Peka

Amali Kimia: Determination Of Melting And Freezing
Points Of Acetamide
Apparatus: Boiling tubes, thermometer (0-100 oC), 250 cm3 beaker, tripod
stand, retort stand with clamp, Bunsen burner, stopwatch, 250 cm3 conical
flask, wire gauze.
Materials: Acetamide, tap water
Procedure:
A. Heating Of Acetamide
1. One-third of a boiling tube is filled with acetamide and a thermometer
into is put into it.
2. The boiling tube is suspended in a beaker half filled with water.
3. The water is heated slowly and the acetamide is stirred carefully using
the thermometer.
4. The stopwatch is started when the temperature of acetamide reaches 60

oC and the temperature of acetamide is recorded at 30-second interval until it
reaches 90 oC.
5. The result are recorded in a table and a graph of temperature against time
is plotted to show the heating of acetamide.
B. Cooling of Acetamide
1. The boiling tube is removed from the water bath in (A) and is quickly put
into a conical flask.
2. The stopwatch is started and the temperature of acetamide is recorded at
30 second intervals until the temperature drops to 60 oC.
3. The acetamide is stirred continously during the experiment.

4. The results are recorded in a table and a graph of temperature against time
is plotted to show the cooling of acetamide.
Tujuan
Mengkaji kesan pada paku besi apabila ia bersentuhan dengan logam-logam lain
Pernyataan Masalah
Apakah kesan logam-logam lain ke atas pengaratan besi?
Hipotesis
Pengaratan paku besi lebih lambat jika paku besi bersentuhan dengan logam yang
lebih elektropositif.
Pengaratan paku besi lebih cepat jika paku besi bersentuhan dengan logam yang
kurang elektropositif
Pembolehubah
Dimanipulasikan
Bergerak balas
Dimalarkan
: Logam yang bersentuhan dengan paku besi

: Pengaratan besi
: Saiz paku besi / Kepekatan elektrolit
Bahan
Paku besi, Pita Magnesium, Kepingan kuprum, kepingan zink, larutan kalium
heksasianoferat(III), penunjuk fenoltalein
Radas
Tabung uji, Rak tabung uji, kertas pasir
Prosedur
1. Paku besi, pita magnesium, kepingan kuprum dan kepingan zink dibersihkan
dengan menggunakan kertas pasir.
2. Paku besi yang dililitkan dengan pita magnesium dimasukkan dalam tabung uji
A, paku besi yang dililitkan dengan kepingan kuprum dimasukkan dalam tabung uji
B, paku besi yang dililitkan dengan kepingan zink dimasukkan dalam tabung uji C
dan Paku besi dimasukkan dalam tabung uji D.
3. Larutan agar-agar yang dicampurkan dengan larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III)
dan larutan fenoltalein dituang ke dalam tabung uji A, B, C dan D.
4. Tabung uji dibiarkan di rak tabung uji selama 2 hari.
5. Pemerhatian terhadap perubahan warna dicatat dan dibandingkan.
Pemerhatian / Taburan Data

Pemerhatian
Tabung
Uji
Pasangan Logam
Paku besi dan pita

magnesium
Tompok Biru
Tua
Keamatan
warna merah
jambu
Gelembung
gas
Tiada
Tinggi
Banyak
Paku besi dan

kepingan kuprum
Paku besi dan

kepingan zink
Paku besi sahaja
Banyak
Rendah
Sedikit
Tiada
Tinggi
Banyak
Sedikit
Analisis
1. Larutan heksasianoferat(III) berfungsi untuk mengesan kehadiran ion Fe2+
2. Paku Tabung uji D terkakis sedikit
3. Paku Tabung uji A dan C tidak terkakis
a. Kerana Magnesium dan Kuprum lebih elektropositif daripada Besi.
b. Magnesium dan Kuprum akan terkakis (korban)
4. Paku Tabung uji B terkakis paling banyak
a. Kerana besi lebih elektropositif daripada Kuprum
Kesimpulan
1. Pengaratan besi lebih lambat jika paku besi bersentuhan dengan logam yang
lebih elektropositif (Magnesium)
2. Pengaratan besi lebih cepat jika paku besi bersentuhan dengan logam yang
kurang elektropositif (Kuprum)
Kaedah MengINGAT Garam Larut dan Garam Tidak Larut yang dipanggil
Kaedah NAJIB.
Dalam Bab Garam Kimia SPM, terdapat 4 jenis garam utama yang perlu diingat iaitu
garam Nitrat (Nitrate), garam klorida (Chloride), garam Sulfat
(Sulphate) dan garam Karbonat (Carbonate). Garam lain seperti garam
iodida (Iodide) dan garam sianida (Cyanide) tidak berapa perlu untuk diingat.
Melalui kaedah diatas, kita telah pun mengelaskan jenis-jenis Garam Larut dan
Garam Tidak Larut (4 jenis garam sahaja).
Cara menulis/menghafal kaedah ini ialah:
1. Tuliskan bahagian atas dahulu iaitu NAJIB CARI SUBSIDI CEPAT
2. Kemudian tuliskan bahagian ke-2, iaitu PASIR PUTIH AKAN BANJIR
HARI KHAMIS mengikut arah anak panah dalam gambarajah di atas.
3. Harus diingat bahawa, PASIR AKAN HARI mesti berada di bawah CARI
(Chloride) dan
PUTIH
BANJIR
KHAMIS mesti
berada
di
bawah SUBSIDI (Sulphate)
Susunan penghafalan diatas dibuat seperti itu kerana:
1. Semua garam nitrat larut dalam air.
2. Semua garam klorida larut dalam air kecuali (PASIR) Plumbum(II)
klorida- Pb2+, (AKAN) Argentum klorida- Ag+ dan (HARI)
Merkuri(II) klorida - Hg+
3. Semua garam sulfat larut dalam air kecuali (PUTIH) Plumbum(II)
sulfat, (BANJIR) Barium sulfat dan (KHAMIS) Kalsium sulfat.
4. Semua garam karbonat tidak larut dalam air kecuali Natrium
karbonat (Sodium carbonate), Kalium karbonat (Potassium
carbonate) dan Ammonium karbonat (Ammonium carbonate)
Semoga kaedah ini dapat membantu anda mengingat garam larut dan tidak larut.
Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations

