Mc Lc

CHNG 1: XU HNG CA DI NG KHNG DY.........................................2

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc cell t bo di ng...........................................................2
1.1.1 H thng AMPS (th h u tin).......................................................................3
1.1.2 H thng th h th 2.........................................................................................4
1.1.3 H thng 3G.......................................................................................................5
1.1.4 H thng 4G.......................................................................................................6
1.1.5 Cc h thng mng t bo khc..........................................................................7
1.2 Mng d liu khng dy...........................................................................................8
1.2.1 M t chung........................................................................................................8
1.2.2 Cc chun khng dy cho LAN..........................................................................9
1.2.3 S pht trin mng khng dy WAN................................................................10
1.3 Cc h thng thng tin v tinh................................................................................12
1.3.1 Lch s..............................................................................................................12
1.3.2 Cc c tnh......................................................................................................13
1.3.3 V tinh trong cc qu o khc nhau................................................................13
1.4 H thng nhn tin....................................................................................................16
1.5 Cc c quan tiu chun...........................................................................................17
1.5.1 C quan tiu chun quc t...............................................................................17
1.5.2 Cc c quan tiu chun trong cc khu vc khc nhau.......................................18
1.6 Phn b ph............................................................................................................22
1.6.1 Phn b quang ph trong nh nc...................................................................25
1.6.2 ITU: Ph cho 3G (IMT-2000)...........................................................................27
1.6.3 Cc khu vc khc trn th gii.........................................................................29
1.7 Xem xt hiu qu ph.............................................................................................29
Ti Liu Tham Kho.....................................................................................................31
CHNG 17: MNG THNG MINH CHO TRUYN THNG KHNG DY...34
17.9 Tuyn thng tin v tuyn siu tc.........................................................................34

17.9.1 Mt v d p dng trong 50 mt cui cng.....................................................38

CHNG 18: QUAN IM V H THNG 4G V CC VN LIN QUAN
......................................................................................................................................... 39
18.1 Quan im v h thng 4G...................................................................................39
18.1.1 Gii thiu........................................................................................................39
18.1.2. Cc h thng 4G khc....................................................................................39
18.2 ACDD H thng: CS-OFDMA.............................................................................43
18.2.1 S thc hin ca mt h thng CDD............................................................43
18.2.2 Cc thuc tnh m........................................................................................44
18.2.3 H thng CS-OFDMA....................................................................................46
18.3 B sung cc m m phm (CCK) v iu ch.....................................................51
18.4 Cc m TURBO v LDPC....................................................................................55
18.4.1 M Turbo........................................................................................................55
18.4.2 LDPC (m sa li kim tra chn l)...............................................................57
18.5 Nghin cu mt h thng di ng 60 GHz............................................................59
18.5.1 S lan truyn trong mi trng phn tn........................................................60
18.5.2 Thit b u cui c nh................................................................................60
18.5.3 Di chuyn thit b u cui.............................................................................61
18.5.4 La chn h thng..........................................................................................62
18.6 H thng a phng ti n truyn thng vi lin kt song milimet v lin kt song
quang hc...................................................................................................................... 62
18.6.1 Gii thiu........................................................................................................62
18.6.2 So snh s suy hao da trn ng cong PDC...............................................64
18.7 MVNO v MVNE.................................................................................................65
18.7.1 MVNO (mng iu hnh in thoi di ng o).............................................65
18.7.2 MVNE (mng in thoi di n g enabler)......................................................66
Ti liu tham kho........................................................................................................66

CHNG 1: XU HNG CA DI NG KHNG DY

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc cell t bo di ng
phn loi cc th h pht trin ca cc cell t bo di ng trong cun sch ny,
no co th logic hoa s dng cc s a truy nhp. Cc h thng tng t a truy
nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) l h thng 1G. Cc h thng s a truy nhp phn
chia theo thi gian (TDMA) vi chuyn mch knh l cc h thng 2G. Cc h thng a
truy nhp phn chia theo m vi chuyn mch goi v chuyn mch knh l cc h thng
3G v mt s k thut truy nhp di ng tin tin khc c s dng cho mt mng vi
tt c cc giao thc internet s c gi l 4G. Tuy nhin, bi v mi mt k thut bn
thn no tin b theo thi gian, chng ta s dng cc giai on thi gian phn li cc
th h. Do o, h thng tng t l 1G, h thng thoi s l 2G, h thng thoi/d liu s
l B2G v h thng s di rng l 3G. Mng khng dy phm vi a phng, mng khng
dy phm vi th (WLAN/WMAN) l h thng B3G v h thng truyn d liu tc
cao l h thng 4G.
1.1.1 H thng AMPS (th h u tin)
Nm 1964, Bell Laboratories thnh lp cc vin thng di ng, sau o hi ngh
U.S a ra hot ng thng mi vin thng v tinh t AT&T. Ban u mng khng
dy ch c tp trung vo truyn thng tin thoi. Vo giai on u, h thng tng t
c gi tn l HCMTS (h thng in thoi di ng cng sut cao) c pht trin ti
phng nghin cu Bell trong giai on 1964-1974. HCMTS s dng s bin i FM
vi bng thng 30kHz cho 2 knh tn hiu v thoi. Ch s iu ch FMcho thoi l 4 no
l t s ca tn s lch (12kHz) v tn s thoi (3kHz). Tc tn hiu l 10kbps.H
thng ny cng c di chuyn tnh nng chuyn giao mi. Thi gian sau o, khng co t
chc chun no cho h thng thng tin v tuyn. AT&T a ra tiu chun ca no ch
HC MTS 1

h thng t bo th h u tin. Sau o, chun EIA (Hi lin hip cng

nghip in t) c t tn l h thng IS-3 (Interim Standard 3). EIA kt hp vi TIA

(Hi lin hip cng nghip vin thng) sau o c gi l TIA-EIA. Tn mi cho h
thng ny l AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), c s dng vo nm 1976 v
h thng c trin khai nm 1984. Nm 1975, phng nghin cu Bell c trao tng
OKI mt hp ng sn xut 200 chic in thoi di ng u tin, theo AT&T khng
th cp giy php sn xut nhng chic in thoi di ng theo s ch o ca FCC.
Cc nm sau o, co tng cng 1800 chic in thoi di ng c cp giy php OKI,
E.F.Johnson v Motorola mi n v sn xut 600 chic. Phng nghin cu Bell xy dng
thit b kim tra nhng chic in thoi ny. Tt c nhng chic in thoi c sn xut
bi 3 cng ty ny u phi vt qua vng kim nh, khng 1 ci no vt qua ln u
3

tin. 2000 chic in thoi di ng u tin ca th gii c s dng th Chicago

nm 1977. Cc chi tit c hon thnh sau ln dng th ny. H thng t bo U.S
khng c thng mi hoa n khi FCC phn chia rng ph ca t bo chun l 20MHz trong o 10MHz u cho cc cng ty in thoi (ng dy) c gi l band B v
10MHz tip theo cho cc thng ip (khng dy) c gi l band A. H thng band B
bt u pht trin vo nm 1984. Chi tit k thut ca AMPS c m t trong chng 3.
Bi vy, Janpan NTT (Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Co.) trin khai phin
bn ca AMPS Tokyo vo nm 1979, o l h thng thng mi u tin trn th gii.
H thng NTT khng co lc khc nhau nn tng c s v tn hiu c s dng l
a tn hiu vi tc 300 tones/s. Gi c dch v cao, m cht lng thoi khng va .
Sau o AMPS c trin khai ti M, cht lng tn hiu ci thin hn v gi c dch v
thp hn h thng NTT. Sau o, Anh iu chnh h thng AMPS vi rng bng
thng 1 knh l 25kHz, c gi l Total Access Communication System (TACS). Bn
cnh o, Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) trin khai phn ln trong 4 nc Bc u;
h thng C450 c v in thoi khng dy 2 (CT2) Anh c phc v trn th
trng, nhng chng khng phi l cc h thng t bo. Bi v Cng ngh nm 1980
khng to ra 1 in thoi cm tay, h thng tng t AMPS c thit k v s dng nh
in thoi di ng v pin ri l ngun cung cp in. Phm vi cho mi t bo l xung
quanh 1 vng co bn knh 8miles.
1.1.2 H thng th h th 2
Nm 1983, Chu u bt u pht trin GSM (Tn nguyn bn c gi l
nhom di ng c bit, sau o i thnh h thng di ng ton cu). GSM l 1 h thng
s TDMA v c trin khai ln u tin c nm 1991. No l 1 h thng t bo di
ng s u tin trn th gii. c im k thut ca GSM c trnh by trong phn
4.2.
Nm 1987, do s lng tham gia mng tng ln nhanh chong, dung lng ca
AMPS tr thnh mt vn . Sau o Bc M TDMA (NA-TDMA) c bu chn nh 1
tiu chun s hoa vo nm 1988 c gng gii quyt dung lng h thng. c im
k thut ca NA-TDMA c a ra trong phn 4.3. Tuy nhin, k thut TDMA khng
phi l s la chn ng n cho tng lai.
Nm 1989, Qualcomm ang bt u pht trin CDMA vi s tr gip t PacTel
trong vn v ti chnh, k thut v hnh nh; h thng CDMA co th t c dung
lng hn 10 ln so vi AMPS theo s phn tch trn l thuyt vo thi im o.
chng minh cng ngh ny, nm 1990 PacTel s dng 1.25MHz (40 knh AMPS) t
12.5MHz ph bng thng trong 800MHz cho vic kim tra 1 h thng CDMA th
4

trng San Diego. Trong thi gian o, vic thc thi ca h thng tng t ti San Diego
phi chu tn tht bi vic dng th CDMA. Tuy th, PacTel tin tng rng 1 cng
ngh mi ny l cn thit cho tng lai. Nm 1993, sau khi th trng U.S a ra 1
triu ngi tham gia s dng in thoi tng t, h thng s CDMA tc cao ny
ra c ra i. H thng ny c m t trong phn 4.4. Nm 1994, tn ca PacTel c
chuyn thnh AirTouch. AirTouch theo ui pht trin cc h thng CDMA mang tnh
cht thng mi ny.
Nm 1989, Nc Anh nhng li cho PCN (Personal Communication
Networks) bn quyn v bng thng tn s 1900MHz v nhn c 4 bn quyn thng
qua 1 cuc tranh lun kt thc tt p. Sau o PCN lm theo h thng GSM. V vy,
ph tn s 900 MHz ca di TACS c chuyn cho GSM. Nm 2000, GSM co 1 s
nng cp ng truyn d liu c gi l GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), ci m
co th s dng bt k khe thi gian no trong tng s 8 khe thi gian cho vic gi d
liu. Tc d liu t t 14.4kbps n 64kbps. Co s nng cp tc d liu ln cao
hn c gi l EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), m s iu bin c
thay i t GMSK (Gaussian minimum shift keying) ln 8 PSK (khoa dch pha). Tc
d liu trn ng truyn co th ln n 500kbps. EDGE s c gii thiu trong phn
5.2. Nm 1990, Nht Bn pht trin PDC ca h (Personal Digital Cellular). 12.5-kHz
c nng ln thnh cc knh 25-kHz, do o s lng cc knh c tng ln trong h
thng. o l 1 h thng t bo TDMA hot ng ti tn s 800MHz v 1.5GHz. Cu trc
ca PDC tng t nh NA-TDMA v c miu t trong phn 4.5.2.
Nm 1995, CDMA IS-95 l h thng CDMA u tin (sau o c gi l
CDMAone vo nm 1998) s dng bng thng 1.25MHz. No c a ra bi PacTel noi
rng hot ng ca no co th b qua ti 1/10 ph t ph tng t, to ra 1 knh
CDMA v to ra ti dung lng ca h thng tng t nguyn bn cho tn hiu thoi.
H thng CDMA c thng mi hoa Hong Kong, Los Angeles v Seattle gn nh ti
cng 1 thi im vo u nm 1995. Tuy nhin, cc h thng o bn thn chng cng
khng c pht trin y trong thi gian o.
Nm 1996, Th trng Hn Quc chng minh gi tr ca h thng CDMA. T
thng 1 nm 1996 n thng 9 nm 1996, s lng ngi tham gia t con s 0 ln n 1
triu trong vng 9 thng. Cc h thng CDMA Hn Quc c hy vng vi dung lng
ln ca chng. Nm 1999, CDMA 1X c pht trin. No co th co t c tc d
liu ln n 64kbps (xem phn 5.6). Nm 2000, CDMA 1X to ra 1 s la chn l
EVDO (Enhanced Version of Data Only). No ang s dng 1 knh 1.25-MHz ch chuyn
cho d liu. No co th truyn 2Mbps trong khi thit b u cui c nh v 384kbps trong
khi chuyn ng. S phi hp TDM c s dng trong EVDO. Sau o, nm 2004,
5

