EE 2355 Design of Electrical Machines

UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION

What is meant by electrical machine design?

Design may be defined as a creative physical realization of theoretical concepts. Engineering
design is application of science, technology and invention to produce machines to perform
specified tasks with optimum economy and efficiency.

Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design

The design should be carried out based on the given specification using available materials
economically and to achieve the following
1. Lower cost
2. Durability
3. Conformity with performance criteria as laid down in specifications
Basic considerations to develop a design
A design process is not merely engineering calculations but involves careful consideration of the
following
1. Design base
matching the existing experience with R and D
bringing in the latest material technology
limitations in design
convenience in production line and transportation
working safety and reliability
maintenance and repair
environmental conditions
2. Specification
meeting with the customers requirements
guarantees
satisfy the national and international standards
3. Design transfer
Transfer of design to factory foreman i.e. drawings, processes instructions, job flow,
meeting the delivery schedule.
4. Information updating
Technical journals, R and D papers and reports, interaction in meetings, seminars and
conferences
Limitations in Design
Limitations are imposed on the design because of
1. Saturation of magnetic parts
Increased core losses and excitation at higher flux density resulting in higher cost for the field
system.
2. Temperature rise
Increased temperature rise under higher output weakens the insulation and affects the life of
machine.
2. Insulation

It should be able to withstand the electrical, mechanical and thermal stresses which are produced
in the machine.
4. Mechanical strength
Especially in turbo machine due to large size and high speed.
5. Efficiency
If high efficiency is the aim, the machine becomes costly, for lower efficiency higher running
cost and temperature rise with associated problems.
6. Customers specifications
Imposes limitations to identify criterion for best design
7. Commutation
In DC machine output is limited because of commutation problem
8. Power factor
Power factor imposes a limitation especially in case of 3 phase induction motor.
9. Standard specification
Specification is biggest strain on the design because both the manufacturer as well as the
consumer cannot get away from them without satisfying them.
Basic structure of an electrical machine
The basic structure of an electrical machine consists of the following parts
1. Magnetic circuit: It provides path for the magnetic flux and consists of core, yoke, air gap
etc.
2. Electric circuit: It consists of stator, rotor winding and transformer winding. It conveys
electrical energy from the working region and is concerned with production of emf and
production of magneto-mechanical force. Windings are formed from suitability insulated
conductors
3. Dielectric circuit: It consists of insulation required to isolate one conductor from another and
also the winding from the core. The insulating materials are essentially non-metallic and may be
organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic.
4. Thermal circuit: It consists of cooling medium such as air, water, insulating oil and gas
(Hydrogen) . It is concerned with mode and media for dissipation of heat produced inside the
machine on account of losses.
5. Mechanical parts: The important mechanical parts of a machine are its frame, bearings and
shaft .

Electrical Engineering Materials

Materials for Electrical Machines
The main material characteristics of relevance to electrical machines are those associated with
conductors for electric circuit, the insulation system necessary to isolate the circuits, and with
the specialized steels and permanent magnets used for the magnetic circuit.

1. High conductivity materials

For making all types of windings required in electrical machines, distribution of electrical energy through
transmission lines

Requirements of high conductivity materials

*Highest possible conductivity
*Least possible temperature co-efficient of resistance
*Adequate mechanical strength
*Rollability and drawability weldability and solderability.
*Adequate resistance to corrosion
High conductivity materials - Copper, Aluminium, Iron steel, Alloys of copper
Copper
Relative immunity from oxidation and corrosion, highly malleable & Ductile metal - it can be
cast, forged, rolled, drawn, machined, easily soldered.
Annealed high conductivity copper and hard drawn copper wires are used for windings of
electrical machines
Aluminium
*The existing copper deposits are fast exhausting and the price of copper fluctuates widely,
therefore it replaces copper in many applications.
*Alluminium when used in small transformer, decreases overall cost (comparatively lesser than
copper) and weight (approximately 3.3 times lighter than copper)
* Alluminium when used in large transformer, increases overall cost ( its resistivity 1.62 times
higher than copper and size ( its volume approximately 2.04 times greater than copper)
(while designing due account should be taken of their differences in
resitivity,cost,weight,conductivity,temp. etc.,)

