 208. Chen OT reviews tse lure technigass and Shiruss athe characraton of preted Sura 11.4 Condlusions “Te sensory evaluation of exe as avanced agent bal since the mie of 8 century. yet in 19 ‘ize Sectvaia, sry the doyenne Of food exe ‘ne Und Sins, cul il sae hat "ee ares may import api te consumes neice Sher progres Re tthe up with hat te re (Sr inirumenalexare nexsurenent.” She contines “Qoaniatve eau of he eave imparance of tena in pci fed cagpi shouldbe developed {oust level quai.” Tis ateof tis is empha by Chen (20D) who sed hat | 2 through undeuding of the pices at chats toed aod wa ocsnng lb | Seema Without vach Know, ut des of 0 ‘Eau probably weal not go fr” ive he impr tans of fod tue 228 quality and sop, ‘here ila goa del of wrk ste Joe there References eect nat Pipe ee ‘Anes ©. Gimenet A a Glia, A 2006, Intranet eee | See ats th Tan cytes peas Stacey ose sce pee sree Facey Sree ty be Serie EEE ian ha neers eee PEP eri Reo eee oe Oh ce 4 Sire past anon exe of op tng em, ee opines eines nena eee eG cncenes, Ea tee a 8.5 Sip be Oi yn me ees po tine nf xa Sas 8 te etn oy Spm aN ot md 1 Dnt em cot fa ba 5 Mota ae atl yc coy ay sal ot| Chapter 12 Color and Appearance Abwtract_ tn his chapter we discuss what olor iad hen oon dere color ‘sion. We pay ttn to variaon in oral clo wisn eo geet voy urement of pperince with anton fbi ad ghia ake Si een Contents 121 Color and Appearance Bt 22 In oo produc, xpecilly mes, us, and weet 8 2B bles he comumer tn sess the nal ult of the produc bya coor and appearance. The tear 3 ance and color of tes prac are ts th pray - a 2% indcaoe of perceived ality. The imporance af ay eink of denkng mk fm» Cn Cola oti. nen tea WR Gr vecaremet BP we chowe banana inthe procry str (a prem rages elon with yeti fesh isa of Ue mee © ad fed fod ieor uty) of te colores how mach specified nal th emer ight darn, ve the Sleds py Gee jar and bin be ejects mt The vl peepon of cb aes um sim: ope, the Came fhe obj the os te ison of pbocrcpers ie ron by Hak msm shape vcsty cigs 199). fren ineies sxe wivelegh than ein Se vse rgon GH0-70 mle 121) of Be eres omens ae oy (eweaegen e122 Vision See es we ao on tu eco ot 12.2 What Calor? tu poe srs pap fot ba SSS fe cap Dae [2 boy tnd ant mb foe er Sicueet acto Cownge ron cased stein tn Storer appa stot ‘enter of cornet einem ree SS pect compos othe igh sori ceticicegreerietemeed) Sear ne en te 2 s (2005) suit the oct of rand lil on pe" Serta) aswewileceinte folowing ici: | fen) ge" tpges nn a hee ye on Oe oe ay teen e over Ge tn Shea ony Th igh rece om an je th ah psig san en ah See cee See ens fm tu be co Seen peery ae ae pal al ng ur aor on ‘Scrateaet te prs hoe mayb Sievlincipt immngeis Soe fow aw ee frog one bar 6 Sits nly hy tng nee Sf oy nl crpoeaer ees i ea to ge ot ore Seattle Cnc (9 fd at Tro ts simi ft psp ata blow nn, fe Teva Sedge pou ool oat ‘Suisun eriootlie shrine epee rtsonl ceo ota er rea orice an noe reer a Sinan oe Grameen cei ony he ani Scere eae ee Sexecdtyoavievedctpsuvtontys etal say kang te geminal ee Seiaey cokaad ode ee apart aatt spec Semana aes Seen Cee cs ea ees tha he objec apes black: Tis ano depends is : CCimerepinny cold pote: Leng te Doel ns Teo tom | in, There are apponiatly 120 lion rosin Colorist perception te al tha eso he ‘ection fighter it as tracted wih an je ‘Tae posted color fan oben afte by thee muerte phi and coemiacompoin of Sion caning uy one of thx ents can change te | pecs color a ober ‘he ig stiking an object may be refracted rele saounited, or abot by that objec If teary al hadnt cory inh vibe ange of he ‘esac pete eect fom an ops Saracen the objet appears ih rough Ce Tazy wesc sutle expe Ta eee wonteurennang con. Tm TE | las valet eecrmmps cee Mi de rots ae cine of og ot tn precede iene na lens posounead NON! ey appt nt Welton te peel law Hight noses Oss han TT). The Seas ass os alptayes Neuere eee pe ee as = a ‘ods ye! oly setae (a/b) norman Protucs. ene wae ie Sas {nd ser ow ight condons naman hve Soto. Caer of a GUO) towed oh fine: ee ares dew ca jose tin wh no clr prep, Thr i why we anna soul aganis enmnce ging (BRS) 0 the ge Oe Secor ‘iw from ‘ev colors mooalpt lea pray ne ars”) beans fi subj hat ste Subjees increase One 0 ough we can uo see well enough 10 move fel in as te “clr” of the objet (fo ear = Sour as ay 5 geet ress, aso called Be beighoess of he ysi_7079_ youn. The maximum ro consenetion & appro bref teal gmallealy met thad nly 20" from the fvel area, tb wea ald te pane, Taner low loc of ion ‘called the parity or chroma of the color (pure