PreFracInjectionTests

R.D.Barree

Inthissession
DiscussDFITrequirementsandprocedures
LookatSRTAnalysis
PressurelossatPerfs
NearWellborePressureLoss

LookatPostShutInAnalysis
discussGfunctionanalysisindetail

Importanceofcorrectdeterminationofclosure
Porepressureandpermeability
EfficiencyandLeakoff
DiscusstheeffectsofVariableStorageandTip
Extension
2009

DiagnosticFractureInjectionTest:

DFIT
Requirements:
DataAcquisition

0.010.1psiresolution
surfacegauge
Recordallratesand
pressuresat1/sec
samplingrate
Injectionschedulemust
bepreciselyrecorded

UseNewtonian,non
wallbuildingfluid
(water,oil,orN2).

Procedure:
Bringratetomax
Pumpfor25minutes
Rapidstepdowntoget
WHPateachrate
Isolatewellhead
Shutdownfor90
minutes(minimum)or
upto48hrs
2009

PreFracInjection/FalloffTests
Whyprefractest?
obtainspecificdata
Characterizethe
reservoirandcompletion
everypumpincarriesrisk
ofdamage
testingproceduremust
bedesignedtominimize
damage

Types:
Steprateinjections
pipeandnearwell
friction
#ofeffectiveperfsopen
fracextensionpressure
Pressurefalloffaftershutin
fracclosurepressure
fluidefficiencyand
leakoffcoefficient
fractureclosure
mechanism
2009

ApplicationofPreFracTests
Calibrationoflogs:
Totalclosurestress
Mechanical
properties
Tectonicstrainand
stress
Netfractureextension
pressure
Fracwidth
Heightcontainment
Createdfracturelength
andwidth

Leakoff
Padvolume
requirements
Maximumsand
concentration
Overalldesign
Expectedpack
concentration
Finalfracture
conductivity
Necessaryfraclengthfor
optimumstimulation

If youre going to do this,

youd better do it right!

2009

PreFracStepRateInjectionTest

2009

TraditionalStepRateTest

(SRT)Analysis

2009

SystemFrictionAnalysisfromSRTData
Stepdowndatapreferred
pressureresponsetoratechangesshould
berelatedtofrictionalcomponents

Requiresaccuratepipefrictionestimate
Additionalratedependentpressuredrop
causedby
perforation
Squareoftherate

nearwellflowrestriction
Squarerootofrate

2009

2009

ResolvingComponentsofFriction
Pipefriction
Generallyvarieswithrate^2inturbulentflow
MustknowthepipefrictiontoseparateitfromBHand
nearwellfriction

Perffriction
Varieswithrate^2
Changeswithsandinjection
CDchangeandperfrounding
Diameterchangeandperferosion

Tortuosity
Varieswithrate^0.5(orsomeotherfactor)
Somerestrictionthatdissipateswithinjectionrate
2009

PipeFrictionEstimates
Water
Slick-water (FR)
20# Linear gel
40# gel
Gelled Oil
70Q N2 Foam
Data calculated for
2-7/8 tubing

2009

PerforationRestrictionCauses
LargePressureDrop
Correctnumber&sizeofperfscanbeestimated
Pressuredropshouldbeatleast100200psi
morethantheconfiningstressbetweenzones
Alsodependsoncoefficientofdischarge(CD)
Jetperfs:0.754;Bullets:0.822
highervalueindicatesmoreefficientperf

1.975q f
2

Ppf =

2
D

2
p

C N d

4
p

; psi
2009

Tortuosity:
NearWellborePressureLoss
Stresshaloaroundperf
Flowaroundcement
microannulus
Perforationinterference
Narrowfracturewidth
Fractureturningand
branching(multiples)
Offverticalfractures
Pulverizedcementdebris
Chargedebris
Leakoffintodrillingand
perfinducedfracs
2009