Iron and Steel

*Steel alloyed with chromium and Alluminium (robustness with good heat dissipation) for
making starter rheostats.
Cast iron resistance grids to be used in starters of large motors.
Alloys of copper
* Bronze (copper base alloys containing tin,cadmium&berryllium) possesses higher resistivity
and mechanical strength.
Beryllium copper current carrying springs, brush holders, sliding contacts and knife switch
blades.
Cadmium copper- contact wires and commutator segments.
* Brass (66% Cu and 34% Zinc) has greater mechanical strength ,wear resistance and lower
conductivity widely used in current carrying materials .
* Copper silver alloy (99.10% and 0.06% to 0.1%) has resistance to thermal shortening and
creep (turbo-alternators)
2. High resistivity materials
It is usually called high resistance conductors as resistors, resistance coils , resistance elements or
heating elements- are used to dissipate electrical energy as heat i.e., in starting and regulating
devices for motors
Categories according to their purposes
I Group Materials used for Precision work- for making standard resistances and resistance
boxes.
Properties
* Stability of resistance over the period of time and during fluctuations of temperature .
* Low temperature co-efficient.
* Minimum thermo electric effect at contact of material -does not introduce errors into
measurements.
Material Manganin (Cu 86%, Mn 12%and Ni 2%)
II Group Materials used for making rheostats
Properties
* Should have large thermo-emf
* large resistance temperature co-efficient.
Special requirement
* High permissible working temperature and low cost
Material Constantan (Cu 65% and 40 to 35% Ni) Sometimes small amounts of manganese and
iron also included.
III Group Materials used for making heating devices in electric furnaces and loading rheostats
Special requirements
* High permissible working temperature, low cost and should have non-corrosive

Material Nichrome (Nickel, chromium and iron) (optimum working temperature-900-to

1000)
3. Electrical carbon materials
Electrical carbon materials are made from graphite and other forms of carbon coal.
Properties
* Negative temp. Co-efficient (contact voltage drop decreases with increasing temp)
* Low wear and tear (due to self lubricant property)
Material Carbon, carbon graphite, graphite, electro graphite, metal graphite- used for making
brushes for electrical machines.
5. Super conducting materials
Materials exhibiting zero value of resistivity are known as Super conductors. A large number of
metals become super-conducting below a particular temperature characteristic of the particular
metal. This temperature is known as the transition temperature.
For example: Alluminium Trans.temp.- 1.18 K
Uranium 0.80 K
It is interesting to note that copper, silver, gold etc., are very good conductors at room temp.,
but do not exhibit superconducting properties. ( vice versa for other metals and alloys)
Application of superconductor
It can be used for the transformers and rotating electrical machines, depending upon the
comparative gain in the reduction of full load copper losses against the cost for provision of
cryogenic conditions.

Magnetic materials
Ferromagnetic materials
Relative permeability -r >> 1 (Nickel, cobalt, iron, steel, silicon steel etc.,)
Paramagnetic materials
Relative permeability -r > 1 (Air, Alluminium, palladium etc.,)
Diamagnetic materials
Relative permeability - r < 1 (Bismuth, silver, lead, copper, water etc.,)
Ferromagnetic materials are very useful for electrical engineering applications. Why?
When a ferromagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, there is considerable distortion
and, therefore, the force exerted is very large. This property makes ferromagnetic materials are
very useful for electrical engineering applications. Example: Iron, nickel, cobalt and their alloys.
Types of magnetic materials based on hysteresis loop
1. Soft magnetic materials- making magnetic core used in alternating magnetic fields
hysteresis loops are more or less narrow.(Silicon steel, nickel- iron alloys etc.,)
Classifications:
a. Solid core materials
b. Laminated core material for pulsating fluxes
c. Electrical sheet and strip

d. Special purpose alloys

a. Solid core materials- for steady fluxes. These materials are normally used for parts of
magnetic circuits carrying steady flux as cores of d.c . Electromagnets, relays and field
frame (i.e., yoke) of d.c. machines. Examples: cast iron, cast steel and Ferro-cobalt
b. Laminated core material for pulsating fluxes
These materials are normally used for parts of magnetic circuits carrying pulsating flux as
cores of d.c. armature, stator and rotor of ac machines
c. Electrical steel sheets
Dynamo grade steels-(low silicon content) are used in rotating electrical machines
Transformer grade steels- (high silicon content) are used in transformers.
Cold rolled grain oriented steel (CRGO) - is suitable for use in large transformers and
turbo alternators
d. Special purpose alloys - are used in instrument transformers, induction coils and choke.
Example : permalloys, superpermalloy, perminvar etc.,
2. Hard magnetic materials- used in low power rating machines and instruments- broad
hysteresis loop . (carbon steel, tungsten steel, cobalt, hard ferrites etc.,)
Good qualities
1. High magnetic permeability
2. High electrical resistivity
3. The hysteresis loop of the magnetic material should be narrow and must have a small
area.

