SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER SEMESTER 2016

BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (HONS)

ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
(BEC 307)

EXPERIMENT 6
(SOLID TEST)
PRAVIN A/L PELANISAMY

142013013

ARIVALAGAN REVICHANDRAN

151014735

ARVINRAJ RAMAN

151014744

NOOR AFFENDI BIN DIKKIR

152015122

HIDAYAT AHMAD FAIZ

151914674

NAME
:

GROUP

: E2

LECTURER

: DYG. SITI QURAISYAH BT. ABG. ADENAN

Table of Content
Introduction
Objective
Parameter
Aparatus
Sample
Procedure
Safety, Health, and Precaution
Calculation
Result and Discussion
Conclusion
Recomendation
References
Appendix

3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
10
10
10
11

Introduction
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. Water
quality is also affected by substances like pesticides or fertilizers that can negatively affect
marine life when present in certain concentrations.
Total solids is a measure of all the suspended, colloidal, and dissolved solids in a sample of
water. Many factors can affect this water quality like soil erosion that can contribute to the levels
of suspended paricles such as clay and silt. Total solid can also come from various type of runoff.
If level of total solids are too high or too low, it can impact the health of the stream and the
organisms that live there and high levels of total solids will reduce the purity of the water
Total suspended solids is all particles suspended in water which will not pass through a filter.
Suspended solids are those solids trapped by a filter, and can include anything from silt and
plankton . High concentrations of suspended solids reduce the purity of water, lead to an increase
in water temperature and TSS can also destroy fish habitat because suspended solids settle to the
bottom and can eventually blanket the river bed.
Objective : To determine the amount of solids (as stated in parameter) in the water sample
Parameter : a. Total Solid (TS)
b. Fixed Solid (TSS)
c. Volatile Solid (VS)
d. Total Suspended Solid (TTS)
e. Fixed Suspended Solid (FSS)
f. Volatile Suspended Solid (VTS)

Apparatus : Analytical balance, Oven, Beaker, Spatula, Petri dishes, 50ml graduated cylinder,
100ml graduated cylinder, Filter Flask, Filter paper, Filter holder, Desiccators and
Tongs, Tweezers and Deionized Water, Vacuum filter apparatus

Sample

: Sample A : UPM Lake

Sample B : IUKL Block 9 Drainage

Procedure
a. Total Solids
1. Heat a clean petri dish in the oven for an hour(103o 105oC )
2. Place the dish in the dessicators to cool.
3. Weight the empty dish and record the reading as A
4. Pour in 50 mL of sample to the petri dish
5. Place the dish containing sample in the drying oven until dried
6. Place the dish in the desiccators to cool
7. Weight the dish as B
b. Volatile and Fixed Solid
1. Place the petri dish with dry solid into a pre-heated muffle furnace at 5500c for 15 minutes
2. Take the dish out of the furnace with tongs and cool to room temperature is desiccator
3. Weight the dish as C
c. Total Suspended Solid
1. Weight the celan filter paper as D
2. Place the filter paper on the vacuum filter aparatus and filter 100ml of deionized water
3. Remove the filter paper using tweezers
4. Place the filter paper in teh oven for an hour at 1250c
5. Place the filer paper in the desiccators to cool
6. Weight the filter paper as E
d. Total Suspended Solid
1. Place the filter paper with dry solid into a pre-heated muffle furnace at 550 0c for 15
minutes
2. Take the filter paper out of the furnace with tongs and cool to room temperature is
desiccator
3. Weight the dish as F

Safety,Health, and Precaution

Learn the experiment procedure and understand about laboratory before doing the

experiment
Do not use jewelry and do not eat, drink or smoke in the laboratory.
Shoes that not fully cover the feet,slick shoes,sandals are not allowed. Shoes that fully

cover the feet will give protection if the water spilled and drop container
Wear lab jacket to protect your body from chemicals or sample water that might be
damage the skin
4

Wear the gloves in this experiment is important because there some container that can not
be touch with bare hand

Calculation

mg/L Total Solids

( BA ) X 1000
Sample VolumemL

mg/L Volatile Solids

( BC ) X 1000
Sample VolumemL

mg/L Fixed Solids

( C A ) X 1000
Sample VolumemL

which: A
B
C

= Weight of dish (mg)