CurrentSRTSpreadsheet

2009

PostShutIn:
WhatisGfunctionAnalysis?
Postshutinpressuredeclineanalysisusing
dimensionlessfunction
Extendstheanalysisthroughuseofthefirst
derivativeandsemilogderivativeofBHP(dP/dG
andGdP/dG)
Alsousesthecharacteristicshapesofderivative
curvestolocatespecificmodesofpressure
decline
ExtensiontoAfterClosureAnalysis(ACA)to
definereservoirlinearandpseudoradialflow
2009

GfunctionAnalysisin
PreCompletionDecisionMaking
Estimateporepressure
Isthezonedepleted,normallypressuredorover
pressured
Impactsreserveestimatesandcleanup

Detectionofnaturalfractures
Significancetofractureplacement
Dotheyimpactflowperformance?

Estimationofpermeability
Determineleakoffmechanismandmagnitude
Combinereservoirandfracturedatatomakerealistic
estimatesofpostfracrate
2009

AlgebraicDefinitionoftheGFunction
G-function is a dimensionless function of shut-in
time normalized to pumping time:

G (tD ) =

(g (tD ) g0 )

tD = (t t p ) t p
2009

GFunction:Twolimitingcases
LowLeakoff,highefficiency
Fractureareaopenvariesapproximatelylinearw/time
( =1.0)

4
1.5
1.5
g (tD ) = (1 + tD ) tD
3

Highleakoff,lowefficiency
Fractureareavariesw/squarerootoftime
( =0.5)

g (tD ) = (1 + tD )sin

((1 + t

0.5

) + t

0.5
D

2009

FalloffAnalysisMethods
Observedshutin
pressureversussquare
rootofshutintime
(Sqrt(t)Plot)
Useofdiagnostic
derivativesonSqrt(t)plot

GFunctionandits
diagnosticderivatives
LogLogplotofpressure
changeaftershutin
versustimeaftershutin

AfterClosureanalysesto
definereservoir
properties:
Flowregime
identification
Horneranalysis
TalleyNoltemethod

2009

EvaluatedPressureFalloffCases
1. Fractureextensionaftershutin
2. Constantleakoffinawellconfined
fracturewithtiprecessionduringclosure
3. Pressuredependentleakoff
4. Pressuredependentleakoffandmodulus
5. Leakoffwithvariablestorageorfracture
compliance(transversestorage)
2009

AmbiguousClosure
UsingSqrt(t)Analysis
2

Which one is closure?

Pressure

3
1
4
6

Sqrt(Shut-in Time)

2009

NormalLeakoffGFunction

2009

Derivatives

Pressure

Sqrt(t)PlotforNormalLeakoff

Time

2009

LogLogPlotforNormalLeakoff
4
3

BH ISIP = 9998 psi

Delta-Pressure and Derivative

1000 9
8
7
6

(m = 0.632)

5
4
3

(m = -1)

100 9
8
7
6
5
4
3

10
0.1

7 8 9

7 8 9

10

7 8 9

100

Time (0 = 8.15)

2009

7 8 9

1000

SummaryofCharacteristicSlopes
onLogLogPlot

2009

FractureandReservoirTransient
FlowRegimes
Fracture Linear Flow
(Tip-Extension, slope)

Formation Linear Flow

(Before closure, slope
After closure, - slope)

Bi-Linear Flow (Before closure, slope

After closure, -3/4 slope)

Pseudo-Radial Flow
(After closure, -1 slope)

2009

AfterClosureFlowRegimePlot
10000 9
8
7
6
5

P vs. FL2

4
3

P=(pw-pr)

Delta-Pressure and Derivative

1000 9

Start of Radial Flow

8
7
6
5
4
3
2

100 9

(m = 1)

8
7
6

FL2 dP/dFL2 vs. FL2

5
4
3
2

10
0.001

0.01

0.1

Square Linear Flow (FL^2)

2009

AfterClosureAnalysis
Vi
= 251,000

M R tc

Pressure

kh

Vi: bbls
k: md
tc: min
MR: psi-1
h: ft
: cp

RESULTS:
Reservoir Pressure = 7475.68 psi
Transmissibility, kh/ =298.94991 md*ft/cp
kh=7.94014 md*ft
Permeability, k = 0.0968
Start of Pseudo Radial Time = 2.15 hours