EVDV (Enhanced Version for Data and Voice) tr thnh s la chn khc b sung cho
1 knh 1.25-MHz co 2Mbps d liu cng vi tn hiu thoi. EVDO v EVDV c gi l
h thng CDMA2000 1X. C EVDO v EVDV c m t trong phn 6.8.
1.1.3 H thng 3G
Nm 1997, 3G (th h th 3) c a ra bi DoCoMo v Ericsson, CDMAone
c gi l 2.5G. Trong thi gian o, tt c cc nh cung cp h thng trn th gii u
khng noi n 3G nhng c noi n bi nhng ch nh chun b cho s pht trin
trong tng lai.
Nm 1998, co 13 s xut chu s kim sot ca ITU. 3 trong s o c chn
bi OHG (Operator Harmonization Group) cho ITU. Bng rng CDMA WCDMA,
CDMA2000 v UTRA-TDD (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access-TDD TD-SCDMA(Time
Division-Synchrous CDMA)) co bng thng 5-MHz cc knh. Ericsson v DoCoMo
pht trin chnh WCDMA. Bng thng song mang l 5MHz v tc chip l 3.84Mcps.
Mt phin bn ca h thng 3G c gi l FOMA (Freedom of Mobile Multimedia
Access) c trin khai Nht Bn. Cc thit b thu pht ca FOMA co tc d liu
cao v c hot ng trong h thng WCDMA nhng khng theo ng xoay vng.
CDMA2000 c pht trin t CDMA 1X vi bng thng 1 knh l 1.25MHz v tc
chip l 1.2288 Mcps v tr thnh CDMA 3X vi bng thng 3.75 MHz v tc chip
l 3.68 Mcps. CDMA 3X l 1 h thng CDMA a song mang. Tuyn xung ca no l
3x1.25 MHz v tuyn ln ca no co di rng 3.75 MHz. WCDMA v CDMA2000 ang
s dng ph phn chia tn s theo cp (FDD). Cc h thng 3G, UTRA-TDD/TDSCDMA ang s dng ph phn chia thi gian theo cp (TDD) b sung cc k thut v
a m, a khe, v h s phn b bin trc giao (OVSF). UTRA-TDD c pht trin
Chu u vi bng thng ca no l 5 MHz v tc chip mang lu lng l 3.84 Mcps.
TD-SCDMA c pht trin Trung Quc, co bng thng 1 knh l 1.6 MHz v 1 chp
co tc l 1.2288 Mcps. TD-SCDMA co th c s dng nh 1 h thng a song
mang (3x) CDMA. Tt c 36 h thng c m t trong chng 6.
chn bng thng 1 knh l 5 MHz cho WCDMA to ra kho khn trong thit k
ca 1 knh thu pht CDMA. u tin, bng thng 5 MHz khng c nghin cu su
xc nh no mc d no l 1 bng thng ti u cho t bo di ng trc khi chn no.
Th hai, co nhiu qu o nhn c nm ngoi d on trong bng thng 5- MHz hn
nhn c bi h thng CDMA thng thng vi bng thng l 1.25 MHz. Nh vy,
nhiu nghin cu l cn thit hiu c hin tng a ng i trong 1 di thng 5MHz. Do o hin tng tr xut hin nhiu trong h thng WCDMA l khng th trnh
c. Vo nm 2000, hon li vic trin khai h thng WCDMA v cc nm sau o. Ti

Anh, giy php s dng 3G c u gi vo nm 1999 v nm 2000 nhn c 4 nh

cung cp h thng. Vodafone l 1 trong 4 nh cung cp h thng. Vodafone u gi 10
t la dnh c giy php cho h thng FDD 30-MHz (2x15 MHz) trong ton b
vng quc Anh. Vodafone phi i mt 5 nm quan tm n s pht trin ca 3G
khng ch chu u m ton cu.
1.1.4 H thng 4G
20 nm trc, cc mng khng dy c pht trin t 1 h thng tng t, n
(thoi) v tc d liu thp (ch vi kbps) thnh h thng tn hiu s, a phng tin,
tc d liu cao (hng chc n hng trm Mbps) ngy nay. Cc h thng trong tng
lai c pht trin theo nhu cu ca ngi s dng nh h thng t bo th h th 4
(4G). Co rt nhiu ng dng ln cn tc d liu cao phc v chng.
Thng 7 nm 2003, ITU a ra yu cu chi h thng 4G nh sau:
1. Trong iu kin khng hot ng, tc d liu ng truyn l 1 Gbps.
2. Trong iu kin hot ng, tc d liu ng truyn l 100 Mbps.
Nhiu h thng c xut co th gii quyt cc yu cu vi bng thng hp v
tc di ng nhanh hn u s c xem xt. y l 1 s th nghim ng n. Vi h
thng co tc d liu ny, nhiu ng dng tin tin cho ngi s dng co th c thc
hin. Mt h thng y tim nng 4G co th c s dng trong h OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing) bi v WMAN c m t trong phn 7.4.2 ang s
dng OFDM co th t c tc ng truyn d liu khong 54-70 Mbps, cao hn
h thng CDMA co th cung cp. Vin cnh h thng 4G s dng OFDM c miu t
trong chng 18.
1.1.5 Cc h thng mng t bo khc
Nm 1989, Vng quc Anh pht trin 1 loi in thoi khng dy c gi l
h thng CT-2. No l h thng thu pht di ng s hoa s dng cm tay. Tng bng thng
ph tn hiu l 4 MHz trong 800 MHz. Truy nhp knh l FDMA/TDD. Bng thng 1
knh l 100-kHz do o co 40 knh. Cuc m thoi 2 chiu co th c gi i nhng
khng th nhn c, ging nh 1 ci phng in thoi cng cng co th xch i c.
Anh a ra h thng CT-2 cho 4 nh khai thc vi yu cu cnh tranh cng bng. Mi
nh khai thc co th cung cp nhiu khu vc thoi, v mi khu vc o co 10 knh
phc v s b sung ca no. Bi v khng co s kt hp thu pht gia cc nh khai thc
vi nhau, v bi v cc khu vc thoi ca mi nh khai thc dch v khng c t v tr
chnh xc, nn vn tr ngi trong thu pht gia 4 nh cung cp khng c gii quyt.
Ericsson pht trin 1 h thng nng cp t phin bn CT-2, ban u c gi l
7

DCT900, v sau o chuyn thnh CT-3. Bng thng 1 knh ca no l 1 MHz vi 64 khe
thi gian. Tc d liu ton b l 640 kbps. CT-3 khng trin khai trn th trng di
ng, nhng no c s dng cho cc ng dng khng dy c nh vi PBX (Private
Branch Exchange).
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunication System) l 1 h thng
chun ca Chu u. No l 1 h thng tng t nh CT-2 hot ng tn s 1.8 GHz v
bng thng knh truyn ca no l 1.728 MHz. No l 1 h thng TDD vi 12 khe; 6 khe
thi gian cho tuyn xung v 6 khe cho tuyn ln. No c s dng cho mng thng tin
di ng chung trong nh hoc cung cp thng tin thng mi cc b v cung cp
chnh cho cc vng thng tin khng dy cc b. DECT c trin khai trn cc vng,
khu vc trong Chu u c trnh by trong phn 4.5.
PHS (Personal Handy Phone) l h thng TDD hot ng tn s 1.9 GHz v cc
dch v thng tin c nhn ph; bng thng knh truyn 300 kHz. Co 8 khe thi gian cho
mi knh. Trong tt c cc knh ca PHS, mt vi khe ang gi, mt vi khe nhn ti
cng thi im. Nm 1995, co 4 nh cung cp PHS Nht Bn. Con s tham gia ln n
7 triu, nhng khng ai trong s h em li li nhun. Cui cng, DoCoMo cng c
vi 3 thay i khc, s dng c thit b chuyn mch hu tuyn thay v cc thit b
chuyn mch in thoi di ng v bt u li thng mi PHS. Nm 1999, PHS n
Trung Quc, c gi bi ci bit danh Little Smarter, c s dng bi 2 cng ty hu
tuyn phc v cc khch hng nh cc h thng t bo mng tng ng. Nm 2003,
lng ngi tham gia PHS ln n 20 triu Trung Quc v tr thnh s cnh bo cho
cc nh cung cp h thng t bo mng. PHS c trnh by trong phn 5.5.
Vo nhng nm 1980, di thu pht chuyn dng cho di ng (SMR) c a ra
cho trm pht thanh gc. Cc giy php c cho php co 200 kHz trong 900-MHz di
thng v cn thit phi co 100 ngi tham gia trong 2 nm th mi tip tc cp giy php
hot ng. Motorola ginh c di SMR nhiu nht vo nhng nm 1990 v pht
trin h thng thuc quyn s hu ca h c gi l MIRS (Mobile Integrated Radio
System), sau o chuyn thnh IDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network) c miu
t trong phn 5.4. No l 1 h thng TDMA/FDD vi bng thng 1 knh truyn l 25 kHz
ti 850 MHz. S lng khe thi gian l 6; thng thng, 3 khe thi gian lun trong trng
thi khng hot ng. S iu ch l 16 QAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation). H
thng tn hiu s ca no l h thng ging mng t bo phc v chnh cho tn hiu thoi.
giai on u, cht lng thoi khng c tt nh h thng mng t bo. H thng
ny c bt u cung cp tt hn trong tng lai bi vic s dng chuyn mch
ca Nortel v ln u tin vo nm 2001 co 1 b m c trng. B m co th s kt
ni thc t trong thi gian thc kt ni 1 nhom cc thnh vin trong nhom trc tip
8

sau khi bt nt bm trn o. Do o, ngi gi khng cn thit phi bm s gi ca cc

thnh vin trong nhom. No co th c coi nh 1 s bn bc ca cc thnh vin trong
nhom. Cc nh cung cp h thng mng t bo khc lm theo cc c trng cun ht
ny. Nextel ang s dng ph khng phi tr ph. Do o, h thng ny l 1 h thng
khng theo tiu chun no.
1.2 Mng d liu khng dy
1.2.1 M t chung
Mng d liu khng dy co th c phn loi theo cc vng trong phm vi ca
chng. Phm vi nh, ni m mng c gi l vng mng khng dy c nhn (PAN),
c gii hn trong 1 vn phng. Mi 1 t bo nh 1 quy m nh s cho php kt ni cc
my tnh hoc cc thit b in t u vo. Mt vng mng cc b khng dy (LAN) kt
ni cc ngi dng trn 1 tng c th ca 1 thit k. Mt vng mng cng cng phc v
khun vin 1 khu cng nghip hoc 1 trng i hc, ni m mng co th xuyn sut
ton b khun vin. Mt mng khng dy ca khu vc ni (WMAN) kt ni c dn v
khch du lch trong 1 thnh ph. V cui cng, mng ln nht l mng khng dy ton
cu (WWAN), chng kt ni ton b cc nc vi nhau.
Mt mng khng dy PAN co th s dng Bluetooth, c pht trin bi Ericsson
nm 1978. Bluetooth c t tn sau khi 1 quc gia vi phm bn quyn trong cc nc
Bc u. No c s dng cho khong cch ngn ln n 10 feet. Bng thng knh truyn
l 200kHz s dng iu ch QAM. Tc d liu co th t c 1 Mbps. No l 1 dy
ngn thay th cho khng dy. Ngy nay, hu ht nhng chic in thoi di ng u trang
b Bluetooth. Zigbee c pht trin t chun IEEE 802.15 ca M. No co th co 1 di
rng 30m, nhng tc d liu ch khong 144 kbps. No co th c s dng cho xem
video. Cc thit b c s dng trong PAN c trnh by trong phn 14.11.
Vo nhng nm 1990, WLAN c phn chia trong cc h thng thu pht tn s
cao (RF) v h thng hng ngoi c nh ngha bi FCC. Cc h thng RF c chia
nh trong cc di khng phi ph c ng k (NSS) v di ph khng c ng k
(SS). Trong di ph khng c cp php (SS), no yu cu khong tn s nh nht gia
chng l 50 v 75 ti 910 MHz v 2.5 GHz tng ng, hoc c thc hin bi iu ch
di ph vt qu 1 h s ti a l 10 trong cc h thng lin tc nh hng.
di bc song ca IR l di hn 1 cht so vi di bc song nh sng nhn
thy. No c s dng cho vic truyn thng tin trong mng khng dy LAN; ti d
liu gia cc PCs, PDAs v cc in thoi di ng. ng dn IR c gii hn
khong cch di 15m. Co 1 s tn x IR, khng yu cu ng truyn line-of-sight gia
9

ngi truyn v ngi nhn. Nhng no l thch hp cho cc link c inh, khng th thay
i. Mt chun point-to-point hng ngoi ti di 1-2m co th ln n 4 Mbps. Hng ngoi
co th ti d liu vi tc nhanh v co 1 vi s va chm hoc khng co s va chm no.
1.2.2 Cc chun khng dy cho LAN
Cc hot ng chun hoa trn mng khng dy LAN l m hoa truyn i quyn
s dng cc ng dng ca no. Chng c tp trung phn ln trn cc di khng ng k
bn quyn. Hai s gn ng ch yu c s dng iu chnh cc di thng khng
ng k; mt l quy lut tng thch gia tt c cc thit b, ci cn li l quy c ph
cho php cc thit b khng dy LAN c sn xut bi cc nh cung cp khc nhau
chia s cng bng ti nguyn khng dy.
Tr s cc chun vin thng ca Chu u (ETSI) xc nh 1 chun khng dy
c gi l HIPERLAN cung cp 23.5 Mbps trong di 5- MHz, v FCC c phn
pht 2.4 GHz v 5.8 GHz cho chun IEEE 802.11 a/b/g:
Cc chun

