R ON IA N IA \J,\(,\DEM t

I \ ST I T L T E O F A IOL OC Y
BLCIIARESI

EUROP]'ANILATFOI{\T
FOR BIODIVORSITY

B]OPLATFORM - ROMANIAN NATIONAL PLATFORM

FOR BIODIVERSITY
Dc r r lo p r n c n t
lnt.-inslirutionalP.otocolfo. Biodivertitl Rc s e . r c h

t\ .

l \.

t".

for Biodiversiiy;
Platform
National
Romanian

Editedby
SimonaMih;ilescu

ll

INVASIVEANDPOTENTIALLYIW{SI\'E {LIE\ PLANTS

IN ROMANIA
(BLACKLIST)

PAU LINA ANASTAS IU

G A VR IL N E E R E A N ."

By the Global Strategy for Plant

Conse ation adoptedin April 2002 at the
Hague, ds a part of the Convention
regarding Biodiversily (Rio de Janeiro
to work out till
1992),it js recornmended
the end of 2004 national lists of alien
invasiveplants,and-till 2006-measures
fbr the conlrol of the most aggressiveof
thesc.The settingup ofnational, regional
and global "Black Lists" is indeedoneof
the actions recomrnendedby tbe lnvcsilc
Species Speciatist Group fot the
prcventionof biodiversitylossescausedby
such plants (http:/www.issg.org/
index.html).

of taking measuresfor prevention and

control" (code CNCSIS 1107). A major
issuewithin this project was to create a
completedatabaseof all alien plants of
Romania. For every taxon there are
indicated:family, period of irnmigr.rtior,
invasivestatute,abundance,
typeofhabitat
wherctheplantis found,typeoflaDdscape,
way ofintroduction,biologicfolm, odgin,
author(authors)andyearof first recordin
our country, distribution on Romania's
territory.The nomenclatureusedis fhat of
FlornEuropaea(Tutin t al. 1993;'lrfin et
a1.1964-1980).

On a nationnl level, researchdone about

populationsof non-native,invasiveor
potentialjnvasive speciesand the imprct
of these on native planFcommunities
representsa priority of biodiversity
researoh(Miha escuandFalca 2004: I30).
atthe
In line with theserecornmendations
University of Bucharcstwas initialed in
2004 the project "Identification of alien
invasive and potential invasive plants in
Romaniaand assessment
of the impacton
naturaland semi naturalhabitats,in view

In assessing
invasivestatutewe took into
account the lnost recent recommendations
of specialists in matters of invasional
problemsof plant ecology(Richardsonet
al. 2000, Pyiek et al. 2D02,Pyiek et al.
2004), recommendationssupportedby 7l]?
Invasi re Species Speciali:t Group
(ISSG), integratedlnto SpeciesS\rvival
Commission actrng \yrlhin The World
Consetvation Union (IUCN). Thus,
accordingto the definition given by the
above cited authors, alien plants are

* Ulive6ity ofBuchalest,Feuky ofBiology,BotdnyDept..I '3 Alee. PortocalelorStr.,RO-060101-Bncharcst.

Einail: aDstasiup@yahoo.com
** Unive6iry ofBucharest,BotanicalGaden "Dihilrie Branda", 32 CotroceniStr.,RO-060I l4-Bucfidrest.
Email: negred avri1@yah@.com