Insulating materials
Electrical properties
*high dielectric strength ,sustained at elevated temperatures.
* high resistivity or specific resistance
* low dielectric hysteresis
* good thermal conductivity
* high degree of thermal conductivity
Factors affecting the electrical properties
(i) dimensions of test piece
(ii) r.m.s. value, wave form and frequency of impressed voltage.
(iii) temperature and moisture content of test piece
(iv) mechanical pressure on test piece
Applications of insulating materials
Employed for the insulation of
1. Wires for magnet coils and windings of machine
2. Laminations for Machines and transformers

Classes of insulating materials and its maximum allowable temperature

Classification of insulating materials for electrical machinery and apparatus in relation to their
thermal stability are given in Indian Standard Publication No. 1271 - 1958
Class

Temperature

90 C

105 C

120 C

130 C

155 C

180 C

above 180 C

Example
Class Y Cotton, silk , paper, cellulose ,wood without impregnation
Class A - class Y materials impregnated with natural resins cellulose esters, insulating oil etc.,
Class E- Synthetic resin enamels, cotton and paper laminates with formaldehyde bonding
Class B - Mica, glass fibre ,asbestos with suitable bonding substances.
Class F Materials of class B with bonding materials of higher thermal stability.
Class H Glass fibre and asbestos materials and built up mica with silicon resins.
Class C Mica, ceramics ,glass, quartz without binders.
(Class C Materials are not directly involved in machine design.)
Insulating materials used in modern electric machines
Fibrous glass, cotton fibre, polyamides, synthetic resin enamels - for wires of field coils
Petroleum based mineral oils and Askarels (60/40 mixture of hexachlorodiphenyl and
trichlorovenzine)- are synthetic non-flammable insulating liquids- used for cooling and
insulation of immersed transformers.
Wood and two , three-ply varnished cotton-slot lining materials.
Area of stator slot: Slot area is occupied by the conductors and the insulation. Out of which
almost more than 25 % is the insulation. Once the number of conductors per slot is decided
approximate area of the slot can be estimated.
Slot space factor = Copper area in the slot /Area of each slot
This slot space factor so obtained will be between 0.25 and 0.4. The detailed dimension of
the slot can be estimated as follows.

Space Factor
The magnetic core of electrical machines is often made up of thin iron laminations in order to
reduce eddy-current losses and improve the performance. These lamination sheets are slightly
insulated with a coating and are oriented in parallel with the direction of the magnetic flux.
Laminating a core increases its volume not only due to the applied coating, but also since the
stacked laminations are not perfectly flat due to manufacturing or processing, e.g. punching.
It is important to account for the space factor when designing an electrical machine, since a
space factor of less than 1.0 reduces the flux carrying capacity of the iron core accordingly. The
space factor is low for very thin iron laminations and is approaching unity as the lamination
thickness increases. The space factor is sometimes also called lamination factor or stacking
factor.
Definition of space factor (General)
The ratio of the active cross-sectional area of an insulated conductor to the total area occupied by
it.

Transformer
Window space factor
The window space factor is defined as the ratio of copper area in the window to the total window
area.
Window space factor , =

It depends upon the relative amount of insulation and copper provided, which in turn depends
upon the voltage rating and output of transformers. Space factor is larger for large outputs and
smaller for small outputs.
The following empirical formulae may be used for estimating the value of window space factor:
=

10
(30 + )

; kV is the voltage of h.v. winding in kilo-Volt (ratings between 50 to 200

kVA)
=
=

12
(30 + )
8
(30 + )

for 1000 kVA

for 20 kVA

The value of space factor for intermediate ratings can be interpolated.

Rotating electrical machine

Slot space factor

Area of bare (active ) copper in slot

Total area of slot

The ratio of area of bare copper in slot to total area of slot.