Tn s song mang

Tc d liu

IEEE 802.11 b

2.4 GHz

10 Mbps

IEEE 802.11 a

5.8 GHz

20 Mbps

IEEE 802.11 g

2.4 GHz

20 Mbps

HIPERLAN co th c s dng nh mng khng dy MAN (c gi l

HIPERMAN) v vy HIPERMAN tng t nh chun IEEE 802.11 a/b/g. Chun IEEE
802.11 a/b/g s c trnh by trong chng 7.
1.2.3 S pht trin mng khng dy WAN
Tc d liu trong di song rng c s dng tr nn ph bin, 1 ngi dng
co th s dng tt c thit b khng dy LAN bt k no trong 1 cu trc mng, trong 1
sn bay, hoc ti 1 im nong. Vo nhng nm 1980, tn ti mng khng dy din rng
(WWAN) ti d liu di ng RAM ca Mobitex, cung cp 8 kbps, v ARDIS ca
Motorola (Advanced Radio Data Information Services) cung cp 19.2 kbps. IBM s
dng ARDIS vo nm 1983 gi lin lc vi cc trng phc v ca no; ARDIC c
m rng s dng ph bin vo nm 1990. Cng vy, dch v khng dy WAN Ricochet
c gii thiu bi Metricom nm 1994 s dng di khng bn quyn (ISM) trong 1 di
t 0.25km n 0.75 km. Ricochet truy nhp cc im v vy co th c s dng nh b
lp gi d liu tr li im trung tm qua cc im truy nhp iu khin. H thng ny
co th phc v 14.4 kbps, nhng t l s ngi tham gia v s c im truy nhp xung
10

quanh t l 3:1. S tc ngh ng truyn tr thnh vn . co 30,000 ngi tham gia

Metricom San Fran-cisco. Metricom pht trin 1 h thng Ricochet mi New York
vi 1 tc d liu l 28.8 kbps. Mt ln na, h thng ny khng thng minh gii
quyt vn tc nghn trn ng truyn.
CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) c thit k cung cp cc dch v goi d
liu nh 1 lp ph tn ti trong mng t bo tng t AMPS. CDPD s s dng 1 trong
nhng knh ca AMPS trong khi no trng thi ri v nhy sang 1 knh khc khi AMPS
ang bt u s dng knh ny. Mi knh 30- kHz h tr 19.2 kbps. CDPD s dng
iu ch GMSK v k thut dch tn s. Bi v phn ln h thng t bo co my d
tm nhng tr ngi bn ngoi c ci t ti cc trm gc, ngay sau khi 1 knh CDPD
co lin quan n 1 knh t bo, h thng t bo s khng c cp knh o cho 1 cuc
gi mi. Do o, cc knh CDPD gim dung lng t bo. V vy, CDPD b ra thi
gian di pht trin h thng ca h c trin khai v b qua thi c thng mi.
Bi v mc ch c bn ca h thng GSM l h thng dch v thoi, ETSI Chu
u nm 1992 pht trin 1 chun chung cho pht thanh trung k v h thng d liu di
ng c gi l TETRA (Trans European Trunked Radio) s dng iu ch

/4 -

DQPSK (khoa dch pha nh phn khc nhau) hot ng ti 1 knh tc l 3 kbps trong
mi knh 25-kHz. T o GSM tr thnh h thng ton cu v no khng ch cn cho thoi
m cn cc dch v d liu. Do vy 1 goi d liu GPRS a vo h thng c pht
trin, sau o TETRA tr nn t co gi tr.
i vi mng khng dy WAN, IEEE 802.16 c pht trin cho LMDS (h
thng phn phi a im cc b) (23-40 GHz), v IEEE 802.16 a/d/e cho MMDS (dch
v phn phi a im a knh) (2.4-7 GHz). IEEE 802.16 v IEEE 802.16 a/d cho iu
kin ng dn c nh, v 802.16e cho iu kin di ng. Phm vi cho 802.16 l xung
quanh 100m v cho 802.16a/d/e l 5-30 km. IEEE 802.16 khng hot ng bi v th
trng LMDS khng sn sang vo nm 1990. C 802.11 v 802.16 ang s dng iu
ch OFDM vi bc nhy tn s nh 1 s la chn trong di TDD. IEEE 802.16e co th
tr thnh 1 h thng OFDMA (a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao) vi 1 mng
tt c cc IP. IEEE 802.16e co 5 cng ngh c xut, v mt trong s chng l
OFDM. Nm 2004, cc cng ty chuyn nhng k thut OFDM c hnh thnh 1
ng dng c gi l WiMAX, vi s c gng bi Intel. H thng WiMAX co th s
dng VoIP (Voice over IP) cho thoi v ng truyn 54 Mbps trn di thng 20 MHz.
Ph tn s ti di thng khng cn bn quyn l 5.8 GHz. Chip WiMAX s c nhng
trong tt c my tnh xch tay v PCs nm 2006, v 1 in thoi WiMAX s c sn
xut nm 2007 nh s on trc. Co chun khc cho h thng khng dy WAN c
11

gi l IEEE 802.20, dn u bi Flarion. H thng ca Flarion ang s dng OFDMA

trong di FDD vi bc nhy tn c gi l h thng OFDM Flash. No co th thc hin
bn giao cho cc n v di ng trong khi qua cc t bo nh 1 h thng di ng tng
t. Tuy nhin, h thng Flarion khng co 1 chun h thng trong IEEE 802.20. Miu t
cho IEEE 802.20 c trnh by trong phn 7.4.4.
1.3 Cc h thng thng tin v tinh
1.3.1 Lch s
Nm 1945, A.C Clarke xut rng nu 1 v tinh cao 35,880 km trn xch
o, no s theo qu o tri t lun l 24 gi v xut hin ti 1 im c nh trn xch
o. Ba v tinh co th ph song ton b tri t ngoi tr cc cng gn xch o. Mt qu
kh cu th ng c gi l Echo, c pht trin bi phng nghin cu Bell lin kt
vi JPL, c khi ng vo nm 1960 trong 1 qu o nh 500 km. No l 1 v tinh th
ng. Vo thng 7 nm 1962, Telstar c khi ng bng qu o elip vi cao khc
nhau gia 950 v 5700 km. Telstar, 1 v tinh ch ng, nhn tn hiu tri t ti tn s
6390 MHz v truyn li tn s 4170 MHz vi 1 cng sut l 2W. V tinh Relay c
khi ng vo thng 12 nm 1962 trong qu o nghing. Tn s ln l 2000 MHz v tn
s xung l 4170 MHz. Ln u tin v tinh thc nghim Syncom c phong vo nm
1963 v l v tinh qu o gn nh ng b u tin. Thng 8 nm 1962, hi ngh U.S
a ra s thng nht thnh lp 1 h thng thng tin v tinh ton cu v do o to ra
INTELSAT (International Telecommunication Satellite Consortium). Ban u Bird c
xem nh Intelsat I, c phong nm 1965. Bn Intelsat c phong trong nhng nm
khc nhau vi dung lng knh tng ln c lit k trong bng 1.1. Tn s tuyn ln v
tuyn xung ln lt l 6 v 4 GHz, trong tt c 4 Intelsat. V tinh thng tin ca Nga
Moyniya I c phong vo nm 1965 theo 1 qu o Elipvowis chu k qu o l 12
gi. Qu o nghing goc v vy v tinh s xut hin hn 1 im trn tri t ti cc gi
a phng tng ng mi ngy ti Nga. Sau o, mt s lng knh ca v tinh Molniya
cung cp cho 1 h thng phn phi truyn hnh c bit n nh h thng Orbital,
phn phi cho cc nc lin bang X Vit. Thng tin ton cu thng xuyn da trn h
thng truyn hnh v tinh thit lp ph song ton cu.

12

1.3.2 Cc c tnh
Trong h thng thng tin v tinh, da vo vic la chn qu o v tinh, thng tin
gia 2 im bt k, co th quan st t v tinh n 1 vng quy hoch, quan st trn cc
ng truyn khc nhau s co tr bi v nhn 1 cuc gi t 1 v tinh a tnh l 250ms
ng truyn c i ln v. V tinh tm thp (LEO) gn tri t, v co th thu ngn tr
ng truyn cn 50 ms, nhng v tinh LEO bay xung quanh tri t mt 2 gi hoc t
hn. Thi gian cho 1 ngi s dng mt t cho 1 cuc gi ti a t 1 v tinh LEO ch
1 vi pht. gi cho cuc gi c tip tc, cuc gi cn c thng qua t 1 v tinh
khc. Bt k v tinh LEO no cng ch mang 1 t d liu hoc nhng on cuc gi t
my pht n ngi nhn. Trong thng tin v tinh, hiu ng Doppler trong tn hiu nhn
c l 1 li th ng k. Vic chn tn s l rt quan trng: trong khi tn s di 5 GHz,
tn hiu b nh hng bi nhiu ngn h v nhiu nhit mt tri. Trong thng tin v tinh,
s dng 2 song phn cc tuyn tnh gi 2 on d liu khc nhau co th tng hiu ng
ph. Tuy nhin, hiu ng quay Faraday xy ra gia 2 song phn cc tuyn tnh v lm
suy gim cht lng tn hiu. Hiu ng Faraday khng ng k vi tn s trn 10 GHz.
V vy, tia la tng in ly tr thnh nguyn nhn bi mt in tch thay i trong
lp E v lp F l ri rc do v tr a l v ma trong nm. Tia la tng in ly khng
ng k ti tn s hng GHz. Trn 10 GHz, s suy gim tn hiu do hi nc hoc nhng
m my, ma trong khng gian t do co th tng nhiu nhit. Trong hu ht cc trng
hp, lc a dng v cc gii php kh cc c p dng gim cc hiu ng
khng mong mun do cc hin tng t nhin trn tn hiu nhn c.
1.3.3 V tinh trong cc qu o khc nhau
Trong cc h thng v tinh, bi v cao khc nhau co th thit lp phm vi ton
cu. Thng tin cng cng u tin bi v tinh quan st cc a im vo nm 1962, sau
cc th nghim ca Echo v Telstar c thc hin thnh cng bi phng nghin cu Bell
AT & T. Truyn thng Comsat c thnh lp v ban u lm vic da trn cc ng dng
13

k thut chng trnh v tinh (ATS) ca cc hng khng v v tr quc gia (NASA). Cc
h thng v tinh co th cung cp truyn thng di ng khng dy. Kch thc chn thc
ca hnh nh trn tri t ph thuc vo qu o ca v tinh pha trn tri t.
1. Qu o ca 1 v tinh a tnh (GEO) l qu o 36000 km pha trn tri t v
bay ht qu o vi tc ging nh tc quay ca tri t. Do o, v tinh GEO
c coi nh 1 im nhn t tri t. GEO co ng knh fied-of-view (FOV) xp
x 13,000 km. No co th ph song ton b 1 quc gia. GEO l 1 v tinh khu vc.
No co th co nhiu chm im v co th co tn s s dng li nhng chm im
nh o. GEO co 1 li th co kh nng duy tr 1 kt ni vi 1 nt nhng nhc
im l tr tn hiu 2 chiu xp x 250 ms. Ngi s dng s phi i khi s dng
in thoi di ng hoc s dng video thi gian thc.
2. Qu o ca 1 v tinh qu o tm trung (MEO) l qu o 10,000 km pha trn
tri t v co ng knh FOV xp x 7000 km. No c s dng trong 1 nhom
cc v tinh MEO ph song nhng khu vc quan trng trn th gii, chu k ca
v tinh MEO l 12 gi chng hn nh v tinh h thng nh v (GPS). Co 24 v
tinh GPS, trong s o co 18 ang hot ng cn 6 d phng. GPS ph song ton
cu. Ti 1 thi im bt k, 1 im trn tri t co th nhn thy 3 v tinh GPS trn
tri t xc nh v tr ca im o. Co 2 kiu m: m P do qun i M s
dng v m C cho kinh t s dng ton cu. Nm 2003, h thng iu hng GPS
c thit lp trong trong rt nhiu xe t v cc in thoi di ng. chnh xc
v tr ca no trong vng 3m. Tuy nhin, GPS co th ch c s dng bn ngoi
ca nhng ta cao c. Nu c s h tr ca cc cng ngh khc, GPS cng co
th c s dng bn trong cc ta nh.
Odyssey l 1 h thng v tinh MEO. No ch co 16 v tinh v ph song ton cu.
Gi thnh ca cc h thng ny khng t lm. Khong thi gian hot ng ca
cc v tinh o co th ln n 10 nm hoc di hn.
ICO ca Inmarsat (qu o trn trong khng gian) l 1 MEO. No co 8 v tinh v
ch phc v cho truyn d liu.
3. Mt v tinh qu o tm thp (LEO) l 1 v tinh co cao qu o thp v qu
o xp x 800 km pha trn tri t. No co bn knh FOV khong 1500 km. Vng
FOV ca mi v tinh LEO chuyn ng xung quanh tri t mt khong 2 gi.
Khi nim ca vic trin khai 1 h thng thng tin t bo s dng cc v tinh LEO
l kho khn t h thng t bo trn mt t. Cc in thoi di chuyn v trm u
cui mt t nhn 1 v tinh ch c 1 vi pht; sau o kt ni phi chuyn qua
v tinh tip theo. Vng ph song thay i trong 1 khong thi gian ngn kt qu l
cc tn s chuyn giao trong 1 h thng LEO. S chuyn giao c cho rng
khng hiu qu trong dung lng ca h thng v co th mt kt ni. T v tinh
14