10'7

BIOPL4TFORA4 RazanianN ationalP/atJomIar Biadberity

"vegetaltll-\afrom a givenzone,whose
presence
is dueto delibenteor accidental
introductionas a result of human
aclivities".As synonymsfor alienplants
areusedalsothefollowingterms:exotic
plants,adventiveplants,allochthonous
plants,non nativeplants,non-indigenous
plants.For a plantto be considered
alien
in a givenzoneit mustcomefiom over
100krn of distance.
In thecaseof mrjor
geographicalba.ricrs (water courses,
nountainchains,etc.)thedistance
canbe
lesser.The taxoncan be thereforcalien
ona continenf,
anisle,abio-oreco-region
or district.Occasionalalien plants are
"alien plantscapableto developandeven
reproduce
in a givenzone,but whichdo
not fonn populationsable1brregeneration,
relying on repetitiveintroductionsfor
persistence".
ln thelileraturctheseplaDts
rre alsocalled:casu.rl,
vegrant,
transitory,
occasionallyevaded,persistedafter
cultivation,coresponding
to fhe term
"ephemerophytes"
used by Morariu I.
(1944). Naturalized plants are those
"alien plants which are repfoducing
coDst.,mtly
andfbundpopul ionspersisting
overseverallife'cycles at leastl0 years
accordingto Pyiek d, dl. (2004),without
directhumanintervenfion(or in spiteof
it); frequentlythey produceireely
descendants,
usuallyin proximityof adult
plants, and do not necessarilyinvade
natural, semi natural or anthropic
Alien invasiveplants are
ecosystems".
"naturalizedplants which produce
descendants,
sometimes
in largeamounts,
at considerable
distance
fromtheparental
plants and qver large stretches".
Richardson
et dl (2000)proposealsoan
approximatescalefor theevaluationof the

phenomenonof invasion: '!100 m/50 years

for the taxamultiplying by seedsor other
propagules,and 6m/3 years for taxa
multiplying by roots,rhizomes,sobolesand/
or creeping stems". Invasive plaDtsthat
"change the chffacter, fbrm or nature of
eoosystemover r significantpart oI their
extensions"arc named"transforming",
The sane aulhors also recommendthat
indigenous plants. which under certain
clfcumstances sLrcceeclto occupy
considerableareas within disturbed
ecosystems,
shouldbe temed "colonizing
(Richardson
plants"
er dl. 2000,Pysekct
dl. 2002), or "expansive planfs" (PySek
dl. 2004), but not "invasive" to better
"1
d;stin$ish bothcategorjes.
We sless that generallyestimationsabout
the degree of naturalizxtion and
invasivenessare subjective,dependingto
a great deal on the author perceptionof
the phenomena.
In the presentwork the residentialslatute
ofanalysedspeciesis equallyconfoming
to the most reoent pertaining
recommendafions(Pyiek et at. 2OO4).
Thus,for cenffaland eastemEuropealien
speciesare cl^ssified as archaeophl'tes
if they have penetratedinto the flora ofa
country before 1492 (discovery of
America), and as nophytcs if they have
penetrated after that year.
On the ground ofthese definitionsand of
the analysisof our databasewe consider
that of 433 alien plants identified for
Romania, 129 caxa are naturalized
(Anastasiu and Negrean 2004). From
among these 36 taxa can be considered
invasive, narnely the following:

108

I0. /l,itul

fhhonal Proroo/ pr Bndi.r"4

R*ar"l' Dqelapn nr

Acer negundoL.

Amorunthus retroJlexas L.

North American lree, neophytein

Romania's
flora,widespre.Ld
in the whole
country,frequentin a{ificial habitats,in
It was
industrialand urbaDl.mdscape.
plant.
delibcratelyintroducedas
orn:rmental

North American annual species;it is

commonin artificialhabitats(agricultuml
fields,urbanandi ndustrial
landscape)
and
seminaturalbabitats.