green > SEO a tel Ceri cl san apenace propery of ans objets mre iy ped when ewe pare ce ran an bt ambuahe to the spcral ton of lh from the side than ety. called were a haaae eee fg easing from Gat cet However, gms, oun (Hach, 202) recep ea po a pp oreten mamiatabeabe's eons Qo of miei) oa pov rt inden oath dhe eal pec SOS eR a ta a ce ‘cin wich ht rele and msdn (ck), aiwing phic vn, Tie Perrier rig are pre al nlareiggy orton SESE sieges oper ae meme ae apres eine or cd oe Soanticecod aan dias Badomnnnteriaae nioetioe nee ir eedonsswoger ica ecc gov (mclaren, rte gest clr a ecrcpacns tear ac coe ee eee ee Winn cipenir Lavras eocamce, oe rent fo eee are © Rig te SeAeeauie OAR ities rupees een a a The reflectance i caused by te sutoce ofthe object image of the objet onto the foveal areas. THe cones ee athe poe omy meinen Pegs ote of ered | Sh ce et» ie mar dca ne ts gms dh eo re iain teamed Genesee ee oe oe teu, panne parle Sets igh ing ot ently td (80 plyompe a sw meni te aes er al eda ed ight wih vo mando | ny. "he ean ee ed a 60 ome Upon kon oss meet) ee eee ‘yh opal ope anos wth heck, preeplon: ogee a =3N0 pm) he ME Sir rating of color makes thle in 2° {ay in the cual pons of de orbital coe (ex and nthe nln corer cred proses: Shel wither peeps of clr odorcongruney ‘Terre, hee olrtaversrachons a IY asho kaown he rset ota bet ~420 wm), the Sigmon ao Kaown a the Beceptors (De, 2006: Huchings 2002) A phenomenon call the nest osu under deren pt sondons then Rumans become more sense 0 bie en, ety dre Doe 0 Pinte th try tow igh inst the rede wl appear amos ack and els wil spear 122.1 Normal Human Color Vision Variations 1s bee shown hat ations nna clr ison tthe plymorhions ne Ld Meigen ‘i anna bso poston 190 ine eres eine) accounting for mst of the vans (Set and Nathan, 192. 193). Tee se 285 but hae no at wll tude, eta Bans Song Canasn main, 5 have ern toon {80 m ie Lpigment Lae) and 8% fave ine (Cama) Ving 1 stor aching ete Raph te iy sted ir whet o mach sandr tow (0 nm ght wid naa fe (64 and yen (SH a) lights. Tey found hat ales need Ingles mg 0 mks te much hence oes hat were more steve fe gh) wee rch more iy ohne seine a pono 10 he Lpgmen ‘The pigment ned wo fe Xoo us tenet ints (abut OW expe Lacs and ‘bout 40% Ud) al women Rae thee vans (cs 508 0 owed os eet ret oth Lean Um and eo 5% of women omoryenaly exes ithe: Lamas © Laren) Pao al C007) showed tat duct he abe ender ‘ie pen xen og kn Jameson 001) seal shed tes women wo were hmorygnr fr he Lr Mpg i tot proon itary for man bt ne ven ‘ho mere bermeygetoL-anlr Mpg had {rates rch cloregrece, Ades, ge ings tna ut alt cor vicon Ob sthjecs 60-70 year od prs cle sues to yess of ge Hchings 202) 12. courant hpeoance 123.2 Human Color Blindness Humans ihe ching on or mae of the Mand Srigments having pec mutation in tes ig det Sl vrs Cer bbed aegis eet pre above 8 of males a 0.45 ffl, Calor Theft soup i he prunes or roanomalous ‘ocho who ve noo a eded sly pen tel, to te ed du to abies or somal brscepor (Lpigmens) and compre about U6 of te clortid population. The Sond gro i the Seteranopes of deutersomaios throats who have no or 4 redood ably, apectiely to se pee du abene or aol wih y-mcepirs (Me Perens) and compre stow of oe coloring Populstion. The ast and y fare salt group i te wnopes who hive m0 oF 2 roti aby 0 te be dew abe or anomaly ih Beep (Sige). The genes forth more oman Forms fof eolor Blindness a recessive and cid on the X-comosome, Thus the ini seen ch oe ‘rogue with en than with women Tei pone wo tex panels for clr Binnee nd ll pst sald be serene if hey will fvahating the olor of samples. Tstiqus iol ppewd-sechromae plas sch he ar plas, {rato in 1917, he Famsnord Dichotomous Test for Color Blindness, or te Fumsmoth-Mrsll Ho Hue vst (armwort, 1985) ears prewo- ‘sctromate pe and he vanous Furie te i obi fom ay eld opamp 124 Measurement of Appearance and Color Attributes 12.4.1 Appearance Some seis (Hutchings, 199) mina at pos Net pearance inlive prota clo and eet Sepsis properties sacha physi form ap Sas, and sre tex), temporal aspect me ine, 2), ad ote propers (relate. as mon, nt) ro pre vee eeping ia mind tat appearance sibs ley et perceived cole Unilly, physi apeaice chances cn casiy, be. measured theagh sennryechngus Standard dessipve uchnguc can dutty see Sipe, and visa suc ers wg simple ie styles An xampl wauldbe “mount cocoate Chip visible onthe sure ofthe cookie” nhs ‘ares eng piven ning ance th hagh and low ends of be Sel. Visa texte sate eum ett lends el wel snp nests, ach 1% apparent ouphess of the