List of PEKA experiments:
1. Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide
2. Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
3. Chemical equations
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Activity 3.4
23
Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide
To determine the empirical formula of copper(II)
oxide
How does the formula of copper(II) oxide
determine?
The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide can be
determined by finding out the mass of copper and
oxygen in a sample of copper(II) oxide
Apparatus
U tube
Stoppers
Glass tube
Combustion tube with a small hole at the

end
Retort stand and clamp
Spatula
Porcelain dish
Bunsen burner
Balance
Preparation for hydrogen gas
Thistle funnel
Flat-bottomed flask
Material
Hydrogen gas, H2
Copper(II) oxide
Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2
Wooden splinter
Preparation for the hydrogen gas
Dilute hydrochloric acid
Zinc pieces
Manipulated variable: Mass of copper oxide
Responding variable: Mass of copper

formed
Controlled / Fixed variable: An excess of

hydrogen gas
Variables
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Apparatus
Activity 3.5
25
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
To determine the empirical formula of magnesium
oxide
How does the formula of magnesium oxide
determine?
The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO
Crucible with lid
Tongs
Bunsen burner
Tripod stand
Pipe-clay triangle
Material
10 cm magnesium ribbon
Sandpaper
Manipulated variable: Magnesium ribbon
Responding variable: Mass of magnesium

oxide
Controlled / Fixed variable: Length / Mass

of magnesium ribbon and excess air
Variables
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Activity 3.6
27
Chemical equations
To construct balanced chemical equations
A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate
B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric
acid / Formation of ammonium chloride
C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide
/ Precipitation of lead(II) iodide
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
How does the chemical equations determine?

A. The chemical equation of copper(II) carbonate
is CuCO3 > CuO + CO2
B. The chemical equation of
Apparatus
Boiling tube
Test tubes
Rubber bung with delivery tube
Test tube rack
Test tube holder
Stoppers
Bunsen burner
Copper(II) carbonate powder
Lime water
Concentrated ammonia solution
Concentrated hydrochloric acid
Lead(II) nitrate solution
Potassium iodide solution
Material
Variables
A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate
Manipulated variable: Mass of copper(II)

carbonate
Responding variable: Mass of copper oxide

formed / Volume of carbon dioxide
liberated
Controlled / Fixed variable: Pressure
B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric

acid / Formation of ammonium chloride
Manipulated variable: Concentration of

ammonia and hydrochloric acid
Responding variable: Ammonium chloride

formed
Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature

and pressure
C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide

/ Precipitation of lead(II) iodide
Manipulated variable: Volume of lead(II)
nitrate solution and volume of potassium

iodide solution
Responding variable: Mass of lead(II)

iodide formed
Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature

and pressure
Chapter 1 Rate of Reactions

1. Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction
2. Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction
3. Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
4. Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
5. Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction
6. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 1.2

3
Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of
reaction
To determine the average rate of reaction and the
instantaneous rate of reaction
Apparatus
50 cm3 beaker
Test tube
Spatula
Marble chip
2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl)
0.1 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3
Material
solution
1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Experiment 1.1
6
Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction
To investigate the effect of total surface area of the
reactant on the rate of reaction
How does the total exposed surface area of a solid
reactant affect the rate of reaction?
When the total surface area of marble chips
increases, the rate of reaction increases. / The
smaller the size of the reactant particles, that is, the
larger the total surface area of the reactant
particles, the higher the rate of reaction.
Apparatus
50 cm3 measuring cylinder
150 cm3 conical flask
Stopper with delivery tube
Basin
Burette
Spatula
Electronic balance
Stopwatch
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl)
2 g large marble chips
2 g small marble chips
Water
Material
Variables
Operational
Definition
Manipulated variable: Total surface area of

marble chips
Responding variable: Rate of reaction
Controlled / Fixed variable: Mass of marble

chips, volume and concentration of
hydrochloric acid (HCl), temperature
1. Smaller marble chips have a larger total

surface area than larger marble chips of the
same mass.
2. For the graph of the volume of gas

released against time, the curve with higher
initial gradient indicates a higher initial rate
of reaction.
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Experiment 1.2
10
Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
To investigate the effect of concentration on the
rate of reaction
How does the concentration of a reactant affect the
rate of reaction? / Does high concentration of
sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution decrease the
time taken for the mark X to disappear from
sight?
When the concentration of sodium thiosulphate,
Na2S2O3 solution increases, the rate of reaction
increases. / The higher the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution, the shorter the time
taken for the mark X to disappear from sight.
Apparatus
Stopwatch
0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution
1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
Distilled water
White paper marked X at the centre
Manipulated variable: Concentration of

sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution
Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration,

volume and initial temperature of sulphuric
acid, H2SO4. Total volume of reactants
Material
Variables
Operational Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the