Ailantlus altissi,tta (Miller) Swingle

Treefiom Asia; at prcseDtit is foundin
alnostall regions,
in everytypeofhabitat.
nlienplants.
It is oneofthemostaggressive
produced
by
seeds,
in large
It muitipljes
quantities,
andalsovegetative
by soboles.
It is tolelantof varioustypesof substrate.
Althoughprcfeningthelow landwithhigher
temperitturcs,
morerecentlyit has been
reportedfrom higherzones,hills and
submontitne, where the averagc
tempemtureis lower In Dobrogeathis
gmsslands
specieshaspenetrated
deSraded
of Crataegus
and evenshrubberies
^nd
Rosd,contributingto the accelefated
degradationof thesevaluablehabitats.
it is usedfbr fbrestplantation,
Sometimes
for melioration
of degraded,
erodedsoils.
Amaranthus allrus L.
Annualspeciesstemmingfrom America;
it is locallyabundant
in artificialhabitats
(agficulturalf ields).
Amalanthuscrhpus (Lesp.& Thev.)N.
Terrac.
Annual speciesstemmingfrom South
America;it is locally abundantin arfificial
(agricultural
fields).
habitats
Amara thus hjbridus L. s. L
No h Amedcan annual species;it is
commonin :rtificial habitats(agricultural
fields).

Atnbrosid artemisiiJolia L.
NorthAmericanannualspecies,
frequent
(urban,
in aftificial
industdallandscape,
wilsiDtroduccd
rulalzones).It
accidenlaily.
Jivorkamenlioned
il for the first time in
1910at Or$ova.Flom hereit wasspread
to severallocalitiesof theB anat.At present
it is widespredin Romania.
Amorphafruticosa LNorth Americanshrub,which has been
plant,mainly
introduced
asanornllmenlal
for live fencesandfor stabiliznrgdegmded,
erodedsoil.It is commonin seminatural
habitats.
Artemisiaannua LContinenlal
annualspecies;
it is common
in artificialhabitats,
on agricultural
fields
jndustr;al
and
urban
and
landscape.
Azolla Jilit uloides Larn.
Aquaticpteridophytefrom Noth America,
introduced
accidentally;it iscommonin still
waters(naturalhabitats),mainlyin southern
partsofRomanix.Thisplantis capableto
transformtheinvadedhabitatBassiascopa e (L.) A. J. Scotr.
Eurasiantherophyteis widespreadin
(industrialsurroundings,
artificialhabitats
railwaytracks).lt has beendeliberately
introduced,perhapsout of economical
reasons,
asindicatedby thepopularname
of "brooms".

109

BIOPL4TFORM - kananianN aional Plarlbm lbrBiod;,enit"l

Bidens vulgata Grcene

Cuscuta campestrh ltncket

Annual species,native in Nonh America,

preferswet spotsandfloodedgroundalong
rivers.It is spreadin naturaland semi
anddisappears
naturalhabitats.Itappears
withouttraceandreappean1araway,

Plantparasitizing
variouscultivated
plants,
stemstiom North America.It appears
sporadically in artificial habitats
(cultivatedland).

Cannabissativa L. snbsp.spontane.t
(Vavilov)Serebrex Sereberand
Sizon

Echinoclstis lobata (Michx) Toney and

A. Gray
Therophyte,
nrtive in North America;it
was introduceddeliberatelyprobablyas
plant.If is locallyabundant
omamental
in
naturalhabitats,mainly alongrive$, in
manypartsofRomania,

Annualplant,nativein CentralAsia;it is
widesFeadin artificialhabitats(industrial,
aswell asin semi
urban,rurallandscape)
mainlyin SEofRomania.
naturalhabitats,
Elodeanuttanii (Pl|J:.chon)St. John
During our rcsea.rchwork doneof late in
Dobrogea,we met it frequently in
Aquatic plant trom North America; it is
grasslands,
mainly thoseof the alliance oneof themostrecentlyinvasiveplantsin
Stipion lessingianae.
flora(Ciocirlan?t dl. 1998).At
Romanian
prcsentit is abundant
in naturaihabitats,
Cardaria dmba (L.) Desv. subsp.d/drd
alongtberiverDanubeandits Delta,but
plantof Mediteffanean
origin also in artificialhabitats(Carol I Park,
Herbaceous
Thisplanthasbeenintroduced
whoseareaof distributionhasadvanced Bucure$ti).
andapparently
it is replacing
accidentally
in
northwards.It is very widespread
Elodeacanadensis.
artificialhabitats.
Chamomilla suaveolcnr (Pursh)Rydb.