sfc, seo mabe of sac indettions, ad dene or amount of se iment in a container iad proace Moe of tee Smplean concerts rei it ning ad in be easly worked into a dative ple of he product OF couse si ay other deine tech fave the scale becomes mie alia and heres Se agreement among pul fh wad igh tages shown provide the frame of erence that tnchor te sae a food, temporal spearance chatty ae wore rarely measured oven though they exit Examples would be the vicosty of mols ok stip om a poo, he igloo the sing tes of plaza dese, Opal propery reece {tmsmistion,glosinss cc) hve ben called “cer (Ceivns ot al, 200; bowers, hs erm hs wo Ye. een widely usd in te apearne sch wr In the foliowing Seton we wl cue fm fod leant appearance opel proper such ti, ana nc and gins 1241.1 Turbidity (loudness) An important chute of many bere i ow ar erusow loudly hey appear (lor es or haz) corre when sell upended pales iver ight from a sight pa though he mate ‘al and caer iin ferent isto In phys ‘ms rity i te tal i seated fr anc sea beam asi transverse suspension (Caro and Seber 1999). Conse ten expectbereags sch = fetta jakes, and viet to be sear i oer ‘ereages for example, cider clooiess expect Andere again parca mats sponse fo he i satering. Various eps enrages tmay be ined mason nid and ine ing te cay, sch at he wef fg agen Io vine making some pric sch a ene der In tat er, hoe velopment felon Sohyaes até yet ote av Soe te pom mctoreems (Sire 200) Has cn ae nh from colo or ng prs hat may pipe Tastee ets frei, ch anh lotr fod ight a fo mess Heh scaring a sve ange sways praento cosrferece noma vaso human peep ton is fy single ans pnel toca Sid If te tong twee pod iy dinar tien tac fap SS: semen tt on perms the hana Sng onder ther ny ects We ‘olution Seber 199). eer onde ight scatenng a physical exo phenomenon my otal You wat Jou ned ono slo po {Sted ty. Relationships betwen aumenl fetus of ih sae nd aman sry ings fave bee determined Maotnsn te (195) fund 2 ear eltonstp Between neal mented tet ad paced! Cay fr connotea ple Jukes, Or taes have fund ans barn fhyscal messrment fons ad sesry “ton in ica medic cafe (Pngdo 1982 ad oar (Hough et a 1982, Lota and Carpe, 1971; Veansraanan 6 1993) Precronka and Cw (199 cd Caras Sebo 195) obi nsumenal-sensary ox ‘lato bocce mor vas ant 3 pan ‘eaory sa of 8 in je. See i scaring is pendent oon pr san isl be pone seas et eltoahip een ese cla ‘ytd be ead Stn of opened atria ‘Chany srs om the wannision of igh and uit eat msi wl oper re ane cent Hwee he lamp ma cmp by Stet acer sch hol of be mio 2005) Caro and Sie (199) none tee ister in msl systems sa beer, compari tidimeer eat hon Fas senso pe Gi: Haze peepon tees ne mew and wile ey var wih pice se and cont lon depending upon he mm, he ben esr)feet: Sales of tou O'S Nepeot Trbity Unis. This ‘Nafene goo emsory-isramental ans low lees Atcanges above Bresbld, prev it 1 follgned he nsevmnt espns ui sar lon el eas raced. Aer hi poo ensue ermine values continued 0 enase, bl he st Sory pons wat Bat vn if pci wee allowed ice mn operand mapa esiaton met of ‘cling ee Fig 121 Sensory response ald nen Si) was predic one ais of parle ie parle oncnnion, nd sspenon cole “Peo stunons ae. when senson-iaseomenal corsa beak down. Te mostcommon examples ‘onthe human eponds ut te nse oes at, fous which xcodthe sesy of commen an Intel metho ie chemistry, Anoter station arises nen te inarument resp, but the human does to The cling reskin Carico an Sibert dy Prove aniuresing example of whee the machine ‘Ripnse hes bade yeni ng han he esr Judge. However tbe wpper age bidity Does (evant when te sensory pans es ct change Thi bvouly imposes wpe iit on he ity of aridimetr egos when shih eve loess as ee ache nthe man ye omg sees ay 124.12 Glossiness Shine) notes inorat vinsl stu i stor shin (Once azn thee ae aio py sme ‘Bot Cocaraton a 2 eg ee cama ea ie to mensur igh reece, ut he sense data ae Silimportan determine wat humans wil pereie fn sie svaton Tas becomes more import if he muti Is nomsniforn, sce st isume fo ofletance mesures ae designed 1 work wih iar sacs such pits, wats, aod aihos. Many foods and cosarer products wl ae conform wal thee stadtone For etaqpe the gaze ce {ake or other baled product may ao be smooth Serface te shin onan apple ay ay aero he Surface of re Joc anng panels abot overall ‘hin ibaa propre eng with freee an aris ay ead een neces by iret fel, sinc there ar wo primary pes of Light ‘cance, Spectr eltance refer 9 te i Te ie poonved when the aca inage of «kt Source appeat o te sure of the product (Beck tad Pan, 