Copper space factor =

Area of copper in each field coil

Area of cross section of field coil

The ratio of area of copper in each field coil to area of cross section of field coil

Choice of specific electrical and magnetic loadings

Importance of specific loadings
Specific magnetic and electrical loadings play an important role in the design of
electrical machines. The process of design of any electrical machine is really initiated with the
suitable assumptions of these values. As such the main dimensions and the design of other parts
of the machine is basically depend upon the proper selection of the specific magnetic and electric
loading.

Question:

Discuss the factors affecting the choice of specific magnetic loading in a

rotating machine.
The specific magnetic loading is determined by.
1. Maximum flux density in iron parts of machine
2. Magnetizing current
3. Core losses
I.

Maximum flux density in iron

The maximum flux density in any iron part of machine must be below a certain
limiting value.
Flux density in iron path is directly proportional to the average flux density in the air
gap.

 In a well designed machine the maximum flux density occurs in the teeth of the
machine.
II.

Magnetic current
The magnetizing current (Im) of a machine is directly proportional to the mmf required to
force the flux through the airgap and iron parts of the machine.
mmf required for air gap (ATg) Bg (gap flux density).
i.e., specific magnetic loading
(since, Bg = Bav/)
If a small value of specific magnetic loading is chosen, the flux density in the iron parts is
low and therefore these parts are worked on the linear or knee portion of the curve.
If a large value of specific magnetic loading is chosen, the flux density in the iron parts is
in the saturation region of the B-H curve
Thus a large value of a specific magnetic loading results in increased value of
magnetizing mmf and hence more magnetizing current.
The value of magnetizing current is not usually a serious design consideration in dc
machines. But in induction motors an increased value of magnetizing current results in
low power factor. Hence, specific magnetic loading in induction motor is lower than dc
machine. For a synchronous machine, the magnetizing current is not so critical and the
value of specific magnetic loading is intermediate between that of dc and induction
motor.

III.

Core loss
Area of cross-section of iron parts of the magnetic circuit of a machine.
a = flux carried by parts/flux density in the parts
a 1/B
If this part is subjected to alternating magnetization, there will be core loss in it. This
because the hysteresis loss is directly proportional to the frequency and eddy current loss is
proportional to (f2). Core loss also depends on flux density. This is because hysteresis loss B mk
and eddy current loss Bm2.
Thus a large value of specific magnetic loading resolves in increased core loss and
consequently a decreased efficiency and on increased temperature rise.

For high speed DC machine (or) high frequency ac machines, Specific magnetic loading
must be reduced in order to achieve lower iron loss.
Advantages due to higher specific magnetic loading
i.

Reduction in the volume of the machine.

ii.

Reduction in the size of the machine.

iii.

Lower cost of the material required.

iv.

Lower weight of the machine.

v.

Lower overall cost of the machine.

Disadvantages due to higher specific magnetic loading

i.

Increased iron loss.

ii.

Large requirement of mmf.

iii.

Higher field copper loss (DC and synchronous machine).

iv.

Higher tooth density.

v.

Increases noise.

vi.

Increased temperature rise due to higher losses.

vii.

Increased magnetizing current, Im and poor power factor ( Induction rotor).

viii.

Tendency of saturation of magnetic parts.

Question: Discuss the factors affecting the choice of specific electric

loading in a rotating machine.
The following factors influence the choice of specific electric loading
1. Permissible temperature rise
(a) Temperature rise
(b) Cooling co efficient
2. Voltage rating of machine
3. Size of machine
4. Current density