Radial flow time function

2009

HornerAnalysis:
OnlyValidinPseudoRadialFlow
9750
1

9500
9250
9000

kh

8750

8500

162.6(1440 )q
mH

q: bpm
k: md
mH: psi-1
h: ft
: cp

8250
8000
(m = 14411)

7750
7500
7250

(Reservoir = 7476)

P*=7476 psi
kh/=298 md-ft/cp
kh=7.9 md-ft
k=0.097 md
2

Horner Time
2009

PermeabilityEstimationfrom
GatClosure(Gc)
Goodestimatewhenafterclosureradialflow
datanotavailable

k=

0.0086 0.01 Pz
1.96

Gc E rp

ct

0.038

Where:
k = effective perm, md
ct = total compressibility, 1/psi
= viscosity, cp
E = Youngs Modulus, MMpsi
Pz = process zone stress rp = leakoff height to gross frac
or net pressure
height ratio
= porosity, fraction
2009

PermeabilityEstimatefrom
GatClosure Illustrated
Permeability, md

Estimated Permeability = 0.0974 md

Gc

2009

Computationof

EfficiencyandLeakoffCoefficient
Efficiencyisgivenby:
Gc
=
2 + Gc

Leakoffisgivenby:

dP
2h
CL =
rp E t p dG

These equations are only valid with no

pressure dependent behavior during closure.
2009

TypicalPDLBehavior
ofGFunctionDerivatives
P vs. G

Derivatives

Pressure

Fracture Closure
GdP/dG vs. G
End PDL

dP/dG vs. G

2009

LogLogPlotforPDLExample
2

BH ISIP = 10000 psi

Pressure Difference and Derivative

10009

Linear Flow

P vs. t

8
7
6
5

(m = -0.5)

4
3

Radial Flow

(m = 0.5)

1009

Fracture closure

8
7

(m = -1)

tdP/dt vs. t

6
5
4
3

10
0.1

6 7 8 9

6 7 8 9

10

Time (0 = 9.133333)

6 7 8 9

100

2009

6 7 8 9

1000

Sqrt(t)PlotforPDLExample
10250

500
1

False Closure
10000

Fracture Closure

Pressure

9500

300

tdP/dt vs. t

9250

200

9000
8750
8500

100

dP/dt vs. t

8250
00:20

1/24/2007

00:40

Time

01:00

01:20

01:40
2009

02:00

1/24/2007

Derivatives

9750

400

P vs. t

EstimationofPDLCoefficient
fromFalloffData
Leakoffcoefficientcanbeestimated
fromtheratioofdP/dG beforeand
afterfissureclosure
Cp
Co

dP
=

dG

P > P fo

dP

dG

P < P fo

or
C
ln p = C d p P
Co

Cdp

2009

DeterminationofPDLCoefficient
6
ln(Cp/Co)

Ln(Leakoff Ratio)

1
(PDL Coefficient = 0.0019)

(Fissure Opening Pressure = 9311)

-1
9300

9400

9500

9600

9700

9800

9900

Bottom Hole Pressure (psi)

10000

10100
10200
2009

10300

NaturalFractureSystem
inHardRock
min

max

2009

FissuresOpenedByTensileStressField
df

Sh

1 Pf Sh

xf 2
T + Sh )
(

df

SH

Typical leakoff volume:

0.05 ft3/ft2 each face
3 depth in 20% rock
10 depth in 1/2% fractures

2009

WidthofFractureZoneforVariousHalfLengths
(Sh=5000psi,Tn=1000psi)
Fracture
Half-Length

2009

EstimatedEfficiencywithPDL
0.75*(ISIP-Pclosure)

Using best straight-line

extrapolation to closure:
Computed efficiency = 0.48
Actual efficiency (simulator) = 0.28

Using 75% rule:

Computed efficiency = 0.35

Gc
2 + Gc

2009

Pressure

Derivatives

GFunctionAnalysisforLeakoff
withVariableStorage

2009

Pressure

Derivatives

Sqrt(t)PlotforLeakoffwith
VariableStorage

Time

2009

Delta-Pressure and Derivative

VariableStorageSignatureonthe
LogLogPlot

2009

FractureHeightRecessionand
TransverseStorage
Leakoffthroughathinpermeablelayer:
Decreasingstoragerelativetoleakoffrate
acceleratespressuredecay

Expulsionoffluidfromtransverse
fractures:
Maintainspressureinfractureuntil
fissuresclose

2009

Pressure Derivative

ClosureTimeCorrectionfor
VariableStorage

2009

PermeabilityEstimatewithStorage
Correction
Mini-Frac Permeability = 0.0617 md
Data Input
rp

ct
E

Gc
Pz

0.85
0.08
6.00E-05
5
1
3
944.0

2009

V/V
-1
psi
Mpsi
cp
psi

Pressure

Derivatives

TipExtensionGFunctionAnalysis

2009

Derivatives

Pressure

Sqrt(t)PlotforTipExtension

2009

Delta-Pressure and Derivative

LogLogPlotforTipExtension

2009

PotentialProblemsinPressure
Diagnostics
BadISIP
Extremeperfrestriction
Wellborefluidexpansion

Zerosurfacepressureduringfalloff
Fallingfluidlevel
Nonzerosandfacerate
Partialvacuumabovefluidcolumn

Gasentrytoclosedwellbore
Phasesegregation

Useofgelled(wallbuilding)fluid
Disruptionofafterclosurepressuregradients
Maskingofreservoirflowcapacity
2009

ExampleofAmbiguousISIPCausedby
NearWellRestriction
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Job Data
Minifrac Events
Time

A
90000

Bottom Hole Pressure (kPa)

Slurry Rate (m/min)

A
B
1

BHP

SR

Start

00:05:45

78547 0.990

Shut In

00:10:31

57469 0.000

Stop

04:37:46

45868 0.000

ISIP=80000

80000

B
1.2
1.0

70000

0.8

60000

0.6

(ISIP = 56975)

50000

0.4

40000

0.2

30000
00:00

3/20/2007

00:05

00:10
Time

00:15

2009

00:20

3/20/2007

0.0

BHPGfunctionforEarlyISIPShows
ApparentPDL
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Minifrac - G Function
A
80000

Bottom Hole Pressure (kPa)

Smoothed Pressure (kPa)
1st Derivative (kPa)
G*dP/dG (kPa)

A
A
D
D

End of Test

Time

BHP

SP

20.29

45908

45907

DP

FE

25457 91.53

D
15000

75000

12500

70000
10000
65000
7500
60000

(20.05, 6681)

5000

55000
(m = 333.3)

2500

50000
45000

(0.002,
(Y
= 0) 0)

10

G(Time)

15

20

2009

LateISIPGFunctionSuppressesPDL
Hump
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Minifrac - G Function
A
58000

Bottom Hole Pressure (kPa)

1st Derivative (kPa)
G*dP/dG (kPa)

Time

A
D
D

Closure

BHP

19.43 45928

SP
45924

DP

FE

11047 91.19
1

56000

D
20000
18000
16000

54000

14000
12000

52000

10000
50000

8000
6000

48000

(19.65, 5933

4000
46000
44000

(m = 302)

(0.002,
(Y
= 0) 0)

10

G(Time)

2000
12

14

16

2009

18

EarlyISIPLogLogPlotShowsIncreased
SeparationandLongNegativeDerivativeSlope
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Minifrac - Log Log
Delta Bottom Hole Calc Pressure (kPa)
Delta Smoothed Pressure (kPa)
Smoothed Adaptive 1st Derivative (kPa/min)
Adaptive DTdDP/dDT (kPa)

A
3

A
A
B
A

BH ISIP = 71366 kPa

End of Test

Time DBHCP

DSP

264.72

25458 91.53

25457

FE

(3.255, 21772)

B
14000
12000

(m = 0.506)