981), Obvioaly, andar ales ant Sewing conditions ae necenary i ode 1 est is Ina elabe mans Asoter imporant ype of sine tes fom dif reece. I ths case he ht iS relced, bat i seated by the surice ver Such diferent angler te ole mage of be Tight ouce nt son. Baling a mel sre wih tabrsine cloth proce many Soe sachs wi ‘Rel in good example of srace with ise Fetcance, The wrfse may Seon gute shiny, bt thre mo mick age, oly te igaess of the lig sure. Tis pe of shinies aso ge ‘Sono with foods sacha hte doughs and ea ‘rsh bread A few example of sues on lines {ie Obein ta 208) and Kiso and Brainard 00) thew oes a pits were wel a Seem {Srp ns od i perceived loins Chong el (208) created a Fashion sytem eve the surfs goss of ‘spin ie “Traacncy defied a the property ofa pein ty which trans ight itsely bout peraing {ler view of eb Beyond he specimen (ASTM 1987), Jehan Brmelow 2002) gave a simple ts to deteenine whether a sample is eanslaen oF 3 ‘Ty upg measuring te Sap witha eet ‘pesoptometer at mina aes of lluaiaion te wih he maximum wing sprue. Thes peat tbe meaurenet with the se viewing ape at Sta smal ares of laminason 1 were age Tree a hehe ening (L" in CIELAB, n= (low) hes the spies aacent "This propery is imporant in ornge_jce (lacDowgall 2002, tomato skins eteringon al, 199, festa tates (Lan ta, 2008), fd fies (Chen and Pal, 2001) where Bash trslcecy i defect asad wih Fars and fr tagty ring hare Heenan ta (199) fewnd hat fcesed senor ennslaency scores of tomatoes wee stoi wih need ope) ad (he Lvs (-=0774), Sundar! enor echoes Ie ed inthe sesry assaf taslceney fe inatenally « rfesanc specter flowed byte Keb Munk dat analyser wad (iene eta, 2002, “The KabtharMnk tory i 2 relatively cre rode! to deci igh catering and i et 08 tanslceney Gee Nob (985) an wells Vargas and Nilsson (1997) for excelent overvions of Be te ey and api Spy put» "sania ‘outa (San a “arp” oulcet (4) ae (Slated and he cao (RS) i sed wo eal ‘nc of he objet Fi example, Lana a 208) ound hat dng storage te pear of oma sce ox not hat of tac omen Pea oe Was Change nthe Ki rao of the Kubla Mn al 2s 0f the relston spate ofthe ced woos, 1 hed the develope of taslceny 0th Pea, MacDovgalt (2002) ses an xu that makes ‘cs cea hat ony ting israel aac ‘mesuement of wanscew sampes can give rests ‘Star tally ncontet wih aly beers tes Inhis example fold range juice concentrate it of thse rages jules a viewed ith overhead lumnaton hey range om pale yellow (concen ‘hon fs than 1) to deep orang Concentration of 4). Tnuunentlly te mon dle ce had the owes and it waste dartet scoring 10 the ian tment On he ter hand, he mon concen jue a the highest Land wet lighes accor the insrmest This ocr dc he los of ike Seater he more ded samples He cautions that tow shuld remember tht the lsruent ony wot Tigh eect from a ited sola angle whe the amas inluenced byte muliectonaliy ofl rmao, which ks coloured waaicen motels Bow ‘On a doa simple experiment visual ema st te shove tec Pour an oa amount of org {jor no two ential ampere lasses Cove Bah tues completly with whitepaper Te paper 2 ng te se of on gle should have ala ole (i i the ite of «die (appecnsatly 13 om ‘ clametr. The paper covering te sit of te ober ‘at sould have acclaim i he sine ‘gaat (appoximately 2.5 om in ame). Then ‘hla he clr of the jes by sewing th ible tee troop he oles at 0 ange The juice athe as covered withthe paper wth he ral ke sees farter heros mach ote are ligtis"rappo™ ‘hin he ls and not cen bye viewer: 12.4.2 Visual Color Measurement Sensry easton of colori equently performed ‘Sens tents ave wd fe ole tgs of 8: tony tering fol do visual calor measurements For example, Whiting e ab. (200) wed angle ad ‘wos ave diflesce ess omega pecs or lees in ini foundation cosets: ad ae oral (208) ed descriptive analysis nd Consumer sasfacon sees oer ro ad ioe ve pans with leet ves of quality.= 2 Cran opens 124 Menurent Aopen nl Artes z Wen doing sensory clo elin ics even intetty between 780 and 1.20 a. Alo, (© te sane rome ih sou andthe proce peck a heads c's want rennet procter eas SUL emncated inion — | Paseaitat agentes eseees eens se ore st So LS" SM meet cle Ie genet sl cen ea ah clr nag | gent mun of a ie one ‘bio e wnvloh ane howe inthe ec aes the sensory sittit peromaing color auch index (ee below) (Hachngs 190) | te protic tac. te pecum de ot wold loa en, Hower, should carly sandr, cot an por the) pun’ ewng mgt glo gh (© wher esampe se with rete oruansmit: if te nce pany asl erence fsowing incieae on te tale These shoul nett be lige shies woud not spear nse ee wee so