Definition
time taken for the the mark X to disappear from
sight
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Experiment 1.3
13
Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate
of reaction
How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?
An increase in temperature will increase the rate of
reaction.
Apparatus
Stopwatch
Thermometer
Bunsen burner
Tripod stand
Wire gauze
0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution
1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
White paper marked X at the centre
Manipulated variable: Temperature of

sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution
Responding variable: The time taken for the

cross X to disappear
Controlled / Fixed variable: volume and

concentration of sodium thiosulphate
Na2S2O3 solution, volume and concentration
of sulphuric acid, size of conical flask
Material
Variables
Operational Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the

Definition
time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Experiment 1.4
15
Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction
To investigate the effect of a catalyst on the rate of
reaction
How does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction? /
How do catalysts affect the rate of decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide?
The presence of a catalyst increases the rate of
reaction. / Manganese(IV) oxide increases the rate
of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Apparatus
Test tube
Test tube rack
Spatula
Wooden splinter
Electronic balance
Weighing bottle
20-volume hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

solution
1.0 g Manganese(IV) oxide powder
Manipulated variable: Presence or absence

of a catalyst
Responding variable: The release of oxygen

gas / Rate of reaction
Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and

concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
solution, temperature
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is

fast if the glowing wooden splinter
rekindles brightly and rapidly.
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is

slow if the glowing wooden splinter glows
dimly and slowly.
Material
Variables
Operational
Definition
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Experiment 1.5
17
Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of
reaction
To investigate the effect of the amount of catalyst
on the rate of reaction.
How does the amount of a catalyst affect the rate of
reaction? / Does higher amount of catalysts
increases the rate of reaction?
When the amount of a catalyst used increases, the
rate of reaction increases. / The higher the amount
of the catalysts, the higher the rate of reaction.
Apparatus
Burette
Basin
Stopwatch
Electronic balance
Spatula
Weighing bottle
Beakers
2-volume hydrogen peroxide solution
1.0 g manganese(IV) oxide powder
Manipulated variable: amount / mass of

catalyst
Material
Variables
Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature,

volume and concentration of hydrogen
peroxide solution
Operational The curves for the graph of volume of gas liberated

Definition
against time a higher gradient indicated a higher
rate of reaction.
Chapter 2 Carbon Compound

1. Combustion products of organic compound
2. Properties of alkanes and alkenes
3. Preparation of ethanol by fermentation
4. Chemical properties of ethanol
5. Chemical properties of ethanoic acid
6. Esters Laboratory preparation and physical properties
7. Coagulation of latex
8. Elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber
9. Latex product
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 2.1

25
Combustion products of organic compound
To identify the combustion product of organic
compound. / To investigate the complete
combustion of organic compounds.
Apparatus
250 cm3 beaker
Boiling tube
Stopper with 2 holes
Delivery tube
Rubber tubing
Filter funnel
Filter pump
Spirit lamp
Bunsen burner
0 110C thermometer
Test tube holder
Wooden blocks
Ice
Ethanol
Palm oil
Limewater
Material
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 2.2

32
Properties of alkanes and alkenes
To compare the properties of alkanes and alkenes
A. Reaction with oxygen
To compare the combustion of hexane and

hexane
B. Reaction with bromine
To compare the reaction of hexane and

hexane with bromine
C. Reaction with acidized potassium

manganate(VII) solution
To compare the reaction of hexane and

hexane with acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution
Evaporating dish / Porcelain dishes
Dropper
Test tube
Bunsen burner
Hexane
Hexene
Bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane
0.1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII)

solution
Dilute sulphuric acid
Wooden splinter
Filter paper
Apparatus
Material
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 2.3

38
Preparation of ethanol by fermentation
To prepare samples of ethanol, C2H5OH by
fermentation
Apparatus
500 cm3 beaker
Distillation flask (round-bottomed flask)
Stopper with 1 hole
0 110C thermometer
Liebig condenser
Fractionating column
Tripod stand
Wire gauze
Glass rod
Bunsen burner
1 m rubber tubing
Filter funnel
Boiling tube
Glucose
Yeast
Limewater
Distilled water
Filter paper (4 pieces)
Fruits such as pineapple, grape, papaya,
Material
banana, apple, berries
Cooked potatoes, rice or tapioca
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus
Laboratory Work 2.4

41
Chemical properties of ethanol
To investigate the chemical properties of ethanol,
C2H5OHA. Combustion of ethanolB. Oxidation of
ethanolC. Dehydration of ethanol
A. Combustion of ethanol
Evaporating dish
Wooden splinter
B. Oxidation of ethanol
Test tubes
Boiling tube
Test tube holder
500 cm3 beaker
Bunsen burner
Dropper
C. Dehydration of ethanol
Test tubes
Boiling tube
Material
Test tube holder
500 cm3 beaker
Bunsen burner
Forceps
Dropper
A. Combustion of ethanol
Ethanol
B. Oxidation of ethanol
Ethanol
30 g dm-3 potassium dichromate(VI),