LEO n tri t, thi gian tr ch l 5 ms cho 2 chiu v c so snh vi thi

gian tr 250 ms 2 chiu t v tinh GEO.
LEO co nhng u im sau:
a) Thi gian tr co th t 5 ms;
b) Tn hao ng truyn nh hn t c do iu kin line of- sight, v vy
anten tri t co th nh hn v nh hn;
c) Vng ph song rng hn bi cc h thng u cui mt t. LEO cng s
dng chm im cho tn s ti s dng cc h thng di ng trn mt
t;
d) Mt vi trm gc (v tinh) l cn thit;
e) t lin, bin, khng trung co th c ph song.
Tuy nhin, LEO cng co nhng nhc im:
a) Tn hiu v tinh l qu yu i qua nhng bc tng ca nhng ta
nh;s dng mng LAN khng dy hoc co dy co th gip m rng vng
ph song ca v tinh trong nh.
b) LEO hot ng tn s trn 10 GHz v cc nh hng suy gim do ma
ln tn hiu tr thnh vn quan tm ln.
Cc h thng ca v tinh LEO l Iridium ca Motorola, Loral v GlobalStar ca
Qualcomm, v Teledesic ca Corporation.
Iridium: 1 h thng in thoi v tinh ton cu cho truyn tn hiu thoi v d liu
vi 1 b iu ch d liu 2400 bps. No l 1 chm sao ca 77 v tinh LEO v
gim s lng ca no xung 66 gim gi c xy dng. c phong nm 1997,
no i vo kinh doanh t nm 1998 cao 778 km. No s dng chuyn mch
trn cc v tinh; tn hiu co th i qua t 1 v tinh n cc v tinh khc trong
khng gian v i xung mt t sau khi qua 1 v tinh thch hp cho a im n
ca no. Bi v h thng Iridium qu t s dng hn h thng di ng, no co
th khng cnh tranh vi chng. No s tr thnh 1 h thng d phng trong nhiu
a im trn th gii nh cc i dng hoc ni, ni m di ng khng co th
khc nghit trin khai. Cc v tinh Iridium c lin kt qua cc ng dn
song cc ngn v qua cc cng vo vi PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network). Bi v kt ni mng trn bu tri thng qua cc chuyn mch trong cc
v tinh, cng mt t t cn thit hn.
GlobalStar l 1 h thng v tinh LEO. No l h thng n gin v gi thnh thp.
No co 48 v tinh cao 648 km. Tt c cc v tinh co cc b lp (b tch song).
Tn hiu nhn c bi 1 v tinh chnh xc t 1 trm pht mt t phi gi tr

15

li n 1 cng mng mt t. Do o, cn thit s dng nhiu cng mng mt t.

Ngoi ra thi gian hot ng ca cc v tinh LEO trn qu o trung bnh l 5
nm.
Cc v tinh Teledesic ca Corporation c s dng xy dng 1 mng v tinh
PSTN. u tin, 960 v tinh c ln k hoch, con s ny c gim xung
240 do gi c u t cao. H thng ny khng c trin khai v khng c hin
hnh.
Cc h thng v tinh LEO nh Iridium, GlobalStar v Teledesics khng co 1 chin
lc kinh doanh hp l cnh tranh vi vic pht trin ca di ng nh ban u
h t ra k hoch v nh h ang c gng tn ti. Bi v ph ca cc dch
v di ng gim dn qua cc nm, ph dch v ca h thng v tinh LEO cn qu
cao so vi di ng. Khng co cc h thng v tinh LEO phc v cho cc hot ng
thng mi.
1.4 H thng nhn tin
H thng tin nhn l mt trong nhng cch cnh bo khng dy c nhn v h
thng tin nhn. No bt u t nhng nm 1960. Ngi nhn l mt my nhn tin vi mt
s in thoi chuyn dng nhn tin nhn. Tin nhn ch yu l s in thoi ca ngi
gi. Trong h thng nhn tin ting, mt tin nhn thoi co th c truyn sau ting beep.
My nhn tin co th nhn c c ch v s, trong o co m mn hnh kh ln hin th
chui vn bn. No c gii thiu vo cui nhng nm 1970 v c a chung vo
gia nhng nm 1990. Bng thng ca knh tin nhn l 25kHz. Mi mt knh tin nhn co
th phc v 50000 my. Mi thptin nhn co th cao 100m v co th bao ph vng din
tch bn knh 16 km. Do o, h thng tin nhn l h thng quang ph hiu qu nht. Tn
s nhn tin hot ng trong khong 35MHz, 150MHz, 450MHz v 900MHz. Trong di
tn s thp o, s tn hao truyn song la nh so vi s iu khin h thng vi tn s
trn 1GHz. Co mt vi loi h thng tin nhn da trn b mt khng kh ca h. British
Post Office bt u nh dng mt tn hiu c gi l Post Office Code Standardization
Advisory Group (POCSAG) trong nhng nm 1970. u nhng nm 1990, mt giao thc
tc cao c gi l European Radio Message System (ERMES) c chp thun bi
ETSI. Motorola pht trin FLEX, v Philips Telecom pht trin Advanced Paging
Operations Code (APOC). Do o kiu my nhn tin khc nhau nhn nh dng tn hiu
khc nhau.
nh dng m hoa POCSAG co th c lm vic 2400 bps v co th ph hp
vi 2 triu my. nh dng m hoa FLEX co th lm vic 2400bps. ERMES co th co
tc truyn ti hiu dng l 3750 bps.

16

Trong nm 1990, h thng nhn tin rt c a chung, c bit trong khu vc

Chu . Nhiu ngi mang my nhn tin v tr tin phc v thp. My nhn tin cng co
kch thc nh v nh hn so vi in thoi cm tay. Trong nhng nm 2000, kich thc,
trng lng v tin dch v ca in thoi cm tay gim mt cch mnh m, v yu cu
mt h thng nhn tin l khng cn. H thng nhn tin bin mt.
1.5 Cc c quan tiu chun
1.5.1 C quan tiu chun quc t
Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU), trc y c bit nh y ban t vn in
thoi, in chnh quc t (CCITT), pht trin tiu chun cho modem qua cc dng
thoi. Cc tiu chun lin quan ca Vin in v K s in t (IEEE-SA) v t chc tiu
chun quc t (ISO), hai trong cc t chc tiu chun pht trin mng cc b (LAN).

Hnh 1.1 Cu trc tiu chun IMT-2000 trong ITU

Mt vi t chc khng l c quan tiu chun nhng c c tiu chun a thch
ca h v nh hng ti cc c quan tiu chun.

17

 ITU c hnh thnh nm 1865, vi tr s chnh ca no Geneva, Switzerland. No

thnh lp vic chnh sa li tiu chun s dng telephone, telegraph v radio, v dch
v thng tin v tinh. Trong qu kh, h thng di ng t bo khng c tiu chun
bi ITU cho ti khi 3G, sau ny c gi l IMT-2000. Ngoi ra, ITU cng co chc
nng trong vic qun l cng ngh truyn dn v tuyn (RTT) x l nh gi phn b
ph 3G. S chun hoa vin thng trong ITU c chia lm 2 phn: phn thng tin lin
lc v tuyn (ITU-R) v phn tiu chun vin thng (ITU-T) nh hnh 1.1. Trong
ITU-R, nhm nhim v TG8/1 chu trch nhim cho 3G. Nhom iu phi phn cc
phn vi nhau (ICG) s iu phi v tuyn IMT-2000 v tiu chun mng.
IEEE tiu chun kt hp l nhom pht trin i u ca tiu chun cng nghip ton
cu trong mt lot cc ngnh cng nghip, trong o co vin thng
IEEE-802 l mt chng trnh lm vic trn mng cc b v co tnh cht th
. Nhom lm vic lin quan ti mng cc b v co tnh cht th khng dy l 802.11nhom lm vic LAN khng dy: WiFi lin minh l mt hip hi quc t phi li nhun
c thnh lp nm 1999 xc nhn kh nng tng tc ca cc sn phm mng ni b
khng dy da trn IEEE 802.11 a/b/g. IEEE 802.11n lm vic vi d liu tc cao
130 Mbps, l mt mng khng dy c nh.802.15- Wireless Personal Area Network
(WPAN): co 8 nhom lm vic gia chng; 6 l TGs (Task Group). 802.15.1 l tiu chun
Bluetooth.802.15.3a l WPAN an xen tc cao (20Mbps hoc cao hn) tiu chun cho
UWB (Ultra Wideband). 802.15.4 ang u t gii php tc d liu thp vi tui th
bin nhiu nm v thit b n gin. Zigbee lin minh ang ch to sn phm da trn tiu
chun 802.15.4.
802.16-Truy cp khng dy di rng (Broadband wireless acess): WiMax l mt
ngnh cng nghip dn u phi li nhun, c thnh lp thc y v xc nhn tnh
tng thch v kh nng tng tc ca bng thng rng sn phm khng dy da trn
802.16d v 802.16e.
802.20- Truy cp in thoi khng dy di rng (MBWA Moblie Broadband
wireless acess). Mc ch ca nhom l cho php trin khai trn ton th gii vi gi c
phi chng, mi ni, mi lc. No s c lm vic trong di di 3.5 GHz, 1Mbps cho
mi ngi tc 250 kmph. Flarion Flash OFDMA l mt trong nhng h thng ng
c.
1.5.2 Cc c quan tiu chun trong cc khu vc khc nhau
The United States: Trong nm 1970s, Bell Labs pht trin h thng AMPS,
khng c quan tiu chun lin quan. Sau o tr thnh AMPS IS-3 ca TIA. NTT,NMT v
C450 cng pht trin tiu chun nh t nc mnh. TDMA Bc M l tiu chun ca

18

TIA c gi l IS-54, sau o i thnh IS-136. CDMAOne l mt tiu chun khc ca

TIA c gi l IS-95.
Vin tiu chun quc gia M (ANSI) co th thit lp tiu chun t hai c quan tiu
chun cho h thng di ng v tuyn: hi cng nghip vin thng (TIA) v y ban T1.
Bn trong TIA, s phn chia truyn khng dy chu trch nhim v tiu chun hoa cc
cng ngh khng dy. Hai y ban chnh l TR45 (di ng cng cng) v TR46(di ng c
nhn). Trong TR45, co 6 y ban thng trc nh trong hnh 1.2. Gia chng, TR45.4,
TR45.5 v TR45.6 hot ng trn CDMA2000 nh tiu chun 3G. Trong TR45.5, 4 y
ban con c lp danh sch tiu chun cng ngh s cho CDMA2000. Bn trong T1,
y ban con T1P1 chu trch nhim v qun l v iu phi hot ng ca PCS quan tm
ti cng ngh PCS1900/GSM
Europe: tiu chun vin thng c pht trin bi Vin tiu chun vin thng
(ETSI). Di ETSI, co mt nhom c gi l SMG (nhom di ng ly lan hoc nhom di
ng c bit GSM) a ra s pht trin h thng GSM nh :

Hnh 1.2 Cu trc TIA TR145

19

Hnh 1.3 Mt phn t chc ETSI lin quan ti UMTS

Hnh 1.3. Di SMG, co 12 nhom nh; mi nhom chu trch nhim v khu vc
chuyn mn c bit. SMG bt u nm 1983. H thng GSM sn sng trin khai nm
1991. Hi GSM MOU Chu u l mt t chc lm vic khc cho vic y mnh GSM
ton cu. Hu ht nhng ngi bn chnh Chu u u l thnh vin. Trong GSM, h
chia s IPRs ca h. Do o, gi ca h thng GSM v my thu pht cm tay ca h rt r
sau ny.
Japan: Nht Bn, vic tiu chun hoa IMT-2000 c phn chia gia hai t
chc, ARIB (hi kinh doanh v cng nghip v tuyn ) v TTC (y ban cng ngh vin
thng). Trc chu trch nhim v tiu chun hoa v tuyn v sau v tiu chun hoa
mng. T chc v chc nng ca ARIB c cho trong 1.4(a). Nhom iu phi ca tiu
chun y ban con chu trch nhim v vic iu phi quc t. ng dng G chu trch
nhim v vic hc yu cu v i tng. Ba nhom nh ca nhom lm vic iu khin v
tuyn l SWG1, chu trch nhim v miu t h thng; SWG2 chu trch nhim v chi tit
ca lp giao din 1; SWG3 chu trch nhim v chi tit ca lp 2 v 3. TTC chu trch
nhim v s pht trin ca kin trc h thng, theo thng tin v yu cu v iu khin
mng nh hnh 1.4(b).

20

Korea: Vin thng v thng tin qun s Hn quc thit lp TTA (hi cng
ngh vin thng) nm 1988 pht trin tiu chun vin thng thng tin Hn Quc
(KICS) . T chc ca TTA c cho trong 1.5. Mt gin mng ng b CDMA di
rng c chn bi U.S TR45.5 (CDMA2000) v bi TTA Hn Quc. Co hai gin
CDMA di rng ng b, WCDMA trong ETSI v trong ARIB v TTAII Hn Quc. S
khc nhau trong TTAII l biu tng dn ln, dn knh thi gian cha ng bt iu
khin cng sut.
Chinal: T chc tiu chun hoa c c gi l CWTS (tiu chun vin thng
khng dy Trung Quc) c a ra bi MII (cng nghip v thng tin qun s). Trong
thng 12 nm 2012, t chc tiu chun hoa mi c gi l CCSA (Hi tiu chun vin
thng Trung Quc) c to thnh. No ha hp tt c t chc tiu chun v no c lp
vi MII.