Erigeron annuus L. snbsp.annuus

Theroph),te
fromEnstAsi4 NorthAmerica;
in seminatunlhabitats.
it is locallyabundant
provinces
It is frequentin intracarpathian
andnorthemMoldova.It is morcmesophile
andis abundantalongmountainpath.In the
lowlandit is rarEor absent.

Herbaceousbiennialplant from North

America;it wasintroducedaccidenlally.At
prcsentit is cornmonin all t'?es of habirafs.

Conlzd cdnddcnsis(L.) Cronquist

Erigeron d nuus L- subsp..irrigo.!r!.!

(Willd.) Wagenitz
It differs from the precedentby erect
capitulaat thestageofbuds.Basalleaves
are very characteristic,L,ater on
differencesarevanishing.Theplantis less
frequentthan Erigeron annuus s[bsp.
.rnrr s andis moremesopbile,

Annualplant,nativein North America;

it is very widespreadin all types of
The
habitat,favouredby anemochory.
plantsproduceextremelymanyachenesEuphorbia rnacuktta L.
l! was introducedaccidentally.From
Romania,Baumgartencited it as early Annual plant ftom North Amedca; it is
a s 1 81 6 .
widesproadin the warmerzonesof
110

V". 2 l tq lt..ilu tn r/ Pnt4,./ l+ Ri'd

"Et;4

Romania,
beinginvasiveonly in artificial
(industrial
habitats
suffoundings):
it was
inlroduced
aocidenlally.
Galinsoga pamiJlora Cav.
A species
stemming
from SouthAmericr;
it is oneofthe mostwidesprcad
weeds.It
accommodates
well with hoedcrops.It is
frequcntin all partsof Romania,evenin
seminaturalhabitats.G. cili.,t.,(Rafin)
Blrke is alsoofsouthAmerican
origin;it is
Iesswidespread,
althoughrecentlywefound
it in severallocations
asa ruderalplant.
I ntpatiensglandulifera Royle
Therophytefrom the Himalayas;it was
introduceddeliberatelybecnuseof its
quality.lt is locallyabundant
decoralive
in
seminaturalandartificial habitats.
Iva xanthiiJblia NnIt.
North American therophyte,which is
locallyabundant
in natuml,rcmi naturaland
arlificialhabitats.
Thisplantis apoweful.
dangercus
nllergen.
JuncustenukWllld.
plantfiom No(h America;it is
Perennial
locallyabundant
in naturalandseminatural
habitats.A mesophile,more frequentin
hilly andmounfain
zones.Itwasintroduced
accidentally.
Lepidiam densiflarum Schradet
No(h Americantherophyte,
accidertally
introduced;itis
locxllynbundant
inadificial
habitats,especiallyarenousones.It is more
frequentonsandysoilsoftheNW andSW
ofRomania(Oltenia)andalsoin thezone
ofHanulConachi(GalaliDistrict).Inother
partsof Romaniait growsmainlyin railway
stations,along roads.It has sometimes
beenmistakenfor L. virg,rrcrrlrl.

Rp a,t D.,rhfa n

Lindernia dubia (L.) Penell

North American thercphyte,accidentally
introduced:it is locally
in natura.l
habitatsofthe D ube^bundant
Delta and rarer in
the Minidelta of the river Nera.
Lrciam bafiarum L.
Shrub-likespeciesfiomChina, which has
beendeliberatelyintroducedasdecorative
plant (for line fences); it is locally
abrndant in semi natural and nrtificial
habitats.
Paspalumpaspalodes(Michx) Scribner
Hemicryptophyte of tropical origin is
locally abundantin Daturalhabitats.The
ftizomes ofthis plant reachseveralnreters
in length,denyingotherplantssurvivtrl.It
was first signalledin the DanubeDelta.
Recently, we have discovercd it in the
Nera miDideltaandon the MoldovaVeche
Isle where it fbrms densemonodoninant
populations.Itis capableto transformfhe
habitatsinvadedby itself.
Portulnca olcracea L. stst:sp.oleracea
Herbaceousannual species,perhaps
accidentallyintroduced,locally abundant
in all types of habitat. It is n
archaeophytefiom Asia, Africa.
Relnoutria japonica Ho

Species of Japanese origin, it was

introduced deliberately, perhaps to
completecollectionsof botanicalgardens.
It is locally abundxnt alongside riversFrequent especially in Transylvania where
it has a strongly invasive character.
Recently it made its appearancein some
fallow placesin Bucuresti.