K2Cr2O7 solution
Ice
Concentrated sulphuric acid
Blue litmus paper
C. Dehydration of ethanol
Ethanol
30 g dm-3 potassium dichromate(VI),

K2Cr2O7 solution
3 g dm-3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4

solution
Bromine water
Glass wool
Unglazed porcelain chips
Water
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus
Laboratory Work 2.5

48
Chemical properties of ethanoic acid
To investigate the chemical reactions of ethanoic
acid, CH3COOH
A. Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acid
i. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal
ii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal

carbonate
iii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a base
B. Reaction of ethanoic acid with alcohol
A. Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acidi. reaction

of ethanoic acid with a metal
Test tube
Test tube rack
Wooden splinter
ii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal carbonate
Test tubes
Test tube
Spatula
Glass rod
Bunsen burner
Tripod stand
Wire gauze
Evaporating dish
Material
Dropper
Boiling tube
250 cm3 beaker
Test tube holder
Bunsen burner
A. Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acidi. reaction

of ethanoic acid with a metal
1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid
Metal powder (Magnesium ribbon / Zinc)
ii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal carbonate
Metal carbonate powder (Calcium

carbonate/Iron(III) carbonate/Sodium
carbonate)
Limewater
1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
Metal oxide powder (Copper(II) oxide)
Glacial ethanoic acid
Absolute ethanol / Butan-1-ol
Ice
Water
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 2.6

53
Esters Laboratory preparation and physical
properties
To prepare a sample of ethyl ethanoate,
CH3COOC2H5 in the laboratory
A. Laboratory preparation of esterTo prepare

a sample of ethyl ethanoate
B. Physical properties of ethyl ethanoate
To investigate the physical properties of ethyl

ethanoate
Apparatus
A. Laboratory preparation of ester
100 cm3 beaker
500 cm3 beaker
250 cm3 distillation flask (round-bottomed

flask)
Tap funnel
0 250C thermometer
Liebig condenser
Bunsen burner
Tripod stand
Wooden block
Porous chips / tile chips
Oil bath
Material
Test tube
Dropper
Glass rod
Sample bottle
A. Laboratory preparation of ester
Absolute ethanol
Glacial ethanoic acid
Oil
Tap water
Ethyl ethanoate (from A)
Distilled water
Acetone
Methylated spirits
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus
Laboratory Work 2.7

60
Coagulation of latex
To investigate the coagulation of latex
100 cm3 beaker
Measuring cylinder
Glass rod
Dropper
Rubber latex
1.0 mol dm-3 ammonia solution
Red and blue litmus paper
Material
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus
Laboratory Work 2,8

61
Vulcanised rubber
To prepare vulcanised rubber
10 cm x 10 cm glass plate
Glass rod
Razor blade
A pair of tongs
250 cm3 beaker
Rubber latex
Disulphur dichloride in methylbenzene
Material
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Experiment 2.1
62
Elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber
To compare the elasticity of vulcanised and
unvulcanised rubber
Is vulcanised rubber is more elastics than
unvulcanised rubber?
Vulcanised rubber is more elastics than
unvulcanised rubber
Apparatus
Retort stand and clamps
Bulldog clips
Hooks
Metre rule
Weights (50 g)
Vulcanised rubber strip
Unvulcanised rubber strip
Manipulated variable: Types of rubber

(vulcanised rubber strip and unvulcanised
rubber strip)
Material
Variables
Responding variable: Elasticity of rubber /

Length of rubber strip
Controlled/Fixed variable: Mass of weight,

size of rubber strip
Operational If the minimum weight required for the rubber strip

Definition
to fail to return to its initial length is larger, then
the rubber strip is more elastic.
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus
Laboratory Work 2.9

64
Latex product
To prepare a rubber glove in the laboratory
500 cm3 beaker
Dropper
Glass rod
Plastics arm mould
String
Basin
Fresh latex
Water
Material
Chapter 4 Periodic Table of Elements

1. Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium
2. Chemical properties of Group 17 elements

3. Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Experiment 4.1
35
Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and
potassium
To investigate the chemical properties of lithium,
sodium and potassium
How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements
change when they react with water and oxygen gas,
O2?
When going down Group 1, alkali metals become
reactive in their reactions with water
Apparatus
Water troughs
Small knife
Forceps
Gas jars
Gas jar spoons
Gas jar covers
Small pieces of lithium, sodium and

potassium
Filter paper
Distilled water
Red litmus paper
Three gas jars filled with oxygen gas, O2
Manipulated variable: Different types of

alkali metals
Responding variable: Reactivity of metals
Material
Variables
Controlled / Fixed variable: Water, size of

metals
Operational An alkali metal that reacts more vigorously with

Definition
water is more reactive metal
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Experiment 4.2
39
Chemical properties of Group 17 elements
To investigate the chemical properties of Group 17
elements
(A) Reactions of halogens with water
(B) Reactions of halogens with iron
(C) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solution
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
How do halogens react with water, iron and sodium