1. Permissible temperature rise

The limiting value of specific electric loading should be fixed by maximum allowable
temperature rise and the cooling co-efficient
(i) Temperature rise
A high value of specific electric loading can be used in a machine where a high
temperature rise is allowed. The maximum allowable temperature rise of a machine is
determined by the type of insulating materials used in it. Hence when better quality insulating
materials, which can withstand high temperature rises, are used in machines, increased values of
specific electric loading can be used resulting in reduction in the size of the machine
(Because, specific electric loading is inversely proportional to diameter)
(ii) Cooling co-efficient
The value of cooling co-efficient, c, depends upon the ventilation conditions in the
machine. A machine with better ventilation has a lower value of cooling co-efficient and
therefore, a high value of specific electric loading may be used in it. So for the same reason in a
high speed machine a high value of specific electric loading ,ac may be used as due to high speed
the ventilation conditions in the machine are improved owing to natural fanning action of the
rotor.
2. Voltage rating of machine
In high voltage machines, greater insulation thickness is required and therefore the space
factor for these machines is lower. Hence an increase in voltage will, in general, necessitate in
specific electric loading ac
3. Size of the machine
The larger the machine the greater the slot depth and greater the specific electric loading.
Actually if the current density and the slot space factor are assumed constant, then specific
electric loading is proportional to the diameter as slot usually depends upon the diameter.
4. Current density
A higher value of specific electric loading can be used in a machine which employs lower
current density in its conductors.
Typical values of current density are in the range of 2-5 A/mm2. The temperature rise is
usually 400C for normal applications and cooling co-efficient is between 0.02 to 0.0350C W-m2.
Advantages due to higher specific electric loading
i.

Reduction in the volume of the machine.

ii.

Reduction in the size of the machine.

iii.

Lower cost of the material required.

iv.

Lower weight of the machine.

v.

Lower overall cost of the machine.

Disadvantages due to higher specific electric loading

i.

Increased armature copper loss.

ii.

increased leakage reactance because of larger turns per phase (Induction and synchronous
machine)

iii.

Increased temperature rise because of higher copper losses.

iv.

Increased reactance voltage and inferior commutation (DC m/c)

v.

Increased field excitation causing more field copper losses (DC m/c)

vi.

Poorer regulation and stability impaired.(syn. m/c)

vii.

Reduction in over load capacity.

Thermal considerations
The temperature of a machine rise, when it runs under load condition starting from cold
condition. The temperature rise is directly proportional to the power wasted (i.,e Loss). The
heated part of an electrical machine dissipate heat into their surroundings by conduction,
convection and radiation
Transfer of heat - solid medium conduction
Transfer of heat - liquid medium convection
Transfer of heat air or gas medium radiation
Conduction
Heat flow by conduction between two surfaces separated by a heat conducting medium like iron,
copper or insulation is given by
1 2

= ,
1 , 2 = ,
= , ( /)
=

Thermal resistance
The thermal resistance is defined as the resistance which causes a drop of 1 C per watt of heat
flow. It can be expressed as

= ,
= ,
= , 2
\
Radiation
The heat dissipated by radiation from a surface depends upon its temperature and its other
characteristics like color, roughness etc., the heat radiated per unit surface is given by Stefan
Boltzmann law:
= 5.7 108

14 04 /2

Where T1 and T0 = absolute temperature of the emitting surface and the ambient medium, K
e = co-efficient of emissivity; 1 for perfect black and always less than unity for others.
Convection
(i) Natural convection
Liquid and gas particles near heated body become lighter and rise, giving place to cooler
particles which in turn get heated and rise. This natural process due to changes in fluid density is
known as natural convection.
The heat dissipated per unit surface by natural convection is given by
= (1 0 ) /2
Where Kc = a constant depending on the shape and dimensions of hot body
n = a constant depending upon shape and dimensions of hot body. Its value lies between
1 and 1.25
1 = temperature of emitting surface, 0C;
0 = temperature of ambient medium,0C.
(ii) Artificial convection
In modern machines heat is removed by artificial circulation of cooling medium. For
example, a transformer tank may be cooled by blasting air on it or a turbo alternator may be
cooled by circulating hydrogen. This is known as cooling by artificial convection. The usual
method employed for cooling of machines is by blasting air on heating surfaces; these surfaces
may be open or closed. The most widely used formulae for air blasts on open surface is
= ( 1 + ) /2 C
Where = specific heat dissipation of a blasted surface.
= specific heat dissipation by natural convection.
= relative velocity of cooled surface and air blast, m/s,
= a constant, depending upon whether the blast is uniform or non-uniform,
= 1.3 for uniform blasts
The value of Kv comes down to even 0.5 for non-uniform blasts.