21

Hnh 1.4 T chc tiu chun ca Nht Bn

a.Tiu chun IMT-2000 trong t chc ARIB
b.Tiu chun IMT-2000 trong t chc TTC
Biu t chc c cho trong hnh 1.6. Co 8 y ban chuyn ngnh; 1 trong chng
l mt y ban chuyn ngnh vin thng khng dy m gi li chc nng tng t nh
CWTS.
1.6 Phn b ph
Ph l ngun ti nguyn hn ch. Thit b vin thng khng dy ph thuc vo di
tn co sn v thch hp. c tnh truyn tn hiu l khc vi di tn khc. Ngoi ra phm
vi ca dch v cho h thng mi c s dng trong di xc nh bng thng ca di o.
Tc d liu cao hn, cn bng thng rng hn. Ngi ch to mun phn b mt di
ph mong mun v co mt n by u t kinh t.

22

Hnh 1.5 Cu trc ca t chc tiu chun TTA ti Hn Quc

23

Hnh 1.6 T chc CCSA Trung Quc

Nhim v cho php phn b v cp giy php ca quang ph co sn vi cc h
thng khc nhau v cc nh khai thc dch v khc nhau ri xung cc c quan hnh
chnh tn s khc nhau trn ton th gii. No l mt qu trnh chuyn i c cu phn b
bng tn s v cho php cc h thng v dch v mi di chuyn v pha di tn s cao
hn. Nhiu vn c bao quanh bi nhng tranh ci ln gia cc phn on ca
nghnh cng nghip truyn thng v c a ln Quc hi gii quyt. Trong qu
kh, truyn hnh v tinh thng tin lin lc cn mt k hoch ton cu phn b quan ph.
Vic phn b quang ph ca cc h thng thng tin lin lc trn mt t ch n t cc c
quan khu vc. Tnh n nay, cc chuyn vng ton cu ca cc h thng thng tin lin lc
trn mt t buc phn b quang ph ca cc h thng cng c ln k hoch ton cu,
h thng GSM l mt v d. Tnh n nay, cn phi co ba knh ph GSM i hu ht
cc khu v trn th gii: 900MHz v 1800MHz Chu u v Chu , 1900 MHz Bc

24

v Nam M. Do o, mt chic in thoi ba bng tn l mt gii php hin nay cho

chuyn vng quc t.
1.6.1 Phn b quang ph trong nh nc
Ti Hoa K, FCCC l c quan m phn b ph tn cho cc dch v khc nhau v
giy php cho cc nh khai thc trong mi dch v trong tng th trng. V tuyn di
ng ln u tin c vn hnh vo nm 1921 ca S cnh st Detroit. FCC cp 11 knh
tn s trong nm 1934 ti 54MHz v cp 29 knh mi vo nm 1936 v 1937 ti 58 trm
cnh st quc gia. Trong nm 1946, FCC cp AT v T, mt giy php cho in thoi di
ng, dch v in thoi St Louis hot ng 450MHz (VHF) vi bng thng knh
120 kHz. Nm 1947, dch v c cung cp ti hn 25 thnh ph M. Nm 1950,
bng thng knh c gim xung 60 kHz. Nm 1956, FCC cp php cc knh mi
trong bng tn UHF, quanh mc 450 MHz vi bng thng knh l 50 kHz. Vo nm
1960, thit k my thu FM c ci thin ng k. Cc knh VHF c chia t 60
kHz n 30 kHz, c gi l h thng MJ v cc knh UHF c chia t 50 kHz n 25
kHz, c gi l h thng MK. MJ v MK l in thoi di ng vi 12 knh hot ng
ti M trc khi co AMPS.
T khi kt thc Chin tranh th gii II n nm 1970, bn cnh 14 knh truyn
hnh VHF, FCC thit lp 70 knh mi cho n cc knh truyn hnh UHF. ngh ca
AT&T co cc knh di ng mi trong bng tn UHF b t chi bi FCC tng ng
vo cc nm 1949 v 1964.
Trong thp nin 60, h thng v tuyn trung k nh SMR (Special Mobile Radio)
hot ng 800 MHz c gii thiu v co th t ng iu chnh ti v tuyn di
ng v thit lp cc cuc gi. V vy, vic phn b ph hin co cho v tuyn di ng
khng y trong ph ca bng tn 800 MHz.
Nm 1975, ngnh kinh doanh truyn hnh cp c gii thiu. khng cn phi
phn b mt ph ln cho cc knh truyn hnh. FCC phn b 115 MHz (806-947 MHz)
thng tin di ng mt t: 40 MHz cho mng di ng t bo, 30 MHz cho dch v gi
thng tin thng thng v trung k, 45 MHz c d tr. 115 MHz ph ny trc y
c phn b cho cc knh truyn hnh gio dc, by gi c dnh cho bng tn di
ng t bo. Vo nm 1981, do tnh trng c chim song mi (th trng b hai cng ty
c quyn lng lon), FCC quyt nh thnh lp hai h thng 20-MHz mi th trng,
mt h thng c vn hnh bi mt cng ty in thoi a phng (cng ty hu tuyn)
v mt iu hnh bi mt cng ty khng dy. Vo nm 1986, mi h thng nhn thm 5
MHz ph, tng cng 25 MHz cho mi h thng. o l h thng FDD (frequecy division
duplex), theo o 12,5 MHz mt chiu, c gi l AMPS (advanced mobile phone
25

service), mt h thng tng t, by gi c coi l th h h thng in thoi di ng

u tin. co 416 knh FM vi bng thng knh 30 kHz.
Cc bng tn v tuyn di ng mt t (Land Mobile Radio - LMR) l 150, 450,
v 850 MHz vi cc knh 25 kHz hoc cc knh 12,5 Hz. Chng ch yu c s dng
cho vic thi hnh php lut, an ton cng cng, cc xe taxi, cc i xe ti, cng nh cho
cc dch v qun s.
H thng d liu di ng, chng hn nh ARDIS v Ram Mobile, hot ng trong phm
vi 800-900 MHz.
Sau khi Vng quc Anh gii thiu PCN vo nm 1989, hot ng 1800 MHz,
FCC pht hnh PCS (Personal Communication Services) vo nm 1993, vi by khi tn
s (A, B, C, D, E, F v mt khi cha cp giy php trong hai ph GHz nh sau:
Ph bng rng PCS cho cc h thng tng t di ng(120 MHz)
T 1850 MHz n 1990 MHz
Cc khi A, B, C co 30 MHz (mt cp 15 MHz cho FDD)
Cc khi D, E, F co 10 MHz (mt cp 5 MHz cho FDD)
Khi cha giy php co 20 MHz
UV (unlicensed voice) (mt cp 5 MHz)
UD (unlicensed data) (mt khi n 10 MHz)
Ph hp PCS cho cc h thng lin lc hai chiu 901-940,90 MHz
Nm knh (cc cp knh 50 kHz)
Ba knh (ba knh 50 kHz kt hp vi ba knh 12,5 kHz)
Ba knh (cc knh l 50 kHz)
Bng tn cha cp php
1. Thit b d liu: cc bng tn 1890-1930 MHz cho in thoi khng dy, mng d
liu khng dy PBX, v cc thit b khng cp php thp.
2. Cc bng tn ISM (cng nghip - industrial, khoa hc - scientific v y t - medical)
900 MHz, 2,4 GHz, 5,7 GHz v da trn quy nh FCC Part-15. i khi no cn c
gi l cc bng tn part 15. WLAN s dng bng tn ISM, cho php truyn ti nng
lng thp v cung cp tc truyn cao n 20 Mbps.
3. Bng tn MMDS: trong phm vi 5 GHz.
4. Bng tn LMDS: trong phm vi 16 30 GHz.
Ph 3G: 2 45 MHz c phn b v s phn chia thnh 5 - 7 khi theo lut ca
FCC.
1710-1755 MHz Truyn ti di ng
2110.2155
Truyn ti c s

26

1.6.2 ITU: Ph cho 3G (IMT-2000)

Theo IMT-2000, tng cng 230 MHz c nh r ti WARC'92 (World
Administrative Radio Conference). y l ln u tin ITU bt u qun l ph tn
cho thng tin di ng mt t nh trong Bng 1.2.
Ph IMT-2000 FDD chng cho vi bng tn PHS hin co cng c th hin
trong Bng 1.2. Ngoi ra, bng tn PCS ca M ang chng cho vi bng tn uplink
IMT-2000 (thp hn). Ph t 2010-2025 MHz c gn cho TDD trong IMT-2000.
Cc chc nng ca ITU lin quan n qun l ph v tiu chun hoa c m t
nh sau:
ITU l mt t chc thuc Lin Hip Quc ti Geneva gm hn 170 quc gia thnh
vin v chu trch nhim cho hai nhim v: (1) cc tiu chun truyn thng v (2) cc
tha thun da trn cc hip c c k kt.
Trch nhim qun l ph ca ITU l gim thiu nhiu song v tuyn bng cch
thit lp cc quy tc quc t. No khc vi M m ti o hai chc nng c gii quyt
bi hai thc th khc nhau: cc tiu chun h thng thng tin lin lc bi cc c quan
tiu chun cng nghip, v phn b ph bi FCC. ITU tri qua mt s thay i c
cu chnh vo ngy 01/ 03/ 1993. Co ba b phn, mt hi ng, v WARC (World
Administrative Radio Conference). Ba b phn l
1. B phn thng tin v tuyn (phn chia ph), kt hp vi IFRB (Hi ng ng k tn
s quc t - International Frequency Registration Board) v CCIR (y ban t vn
pht thanh quc t - Consultative Committee on International Radio) i khi c gi
l ITU-R.
Bng 1.2. Biu phn b ph ton cu

27

IFRB co hai trch nhim: u tin, no phn chia cc tn s ng dng v dch v

quc t. WARC cp nht cc quy nh pht thanh v xem xt cc hot ng tn s quc
t. Tt c cc nc quan tm tham gia v ong gop quan im ca h.
CCIR (a) lin quan n kha cnh k thut ca vic s dng ph pht thanh v (b)
lin quan n cc tiu chun hiu sut v c tnh h thng cho mng tng thch.
Study Group 8 l mt nhom quc t c bit trong CCIR xc nh cc yu cu
i vi tng thch ton cu FPLMTS (H thng vin thng di ng mt t cng cng
tng lai - Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications Systems), v no c ngh
ti WARC '92 rng 227 MHz trong bng tn 1-3 GHz s c yu cu cho FPLMTS.
2. B phn tiu chun hoa vin thng, c gi l ITU-T, chu trch nhim cho c tiu
chun hoa radio v vin thng co dy. Tin thn l CCITT (y ban t vn v in bo
v in thoi quc t) ch thc hin cc khuyn ngh cho cc thit b trong mng vin
thng co dy.
3. B phn pht trin vin thng: thc hin tt c cc trch nhim khng tiu chun.

28

1.6.3 Cc khu vc khc trn th gii

Chu u
CEPT (Ngh vin cc bu in chu u v Cc qun l vin thng - Conference of
European Posts and Telecommunications Administration): nhom li cc bu in v
cc qun l vin thng ti hu ht cc nc chu u phi hp cc mng vin thng
ca h trong ph pht thanh. Trong nhng nm u thp nin 1990, Cng ng chu
u (EC - European Community) m nhn trch nhim CEPT cho tiu chun hoa.
ETSI (Vin Tiu chun Vin thng chu u - European Telecommunications
Standards Institute): cc y ban k thut (nh GSM, PCN) lm cc cng vic ca
mnh.
Trung Quc
Vin kim sot ph khng dy, mt c quan chnh ph nh nc, qun l ph tn trn
ton quc. Ngoi ra, mi tnh co cc kim sot ph tn khng dy ca mnh qun
l ph tn trong tnh. V nguyn tc, cc cc cp tnh phi hp vi vin cp nh nc.
Bc v Nam M
y ban Vin thng lin M (CITEL - Inter-American Telecommunications
Commission) kin ngh v cc vn ph tn cho Bc v Nam M.
Nht Bn v Hn Quc
Nht Bn v Hn Quc co cc vin quc gia ring ca h qun l s dng ph
trong nc h.
1.7 Xem xt hiu qu ph
Mt vn ln phi i mt ca cc ngnh cng nghip thng tin v tuyn l s
gii hn ca ph tn s v tuyn sn co. Trong chnh sch thit lp s phn b, FCC tm
kim cc h thng bng thng ti thiu nhng cung cp hiu sut s dng cao v t s
hi lng ca ngi tiu dng. Vn thng a ra NPRM (Notice of Proposed Rule
Making) v yu cu thng tin phn hi t ngnh cng nghip.
H thng in thoi di ng l tng s hot ng trong mt di tn c phn
chia gii hn v s phc v mt s lng gn nh khng gii hn ca ngi s dng
trong cc phm vi khng gii hn. Ba phng php chnh t c s l tng l
n iu ch
29