hydroxide, NaOH solution?
1. Halogens forms acidic solutions when they
react with water
2. Halogens show bleaching properties when
they react with water
Halogens form iron(III) halides when they react
with iron / When going down Group 17, halogens
become less reactive in their reactions with iron
(C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution
Halogens form sodium halide, sodium halite(I) and
water when they react with sodium hydroxide /
When going down Group 17, halogens become less
reactive in their reactions with sodium hydroxide
solution
Apparatus
Test tubes
Dropper
Test tube holders
Stoppers
Combustion tubes
Delivery tubes
Bunsen burner
Chlorine gas, Cl2 (produce after mixing

potassium manganate(VII) salts with
concentrated hydrochloric acid)
Liquid bromine, Br2
Solid iodine, I2
Blue litmus paper
Water
Iron wool
Soda lime
2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution
Material
Variables
Manipulated variable: Type of halogens
Responding variable: Change in colour of

the blue litmus paper / Reactivity of
halogens
Controlled / Fixed variable: Water
Manipulated variable: Types of halogens
Responding variable: Appearance of brown

solid / Reactivity of halogens
Controlled / Fixed variable: Iron

Manipulated variable: Types of halogens
Responding variable: Formation of a

colourless solution from a coloured halogen
/ Reactivity of halogens
Controlled / Fixed variable: Sodium

hydroxide solution
Operational (A) Reactions of halogens with water

Definition
1. When blue litmus paper turns red, the
solution formed shows acidic property
2. When blue litmus paper turns white, the
solution formed shows bleaching property
The appearance of a brown solid shows the
formation of iron(III) halides
The formation of a colourless solution indicates
that salts of sodium halide, sodium halite(I) and
water are formed
===============================================
Number
Experiment 4.3
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
45
Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3
To study the properties of the oxides of elements in
Period 3
How do the acid-base properties of the oxides of
elements change across Period 3?
Acidic properties of the oxides of elements
increase whereas basic properties of the oxides of
elements decrease across Period 3
Apparatus
Boiling tubes
Test tubes
Test tube holder
Glass rod
Spatula
Gas jar
Gas cover
Sodium oxide, Na2O
Magnesium oxide, MgO
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3
Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2
Phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5
Sulphur dioxide gas, SO2
Dichlorine heptoxide, Cl2O7
Universal Indicator
2 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3
Material
2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution
Manipulated variable: Oxides of elements

of Period 3
Responding variable: pH values in water

and solubility in acid or alkali
Controlled / Fixed variable: Water or nitric

acid, HNO3 or sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution
Variables
Operational
Definition
1. Oxide that dissolves in water to form

solution with pH less than 7 is acidic and
pH more than 7 is alkaline
2. Oxide that can dissolve in an acid exhibits
basic properties
3. Oxide that can dissolve in an alkali exhibits
acidic properties
4. Oxide that can dissolve in both acid and
alkali exhibits amphoteric properties
Chapter 5 Chemical Bonds

1. Ionic compound
2. Properties of ionic and covalent compounds
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Activity 5.1
52
Ionic compound
To prepare ionic compounds(A) Preparation of
magnesium oxide, MgO
(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl
(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3

Apparatus
(A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO
Sandpaper
Crucible
Spatula
Pipe-clay triangle
Tripod stand
Bunsen burner
Knife
Forceps
Filter paper
Spatula
Gas jar spoon / Deflagrating spoon
Gas jar cover
Gas jar
Spatula
Asbestos paper
Combustion tube
Bunsen burner
Material
(A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO
Magnesium ribbon
Sodium
Chlorine gas, Cl2
Iron filling
Chlorine gas, Cl2
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Activity 5.3
55
Properties of ionic and covalent compounds
To compare the properties of ionic and covalent
compounds(A) Melting point and boiling point
(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents
(C) Electrical conductivity
Apparatus
(A) Melting point and boiling point
Spatula
Evaporating dish
Dropper
Spatula
Glass rod
Test tubes
Test tube rack
Material
Spatula
Glass rod
Switch
Connecting wires with crocodile clips
Batteries
Bulb
Carbon electrodes
Beakers
Crucible
Tripod stand
Pipe-clay triangle
Bunsen burner
(A) Melting point and boiling point
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2
Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4
Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O
Hexane, C6H14
Distilled water
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2
Cyclohexane, C6H12
Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4
Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O
Hexane, C6H14
Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 solution
Naphthalene, C10H8
Chapter 5 Chemicals for Consumers

1. Soap preparation process
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus
Laboratory Work 5.1

117
Soap preparation process
To prepare soap using the saponification process
250 cm3 beakers
Spatula
Glass rod
Filter funnel
Wire gauze
Tripod stand
Bunsen burner
Wash bottle
Test tube
Palm oil
5.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution
Sodium chloride powder
Filter paper (3 pieces)
Distilled water
Material
Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
1. Exothermic and endothermic reactions
2. Heat of precipitation
3. Heat of displacement
4. Heat of neutralisation
5. Heat of neutralisation of acids and alkalis of different strength
6. Heat of neutralisation
7. Heats of combustion for alcohols
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Laboratory Work 4.1

