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CHAPTER 7

INTEGRALS
POINTS TO REMEMBER

Integration is the reverse process of Differentiation.

Let

These integrals are called indefinite integrals and c is called constant of

integration.

From geometrical point of view an indefinite integral is collection of family

of curves each of which is obtained by translating one of the curves
parallel to itself upwards or downwards along y-axis.

d
F x f x then we write
dx

f x dx F x c .

STANDARD FORMULAE

1.

2.

x n 1

c
x dx n 1

log x c
n

n 1
n 1

ax b n 1
c

a
n

1
ax b dx
1
log ax b c
a

3.

sin x dx

5.

tan x . dx

4.

cos x c .

n 1
n 1

cos x dx

sin x c .

log cos x c log sec x c .

61

XII Maths

6.

cot x dx

8.

cosec x . dx

log sin x c .

cot x c .

sec

9.

sec x . tan x . dx

10.

cosec x cot x dx

11.

sec x dx

12.

cosec x dx log cosec x cot x

13.

x
x
e dx e c .

15.

16.

1 x

17.

18.

19.

20.

1 x

1
x

dx

log

x c , x 1.

1
a

a x

c.

a x

log

2a

dx

x
a dx

x c.

2a

dx

c.

x c, x 1 .

XII Maths

14.

dx sec

cosec x c .

dx sin

1
x

x . dx tan x c .

log sec x tan x c .

dx tan

7.

tan

x a

c.

x a
1

c.

62

ax
c
log a

sec x c .

21.

22.

23.

1
a

1
2

a x
1
x

dx sin

c.

dx log x

a x

dx log x

a x dx

25.

a x dx

x
a

24.

26.

a x

a dx

sin

a x

c.

c.

c.

log x

a x

log x

c.

c.

RULES OF INTEGRATION
1.

k .f x dx k f x dx .

2.

k f x g x dx k f x dx k g x dx .
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

1.

2.

f x

f x dx

log f x c .

n
f x f x dx

f x n 1

c.

n 1

63

XII Maths

3.

f x

f x

f x n 1

dx

c.

n 1

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

f x . g x dx

f x . g x dx

f x . g x dx dx .

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b

f x dx

F b F a , where F x

f x dx .

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUMS.

b

f x dx
a

where

f a f a h f a 2h

lim h

..... f a n 1 h
h0

b a

or

f x dx lim h
f a rh
h0

r 1

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b

1.

f x dx

f t dt .
a

f x dx f x dx f x dx .
a

4.

2.

3.

f x dx f x dx .

(i)

XII Maths

f x dx

f a b x dx .

(ii)

64

f x dx

f a x dx .
0

5.

f x 0; if f x is odd function.
a

6.

f x dx 20 f x dx ,

if f(x) is even function.

2a

7.

2a f x dx , if f 2a x f x

f x dx 0
0,
if f 2a x f x

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Evaluate the following integrals
1

1.

3.

1
sin

x cos

x dx .

2.

dx .

1 sin2 x dx .

x8

6.

x log x log log x dx .

e

5.

99

cos4 x dx .

7.

4 3 sin x
log
dx .
4 3 cos x

8.

9.

cos 2x 2sin2 x
dx .

cos 2 x

10.

11.

c x dx .

8 x
dx .
x 8

4.

a log x

e x log a dx .

2
7

sin

x dx .

12.

65

d
f x dx .
dx

XII Maths

13.

sin2 x cos2 x dx .

15.

log e
dx .
e

17.

e x dx .

dx .
2

19.

x 1

21.

cos

23.

sec x .log sec x tan x dx .

dx .

14.

16.

ex
a x dx .

18.

x x 1

x
x 1
e

dx .

dx .

dx .

20.

22.

x cos 1 dx .

24.

cos x sin dx .

26.

x 2 dx .

28.

x cos x dx .

30.

32.

ax ax dx .

25.

cot x .logsin x dx .

27.

x 2 3 log x dx .

29.

1 cos x
dx .
sin x

x 1

33.

34.

0 x dx

x e 1 e x 1
dx .
xe ex
2

x log x dx .

31.

1 sin x

cos x dx .

XII Maths

where [ ] is greatest integer function.

66

35.

2
2
0 x dx

where [ ] is greatest integer function.

f x

36.

a f x f a b x dx .

38.

1x x dx .

39.

If

40.

a f x dx b f x dx .

37.

2 x dx .

0 1 x 2

, then what is value of a.

4

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

41.

(i)

x cosec

tan1x 2

1 x

dx .