= Weight of dish + Dried Residue (mg)
= Weight of dish + Dried Residue after 5500c igniton (mg)

( ED ) X 1000
mg/L Total Suspended Solids Sample VolumemL
mg/L Volatile Suspended Solids

( EF ) X 1000
Sample VolumemL

mg/L Fixed suspended Solids

( FD ) X 1000
Sample VolumemL

which: D
E
F

= Weight of filter paper (mg)

= Weight of filter paper + Dried Residue (mg)
= Weight of filter paper + Dried Residue 5500c igniton (mg)

Results and Discussion

Table 1

Weight of A (mg)
Weight of B (mg)
Weight of C (mg)
Total Solids (mg/L)
Volatile Solids (mg/L)
Fixed Solids (mg/L)

Sample A : UPM

Sample B : IUKL

Lake
A1
A2
70240.3 76909.5
76895.8 70265.5
76884.4 70257.1
66555.0 -66440.0
1140.0
84.0
66441.0 -66524.0

Block 9 Drainage
B1
B2
64550.7 64635.0
64531.7 64648.3
64527.7 64650.0
-190.0
133.0
40.0
-17.0
-230.0
150.0
5

Table 2
Sample B : IUKL

Lake

Block 9 Drainage
B1
B2
106.3
236.1
133.1
135.6
124.4
131.1
268.0 -1005.0
87.0
45.0
181.0 -1050.0

A1
135.7
107.6
109.4
-281.0
-18.0
-263.0

Weight of D (mg)
Weight of E (mg)
Weight of F (mg)
Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)
Volatile Suspended Solids (mg/L)
Fixed Suspended Solids (mg/L)

Sample A : UPM
A2
109.4
107.8
108.2
-16.0
-4.0
-12.0

Total Solids
Sample A : UPM Lake
A1
( BA ) X 1000

Sample VolumemL

( 76895.870240.3 ) mg X 1000
100mL

66555 mg /L

A2
( BA ) X 1000

Sample VolumemL

( 70265.576909.5 ) mg X 1000
100mL

66440 mg/L

Sample B : IUKL Block 9 Drainage

B1
( BA ) X 1000

Sample VolumemL

( 64531.764550.7 ) mg X 1000
100 mL

190.0 mg/ L

B2
( BA ) X 1000

Sample VolumemL

( 64648.364635.0 ) mg X 1000
100 mL

133.0 mg/L
6

Volatile Solids
Sample A : UPM Lake
A1
( BC ) X 1000

Sample VolumemL

A2
( BC ) X 1000

Sample VolumemL

( 76895.876884.4 ) mg X 1000
100 mL

144.0 mg/L

( 70265.570257.1 ) mg X 1000
100 mL

84.0 mg/ L

Sample B : IUKL Block 9 Drainage

B1
B2
( BC ) X 1000
( BC ) X 1000

Sample VolumemL
Sample VolumemL

( 64531.764527.7 ) mg X 1000
100 mL

40.0 mg/ L

( 64648.364635.0 ) mg X 1000
100 mL

17.0 mg /L

Fixed Solids
Sample A : UPM Lake
A1
A2
( C A ) X 1000
( 76884.470240.3 ) mg
( C
X 1000
A ) X 1000
( 70257.176909.5 ) mg X 1000

=
Sample VolumemL
100 mLSample VolumemL
100 mL
66441.0 mg/L

66524.0 mg /L

Sample B : IUKL Block 9 Drainage

B1
B2
( C A ) X 1000
( 64527.764550.7 ) mg
( C
X 1000
A ) X 1000
( 64650.070240.3 ) mg X 1000

=
Sample VolumemL
100 mLSample VolumemL
100 mL
230.0 mg /L

150.0 mg /L

Total Suspended Solids

Sample A : UPM Lake
7

A1
A2
( ED ) X 1000
( 107.6135.7 ) mg X 1000
( ED ) X 1000
( 107.8108.2 ) mg X 1000

=
Sample VolumemL
100 mL Sample VolumemL
100 mL
281.0 mg /L

16.0 mg /L

Sample B : IUKL Block 9 Drainage

B1
B2
( ED ) X 1000
( 133.1124.4 ) mg X 1000
( ED ) X 1000
( 135.6236.1 ) mg X 1000