A. p dng cho cc h thng tng t

1. n bin (SSB - Single-sideband), chia bng tn c phn b vo s knh ti a.
2. iu ch tn s (FM - Frequency modulation), s dng lch tn s (mt ng
dng ban u ca tri ph) gim nhiu.
3. Di ng t bo, ti s dng cc bng tn c phn b ti cc a im a l khc
nhau.
B. p dng cho cc h thng s
1. iu ch s theo tn s tn hiu (FSK - Frequency shift keying), Gaussian FSK
(GFSK), ti thiu FSK (MSK - minimum FSK): tn s thay i t ngt qu
trnh chuyn i.
2. iu ch s theo pha tn hiu (PSK - Phase Shift Keying), iu ch pha vung goc
(QPSK - Quadrature PSK): pha thay i t ngt qu trnh chuyn i.
3. iu ch bin vung goc (QAM): s kt hp ca bin (ASK) v iu ch s
theo pha tn hiu.
4. Ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao (OFDM): bao gm mt tng cc song mang
con c iu ch bng cch s dng PSK hoc QAM.
5. Tri ph hoc tn s nhy, to ra nhiu m trn mt bng tn rng.
Nm 1971, cch tip cn di ng t bo c chng minh l mt h thng ph hiu
qu da trn cc d n ti s dng tn s.
Cu hnh anten: anten thng minh
A. a dng anten ti trm gc
1. a dng anten thu: khng gy ra bt k s nhiu giao thoa no trong khng kh.
2. a dng anten truyn: t c s a dng m khng cn a dng anten ti cc
trm di ng.
B. Anten mng thch nghi
1. To chm
2. Li tia
C. H thng anten m khng gian thi gian.
D. H thng ng-ten MIMO (nhiu u vo v nhiu u ra)
Quy hoch h thng
A. Trm gc
1. Phn b ngun lc cho cc trm di ng thng minh.
2. Kim sot v iu chnh nng lng.
3. Bn giao thng minh.
B. Mng thng minh
1. Mng Ad hoc
2. Mng Mesh
3. Mng cm bin

30

Vic xem xt hiu qu ph tn lun lun l ch quan trng cho pht trin h
thng truyn thng khng dy trong tng lai. Cc n iu ch s c m t trong
chng 4, anten thng minh trong Chng 8, trm thng minh trong Chng 16, v
mng thng minh trong Chng 17.
Ti Liu Tham Kho
1. Phng th nghim Bell, High-Capacity Mobile Telephone System Technical Report,
thng 12 1971, gi ti FCC.
2. F. H. Blecher, Advanced Mobile Phone Service, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology,Vol. VT-29, thng 5 - 1980, trang 238244.
3. V. H. MacDonald, The Cellular Concept, Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 58,
thng 1 - 1979, trang 1542.
4. W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1998,
phn Introduction, Part I v Part II.
5. W. C. Y. Lee, Lees Essentials of Wireless Communications, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
2000, cc chng 1 v 2.
6. Bernard J. T. Mallinder, An Overview of the GSM System, Conference
Proceedings, Digital Cellular Radio Conference, Hagen FRG, thng 10 - 1988.
7. M. Mouly, M. B. Pautet, The GSM System Mobile Communications, M. Mouly et
M. B. Pautet, 49, vue Louis Bruneau, F-91120 Palaisea, France, 1992.
8. 8. S. M. Redl, M. K. Weber, M. W. Oliphant, An Introduction GSM, Artech House
Publishers, 1995.
9. A. Mehrotra, GSM System Engineering, Artech House, 1996.
10. A. J. Viterbi, CDMA, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication, AddisonWesley, 1995.
11. W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals, John Wiley & Sons,
1993, Chng 9.
12. H. Harte, K. McLaughin, CDMA IS-95 for Cellular and PCS, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., 1996.
13. Nippon Ericsson K.K. Research & Development Center for Radio System (RCR),
PDC-Digital Cellular Telecommunication System, RCR STF-27A Version, thng 1 1992.
14. C. Smith, D. Collins, 3G Wireless Networks, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 2002.
15. S. C. Yang, 3G CDMA 2000, Artech House, 2004.
16. ITU Radio Requirements of 4G Systems, pht hnh thng 7 - 2003.
17. Cordless Telephone 2/Common Air Interface (CT2/CAI), Management of
International Telecommunications, MIT 12-850-201, McGraw-Hill, Inc. DataPro
Information Service Group, Delran, N.J., thng 2 - 1994.

31

18. Digital European Cordless Telecommunications, Part I, Overview, DE/RES 3001-1,

Common Interface, Radio Equipment and Systems, ETS 300 175-1, ETSI, B.P. 152,
F-06561 Valbonne Cedex, France, thng 8 1991.
19. Sybo Dijkstra, Frank Owen, The Case for DECT, Mobile Communications
International, trang 6065, thng 9 thng 11 - 1993.
20. 20. PHS-Personal Handy Phone Standard, Research Development Center for Radio
System (RCR), Personal Handy Phone Standard (PHS), CRC STD-28, 20 thng 12,
1993.
21. E. K. Wesel, Wireless Multimedia Communications, Addison-Wesley, 1998,
Chng 1.
22. CDPDCellular Digital Packet Data, Cell Plan II Specication, son tho PCSI, San
Diego, CA 92121, thng 1 - 1992.
23. L. Goldberg, Wireless LANs: Mobile Computings Second Wave, Electronic
Design, 25 thng 6, 1995.
24. W. C. Y. Lee, Lees Essentials of Wireless Communications, McGraw-Hill, 2001,
Chng 8.
25. O. G. Williams, Communications satellite systems Ed by B. J. Halliwell in
Advanced Communications Systems, Buttworth & Co. 1974.
26. N. Hart, H. Haugli, P. Poskett, and K. Smith, Immarsats Personal Communications
System, Proc. Third International Mobile Satellite Conference, Pasadena, trang 303
304, 1618 thng 6, 1993.
27. J. E. Hatlelid and L. Casey, The Iridium System: Personal Communications Anytime,
Anyplace, Proc. Third International Mobile Satellite Conference, Pasadena, trang
285290, 1618 thng 6, 1993.
28. R. A. Wiedeman, The Globalstar Mobile Satellite System for Worldwide Personal
Communications, Proc. Third International Mobile Satellite Conference, Pasadena,
trang 291296, 1618 thng 6, 1993.
29. Y. B. Lin, I. Chlamtac, Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures, John Wiley &
Sons, 2001, Chng 22.
30. W. C. Y. Lee, Spectrum Efciency Digital Cellular, 38 th IEEE Vehicular Technology
Conference Record, Philadelphia, PA, 1517 thng 1 - 1988, trang 643646.
31. W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communication Engineering, Theory and Applications,
2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1998, trang 305.

32

CHNG 17: MNG THNG MINH CHO TRUYN THNG KHNG

DY
17.9 Tuyn thng tin v tuyn siu tc
Vo 1993, Chnh ph M noi rng Truyn thng v cng nghip my tnh l
vic u tin bt u cho vic xy dng tuyn thng tin v tuyn siu tc. Tuyn thng
tin v tuyn siu tc s cung cp kh nng cho nhiu ngi thng xuyn gi v nhn
mt lng thng tin ln.
Co 2 loi Siu xa l thng tin l: hu tuyn v v tuyn. Tuyn xa l thng tin hu
tuyn siu tc s dng ng cp quang. rng bng thng ca cp quang l rt rng.
Dng nh khng co gii hn v cp pht mt s knh bng rng cho ngi s dng
trong h thng thng tin hu tuyn siu tc. V vy, trong vic pht trin mt h thng
thng tin hu tuyn siu tc, vn l tng i n gin. Nhim v kho khn nht l
33

lm nh th no thng tin s c bt v tt tuyn thng tin siu tc ca lu lng

cuc gi ln. Mt mng li thng minh tin tin trong tng lai s c pht trin cho
h thng thng tin siu tc.
Tuy nhin, trong vic pht trin mt h thng thng tin v tuyn siu tc, vn
s kho khn hn. Bn cnh nhng vn pht trin tuyn thng tin hu tuyn siu tc,
nhng kho khn ln l lm th no tip cn v phc v khch hng trn song v tuyn.
mi trng song in thoi di ng co qu nhiu suy hao, fading, v tr lan truyn
song nh nu trong mc 2.3. Ngoi ra, truyn d liu video trn tuyn thng tin siu
tc i hi bng thng ln (5MHz hoc ln hn) i vi mi knh v tuyn. Tn s song
mang co th mang nhiu knh bng rng, khong 20 GHz hoc cao hn. V vy, mt ph
bng rng l cn thit xy dng tuyn thng tin siu tc. Vi cc tn s cao, s l kho
khn hn i vi song radio tip cn vi pha khch hng. Do o, yu t t nhin s
hn ch vic s dng rng di tn cho tuyn thng tin siu tc. Tnh c ng trong
tuyn thng tin siu tc cng l mt kho khn khc trong thng tin v tuyn.
Phng php trin khai cc knh bng rng cho h thng thng tin siu tc l
ng truyn song cc ngn v ng truyn hng ngoi. Ph ca radio v bng ca
hng ngoi c minh ha hnh 17.20
Cc u im ca vic s dng h thng song cc ngn l:
1.
2.
3.
4.

H thng khng yu cu iu kin line-of-sight tip nhn.

Tn hiu bng rng t fading hn
Cc chng trnh a dng thng gim bt fading
Co th p dng CDMA truyn phm vi xa

34

Hnh 17.20: Di v tuyn hng ngoi

Cc nhc im ca h thng song cc ngn l:
1. Nhiu tng i cao
2. S mt mt trong lan truyn ln
3. S suy hao b nh hng ch yu do ma
Cc u im ca vic s dng ng truyn hng ngoi l:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

S n cp thng tin c ngn chn

Co tnh nh hng cao
Tit kim nng lng
Khng cn giy php bt buc
Trng lng nh

Cc nhc im ca vic s dng ng truyn hng ngoi vi cng ngh ngy nay l:
1. Khong cch ngn
2. Trong thng tin di ng trong phng s dng bc x khuch tn, trong o s
dng nhiu song phn x co th n c thit b u cui.
3. Nht l truyn thng c nh n c nh cn phi tha mn iu kin line-ofsight
4. Cc chng trnh a dng khng th gim bt c fading
5. S suy hao ch yu nh hng bi sng m
Bc song hng ngoi l khong t 0,1 mm n 1m. No lm suy gim nng n
bi sng m. Ti mt na dm, mt hn 60 dB l do sng m dy c, 30 dB do sng
m va phi, v 0 dB do sng m mng. Nhiu nn do chiu sng mi trng l (1) nh
35

sng mt tri (nh sng ban ngy)-mt mc ting n cao bc song nh hn 1.2m;
(2) vonfram n; (3) n hunh quang; v (4) L si. Nhiu co th sn xut DC v dng
quang in tn s thp v to ra nhiu bn vo b tch song quang. Ngoi ra, nhanh
chong thnh phn dao ng kt hp vi iu ha cao hn tn s pht ra chnh bi mt s
ngun nh sng nhn to nhn c b tch song quang. Nhiu xung quanh co th c
gim bi cc b lc quang hc. (1) Cc b lc nhiu (bandpass), h s truyn ti c t
hn 40 phn trm, thay i p ng quang hc vi goc ti ca nh sng, v chi ph cao.
(2) B lc hp th, gim nhiu m l 54 phn trm cho ng hunh quang, ph thuc vo
s la chn ca vt liu hp th v chi ph thp.

Hnh 17.21: Cu trc quc l thng tin ln- xuyn sut cc tuyn ng thnh ph

36

Hnh 17.22: Cc ng dng di ng cho thng tin quc l

Trong ng dng in thoi di ng, chng ti ang s dng khuch tn v truyn
ti gn nh khuch tn. Trong khuch tn truyn ti, s dng cng sut quang pht ra
cho bao gm cc phn tn a ng, to ra phn x, v to ra multibeams trong cu hnh
truyn ti v tuyn. Trong truyn gn nh lan ta, cc b tch song quang nhn v laser
hay LED pht ra t v trm t xa (RS). Sau o cc nt thng thng (CN) v RS ang
trong mt iu kin line-of-sight. Tt c cc RS ang nhm ti CN, o l trung tm iu
khin.
Trong s nhng kho khn v thi tit, nh cp trn, gii thiu khng mong
mun yu t ny cc tn s ban nhc l vi song cao hn hoc tn s quang hc. V
vy, t hp hai h thng-h thng hng ngoi, m b nh hng bi sng m, nhng
khng b nh hng bi lng ma, v h thng song cc ngn, m b nh hng ngc
li-co th t c tuyn truyn va a a dng. Th nghim c thc hin v c
ghi trong Sec.18.4. Cng vi o, cc Airlink cho vic cung cp cc h thng thng tin v
tuyn siu tc ch co th t c 50 mt, o l mc tiu ca chng ti.
Phn kho nht ca vic pht trin cc tuyn thng tin v tuyn siu tc l ngi
cui cng 50 mt. Do yu cu ca bng thng rng, cng ngh tng lai cho cui cng
50 mt nn s dng song cc ngn v cng ngh t bo hng ngoi v thng minh co
c tuyn thng tin v tuyn siu tc. Tuy nhin, nhiu nghin cu cn c tin hnh
trong lnh vc ny. Tng lai tuyn thng tin v tuyn siu tc, do o, phi c lai vi
37

xa l thng tin hu tuyn co phng tin truyn dn s dng khng can thip bng rng
cp quang. Cho di ng c nhn v thng tin lin lc c nhn, tuyn thng tin v tuyn
siu tc s b sung thm gi tr ln trong ton b siu xa l thng tin h thng. Chng ta
co th minh ha mt ng dng ca vic s dng 50 mt cui cng.
17.9.1 Mt v d p dng trong 50 mt cui cng
Mt cu trc thng tin siu xa l khng dy cng ng ph thnh ph co th
c cung cp nh trong hnh. 17.21. ch tp trung vo lin kt 50 mt cui cng, cc
phng tin cung cp tn hiu bng thng rng t mt ngun xa s da vo cc si
quang hc. Trong cui cng 50 mt, l vi song hoc hng ngoi v cc microcell thng
minh co th gip cung cp cc lin kt cng tng ph nh hnh. 17.22. Tn hiu c
gi qua si quang vo cc trang web khu vc dc theo ng ph. Ti cc im khu vc,
tn hiu co th c chuyn i sang hng ngoi bc x hoc truyn dn vi ba. Cng
ngh thng minh microcell ghi trong Sec.16.2 s c p dng chuyn ti cc tn hiu
t cc trang web khu vc cc n v in thoi di ng. Phm vi o l trong vng 50
mt. Cc b chn ba khu vc pht hin cc tn hiu tng khu vc. V d, nu cc tn
hiu vng 1 l mnh m, tt c cc khu vc 1 c bt. Bi v quyn lc l rt thp,
khng can thip s xy ra ti cc ng ph ln cn. Sau o n v in thoi di ng i
du lch dc theo ton b khi ca ng ph s tip tc cng mt knh, nhng cc trang
web khu vc dc theo ng ph s bt v tt nh v tr ca nhng thay i n v in
thoi di ng. Khng bn giao co t dc theo khi ton b ng ph. S sp xp ny
co th d dng ti v chuyn i in thoi di ng Bn giao cho v cung cp thm kh
nng tip nhn cc cuc gi mi. Ngoi ra, s sp xp ny co th gim s lng cc b
chn vng ch co mt. Hnh minh ha ny ca cc thng tin khng dy h thng siu xa
l cn rt nhiu n lc nghin cu lm cho no xy ra.