(ii)

x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

cos x a

(iii)

sin x a sin x b dx .

(iv)

cos x a dx .

(v)

cos x cos 2x cos 3x dx .

(vi)

cos

(viii)

cot

(vii)

sin

(ix)

x cos x dx .

sin x cos x
2

dx .

(x)

a sin x b cos x
6

(xi)

sin x cos x
2

dx .

(xii)

sin x cos x

67

dx .

x dx .

x cosec

x dx .

dx .

cos x cos x a

sin x cos x

dx .

sin 2x

XII Maths

42.

Evaluate :
(i)

x
4

dx .

*(ii)

x 6 log x

(iii)

1 x x

(v)

(vii)

(ix)

(xi)
43.

dx

7 log x 2

(iv)

x a x b
5x 2
2

dx .

3x

1
2

dx .

dx .

(viii)

2x 1

x 2
4x x

(x)

dx .

3x 2

x 1 dx .

Evaluate :

dx

(i)

x x

(ii)

1 cos x 2 3 cos x dx .

(iii)

cos

XII Maths

(vi)

sin x

sin cos
2

d .

cos 2

68

(xii)

x
x

1
9 8x x

sin x

dx .

sin x

x
2

dx .

dx .

6x 12
2

1 x x dx .

sec x 1 dx .

(iv)

(v)

(vii)

(ix)

(xi)
44.

x 1

x 1 x 2 x 3 dx .
x

x 2

x 2 x 1

dx .

(vi)

(viii)

dx

2x 1 x
sin x

sin 4x

(x)

dx .

(xii)

tan x dx .

x 2 1 x 2 2
x 3 3 x 2 4 dx .
dx

sin x 1 2 cos x .
x

x
4

dx .

1
dx .

81

Evaluate :
(i)

(iii)

ax

(v)

sin x dx .
cos bx c dx .

cos

x dx .
1 sin 2x

dx .
1 cos 2x

(vii)

2x

(ix)

2ax x dx .

(xi)

(xii)

log log x log x

(ii)

sec

(iv)

sin

(vi)

(viii)

(x)

x dx .
6x

1 9x

tan

dx .

x dx .

x 1
dx .

2
2x

x 2

x 12

dx .

2 sin 2x
dx .
1 cos 2x
1

dx .

69

XII Maths

45.

(xiii)

6x 5

(xiv)

x 2

(xv)

2x 5

(xvi)

6 x x dx .

x 3

dx .

x 3

4x 3 dx .

4x 8 dx .

Evaluate the following definite integrals :

(i)

sin x cos x

9 16 sin 2x

dx .

(ii)

(iii)

cos 2x log sin x dx .

x
0

1 x
1 x

1 2

2
2

(iv)

dx .

sin

1 x 2 3 2

dx .

(v)

sin
0

sin 2x
4

dx .

(vi)

x cos x

5x
2

dx .

4x 3

(vii)

x sin x

1 cos x dx .
0

46.

Evaluate :
3

(i)

x 1 x 2 x 3 dx . (ii)

XII Maths

70

1 sin x dx .

(iii)

log 1 tan x dx .

log sin x dx .

(iv)

(v)

x sin x

1 cos

dx .
x

2x x

3
f x dx where f x x 3 x 2

3x 2

when 2 x 1

(vi)

when 1 x 1
when 1 x 2.

(vii)

x sin x cos x

sin
0

(viii)

x
2

47.

dx .

x cos x

dx .

cos x b sin x

Evaluate the following integrals

(i)

(iii)

(v)

dx
1

(ii)

tan x

1 sin x
log
dx .
1 sin x

x tan x

sec x cosec x

sin

(iv)

e
0

dx .

(iv)

71

2x
dx .

2
1 x

e
cos x

cos x

a x

cos x

dx .

dx .

a x

XII Maths

48.

2x dx

where [ ] is greatest integer function.

0
log x log sin x

49.

51.

sin2x dx .

dx .

sin x

52.

sin x sin2x dx .
b

53.

log x 1 log x

50.

sin x dx .

54.

dx .

f x dx f a b x dx .

55.

1
sec x tan x dx .

56.

sin2 x
1 cos x dx .

57.

1 tan x
1 tan x dx .

58.

ax b x
c x dx .

59.

Evaluate

sin1 x cos 1 x

dx , x 0, 1

(i)

sin

(ii)

x 2 1 log x 2 1 2 log x
dx
x4

(iii)
(iv)

(v)

XII Maths

x cos 1 x

dx

x2

x sin x cos x

sin

dx

x
dx
a x

(vi)

72

sin x cos x
sin 2x

dx

(vii)

sin

x cos x dx

(viii)

dx ,

where [x] is greatest integer function

3
2

(ix)

x sin x dx .