101
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
To identify an exothermic or endothermic reaction
How to identify exothermic or endothermic
reactions?
Exothermic reaction occurs when the temperature
of the reaction mixture increases.Endothermic
reaction occurs when the temperature of the
reaction mixture decreases.
Apparatus
Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup
0 110C thermometer
Spatula
Glass rod
Solid sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3
Solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH
Solid ammonium chloride, NH4Cl
Solid ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
Solid ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4
2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl
Distilled water
Manipulated variable: Pairs of reactants
Responding variable: The temperature

change in the reaction mixture
Controlled / Fixed variable: Types of

container, volume of solution or water
Material
Variables
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 4.2

104
Heat of precipitation
To determine the heat of precipitation of silver
chloride, AgCl
Apparatus
0 110C thermometer
Glass rod
0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution
0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution
Material
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus
Laboratory Work 4.3

106
Heat of displacement
To determine the heat of displacement of copper
0 110C thermometer
Glass rod
0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution
Zinc power
Material
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 4.4

108
Heat of neutralisation
To determine the heats of neutralisation between
strong acids and strong alkalis
Apparatus
0 110C thermometer
Glass rod

solution
2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3
2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide, KOH

solution
Material
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Laboratory Work 4.5

109
Heat of neutralisation of acids and alkalis of
different strength
To determine and compare the heats of
neutralisation between acids and alkalis of different
strength
How do the heat of neutralisation for reactions
between acids and alkalis of different strength?
The values of heat of neutralisation for reactions
between strong acids and strong alkalis are higher
than that of reactions between strong acids and
weak alkalis / weak acids and strong alkalis or
weak acids and weak alkalis.
Apparatus
0 110C thermometer
Glass rod
Material
2.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH

solution
2.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution
Manipulated variable: Different strength of

acids and alkalis
Responding variable: The value of heat of

neutralisation

concentration of acids used, volume and
concentration of alkalis used.
Variables
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Laboratory Work 4.6

110
Heat of neutralisation
To determine and compare the heats of
neutralisation between:
Hydrochloric acid (strong acid), HCl and

sodium hydroxide (strong base), NaOH
solution
Ethanoic acid (weak acid), CH3COOH and

sodium hydroxide (strong base), NaOH
solution
Hydrochloric acid (strong acid), HCl and

ammonia (weak base), NH3 solution
Ethanoic acid (weak acid), CH3COOH and

ammonia(weak base), NH3 solution
How are the heats of neutralisation determined and

compared?
Hypothesis
The heat of neutralisation between hydrochloric

acid and sodium hydroxide is higher than the heat
of neutralisation between ethanoic acid and
ammonia solution.
Apparatus
50 cm3 burette
25.0 cm3 pipette
Pipette filler
Plastic cup / Polystyrene cup
250 cm3 beaker
Magnetic stirrer
Magnetic stir bar
Temperature sensor
Computer
Computer interface
Stopwatch

solution
1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
1.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution

acids and bases
Responding variable: Heat of neutralisation
Material
Variables

concentration of acid and alkali used
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Experiment 4.1
112
Heats of combustion for alcohols
To determine the heats of combustion for alcohols
Does alcohol with a higher number of carbon
atoms per molecule have a higher heat of
combustion?
The higher the number of carbon atoms in the
alcohol molecules, the higher is the heat of
combustion.
Apparatus
Copper can
Thermometer
Glass rod / Stirrer
Measuring cylinder
Tripod stand
Spirit lamp
Wooden block
Weighing balance
Wind shield / Asbestos screen
Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol / Prop-1-ol
Butanol / But-1-ol
Material
Water

alcohols
Responding variable: Heat of combustion

of alcohol
Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of

water and copper can / metal container
(calorimeter)
Variables
Chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction

1. Redox reaction as loss or gain of oxygen
2. Change of iron(II) to iron(III) ions and vice versa
3. Displacement of metals
4. Displacement of halogens
5. Transfer of electrons at a distance
6. Effect of other metals on rusting
7. Reactivity of metals with oxygen
8. (A) The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen (B) Heating
carbon dioxide with metals
9. The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals (Demonstration by teacher)
10. Oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cells
11. Oxidation and reduction in chemical cells
12. Oxidation and reduction in voltaic cell with a salt bridge
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Laboratory Work 3.1

67
Redox reaction as loss or gain of oxygen
To investigate oxidation and reduction
A. Combustion of metal in oxygen
To investigate redox reaction in the

combustion of metal in oxygen gas, O2
B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon
To investigate redox reaction in the heating

of metal oxide with carbon
In the reaction between metals in oxygen,

which reagent undergoes oxidation and
which reagent undergoes reduction?
Hypothesis
In the reaction between metal oxide and

carbon, which reagent undergoes oxidation
and which reagent undergoes reduction?
(I) Magnesium undergoes oxidation to form

magnesium ion, Mg2+
(II) Oxygen gas undergoes reduction to

form oxide ion, O2-
Apparatus
(I) Carbon undergoes oxidation to form

carbon dioxide gas
(II) Copper(II) oxide, iron(III) oxide and

lead(II) oxide undergo reduction to form
copper, iron and lead respectively
A pair of tongs
Bunsen burner
Material
Crucible
Pipe-clay triangle
Tripod stand
Bunsen burner
Spatula
5cm magnesium ribbon
Sandpaper
Gas jar containing oxygen
Variables
Carbon powder
Copper(II) oxide powder / Iron(III) oxide