38

CHNG 18: QUAN IM V H THNG 4G V CC VN LIN

QUAN
18.1 Quan im v h thng 4G
18.1.1 Gii thiu
Nh ph ca radio l chnh, nhng gii hn, ti nguyn cho cng ngh v tuyn,
ng lc chnh cho nghin cu 4G trn Th gii l hng n h thng hiu qu theo
quang ph. Yu cu v s pht trin ca h thng 4G dc noi r Sec.1.1. Cng ngh
mi ni ln mnh m ha hn mt s ci thin hiu qu gp 10 ln quang ph trn cc
gii php hin co. Hn na, cc h thng 4G c coi l h thng di ng da trn nn
tng IP. Mt s giao din khc ca 4G ang c kim nh. Ngoi ra, h thng 4g cn
phi tit kim chi ph v ci thin c Qos. Nhng cng c 4G v k thut gm:
a. Nng cp cng ngh antenna, v d nh chui cc Antenna, co th lm tng thm
gi tr gim s can thip v gii quyt cc vn hin ti
b. K thut MIMI, kt hp dy hoc nhiu anten vi nng cao cng ngh m hoa
to thnh h thng MIMO hiu qu (nhiu u vo v nhiu u ra)
c. Co kh nng thch ng v cu hnh li h thng, nh l SDR (Software Define
Radio), co th ti u hoa iu ch, m hoa iu khin ngun, v v.v... vi cc iu
kin truyn dn khc nhau. iu ch bc cao, m hoa t ng, v LDPC (lowdensity parity-check Codes) l nhng cng c thc hin d dng.
d. Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn nh OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-division
multiple access) v MC-CDMA (multiple carrier code-division multiple access) l
cc u tin cho h thng tng lai. Mt h thng single scheduling packet-based
s l hn hnh thc truy nhp c bn cho tuyn downlink
e. Mng qung b v mng t bo hn hp, chng hn nh s dng mt s cng ngh
pht song mang d liu ng xung multicast bng thng cao, dn n ci
thin hiu qu quang ph.
n ngy hm nay, khng co cng ngh duy nht no co th t c yu cu ca
ITU 4G. Do o, xu hng kt hp nhiu cng ngh cho 4G c thc hin.

39

18.1.2. Cc h thng 4G khc

Tt c cc cng ty vin thng quc t u ang tham gia vo vic pht trin 4G
ngy hm nay. Cc cng ngh ct li c xut nhiu nht trong 4G l MIMOOFDMA. Bn cnh o, mi cng ty co suy ngh ring ca mnh trong vic p dng cng
ngh khc nhau.
Vo 24-25 thng 8 nm 2004, Samsung t chc din n ln th 2 v 4G ti
o Jeju, Hn Quc
Tt c cc cng ty quc t v vin thng c trnh by v h thng 4G xut
ca h hoc cc cng ngh. Trong phn ny, mt m t ngn gn v xut ca mi cng
ty c thc hin. Mt sthuc tnh tt ca h thng ca h co th c tm thy trong
Ti liu tham kho 1.
Tiu chun cng ngh 4G ca Ericsson:
1. Truyn thng bng rng:
-

bng rng RF

truyn a song mang

2. Nng cp anten truyn

-

Nhiu anten

3. Nng cp cu trc mng khng dy:

-

Tng tc gia cc lp

Tiu chun cng ngh 4G ca Nokia: dual bandwidth approach

1. S dng bng rng(WB) 100-MHz v 10MHz (NB)vi bng kp
2. S dng NB carrier cho cc tnh hung nht nh
-

Cc kt ni co tc bit thp

Thit b u cui trn sn di ng

40

V vy, mt h thng dual bandwidth phn b bng thng linh hot cung cp mt gii
php thc hin c cho cc h thng trong tng lai.
Tiu chun giao din v tuyn 4G ca Siemens
H thng s dng cng ngh MIMO ghp knh, Tx / Rx a dng, v chm hnh thnh
cng ngh.Mt th nghim ca OFDM-TDMA c t chc ti Munich, c. No l mt
h thng TDD v hot ngti 5,18-5,32 GHz (7 hng). Mi hng co bng thng 20 MHz
v co 64song mang con. Tc d liu ti a l 72 Mbps (uncoded) v 54 Mbps (m
hoa).
Tiu chun h thng 4G ca Motorola:
Mt lin kt thc nghim full duplex OFDM c th nghim Chicago. No l mt
h thng TDD vhot ng 3,675 GHz vi bng thng 20 MHz v 751 song mang con.
Ti atc d liu l 90 MHz.
Goi bng thng rng truy cp khng dy NTT DoCoMo cho cc h thng di ng
trong tng lai.
1. Phng thc truy nhp v tuyn pha trc lin kt da trn VSF-OFCDM
(variable spreadfactororthogonal frequency and code division multiplexing).
iu khin thch nghi pht tn yu t (SF) trong c thi gian v tn s lnh vc
da trncu trc t bo, ti knh, iu kin kt ni v tuyn, v iu ch cc
thng s. Duy tr cng sut h thng cao hn bng cch s dng giao din
khng ging nhau.
2. Phng thc truy nhp v tuyn trong lin kt ngi da trn DS-CDMA. No
co th lm gim sc mnh ly truyn v p dng cc tn s mt t bo.
3. S dng k thut truyn dn nhiu ng-ten cho 1 Gbps truyn d liu trong a
phngkhu vc (v d, c lp t bo hoc mi trng trong nh).
4. 1 th nghim thc a c thc hin Tokyo.
pha trc lin kt, tn s song mang l 4,635 GHz vi bng thng 101,5 MHzv
768 song mang con. Tc d liu (thng) l 300 Mbps. Trong lin kt ngc li, cc tn
s song mang l 4,9 GHz vi bng thng 40 MHz v tc chip ca 16,384 Mcps.

41

 Giao din khng gian mi ca Samsung c gi l TOPAZ (Terrestrial OFDM

Packet Access Systemfor Zillion). Cc tnh nng chnh nh sau:
1. S dng FH-OFDMA/CDM (frequency hoppingOFDMA/Code Division
Multiplexing) nh phng thc a truy nhp.
2. Phn b knh ng Dynamic channel allocation (DCA)
3. iu ch v m hoa thch nghi (AMC)
4. S dng HARQ (hybrid ARQ) trong lp vt l
5. Li ch t s a ngi dng c nh i vi a tn s
6. Thng s h thng: operating carrier l 5GHz. Bng thng cho c ng
xungv ng ln l 2 MHz. Khong cch song mang con l 15 kHz. Tc
d liu ng xung cao iml 60 Mbps v uplink cho l 30 Mbps
WiBro (Wireless Broadband)
WiBro l tiu chun Hn Quc da trn chun IEEE 802.16e 16-2004 v d tho
3. Cc vt l v thng s k thut MAC c lit k nh sau:
A. PHY Spec.
-

Bng tn : 2.3 GHz (Korea)

Dung lng knh : 9 MHz

Duplex : TDD/5 msec frame

a truy nhp : OFDMA

iu ch : QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM

M hoa knh: CTC (Convolution Turbo Codes)

bao ph cell :1km

Tc d liu ti a:
42

o Sector throughput : DL : 18 Mbps, UL : 6 Mbps

o User throughput : DL : 3 Mbps, UL : 1 Mbps
-

Ty chn h thng thch ng Anten

H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Response Request)

La chn bng AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) v a dng knh

con

H trtc mobile 60 km/h

B. MAC Spec.
-

Phn b BW linh hot bi MAP

o Frame by Frame

H tr linh hot QoS cung cp

o RTPS: real-time Polling Service,
o NRTPS: (non real-time Polling Service)
o Fine granularity

Xy dng MAC PDU hiu qu

o Variable size MAC PDU
o MAC-level framing (No PPP)
o Fragmentation, packing, concatenation

Payload header suppression support

H tr bo mt
H tr ch ng
H-ARQ/ARQ support
Handoff: ph v trc khi thc hin

43

H tr AMC

18.2 ACDD H thng: CS-OFDMA

Trong chng ny, Mt cch nhn mi sp xp h thng lp vt l thng tin v
tuyn CDD (Code Division Duplexing)3-5 cho cc k thut truy cp 4G c gi l CSOFDMA (code spread-orthogonal frequency division multiple access) c a ra tn
dng cc u im cc thuc tnh ca c CDMA v OFDMA hng mt h thng n
gin v ph hiu qu hn. H thng o cng co th c pht trin trong ph hiu qu
ca no bi s thm vo cc k thut 4G khc nh cp trong chng 16. K thut
CS-OFDMAl rt thch hp cho mt h thng CDD v s nhn mnh mt tuyn b r
rng xa hn li th ca no.
18.2.1 S thc hin ca mt h thng CDD
Cho ti hin ti, duy nht FDD (frequency division duplexing) v TDD (time
division duplexing) l c s dng trong cc h thng vin thng thng tin v tuyn.
By gii nhiu m thng minh c tm ra. Cc u im r rng ca chng co th c
s dng thc hin hoa mt h thng Code Division Duplexing (CDD). Cc c trng
ca mt m thng minh x co th c biu din nh bn di:
Cc thuc tnh ca s t tng quan cho ca m x vi chnh no l:
pxx ( =0 )=1
pxx ( 0 )=0

Ti

( a )

(18.2-1)

c gi l t tng quan cho ca s 0. Trong ca s thi gian cc a

ng ca chnh tn hiu o co th b xoa b b c trng c hin th trong (18.2-1).

Thng ca s

co th c ln nu s sp xp ca m cu trc co th c gii

quyt mt cch ng n.
Thc s ca tng quan cho ca 2 m khc nhau trong cc b m thng minh
pxy ( )=0

cho mi ,

44

(18.2-2)

Ti

l tng quan cho ca s 0 sinh ra t m cu chc thng minh.