sae nett ads sal etn of hs see wavelengths alt te ee. Deeg insider ight nd pte glouiness ht nny Frequent eine or one of he above info. outs ebos yao ce er eg, ee ean ein Saas Sa ened Uso) aa, ston sper in he ter asocined with fod The color wading ner CR se eee of he eae are Sea Be eshetente ald ws Se pees cet ua tue aoe «penal care prt clr evaluations Whiing eet of a lumina os te orc cae nn Te ATOR eee ee een ra lamb el fatlve dndog igh ice 008) were etcponal a expicity indicating objet (CIE, 1985). The Ry mental y use ©) lps (Te 122 Kin nd tg ete mad ocho soar ange an | ft OO) ee ti tbl) wing the sic fe nochange of ch Man coo w (ible 122 mnie pcr ef e specie color ye ve) th clothe sample samples under he lg of thee Sees ines Gn o foot candles) a he pst sacice.Eggen and Zook (208) recommend + try tars gy-voven a wih pce coor _ght uly an cat Tg 00 Won, ‘yee alae) the light source Das at 1.00) be lap, 2900 I) Ligh nhs 100 nae eae viewing distance (60cm) athe viewing angle each repmdice the pected clo of he mane, {etl 122 Lip oes cbr peri nr ign ‘spl wa abode a 6) (able 122). color ad appear alin th ligh source Paci seul be eed fo cob lines (se ‘sal pecid by itscolrempertur. The color above) If rercace colr snd ae doses or screen "i ‘esperar is determined (om the tempernure im can be pint chin, Menail spaning dete esney er tir Ao aes ee Kein wo wich» back body ft absorbs all enery product, or digial imager (omander eal Doon parmesan np \eyem or tt fae onto it ees wo be heated 1 emit ight Kane eta, 2003. Howenee, when ng one ‘Sie mong we ow ia rete of specal distribu carters othe specie _ dak the sensory spec shod Lan ne geese ‘on Cemiee Eeaien gh source ble 12.2), The light emied bythe the coo of hes ud th sang soy sabe Dk body change a te clormperte change a metamert mach Ammer mattis ones a wh are ‘lower temperatures 2.000 K) the light emit is cha e colom of wo stp ahen ons tanec sw . erent cat igh tempers aw 400500) ght ane tt te See ae th gs wes nda igh npr (00% mcd vies vent eae nee aoe = ae 18000 pt becnes ter (9), Sanda Gkomey ad Cae OD Meese e xe > rae Shs wei ocr eatin tnd be lho oar ten Nata eee aes mens A (ith lr pert of 2856 KC. hse when vowed cosaneee Ea (5741 hs (500, aed D (7.300 Ky Te nevelby sconce eat ea a _— a oteand ‘rsinaots are all based om tungsten laments. The Resend, a numberof studies have hoot Published Col eee {Fel arn oan As wey onan ue fdas ape oer ee Seema ie 8 wore ‘om be pl dtton of amino Band > rst val aaoanen ea ae . {Fe 122, Teen dbwionalurma As fences nat’ Wale Sy a ope S a is a | Néamtyaiow selene whisk isiow abe pow oie cone peace aS ae ee | ik recat mien C wd Dey tongs pene of peace epee met Du.arhiphin ie vacteatsMuminans€ Oy, dapyed we pea Gorton genera see var died omic aso. ty ae ee ae be te a ne _ — = —— sims of daylight. Standard Nuorescent lights have very display and viewing conditions. Kane et a, (2003) he reo te seal dsb (yl ob resid Ge pba cea Baa ene Samaroo x0 cuitte cot splvanienosh Flt inf 122)tan donee hovane of eato al eat nese ld Fed erat mae She St tugs adnan inp: Tesh sco vhem togelie dpe tena iwigtecacog ta sss veel ier force and tegsct_tlcenen de tesa eal ee ees i a ih — tt cn einen preted clr hackers ft ae nse Smee Ciewemtto er | Sends snes ae viewed war ay aor weer nen se go Feat iret S SEL Mise ona in pied abe ecor_than wen ung te pgm ease ie cold om ecw thecolor deen onthe ascii by etal. 008 creed gely proceed cae entI Sh 'ntmne "3 Cr nD et Tina hs nr lee Seng ura ea ee Bann be moe seven ad Pui poppers to we 3 coke reece stad fd they fond that he epeabliy of the visa Calor hart cores wis sion Examples of it ial images ond 4 reference andar Posner t {Go02) secoufilly wd igi images of bas, a bec pete sn ems flies 0 eaor a ‘ange ts Valu ca. (200) Sry wd {al images i ha sos and aces tried nme mca hs my he CAE color carcteition of esses om he Gal mags wing 4 computer vison 5y9em King = ak 208) sxcessflly did Something jer wih more complex product Diol Mats? "When aking pacts evalu ol the soy scent as tbe mind hat mans evry eating color ifreaces when samples ae sie by ser when they ave acess coor Sanda hearer got good mt halig oe Sce Masel olor sod) tn ighmee (eal) changes in objets Sac bo good a dactmieting crams (asaton of tole) changes (Meigs e 2000, Additonal, hang ad Moot (2008) conkimed Melgsa. an Comore’ ena and coli wih he folowing he lowe evel elor desert such the omen (tubes eed odie clo spo, and ht ier ice pycelogeal rocesing valving copion ad langage ay be newer fr even peel simple fake olvng