111

BIOI'LATFOkM
Sisjrinchium

Rona dn NarianalPkhhtm krBiadiEril!

economical reasons(Basrla rcopdrl.r).
The remaining specieswere introduccd
accidentnlly.

montanum E-L. Greene

Perennial plant ftom North America,

deliberatelyinlroducedasdecorativeplant;
at preseDtsporadic in natural habitats,
especiallymesophilemeadowsof northern
Moldova. We observed numerous
specimensin the Marsh Reserve $arul
.
Domei andalsoin fensat Doma-Candreni

.Analysingtheoriginof invasivespecies
in Romania, it becomesclear that tle great
maiority of them stem from America (24
taxa 66.667, of all invasive plants).Of
Asian origin are merely 8 taxa.(22.22Ea).

Solidago canadensis L.

. The analysis of biofoms reveals the

(22I^xi!- 6 1.11%
of therophytes
dominance
of all invasiveplants); thesearefollowed by
hemicryptophytcs (5 taxa 19.88'/, of a.U
invasive plants) and phanerophytes(4 ta\a
- 11.11'l.of thetotalnumber).

Perenoial speciesfrom North America:

cultivatedfor its decorativequalities,it is
at present abundant ir semi natural
landscapes,
especiallyalongsiderive.
Veronica persica Poiet

Ofthese 36 invasivetaxa 8 are presentin

all types of habitat (AlLrnthusaltissina,
Bidens Iulgata, Conyza canadensis,
Erigeron ann.uus subsp. .rnrrur,
Erigeron annuus subsp. st/lgostlr, .lv.t
xanthiifolia, Portulaca oleracea snbsp.
oleracea, Xanthium spinosum), 6 go\,/
only in natural habitats (Azoll.r
liliculoides, Echinocystis hbata, Elodea
nuttallii, Lindemia dubia, P aspalum
paspalodes,Sislrinchnm montanun). 3
in semi natural h^bit^ts (Amorpha
frutico sa, C hamomilla suar eoIens,
Solidago canaaensis),5 taxa thrive in
semi natural and in artific;al habitats
(Anar dnthus re t rcfl exus, Cannab i s
rdtivd subsp. spontanea, I rpatiens
gtandulifera, Reynolt a iaponica,
Lyciun bdrbarum), onetaxon is found iD
natural and semi natural habitats (r,r.r,r
terals).All the othert xa arei:rvasiveonly
in artificialhabitats.

Annual species of Asian origin was

introduced accidentally. It is common
in atiticial habilats.
especiaLly
Xanthium spinosum L.
Annual speciesfrom SouthAmerica; it is
commonin all typesof habitats.
The critical analysisof invasive planh from
various habitats in Romania revealsthe
following situation:
. Of those 36 invasive taxa three are
archaeophytes (Bdssia scoptrria,
Cardaria draba. stbsp. druba, Poftaldca
olzracea),33 being neophytes.
. l0 invasive neophyteshave been
introduced deliberately asdecorativeplants
(Acer negundo, Ailanthus altissime,
Impatiens
Echituoctstis Iobata,
glantlulifera,
Ly!:iun
bdrbarum,
Sisrrinchium nontanum, Solidago
canatlen:is), for the completion of
collections in botanical gardens
(.Reynoutriajaponica\, for fixation of
degraded soil (Anrorpfta fruticosa) or fol