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

60.

Evaluate the following integrals :

(i)

(iii)

5
5

dx .

(ii)

x
2x

dx

x 1 x

x 1 x 3

dx

(iv)

dx

dx

16

(v)

cot x dx .

tan x

(vi)

(vii)

1 x
0

61.

x tan

2 2

dx .

dx .

Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sums :

4

(i)

2x 1 dx .

(ii)

3 dx .

73

XII Maths

2
3x

(iii)

2x 4 dx .

3x

(iv)

2x

dx .

(v)

3x dx .

62.

Evaluate
1

cot

(i)

x x 2 dx

dx

sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x cos x

(ii)

(iii)

log 1 x

1 x2

63.

1
sin x sin2x dx .

65.

sec

x dx .

dx

2 log sin x

(iv)

log sin 2x dx .

3 sin 2 cos

64.

5 cos2 4 sin d .

66.

2x

cos 3x dx .

ANSWERS
1.

x c.

2.

2e 2

2
3.

tan x + c.

4.

8x
x9
x2

8log x
c.
log8 9
16

5.

6.

log | log (log x) | + c

XII Maths

74

8.

x a 1
ax

c
a 1 log a

7.

9.

tan x + c

10.

11.

x c 1 c x

c
c 1 log c

12.

f(x) + c

13.

tan x cot x + c

14.

2 32 2
32
x x 1 c
3
3

15.

log |x| + c

16.

e

a

17.

2x e x
c
log 2e

18.

2
x 13 2 2 x 11 2 c .
3

19.

log x 1

20.

2e

21.

x cos2 + c

22.

log x cos 1
c.
cos

23.

log sec x tan x 2 c

24.

log cos x sin

c
sin

25.

logsin x 2 c

26.

x4
1
3x 2
2
3 log x c.
4 2x
2

1
c.
x 1

log e a c

27.

1
log 2 3log x c .
3

28.

log |x + cos x| c

29.

2 log |sec x/2| + c.

30.

1
log x e e x c .
e

75

XII Maths

31.

x log x 2 c

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

b a
2

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

2 1

x 2 log ax

2x c .
2
a

(i)

1
1

log cosec tan 1 x 2 2 c .

2

(ii)

1 2
1
x x x 2 1 log x x 2 1 c .
2
2

1
(iii)
(iv)

sin a b

sin x a
sin x b

x cos 2a sin 2a log |sec (x a)| + c.

1
(v)

log

12x 6 sin 2x 3 sin 4x 2 sin 6x c .

48
2

sin x

(vi)

sin x

(vii)

1
1
1
1

2x sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x c .

32
2
2
6

(viii)

4
cot6 x
cot x

c.
6
4

sin x c .

(ix)

a2

c.

a sin x b cos x

[Hint : put a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x = t]

XII Maths

76

(x)

2 cosec a cos a tan x . sin a c .

[Hint. : Take sec2 x as numerator]

42.

(xi)

tan x cot x 3x + c.

(xii)

sin1 (sin x cos x) + c.

(i)

tan

3
(ii)

(iii)

log

2x 2

2 log x 1

1
c.

[Hint : put x2 = t]

[Hint : put log x = t]

3 log x 2
1

log

5 1 2x

5 1 2x

(iv)

x 4
sin1
c.
5

(v)

2 log

x a

x b c

(vi)

cos sin

cos x

sin . log sin x

cos

Hint :

5
(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

log 3 x 2x 1

sin x
sin x

11

tan

3 2
2

4 sin

2
2
sin x sin
sin x

3 x 1

c
2

x 3 log x 6 x 12 2 3 tan

4x x

sin x sin c

x 3

c
3

x 2

c
2

77

XII Maths

(x)

1 x x

3
2 2

2x 1 1 x x 2

sin

16

x 2

(xii)

log cos x

x 1

2
x x x 1

7
2
c

1
2
2 3
x x 1
log x
2
8

3
2

(xi)

2x 1

c
5

cos x cos x c

[Hint : Multiply and divide by

43.

(i)

log

7
(ii)

(iii)

x
x

c
1

1 cos x

log

2 3 cos x
2

log cos 2

3
(iv)

(v)

log 1 cos c .