10000 9
8
7
6
5

7x Separation

(0.29, 6408)

4
3

(Y = 3134)

(Y = 3734)

(m = 0.254)
(82.06, 2319)

1000 9

8000
(250.5, 3079)

6000
4000

8
7
6
5
4

10000

2000

(Y = 421.8)

100

0.1

8 9

8 9

10

Time (0 = 9.283333)

8 9

100

2009

-2000

LateISIPLogLogPlotGivesConsistent
Separation
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Minifrac - Log Log

Delta Bottom Hole Calc Pressure (kPa)

Delta Smoothed Pressure (kPa)
Smoothed Adaptive 1st Derivative (kPa/min)
Adaptive DTdDP/dDT (kPa)
2

Time DBHCP DSP

1

Closure 260.51

11037

FE

11037 91.17

BH ISIP = 56975 kPa

10000 9
8
7
6
5
4

4x

(Y = 2956)

3
2

(41.34, 1853)

(254

(m = 0.25)

1000 9
8
7
6
5
4
3

(Y = 410.3)

100 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

10
0.1

8 9

8 9

10

Time (0 = 10.5)

6 7 8 9
2009
100

BHPGaugeDatawithFallingFluid
Level
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Job Data

Time

BH Gauge Pressure (psi)

Slurry Rate (bpm)

A
6500
1

A
B

BGP

SR

Start

10/2/2006 19:19:03

6393 6.100

Shut In 10/2/2006 19:35:34

4368 0.000

Stop

3027 0.000

10/2/2006 23:23:40

B
7

6000

5500

5000
4
4500

(ISIP = 4366)

3
4000
2

3500

3000
2500
19:00

10/2/2006

20:00

21:00

22:00

23:00

00:00

Time

10/3/2006

01:00

02:002009 03:00

10/3/2006

LongTermFalloffwithBHPGauges
andFallingFluidLevel
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Job Data
Minifrac Events
Time

BH Gauge Pressure (psi)

Slurry Rate (bpm)

A
6500
1

6000

A
B

Start

10/2/2006 19:19:03

6393

6.100

Shut In

10/2/2006 19:35:34

4368

0.000

Stop

10/2/2006 23:23:39

3027

0.000

B
7

6
5

5000

4
(ISIP = 4367)

4000

3500

3000
2500

SR

5500

4500

BGP

10/3/2006

10/4/2006

10/5/2006
Time

10/6/2006

2009
10/7/2006

EffectofFallingFluidLevelonG
FunctionDerivativePlot
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Minifrac - G Function
A
4400

BH Gauge Pressure (psi)

Smoothed Adaptive 1st Derivative (psi)
Smoothed Adaptive G*dP/dG (psi)

Time

A
D
D

Closure

5.36

BGP

SP

3423

3439 913.5 73.99

FE
D
2000
1800

4200
4000

DP

1600

(7.373, 1558)

1400

3800

1200

3600

1000
3400

800

(m = 211.4)

3200

600

3000

400

2800
2600

200
(0.002,
(Y
= 0) 0)

10

20

30

G(Time)

402009

EffectofFallingFluidLevelonLogLog
DiagnosticPlot
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Minifrac - Log Log
Time

Delta Bottom Hole Calc Pressure (psi)

Smoothed Adaptive 1st Derivative (psi/min)
Adaptive DTdDP/dDT (psi)
2

BH ISIP = 4352 psi

Closure

DBHCP DSP

123.46

929.1

FE

912.6 73.99

1000 9

(168.5, 1099)

8
7
6
5

(m = 0.912)

4
3

(32.69, 246.3)

100 9
8
7
6
5
4
3

10
0.1

6 7 8 9

6 7 8 9

10

6 7 8 9

100

Time (0 = 1175.566667)

6 7 8 9

2009
1000

EffectofFallingFluidLevelonACALog
LogLinearPlot
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
ACA - Log Log Linear
Results
Start of Pseudo Linear Time = 71.87 min
End of Pseudo Linear Time = 98.57 min
Start of Pseudo Radial Time = 110.06 hours