=
Sample VolumemL
100mL Sample VolumemL
100 mL
268.0 mg/L

1005.0 mg/ L

Volatile Suspended Solids

Sample A : UPM Lake
A1
A2
( EF ) X 1000
( 107.6109.4 ) mg X 1000
( EF ) X 1000
( 107.8108.2 ) mg X 1000

=
Sample VolumemL
100 mL Sample VolumemL
100 mL
18.0 mg /L

4.0 mg/ L
Sample B : IUKL Block 9 Drainage

B1
B2
( EF ) X 1000
( 133.1124.4 ) mg X 1000
( EF ) X 1000
( 135.6131.1 ) mg X 1000

=
Sample VolumemL
100mL Sample VolumemL
100 mL
87.0 mg/ L

45.0 mg/ L

Fixed Suspended Solids

Sample A : UPM Lake
A1
A2
( FD ) X 1000
( 109.4135.7 ) mg X 1000
( FD ) X 1000
( 108.2109.4 ) mg X 1000

=
Sample VolumemL
100 mL Sample VolumemL
100mL
263.0 mg /L

12.0 mg /L

Sample B : IUKL Block 9 Drainage

B1
B2
( FD ) X 1000
( 124.4106.3 ) mg X 1000
( FD ) X 1000
( 131.1236.1 ) mg X 1000

=
Sample VolumemL
100 mL Sample VolumemL
100 mL
8

 181.0 mg/L

1050.0 mg/ L

In this experiment, as we have known that Total Suspended Solid (TSS) all particles suspended
in water which will not pass through a filter which is mean that the amount of total suspended
solid affected by content of the water. Content of the water determined by the origin of the water.
The two sample of this experiment are from different place and also have different content so it
make sense if the amount of total suspended solid of this two sample is different. IUKL Block 9
drainage containing water soluble inorganic material such as ammonia, salt ,and cyanide. Water
-soluble organic material such as urea , urine , chemical drugs . Inorganic particles such as sand ,
gravel , and so on wastewater also contains pathogenic and non- pathogenic bacteria. While
UPM lake contain of dissolved ions such as Mercury ( Hg ) , Lead ( Pb ) , Arsenic ( As) ,
Cadmium ( Cd ) , Chromium ( Cr ) , Nickel ( Ni ) ,also magnesium sulphate and calsium. This
causes the amount of Total Suspended Solids of IUKL Block 9 Drainage is higher than the
amount of Total Suspended Solid of UPM lake.

Conclusion
The amount of Total Solids, Volatile Solids, and Fixed Solids in UPM Lake is 66555.0 mg/L,
1140.0 mg/L, and 66441.0 mg/L while the amount of Total Solids, Volatile Solids, and Fixed
Solids in IUKL Block 9 drainage is 133.0 mg/L, -17.0 mg/L, and 150.0 mg/L. And the amount
of Total Suspended Solids, Volatile Suspended Solids, and Fixed Suspended Solids in UPM Lake
is -16.0 mg/L, -4.0 mg/L, and -12.0 mg/L while the amount of Total Suspended Solids, Volatile
Suspended Solids, and Fixed Suspended Solids in IUKL Block 9 Drainage is 268.0 mg/L, 87.0
mg/L, and 181.0 mg/L.

Recommendation
In this case is the amount of total solid and total suspended solids. In this experiment IUKL
Block 9 Drainage can not be the water supply for human. For using this water as a water supply
we have to do the advanced treatment but mostly this water defined to suit livestock drinking
needs.
References
9

Diersing, Nancy (2009). Water Quality: Frequently Asked Questions. Florida Brooks National
Marine Sanctuary, Key West, FL accessed on 30 Novermber 2016)
Kreger,

Chris

(2005).

Exploring

the

Environment

(http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/waterq3/WQintermpuzzle.html accessed on 30 Novermber

2016)
Murphy,

Sheila

(2017).

General

Information

on

Solids.

(http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/BACT/info/TSS.html accessed on 30 Novermber 2016)

Appendix

Figure 1 : Dish inside the

oven

Figure 2 : Measuring the

time

Figure 3 : Filter paper inside

the oven

Figure 4 : Filter paper inside

desiccator

Figure 5 : Filter paper with

solids particles

Figure 6 : Vacuum pressure

10

Figure 7 : Measuring the

weight of filter paper

Figure 8 : pouring the water

sample on filter paper inside
the vacuum pressure

Figure 9 : Desiccator