3
log x 3

10

log x 2

15

x 4 log

x 2 2

x 1 c

x 1
(vi)

2
3

tan

x
1 x

3 tan c
3
2

[Hint : put x2 = t]
(vii)

XII Maths

2
17

log 2x 1

log x

17

1
34

78

tan

x
2

sec x 1 ]

(viii)

log 1 cos x

log 1 cos x

log 1 2 cos x c

[Hint : Multiply Nr and Dr by sin x and put cos x = t]

(ix)

1 sin x

log

(x)

1 sin x

log

(xi)

x
x

tan

44.

(i)

2 sin x

2 sin x

1
tan x
tan x 1
log

2 tan x
2 2
tan x

3 2

x 1

tan

log

4 2

x 1

(xii)

2 tan x 1

2 tan x 1

x2 9

c
3 2

1 3
3
3
x cos x sin x c
3
1

sec x tan x log sec x tan x c

2
[Hint : Write sec3x = sec x . sec2 x and take sec x as first function]
(ii)

(iii)

ax

a b

(iv)

2x tan

a cos bx

3x

c b sin bx c c1

log 1 9x

[Hint : put 3x = tan ]

3
(v)

(vi)

2 x sin x cos x c
3
x 4 1
x
x
1
tan
x

c.

4
12
4

79

XII Maths

1
(vii)

(ix)

(x)

2x

tan x c .

2
x a

2ax x

(viii)

sin

c.

2x

x a

c
a

x x 1
e
c.
x 1

(xi)

ex tan x + c.

(xii)

x log log x

c . [Hint : put log x = t x = et ]

log x

(xiii)

2 6 x x

2 32

25
2x 1
2
1 2x 1
8
6 x x
sin
c
5
8
4

(xiv)

(xv)

x 2 x 2 9 3 log x

9 c

4x 3

3
1

log x 2

x 2

2
x

4x 3

4x 3 c

(xvi)

x 2

1
45.

(i)

XII Maths

4x 8 2 log x 2

log 3.

(ii)

20

80

4x 8 c

(iii)

(v)

46.

[Hint : put x2 = t]

(vii)

/2.

(vi)

15

(viii)

47.

(i)
(iii)

log 2.

25

6
log .
5
2
x
sin x

Hint :
dx .
1 cos x
1 cos x

8.

(ii)

log 2.

(iv)

log 2.

4
95/12.

Hint :

(vii)

1
(v)

5 10 log

(iii)

(vi)

(i)

(iv)

f x dx

f x dx

f x dx

f x dx

16

Hint : Use

2ab

(ii)

12
0.

(iv)

81

f x

f a x

log 2.

2
/2.

XII Maths

(v)

(vi)

48.

1
2

49.

x cos x + sin x + c.

50.

x + log x + c.

51.

1
log sec x tan x c .
2

52.

1 sin3x

sin x

2
3

53.

2 2

54.

55.

log |1 + sin x| + c

56.

x sin x + c

57.

log |cos x + sin x| + c

58.

a c x b c x C.
log a c log b c

59.

a.

(i)

2 2x 1
2 x x2
sin1 x
x c

(ii)

2 1 x cos 1 x

(iii)

XII Maths

1
1
1 2
3
x

3 2

x x2 c

1
2

log 1 2 c
3
x

82

(iv)

sin x x cos x
c
x sin x cos x

(v)

x a tan1 x ax c

(vi)

2 sin1

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

60.

(i)

3 1
2

3 5

3
1
2 .

x 4 log x

log x 1

log x 1

log x

tan

x c.

2
1

log

(ii)

(iii)

x 1

x 1

log x 1

2x

(vi)

log x

81

log x 3

8
x 2

tan

x 2

2
4

tan

10

log x 1

log

x log

10

(v)

(iv)

tan

c.

1
1

x
c .
2

27
2 x 3

c.

x
c .
2

2.

1
2 2

tan

x2

1
2x

1
4 2

83

log

x
x

2
2

2x 1

2x 1

XII Maths

(vii)

/8.

(i)

14.

(iii)

26.

(iv)

26
61.

(ii)

127 e

62.

2
141

(v)

(i)

log 2
2

(ii)

(iii)

log 2.
8

(iv)

1
log .
2
2

1
tan x x
log
c
5
2 tan x 1

63.

1
1
2
log 1 cos x log 1 cos x log 1 2cos x c .
6
2
3

64.

3log 2 sin

65.

1
1
sec x tan x log sec x tan x c .
2
2

66.

e 2x
2cos 3x 3 sin3x c .
13

XII Maths

4
c.
2 sin

84

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www.4ono.com