powder / Lead(II) oxide powder
Manipulated variable: Type of metal
Responding variable: Reaction product
Controlled / Fixed variable: Oxygen gas

and the conditions of reaction
Manipulated variable: Type of metal oxide
Responding variable: Reaction product
Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon and the

conditions of reaction
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 3.2

71
Change of iron(II) to iron(III) ions and vice versa
To investigate oxidation and reduction in the
change of iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to iron(III) ions, Fe3+
and vice versa (change of iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to
iron(II) ions, Fe2+)
Apparatus
Dropper
Spatula
Test tube
Test tube holder
Test tube rack
Bunsen burner
Filter funnel
Measuring cylinder
0.5 mol dm-3 freshly prepared iron(II)

sulphate, FeSO4 solution
0.5 mol dm-3 iron(III) sulphate, Fe2(SO4)3

solution
Bromine water
Zinc powder
Filter paper (1 piece)
Material
solution
0.5 mol dm-3 potassium

hexacynoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Laboratory Work 3.3

73
Displacement of metals
displacement of metals from their salt solutions
How does redox reaction occur in a displacement
reaction in which a metal is displaced from its salt
solution?
Hypothesis
(I) The metal that acts as a reducing agent

will form metal ion
(II) The metal ion that acts as an oxidising

agent will be precipated as metal
Test tubes
Test tube rack
Zinc strip
Copper strip
Magnesium ribbon
0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate
0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate
0.5 mol dm-3 magnesium sulphate
Manipulated variable: A pair of metals and

salt solutions
Apparatus
Material
Variables
Responding variable: Precipitation of metal

and colour changes in the solutions
Controlled / Fixed variable: Volumes and

concentrations of solutions containing the
metal ions
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Laboratory Work 3.4

74
Displacement of halogens
displacement of halogen from its halide solution
How do redox reactions occur in displacement
reactions between halogens and aqueous solutions
of halide ions?
A more reactive halogen displace a less reactive
halogen from an aqueous solutions of its halide
ions
Apparatus
Test tubes
Test tube rack
Chlorine water
Bromine water
Iodine water
0.5 mol dm-3 potassium chlorine, KCl

solution
0.5 mol dm-3 potassium bromine, KBr

solution
0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodine, KI solution
1,1,1-tricholoethane, CH3CCl3
Manipulated variable: A pair of halogens
Material
Variables
and their halide ions
Responding variable: Changes in colour in

1,1,1-trichloroethane, CH3CCl3

reaction mixture
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
statement
Hypothesis
Laboratory Work 3.5

77
Transfer of electrons at a distance
transfer of electrons at a distance
How do redox reactions occur in displacement
reactions between halogens and aqueous solutions
of halide ions?
A more reactive halogen displace a less reactive
halogen from an aqueous solution of its halide ions
Apparatus
U-tube
Galvanometer
Connecting wire with crocodile clips
Graphite electrode
Test tube
Dropper / glass tube
Stopper with 1 hole
2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4
0.5 mol dm-3 freshly prepared iron(II)

sulphate, FeSO4 solution
0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium
Material
manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution
0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution
0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium

dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution
Bromine water
0.2 mol dm-3 potassium thiocyanate, KSCN

solution
1% starch solution
Manipulated variable: A pair of halogen and

their halide ions
Responding variable: Changes in colour in

1,1,1-trichloroethana, CH3CCl3

reaction mixture
Variables
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Experiment 3.1
81
Effect of other metals on rusting
To investigate the effect of other metals on rusting
How do different types of metals in contact with
iron affect rusting?
When a more electropositive metal is in contact
with iron, the metal inhibits rusting. When a less
electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the
metal speeds up rusting
Apparatus
Test tube
Test tube rack
Iron nail
Material
Magnesium ribbon
Copper strip
Zinc strip
Tin strip
Hot jelly solution with a little potassium

hexacyanoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution
and phenolphthalein
Sandpaper
Manipulated variable: Types of metals that

are in contact with iron / Different types of
metals
Responding variable: Presence of

colouration / Intensity of dark blue
colouration / Rusting of iron
Controlled / Fixed variable: Clean iron

nails, medium in which the iron nails are
kept / hot jelly solution, temperature
Variables
Operational Blue colouration indicates rusting of iron

Definition
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Laboratory Work 3.6

85
Reactivity of metals with oxygen
(I) To investigate the reactivity of metals

with oxygen
(II) To arrange metals in terms of their

reactivity with oxygen
How do different types of metals react with

oxygen?
The more reactive metal react more vigorously
with oxygen
Apparatus
Boiling tube
Bunsen burner
Spatula
Forceps
Magnesium powder
Copper powder
Iron filings
Lead powder
Zinc powder
Solid potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4
Asbestos paper
Glass wool

metals
Responding variable: the brightness of the

flame
Controlled / Fixed variable: The amount of

the metal and potassium manganate(VII)
powder
Material
Variables
.
Number
Pg.
Laboratory Work 3.7