color muting snd Sesrbing cloe 125 Instrumental Measurement there ar bwidcing vary of maths ise ‘nent vale the fod encase fk (elour earner. When one i approaching tbe Stet forte eine or wh tempting devise {tod fra mural cui he oma expres the wealth of pose vb omens mes te choice ited Qoob sod Bimetow, 2002) th aext section we will nde 0 sed some ih te color meaurment. For sonal information the flowing ar suggested Hucings (199,203) MacDougal (200), ané Le (2005) 125.1 Munsell Color Solid fl oul coor solids wee Svloped to dese ‘Sion one of te sae Famovs wate Mansell clor Sad, The Momil enor so was developed by AHL Mun aouad 990 (Clyeadle, 1978). The Mal! sytem had ve atte: Bae (H, value (Vj and chroma (C) A spi color was dese 5 oti th te Sens! he-tale-choa Sethe Maal cd (ot waned in sphere composed of invin clor ltr” spurs by egal vs eps (i. 123) Mics ae spaced arid the cimerence i ex Yellow, yelow, aenylow, gee, be re, ioe pepe tue, purple a es prt) each bein feu ep apa, Tos he slope were sipped be equal but serch at sown ta the ae pacing iste yelowed,yelow-gren, an ne regions fetal ot sly spaced (Olea, 200). Te vase ie dares lightness sale wi abso block (act boom of he phe) wo abate wie (te topo espe Te comic olor ae point Ate vale tht is equi spaced becween able ‘ack nd solute white Therma i aoune wich given hue devine fom aaa of Sane vale The coma fs ie agi a ie of cout ha ea fom he set fe seo Vaal colar solid sysams ae seal when one rani to sei acoor atone nays meds a human {ooo th matching fhe sap colrt te color sd (only #eslor ep). However, det te ism al ‘Munsell Color System Fo. 123A steric of the Mall coe eh ei se en fw ro Riteapsutashewtrne ta SCotto. a rer deep instrumentation dat could ‘measure colo, was cesar dee rhea ‘atonsis v0 desenbe color (he scaled mathe ‘eal oor sla), 125.2 Mathematical Color Systems In rier w develop meaniafl materia! color systems the apposch ad by Miasll had te be changed. Maher! ole systems are basal on the physical lave mated to the sation of gs sd these are hse on he existe of Ly Mand ‘Sezpor one and ad nthe uma ey The mon ‘ed merc clo ystems a te CIE ver ‘ons. The CE acronym is based the Feah ame forte Inerational Comision on Uuiaton oF "La Commision lnemationsle de Elarae” (C1, 1978, 1986) i order to expan de CIE yee ii air stan with aless comple versio, he salle thee lis sysue. The te lights system spy Species color inwrms of ow cols ae pereiedBy 125.21 TheRG. 8 Mathematical Color Sytem ‘Tre project, oe wih ed fer (one wih sen Mtr (and ome witha be er Be act "shine oma sre in ch 4 way that thy core Pletly op The sumo te wavelength he Seren te soled spel ada is peeved by a obverer a single color The, ance pro {Peet wit an unkoown clr filer is proj os 8 separate porton a he same ston Tis ane pos ‘eto adjstne nergy (at fh) projected dough (he RG, and B filters oe the Sat tree projec unl he combinant x fom tse pron matches the unknown cola. One can thn spc the unknown color he cer combization fom RG nd 8. The amount of egy rou’ to mach he unkmowa from each ofthe tes ihr ae he sealed ‘itimuls values These ales may be expres ot raat fs (wa), larson) oe more Tapa thisaprach i vey simple ing © {number of prbiers. Some clos a ao right 0 mach Doane no igh source ean prj he equ ‘ada. Other colo aro stud. Fr exa pl, some yellows canoe be ached sing te And green tes ven ie ble fei itd "Matable cae” are win the color gem or te sxe color range) ofa pete material ‘lor system while “son-mathble colors” ar on Siete color ange Even erent tr ad been chosen forte tre pojetor in thse 5m itis sil oc possible o mach al clos te eon, the thee igs stm i tse onthe physnlopeal response ofthe the cone peso he ey. pe cei Futer smpied by Holgi mpnses alae analogs to seul physiological penser Thssimpicaton reais in he nfornate fect thee ae always some color oud he color gmat tecaute sel all pars of th clo magnetic IFic were posible wo find spar of he specrm hat ‘excited onl oe cine pe while having mo ef om the other to cone tps thn color gama sco the tre ighs tem would elde all preted a Despite ts Latins, th he oe sae he tren se exensivly a thebeats, Tes posible expr the olor matching produced by the thei algal (Cyd 1978) TF we sume dat Ca clo i te thee denial colorspace ands color mathe by the thre ibs fu gra ond le with intima valves RG and 2 ten he following equation decor he er aay Basi onthe physic law of avy of Iu aces, te imensity of calor C (alo known a he taminance C) inthe thee dimensional space can be decried by te ext equation Lamttotle ay