(p-pi) (psi)
Moving Avg Of Slope (psi)

10000 9
8
7
6
5

Analysis Events
SLF BGP Slope (p-pi)

4
3

Start of Pseudoradial Flow

0.01

2777

0.000

478.0

End of Pseudolinear Flow

0.32

3028

0.000

728.3

Start of Pseudolinear Flow

0.37

3093

0.000

793.1

1000 9
8
7
6
5
4

(m = 0.5)

(m = 1)

100 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

10

0.01

0.1

Square Linear Flow (FL^2)

1
4

2009

EffectofFallingFluidLevelonACA
LinearFlowPlot
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
ACA - Cartesian Pseudolinear
Analysis Events
LFTF BGP
BH Gauge Pressure (psi)

End of Pseudolinear Flow

0.56

3028

Start of Pseudolinear Flow

0.61

3093

3500
3400
3300
3200
3100

(m = 1297.8)

3000
2900
Results
2800
2

2700

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Linear Flow Time Function

Reservoir Pressure = 2296.52 psi

Start of Pseudo Linear Time = 71.87 min
End of Pseudo Linear Time = 98.57 min

0.7

0.8
2009

0.9

1.0

PressureIncreaseCausedbyGasEntry
andPhaseSegregation
A
Wellhead Pressure (psi)
6000

A Slurry Rate (bpm)

B
3.5

3.0

5000

2.5
4000
2.0
3000
1.5
2000
1.0
1000

0
22:00

3/22/2003

0.5

00:00

3/23/2003

02:00

04:00

06:00

08:00

Time

10:00

12:00

14:00200916:00

0.0
18:00

3/23/2003

PressureIncreasefromRisingGas
Bubbles
P2 = P1 =

zNRT
V

Phead=0.45 psi/ft

P1 = Phead =

zNRT
V

2009

EarlyTimeWHPGfunctionAnalysis
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Minifrac - G Function
A
8500

Bottom Hole Calc Pressure (psi)

Smoothed Pressure (psi)
1st Derivative (psi)
G*dP/dG (psi)

A
A
D
D

Time BHCP
1

Closure

1.00

7192

SP

DP

FE

7202 1182 34.54

D
2000
1800

8000

1600

(1.316, 1600)

7500

1400
1200

7000

1000
6500

800

(m = 1218)

600

6000

400
5500
5000

200
(0.002,
(Y
= 0) 0)

G(Time)

2009 6

EffectofGasEntryandPhase
SegregationonGFunction
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Minifrac - G Function
Bottom Hole Calc Pressure (psi)
Smoothed Pressure (psi)
1st Derivative (psi)
G*dP/dG (psi)

A
8500

A
A
D
D

Time
1

Closure

1.00

BHCP
7192

SP

DP

FE

7212 1190 34.54

D
2000
1800

8000

1600

(1.316, 1600)

7500

1400
1200

7000

1000
6500

800

(m = 1218)

600

6000

400
5500
5000

200
(0.002,
(Y
= 0) 0)

10

15

G(Time)

20

200925

EffectofGasEntryandPhase
SegregationonLogLogPlot
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
Minifrac - Log Log
Delta Bottom Hole Calc Pressure (psi)
Delta Smoothed Pressure (psi)
1st Derivative (psi/min)
DTdDP/dDT (psi)
4
3

Time
1

BH ISIP = 8377 psi

DBHCP DSP

5.31

Closure

1185

FE

1175 34.54

1000 9

(11.41, 922.9)

8
7
6
5

(m = -0.5)
(77.1, 355)

4
3
2

100 9

(Y = 96.55)

8
7
6
5
4
3
2

10
0.1

7 8 9

7 8 9

10

Time (0 = 12.666667)

7 8 9

100

2009

7 8 9

1000

EffectofGasEntryandPhase
SegregationonACALogLogPlot
ACA - Log Log Linear
Analysis Events
SLF BHCP Slope (p-pi)

Slope (psi)
(p-pi) (psi)