87
Title
A. The position of carbon in the reactivity

series of metals with oxygen
B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals
A. To determine the position of carbon in

the reactivity series of metals
B. To determine the ability of a metal to

remove oxygen from carbon dioxide.
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Apparatus
How is the position of carbon in the reactivity

series of metals determined?
(I) A reaction occur if carbon is more

reactive than the metal
(II) A reaction not occur if carbon is less

reactive than the metal
(III) Carbon is placed between aluminium

and zinc in the reactivity series of metals
A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of

metals with oxygen
Crucible / Porcelain dish / Asbestos paper
Spatula
Bunsen burner
Pipe-clay triangle
Tripod stand
Gas jar
Gas jar cover
A pair of tongs
Material
A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of

metals with oxygen
Carbon powder
Solid copper(II) oxide, CuO
Solid magnesium oxide, MgO
Solid aluminium oxide, Al2O3
Solid zinc oxide, ZnO
Variables
Magnesium ribbon
Gas jar filled with carbon dioxide gas, CO2
Sandpaper
Manipulated variable: Type of metal oxide
Responding variable: Intensity of flame
Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon powder
Manipulated variable: Type of metal
Responding variable: Intensity of flame
Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon dioxide

gas and the conditions of reaction
A.
B.
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 3,8

89
The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of
metals (Demonstration by teacher)
To determine the position of hydrogen in the
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
reactivity series of metals

How is the position of hydrogen in the reactivity
series of metals determined?
Hydrogen is placed between zinc and iron in the
reactivity series of metals
Apparatus
Combustion tube
Porcelain dish
Flat-bottomed flask
U-tube
Thistle funnel
Delivery tube
Bunsen burner
Stopper with 1 hole
2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4
1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4

solution
Zinc granules
Solid copper(II) oxide
Solid zinc oxide
Solid lead(II) oxide
Solid iron(III) oxide
Anhydrous calcium chloride
Material
Variables
metal oxides
Responding variable: Intensity of

flameControlled / Fixed variable: Hydrogen
gas and the conditions of reaction
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus
Laboratory Work 3.9

95
Oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cells
To investigate oxidation and reduction in
electrolytic cellsA. Electrolytic cell involving
molten electrolyteB. Electrolytic cell involving
aqueous electrolyte
A. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyte
Crucible
Cardboard
Battery
Tripod stand
Bunsen burner
Pipe-clay triangle
Carbon electrode
Switch
Ammeter
Light bulb
A pair of tongs
Spatula
B. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte
Material
Battery
Electrolytic cell
Carbon electrode
Switch
Ammeter
Light bulb
Small test tube
Beaker
A pair of tongs
A. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyte
Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2
B. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte
0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution
Starch solution
Sandpaper
Wooden splinter
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 3.10

97
Oxidation and reduction in chemical cells
To investigate the oxidation and reduction in
chemical cells
Apparatus
Porous pot
Voltmeter
Beaker
Measuring cylinder

solution
1.0 mol dm-3 zinc sulphate ZnSO4 solution
Copper strip
Zinc strip
Sandpaper
Material
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Laboratory Work 3.10 (Similar experiment)

97
Oxidation and reduction in voltaic cell with a salt
bridge
To investigate the oxidation and reduction in
chemical cells
Apparatus
Voltmeter
100 cm3 beakers
Measuring cylinder

solution
Material
1.0 mol dm-3 zinc sulphate ZnSO4 solution
1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2

solution
1.0 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate FeSO4

solution
Copper plate
Zinc plate
Lead plate
Iron nail
Sandpaper
Saturated potassium chloride, KCl solution
Filter paper strip

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Amali Kimia: Determination Of Melting And Freezing

4. The stopwatch is started when the temperature of acetamide reaches 60

3. The acetamide is stirred continously during the experiment.

: Logam yang bersentuhan dengan paku besi

Pemerhatian / Taburan Data

Paku besi dan pita

Paku besi dan

Paku besi dan

Paku besi sahaja

Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations

Combustion tube with a small hole at the

Retort stand and clamp

Preparation for hydrogen gas

Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2

Preparation for the hydrogen gas

Dilute hydrochloric acid

Manipulated variable: Mass of copper oxide

Responding variable: Mass of copper

Controlled / Fixed variable: An excess of

Crucible with lid

Manipulated variable: Magnesium ribbon

Responding variable: Mass of magnesium

Controlled / Fixed variable: Length / Mass

How does the chemical equations determine?

Rubber bung with delivery tube

Test tube rack

Test tube holder

Copper(II) carbonate powder

Concentrated ammonia solution

Concentrated hydrochloric acid

Lead(II) nitrate solution

Potassium iodide solution

A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate

Manipulated variable: Mass of copper(II)

Responding variable: Mass of copper oxide

Controlled / Fixed variable: Pressure

B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric

Manipulated variable: Concentration of

Responding variable: Ammonium chloride

Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature

C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide

Manipulated variable: Volume of lead(II)

nitrate solution and volume of potassium

Responding variable: Mass of lead(II)

Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature

Chapter 1 Rate of Reactions

Laboratory Work 1.2

2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl)

0.1 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3

1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

150 cm3 conical flask

Stopper with delivery tube

0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl)

2 g large marble chips

2 g small marble chips

Manipulated variable: Total surface area of

Responding variable: Rate of reaction

Controlled / Fixed variable: Mass of marble

1. Smaller marble chips have a larger total

2. For the graph of the volume of gas

150 cm3 conical flask