wf fang ae he unas intense) of ‘he comeing igh eimai teri aun wiht = BG's values Cond Bof color Care ung by» cont for the te luminance of C changes 0 "a" I color D wih ‘imu ales, Gp and Bis ad a clo © wth tstimaas vac Ge, Re, aod Re then the now color Eas isis vals of Re, Get Tis canbe expres algal te + Ro) + (Ge + 60) + (Be + Bo) az) So, he stimulus vases of miscaeof ors ae qua the su ofthe eam vals ofthe com poostt colo. Based oe the above epanation I posible describe both he liane () ad tai ths values, b fa colori eet colored lig, i he clr fale win the coe gama of he ‘tematca clo sti Tis ai possible wo dene sui plane within te ‘tee dimensoelmatbemateal solr which hs ‘hin alleles wate ame amine. Tas Pane i + pan of coat liane inthe the Sisersonal matemada color ac sed aro the pln of costa ale in the Mana color sol Direc in colors win is plane ae a on ‘fh and coma ofthe pci col. This unt plane scaled achromauiy dgram and cole pot ‘iti te chromatic diagram enc specified by he ebiny wails vals RC sd Baty fons eet & 2 Rote ae fo Rere Sagi vagy cry A coor may be therfore speed i the the inesinal oa by desc of he umiance () tad two ofthe colors dee chromatic soosinaes. Ths wil belated nthe ext stn ig 23) fr he CIE simul syn. This spe tee 5h syste isthe basis for all atemata color sss ke the CIE tials sytem, Hower, his Single sy does ot wk in resin Soo 1) Se anon of aati needed wach thse ‘ls, (2) he color solids tt wna anor, 3) {esr analysis pede aaa th inane, ‘The CTE syste eliminates lof tee poems, 125.22 ClE Mathematical Clor ystems In be CIE mathematical color tom theoreti pei mares were developed 6 remove the disadvantages fhe acu Ligh RG and 8) wile sl eine the advantages of the simp tre ight syste Te mares ae X,¥, and Zan heir oma coe inate ex. and The developer mathematically included luminance ino one othe mares (Pad thus avoided the protien of needing vet analy to calcula luminance, This wat poutle case he cones i ees ar ost sentence inthe igen repo of he peru Call ce aie {be teres pomares XT, and Zt cover the eae calor gamut wih postive abies, ste farses Shaped CIE Socom lots hats elo gama at Incudes ll color Fi. 12). nthe CIE syste it spose to aca colo inthe dee-measnl colorspace by speci {nd wo of he we posible chromate cones (& y and 2. The chromacetycortnats ae elated to cach oer by the flowing eaton eye = ‘has, knowledge of oo of he tee pose sles lldeine a pei oon ‘The CHE dit are usally expres istimaas values OY, and 2) or a8 cacy cornet (6 y. and 2) The xy elromatety coordinate ae ‘en plowed oa he hoe saped CIE spectrum Toes Win SY soperimposed (Fig 12, plese nae tat ocall colors ae pesca al el o¢ RY, Toe Color can then be apc a8 ys and 8Y. Since CEE spectrum locus is mx based on Canin coo ites, tis dificltwo exress mately nd ‘ten mor dificult expan ta mont people, One ‘tempt to simply te CIE system los de CTE pe ‘eum beus a conan RY, Then «ay hromay feordnas, at 4 given Y value, appear on 2 ta Pla ‘The problem with he «= macy aye Is tht he space foots ke a hares which kes sy linear lations calelatons between tee va et and say Sensoy scales vey diticul Other clo Systems hve been developed wih ore wif [Pammatc represenaons of oor spacey tan the horsese-stuped CIE pace. Esty verons of thse calor ces were the Gute andthe Hane LAB Spaces (which were sbocned with specie inte eas) whee the vale (ako koown he depee of whiteness o Dlakges) is rps by L The5 124 Nosema cmesy agnor Gono! Hain, Unety 0 scsincmbeoee amc aes tie eal ‘Sheen Coma Sic (te denn ena ts © Arte Yar eres ar co coma portion of the color space is based on gether describe a point in space (Huchings, 199: ‘finance eco T sarong an pred th prion Scie ere pnt efoto me ‘eetangtt Carian coordinates (8) with erp Wrosnd etal 2005) yo Ae Secs Ete ‘Set by ta: geen epresented by wc, rop. Ina eff to make the calor corte wales ‘Sronct by chand bac wpesencd by -b These more itive te L°C'A" colorspace was devied ‘Jum mc cmcrm meaningalycommanicae (Stamm, 2003) This spce wes he sae diagram ‘loc Scbsequnty ber spre that were ina he L's" colorspace Ou us angles ater an Iusimporaci not tt once the AE caked (AATCC, 205. Fortney, values eve ro ay ‘Sent imaran the te CIELAB and CIELUY, aso Caren coos for and. The L* in °C} tes ofthe difltence ie oown ut oot wheter itis of hse hse can be meron, povided oe Town ts ie Lob and Lian, gece, wore Wena the Lin he Lb" The C indies (ico oa, bingl erin some ubcans (Sharma, ion ae appepitely specified. A few examples dclpet by CTE w improve incaty ofthe CIE crea (an incon