Newtons law of cooling

Losses are produced in various parts of electrical machines due to which the machine
temperature rises. The machine attains a steady temperature rise after some time. At this
temperature the heat produced in the machine is equal to the heat leaving its surface by radiation
and convection. The heat dissipated by radiation is given by relation
Definition
The rate of cooling of a hot body which is losing heat both by radiation and by natural
convection is proportional to the difference in temperature between it and its surroundings.
=
The heat dissipated by radiation is given by relation
=
Total heat radiated by radiation plus convection is:
= + = +
= + =
Where = +
= specific heat dissipation or emissivity due to radiation plus convection
Insolation
The process in which a body or machine absorbs heat from external source is known as
insolation.
Internal temperature or hot spot temperature
In electrical machines the loss occurs inside the core and windings. Due to power loss heat
energy is maximum at the centre of the body. This maximum temperature is called Internal
temperature or hot spot temperature.

Thermal state in electrical machine

heating equation and cooling equation derivation refer
class notes

Rating of machines
The rating of machines refers to the whole of the numerical values of electrical and mechanical
quantities with their duration and sequences signed to the machines by the manufacturers and
stated on the rating or name plate, the machine complying with specified conditions. The
duration of the sequence may be indicated by the qualifying term.
The rating of a motor is the power output or the designated operating power limit based upon
certain definite conditions assigned to it by the manufacturer. An electric motor is normally rated
upon thermal basis of temperature rise i.e., maximum possible temperature at which the
insulating materials may be operated without deterioration. The types of ratings are defined for
electric motors depending upon the load and duration.
Types of duties and ratings as per IS:4722-1968
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

S1 : Continuous duty
S2 : Short time duty
S3 : Intermittent periodic duty
S4 : Intermittent periodic duty with starting
S5 : Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking
S6 : Continuous duty with Intermittent periodic loading
S7 : Continuous duty with starting and braking
S8 : Continuous duty with periodic speed changes

S1 : Continuous duty
It may be defined as the load that may be carried by the machine for an indefinite time without
the temperature rise of any part exceeding the maximum permissible value.
N indicates the duration for which operation under rated conditions
Example; Continuously running fans,pumps,compressors

Conveyors etc.,

S2 : Short time duty

It may be defined as the load that may be carried by the machine for finite time without the
temperature rise of any part exceeding the maximum permissible value. The period of operation
is so short that temp. rise of the motor does not reach its m and period of rest is so long that the
motor returns to cold conditions.

Example ;Railway turntable, navigation lock gates

Standard short time ratings are: 10,30,60 and 90
minutes.

S3 : Intermittent periodic duty

It denotes a sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a period of operation at constant
load and a rest period, these periods being too short to Attain thermal equilibrium during one
duty cycle. The starting current does not affect the temperature rise of this type of duty.
R indicates the duration of rest , the period in which
there is a total absence of all motion and of all electrical
or mechanical supply.
Duty factor = N/(N+R). The load factor is determined on
the basis of a cycle 10 minutes long.
Cranes, lift and certain metal cutting machine tools etc.,

S4 : Intermittent periodic duty with starting

It indicates identical duty cycles each consisting of a period of starting, a period of operation at
constant load and a rest period, the N and R periods being too short to attain thermal equilibrium
during one duty cycle. The starting current significantly affects the temperature of this type of
duty
D indicates the starting period. Duty factor = (D+ N)/(D+N+R). The load factor is determined
on the basis of a cycle 10 minutes long. Example; Metal cutting lathes, shearing machines, tilting
table etc.,

S5 : Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking

It indicates identical duty cycles each consisting of a period of starting, a period of operation at
constant load and a rest period, the N, F and R periods being too short to attain thermal
equilibrium during one duty cycle. In this duty braking is rapid and is carried out electrically.
F indicates the period of electric braking. Duty factor = (D+ N+F)/(D+N+F+R). The load factor
is determined on the basis of a cycle 10 minutes long. Example ; Metal cutting lathes, certain
auxiliary equipment used in steel rolling mills.

Standard specifications

SH END BRG shield end bearing

OPP END BRG opposite end bearing
NEMA- National Electrical Manufacturers Association- Standards
DUTY CONT- continuous duty S1 and insulation class F withstand temperature 155C

D E BRG Driving end bearing

O D E BRG- opposite Driving end bearing
ENCL ODP Enclosure Open Drip Proof
Ins B Insulation class B with stand temperature - 130C
Motor Service Factor (SF) is the percentage of overloading the motor can handle for short
periods when operating normally within the correct voltage tolerances.