Some naturalized taxa do not yet lorm

appreciablepopulations,on lifge areas.
Tdkingintoaocounfthei frcquencyii various
|2

I n/. 2 l tu lntitroan I P.arara/1ar Bndtuatt| R rvt.h |)F /apn al

types of habitals,we think that they deserve
special attention when monitorizing the
prccess of invasiveness of alien plants in
Romania.Therefore,we call thempolentially
invasiveandenumemteseveralof ihcsetaxa:
A b utiton theophras ti Melicns

Tree from China, introduced out of

economicalrci:isons.
At presentitis found
in all typesof habitats.This tree doesnot
possessthe potentialto extendover large

Ceratnpterk th4liatroides (L.) Brcngn.

Fern of t.opical origin is deliberately
introducedin Lake Pelea (seeminglyby
aquarists). This invader succeededto
nearly suffocatethe whole populationof
Nymphttea /()/fi. Great effots were
neededto stopthemultiplicationoftbe fem,
but notentirely.

Panicum capillare L. and Panicum

dichotomifolum Michx
North American therophytes; they are
naturalizedin artificial habitats.Our
observationsin recentyears have shown
that thesespecieshave enoughpower to
spreadrapidly.

Eleusine indica (L..) Gaeftner

Therophyteof lropical origin, ever more
presentin recentyearsin aditlcial habitats
of southemRomania.
F raxin us p ennsl lvanfua M^rsh.
ThistreeiscurreDtly
usedfbr planttionalong
strects.It produccsa large amount of fiuit,
capableto generatenew plants in highly
(crevicesin walls,in
adversecircumstances
the pavement, tmmway tracks, etc.).
H elianthus tub eros us L.

Robinia pseudacacia L.
Tree of North American origin, which is
cuftivafed in RomaDiafor abour two
hund.ed years, mainly for fixation of
degradedsoil, of d nes, to establish
screeningplantations,etc-At presentit is
naturalizedin semi natural and artificixl
habitats.It installs itself easily even in
naturalhabitatsdisturbedbycertainfactors
(e.g., fire).
almus pumila L.

Hemicryptophytic species fionl North

America tbat is increasinglyfrequent in
semi naturalhabilats.This plant hasbeen
introduceddeliberatelyout of economical

Neophytefrom SE Asia, naturalizedand

sporadic in natural and artificial habitats:it
wasdeliberatelyintroduced.

PereDnialspecies(sometimesannual) of
Asian origin, it is naturalizedin the S and
SE of Romania,where it grows as weed
in rice-fields(Ciocarlaner d/.1989).
Molus allra L.

Therophytic species from Asia,

archaeophytesporadicallypreseDtin
artificialhnbitats.

I mpatie ns pan iJlo ra DC.

Monochorfut kofiakolr'ii Regel and Maack

Tree ofAsian o.igin, which is frequently

cultivated for decoration reasons.It
muitiplieslieely by seedsorby soboles-lt
is naturalizedin artificialhabitars.
For the coming two years the project
initiatedby us proposesthe identification
ofnatuml and seminatural habitatsiDvaded
by alien species,as well asthe assessment
oI theif impact upon structure and

113

BIOPLATT-OF-M

Ra/ anidfl Ndho al Phtlitm lbBiodi"erdlv

composition of tie vegetation in National

and Nxtural P.trks like Porlilc de Fier,
Bucegi Mountains (an importart
endemogeniccentre),Mdcin Mountains.
As a result of fesearchmanagemeDt
planningwill be staftedfor at least5 of the
most aggressivespeciesofinvasiveplants
in nirturalandseminatuul habitatsnot yct
underprotectionor in naturalreserves,in

accordancewith physical-geographical
pecrli ities andlegislatureofRomania.
To stimuli:rtethe awarenessof the public
vis d vis fiedangerofalien specieswe intend
to publish a popularising booklet contniDiDg
inlonnalions about the most liequently
invasive speciesand measurcsthat must be
taken for their prevention and control.

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