of coher ands a S003, Beane the bape at wife eof clr comesna ables a! =-as weit ‘Hae (CIE. 1886) The Lrvs" system fw teen 10 mr the comer of the or ace and ins [SE ime ancora in some pr of he colorspace Table 123 Apticéw food bat ms pmaly devised for color based onthe dsace from he center. The 8 he than othe In an atmo mpone the staon | Tnecomenson betwees color stems can have ‘SS mixing suchas wlevison and bphing, The eagle ands expe in eyes, Stating fom umber faker calor difleecs equations have rea _probins. In fd maton tee ae frequently {Ss space nprximaes the Mansell pace. Rot the nat 0" 0 (ed 90 sb ello) 1608 Props. Theron popular ae the CESS alo Kowa cepacia when comeing fo he the ses toh be Uru" and L'a syne the theses ae (gen) and 217 is). 1S bese. CIE 19950) andthe CIEDE200 (Lao cea, he CIE XYZ sym, bec the comverion eal tatu perpen An inca inthe ae of nz The ore color syste ae elf ia pein 2 201 Shama eal, 2005) The CTEDEOO0 ta ots tone are ase onthe pone of opaque sada ‘ict once ned alge value des clo a eno ery sf when one wats 1 P= ‘striey td and sc be am improv Food 5)tns, onthe oer Rnd eof orewhat ‘Since in pon, hn incre a sinter any the diferencs between colors. Cloraie=e= ‘vette standard A end CED (Malgoeceal 00S; aalacent and do at blue cue as would be incense nyllow and an nse in ates an canbe cakes i he Xactal. 2000 predic bythe tna. ‘tren ine fcreasing {values indict increas L°CTW syst or the L'a" the equation for coot “Thee ae ls material coor aytems at Angela Lite (MarKiney and Lit, 1962) sted imgliguaess or whens) On bas Be cael et ifleece between wo sales lows sy be less familar to North American rea “Once weaccep at color belongs 0 the eal oe Sealy arena cava ae bt very fair oer for eagle, the sory percep, we ms so mp hats ean only Swot Natu Clo System (NCS, Hanan Sak, be measured dirty in pychologial terms. From TSK) the DINDD (Cui eal, 2002), andthe CMC py! measures eves, we can ott incoenly escite a at redees and 6 yellow AE" = Vi LPH te Un tunity (2) ae Caesian coordinates that2 cobrand gear 7 anit werd 1708-7972 tninn © me wd cn YT tt Co sai aarspary bemoan ata which provide te basis fer esablating py. ‘hophyscal Sales, fom which we can pre vaca calor appearance” She meget tht esaly the pr mary concer in color esse iso mesure a te eyes se. Thus Hi noc) Wo profice dat that coma with human wal peponOfen he instementa as (stimula values) nt conte Imaniplation ofthe ium data may be need the scien should Kap ia mid that he intent was designe o measure he eller oo el sSpis samely sampler that ae Bomopecoury Pigmented, cpa, Aa, and evealy light scatering (Codex, 1975197), Food ae a fo the dea 7! (229) wee valance we sap, Next all foods have shape and exe ie slates and surface earch scat and anamt gt Adonaly he pigment dtnbuon mos fois also gun Instument te alo design 10 measure the itance clr of el ‘smpes, anda this cise the eal trp sce and moral ht sbbing, Rel ui (where ne way measures ranted oka aes and may be very lg abun (Cydia, 978) 1s ponte © obuin an approxima ea ‘electanct color measur for dy powers ‘ech Nor and oo, by compressing th dry pom ee sample ino pellet Oter dy fons sch 38 nwa cof, pout Maes, ry gelatin cysts (7 5elL0® canbe pene et ery thin wafers etek Teflon disks When mestuing the clo of ramslucent liquid the area eaposed sould be much lager thn fe Sample and wveling lately wii the sample tomer nthe direction where willbe mere “ht minimizes te selecve abn eft tat = change the hoe of the itd on above under 126 Conclusions Sensory coor measurements agua cpl by sensory specialists they ahs menses seought We hope at hi haper ha ade the ‘cate elie tat he saree of on, whthe ‘uly or by insrument simple ask These ‘ory specialist shouldbe very ero stad posible conditions asocited with hse east ‘ment and © cafuly repo te specie condos sed in a test Adina x import elie that most (if at al) vil and appearance ra ‘tics canbe eve wing saad descpine {ysis echigues References ‘ay ast Nah Tot a Sc Tn a Stu PnP Prinkipae Pusan as Sm, Ms at Prana 598 an he pn cote Memeo 8 Cd ‘Kn ants of aes moll yo Foe ene ‘co pe oad Sa cmp iinet eet SEs a i Se Ge Manca 15 @131 WTC Brae cut, en Gomoncay Soon Eee Cis ear inept meet Ci aes SS Tas 6 oe Bn 1 Top Saas Cydentle, F. 1975. Foot Colaimeny: They a ‘ess A, weap Yee ae eae heres te Saree ‘eth ta cn sou Camo Open eran Troma - co, in Spe 20 Otay ‘fcr ani Ravan ens, pcvd ae a a fonlones on oe xg Za, 108 Pye Reem Cee {Samy Ena trans Sood Eater AST ‘Sy adunt tc ‘Sse tr ea Oc "he Mina ta or oral oe Opal ay of