Start of Pseudoradial Flow

0.14Linear
5617
1337
End of Pseudolinear
StartFlow
of Pseudo
Time 652.2
= 11.88 min
End
of
Pseudo
Linear
Time
=
28.70
min
6103 913.1 1823
Start of Pseudolinear Flow 0.27
Start of Pseudo Radial Time = 17.37 hours

0.01

5280

Results

297.5

999.9

10000 9
8
7
6
5
4

(m = 1)

3
2

1000 9
8
7
6
5
4

(m = 0.5)

3
2

100 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

10
0.001

3
2

2
6

0.01

Square Linear Flow (FL^2)

0.1

1
2

2009

EffectofGasEntryandPhase
SegregationonACALinearPlot
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
ACA - Cartesian Pseudolinear
Analysis Events
LFTF BHCP
Bottom Hole Calc Pressure (psi)

End of Pseudolinear Flow

0.38

5617

Start of Pseudolinear Flow

0.52

6103

7250
7000
6750
6500
6250
6000

(m = 3541.8)

5750
5500

Results

5250
5000
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Reservoir Pressure = 4279.89 psi

Start of Pseudo Linear Time = 11.88 min
End of Pseudo Linear Time = 28.70 min

0.4

0.5

0.6

Linear Flow Time Function

0.7

0.8
2009

0.9

1.0

EffectofGasEntryandPhase
SegregationonACARadialPlot
GohWin Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
ACA - Cartesian Pseudoradial
Analysis Events
RFTF BHCP
1

Bottom Hole Calc Pressure (psi)

Start of Pseudoradial Flow

0.01

5280

7250
7000
6750
6500
6250
6000
5750
5500

Results
(m = 5638.5)

5250
5000

Reservoir Pressure = 4894.94 psi

Transmissibility, kh/ = 87.73613 md*ft/cp
kh = 2.07706 md*ft
Permeability, k = 0.0495 md
Start of Pseudo Radial Time = 17.37 hours

4750
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Radial Flow Time Function

1.2

1.4 2009 1.6

1.8

PressureDecaywithoutFilterCake:
OneDimensionalTransientFlow
Pfrac

Ppore

Distance from frac face

2009

ImpactofResistancesinSeries
P3=L3/k3
10

K=100

P2=L2/k2

P1=L1/k1

K=1

= PT

0.5

K=0.001

Kavg=Lt/(L1/k1+ L2/k2+ L3/k3)=0.025

2009

FracFluidLoss:DiscontinuousPressure
GradientwithFiltercake
With filtercake pressure gradient is discontinuous
and far-field gradient is not related to leakoff rate
through reservoir permeability
Pfrac

Ppore

Distance from frac face

2009

Recall:CompleteStressEquation
Pc =

(1 )

[Pob v Pp ] + h Pp + x E + t

Pc = closure pressure, psi

= Poissons Ratio
Pob = Overburden
Pressure
v = vertical Biots
poroelastic constant
h = horizontal Biots
poroelastic constant

Pp =PorePressure
x = regional horizontal
strain, microstrains
E = Youngs Modulus,
million psi
t = regional horizontal
tectonic stress
2009

Estimationof
PorePressure&FlowCapacity
Hornerplotisonlyvalidinpseudoradialflow
Shorttermafterclosuredatacanbemisleading
Inlinearflow,slopeand2xfactorbetweenDP
andDPisdiagnostic
Porepressurecanbeobtainedfromthelinear
flowperiod
Reservoirkh canbedeterminedwhenradialflow
isidentified
Porepressureisrelatedtoclosurestress
2009

Conclusions:
Gfunctionresponseinlowperm,hardrockis
definitiveandrelativelyeasilyinterpreted
Closurepressureandleakoffmechanismcanbe
defined
Naturalfracturesandtheirstressstatecanbe
determined
Closurepressureisrelatedtoreservoirpore
pressure
CorrelationsbetweenGc andproductioncanbe
developedforcleanfluid(acidand/orwater)
injectiontests
Extendedfalloffdatacanbeusedforpseudo
radialflowanalysisofperm
2009