Trong thi gian ca s

, nhiu a ngi dng bi a ng co th b loi tr bi c

tnh ca m.
Noi ng ra, H thng CDD c thc hin bi mt h thng lin tc trn mt tn
s n vi mt b ca cc m thng minh cung cp cho cc h thng vin thng hai
chiu.
Trong thc t, trong vng thi gian tng quan cho cc ca s 0

ca hai b

m thng minh hin ti,

mt cho ng ln mt cho ng xung. Gi tr tng
quan cho ca 2 m o th khng chnh xc 0 khi tn hiu (UL or DL) n mt thit b
u cui khc vt qua ng h thng vin thng. No l bi v s khng hon ho t
cc c tnh ca m thng minh hin ti. Cho nn ti cc u cui T/R ca cc h thng
vin thng, nng lng mnh truyn i ti mt thit b u cui nn mt n cho cc s
n tn hiu yu, n t mt ng vin thng cui khc, mc d thi gian dch chuyn
ca tn hiu co th c iu chnh nh s i xung ca thi gian tn hiu n trong ca
s

. Nh vy CDD khng th c s dng bi s truyn lin tc trn mt tn s

n. Cc trng thi t s tn hiu truyn nhn v cc trng thi t s gn xa trong b mt

cc h thng t bo, ging nh s khc nhau trong s nhn cc tn hiu. Bi vy FDD l
mt gii php gi quyt trng thi t l tn hiu truyn nhn, cng nh nng lng
iu khin l mt gi php gi quyt trng thi t s gn xa.
Sau o, chng ta c gng p dng mt b cc m thng minh trn mt tn s n
trong s truyn v nhn lun phin.
Cc m thng minh s dng trong h thng CDD( hoc noi ng ra, mt b TDD
ci t vi mt h thng CDD) co th trnh c nhiu a ngi dng v nhiu t cell hng
xom, ci m h thng TDD quy nh, khng co cc b m thng minh, khng th.
18.2.2 Cc thuc tnh m
Cc m thng minh l nhiu trong cc ti liu 6-11
Gi s rng m thng minh l mt m trc giao y , nh l m LS, 9-10 vi mt
chiu di ca L bits, v sau o o l L s ca b cc dy m khc nhau.
A Mt m trc giao b sung vi mt chiu di ca L chips bao gm cc m C v S.
Chiu di ca c m C v S l L/2 chips. Tng quan cho gia cc m C v S co

45

cc thuc tnh di y. Tng cc h s ca t tng quan cho ca m C1 v m

S1 bng 1 cho =0 . Tng cc h s ca t tng quan cho ca m C1 v m
a
S1 bng 0 cho 0 ti
. c tnh ny ging nh cc m CCK c m

t trong chng 18.3. Tng ca cc phn t tng quan cho lun lun l 0 di
iu kin

. Nh vy,cc c tnh ca mt m thng minh c th hin

trong chng 18.2.1 c th c hon thnh bi s s dng mt m trc giao b

sung vi c tnh c trnh by pha trn.
B Nu tt c cc m L c s dng, sau o khng co tng quan cho ti cc ca s
0gia bt k hai m. Nu duy nht L/2 s ca cc m c s dng, gi tr nh
nht tng quan cho ca s 0 l

1 c c 1 c

, ti c l khon chip trong thi

gian. Nu L/4 s c m c s dng, gi tr nh nht tng quan cho ca s 0 l

3 c c 3 c

. Ngoi ra no co th c thy rng trong s cc s L/2 m c

s dng, mt na ca hcungs (i.e.,L/4) co th co mt tng quan cho ca s 0

ca

3 c c 3 c

. Mt na ca L/2 s ca cc m(i.e.,L/8) co th co mt tng

quan cho ca s ca

5 c c 5 c

nht tng quan cho ca s 0

tuy nhin chng ta lun p dng gi tr nh

1 c c 1 c

khi tt c L/2 s ca cc m c

s dng
C Bng vic s dng m tri ph chng ta co th t c tng tc x l (P.G.) trong
dB = 10logL, v t s song mang trn nhiu
C=Eb Rb

; B l bng thng ca knh

trn giy. Nh vy chng ta co

D T tng quan cho ca s 0

Eb

C /I=E b /I 0 / P .G

l nng lng trn bit v

P .G .=B/ Rb =L
a

., ti

I =I 0 . B
Rb

l bit

Rc ( tc chip ) =Rb . L .

co th c m bi cc bit ring bit c

chn vo khong trng gia C v S. Min l o khng co s che khut trn thi
gian

gia cc m C v S, s t tng quan cho ca m thng minh l 0. Bi

cc c tnh t tng quan cho ca m thng minh, s tt dn Ray-leight v b

pht FM ngu nhin bi a ng trong khi trm di ng ang di chuyn khng
th c quan st ti tn hiu nhn c. V vy tc di chuyn ca trm mobile
khng nn nh hng tn hiu nhn c. S s dng cc m thng minh trong h
thng v tuyn mobile t c gi tr ln.
46

E Thi gian lan truyn

bi a ng trn mi trng mt t, trong hu ht cc

trng hp, nh nht l

10 s . Cho tc ca d liu l 100kbps khong thi

gian gia cc bit hng xom l

10 s . No co ngha

trng hp, v sau o tng quan cho ca s 0

<1 b

c =1 b

trong hu ht cc

co th c ci t nu

tc d liu ca 100kbps c truyn n. Khi mt m iu ch tri ph c p

dng, mt tc chip

Rc

ca 100kcps c truyn n, khong thi gian gia

=1 c=10 s .
cc chip hng xom l 1c, <1 c hoc c

18.2.3 H thng CS-OFDMA.

Bi v m tri ph (CS)9-10 co th s dng duy nht mt s gii hn ca cc m
thng minh. No khng l mt tng ci t ca cc m cho mt h thng CDMA tiu
chun. Trong mt h thng CDMA tiu chun, mt knh n ph rng c s dng
truyn nh rt nhiu cc m co th. Mi m hnh ng nh mt knh giao thng. Tuy
nhin cc m thng minh t l nghch vi kch thc ca s tng quan 0. No khng ng
c mun cho h thng CDMA. Tuy nhin gii hn ca s cc m thng minh co th
c s dng lp i lp li nhiu ln trong mt song mang con khc ca mt h thng
OFDMA. Bi vy cc m thng minh l ph hp c p dng trong mt h thng
OFDMA.
Tn hiu OFDMA13 chia mt dng d liu tc cao truyn trn mt tn s
song mang vo trong mt s dng d liu tc thp truyn trn mt s knh mang
con(Schs). Trong mi song mang con chng ta co th s dng cc m tri ph trn mt
dng d liu thp co li cho cc thuc tnh h thng CDMA. 14 Gii hn s m c s
dng trn mi song mang con ca h thng OFDMA l mt la chn tt.
Trong OFDMA, khong cch gia cc song mang con l mt bi s ca 1/T thay
th thng thng ca 2/T, ti T l rng k t (hoc chip). Tn s trc giao cc song
mang con ny c th hin trong hnh m t 18.1, no gim bt khong cch cc song
mang con bi mt na iu ch khng nhiu xuyn m. No l mt cu trc vn chuyn a
song mang co hiu qu cao nht. Tuy nhin trong h thng v tuyn di ng hin tng
fading a ng v tr thi gian co th ph hy tnh trc giao v to nhiu lin k t (ISI)
v nhiu xuyn song mang (ICI) kt qu ca no trong nhiu xuyn m c th hin
trong hnh 18.1b. Vn ny c gii quyt trong OFDMA vi s nghin cu c
bit nh l thm khon thi gian bo v v chu trnh m rng duy trnh c tnh
tng quan cho gia cc song mang v loi tr c ISI v ICI. Trong h thng CS47

OFDMA chng ti c gng i hi c tnh m thng minh ging nh th thay th s

dng thi gian bo v v chu trnh m rng. Trong trng hp ny tnh trc giao gia cc
song con khng c gia lu di nh c gi s th hin trong hnh 18.1b. Bi v
ci tc chm ca cc song mang con ng thi, cc c tnh ca cc m thng minh co
th gip loi b ISI v ICI vi mt thit k k thut cn thn.
Gi s rng knh song mang Ch c phn gii trong M cc knh song mang
con(Schs), v

fi

khon cch song mang con. Bng thng song mang f

l mt s

tng hp M khong cch song mang con:

Hnh 18.1: Ph ca mt k t OFDM (a) trc giao c gi gia tt c cc song mang;

(b) trc giao b mo v ICI c to trong tt c cc song mang con.

Bng 18.1 M C gn cho mi Schp trong 4 nhom con v 4 cells tng ng.

48

Mi Schj co th co m tri ph(CS) bi N cc m vi chiu di m L. Mi m bao

gm cc m C v S v di ca mi C v S l L/2. Nh vy mi Sch j trong M Schsbao
N

gm N s ca cc knh CS,

Sch j= CS j . Mi Schi (i = 1,M) ca M song mang con

j
j=1

co th truyn ng thi N s knh ca CSj. S ln nht ca N l L; v vy N L .

Mi CSj s c i x nh mt knh giao thng. Trong mt s sp xp thng
thng, no l cc ci khong trng(blank bits) gia Cs v Ss nh

CS j =C j

(gap)Sj(gap)Cj(gap)Sj(gap)
S b tr ny co th c s dng khi tc dng d liu rt thp, C j v Sj co th
che khut duy nht trong mt on nh. Tuy nhin khi tc d liu khng l rt thp, C
v S cn mt khong cch h ln hoc cc ng ring bit.
By gii mt cch loi tr mi ca cc h gia C v S c d nh, v mi
CSj s c sp xp vi Cs v Ss trn Schj khc, ring bit. Ngoi ra s N ca cc m C
v cc m S co th c gn cho mt ca 4 cells.
Trong h thng ny, sM ca tt c cc song mang con l mt s l. Mi na u
tin ca M Schj , biu din bi p(p=1,(M-1)/2), c s dng cho cc m C. cng vy
trong mi Schp o l N ca cc m C chia trong 4 nhom nh v gn trong 4 cells
49

tng ng nh c th hin trong bng 18.1. Cho nn mi Sch p c s dng trong

c 4 cells vi cc nhom nh khc nhau ca cc m C.
Mi phn th 2 ca M Schs c bi din bi q (q=(M+3)/2,M), c s dng
trong cc m S. Cng vy, trong mi Schq o l N ca cc m S chia cho bn nhom nh
v c gn trong bn cells tng ng , nh trnh by trong bng 18.2. B vy, mi Sch p
c s dng trong bn vi cc nhom nh khc nhau ca cc m S.
Bng 18.2.

Cc m S gn cho mi Schq trn bn nhom nh v bn cells tng ng:

Mt song mang ring bit ti s (M+1)/2 c ch r nh mt tn hiu ch o cho

ng b. S b tr ny co th loi b hiu qu s bin ng tn s v nhiu pha, no c
cn nht trong mt h thng CS-OFDMA. Cng vy no co th c s dng nh knh
qung b ca h thng.
C bn cells ang s dng cng M song mang con. Mc d no l mt h thng
CDMA. Bi v mt ca bn nhom con ca cc m c gn cho mt ca bn cells, cc
m s dng li ch s K = 4 c p dng s dng li bn ci nhom nh ca cc m
CS.Nh mt kt qu, mi cell c th co th c ng hoa bi cc nhom nh ca cc m
CS(nhn hnh 18.2). V vy CS-OFDMA l mt h thng hiu qu tri ph cao nh chng
ta duy nht dng li cc m.

50

Trong mi cell, o s l N/4 cc m CS truyn trong mi cp ca cc song mang

con, mt cho cc m C v mt cho cc m S v li x l ca mi Sch bi s tri ph
m CSj l 10 log L/2 (dB). N cc m thng minh tri rng trong mi Sch l ging nh N
cc m Walsh tri rng trong mt knh song mang CDMA. Nu di m l L li x
l l 10 log L/2 trong mi knh Sch bi v cc m CS. o l Msong mang con trong CSOFDM, mt na ca M 1 c s dng cho cc m C v mt na ca

M 1

s dng cho cc m S. Bi vy tng s cc knh giao thng trong mi cell l

(M 1)/2 N /4.

co th lm c mt h thng CS-OFDMA, chng ta co th s dng cc m

LS, v gi s rng di L = 32 chips (i.e.,C co 16 chips v S co 16 chips), cho mt tc
truyn l 100 kcps, khong thi gian gia hai chips lin k l

10 s , (i.e.,

1 c=10 s , tng s cc knh ca CS-OFDMA( 4 4 ( M 1)/ 2 ) l tm ln ca

(M 1) ca cc knh OFDMA theo quy nh.

y l mt nh ngha mi trong s nh gi ca CS-OFDMA. Trong mi song

mang con CS-OFDMA, no l 16 knh CS. Mi mt ca 16 knh CS co 12-dB s x l
li. Trong tt c cc cell:
M/2 Schi (i = chn) truyn cc m C
M/2 Schi (i = l) truyn cc m S

Hnh 18.2

S dng li cc m CS trong mt h bn cell

51

 li 12-dB co th c bin dch nh mt s gia tng ca chnh C/I bi 12 dB

nh so snh ti mt song mang con OFDMA, trong khi o thng lng song mang con
ca no l mt na mt song mang con OFDMA thng thng. Chng ta co th s dng
cc cng thc c th hin trong chng 18.2.2 l C/I nh mt hm tc d liu R b.
gim mt thng lng bi mt na s duy nht mt li 3dB trong chnh no co th co
i li vt qu -9dB ca mt song mang con OFDMA. Bng vic s dng li th ca
9dB ca C/I v suy yu no li mt tc dng d liu tng, song mang con CSOFDMA co th co tm ln lu lng trn song mang con OFDMA, hoc R b(song mang
con CS-OFDMA) = 8xRb(song mang con OFDMA). Nh vy CS-OFDMA s dng ph
hiu qu hn so vi OFDMA.
18.3

B sung cc m m phm (CCK) v iu ch

Mt h thng iu ch tc cao mi c gi l CCK 16 c s dng cho 5.5 v

11 Mbps, tc d liu bng 2.4 GHz. M m nh phn b sung c tm bi
Golay16, v miu t cc tp con ca nhiu lp thng thng ca cc m bit nh cc m
nhiu pha. Cc m CCK l nhiu pha b sung.
A M b sung nh phn
Cc m b sung nh phn bao gm mt cp hu hn ca ca cc dy co di
bng nhau, dy x v mt dy y vi mt chiu di n bit ca c cc dy, no cng
c gi l cc t m.
Sau o t tng quan cho ca hai dy{x i} v {yj} vi mt thay ghi dch j bit co
th c biu din nh:
n j

j=1

i=1

pxx ( j)= x i x i+ j+ xi x n j +i
n j

j=1

i=1

(18.3.1)

p yy ( j)= y i y i + j + y i y n j+i

(18.3-2)

Hai dy {xi} v {yi} l b chng tng quan cho:

pxx ( j ) + p yy ( j ) =0
ti j 0
(18.3-3)
pxx ( 0 ) + p yy ( 0 )=2 n

ti

j=0

(18.3-4)

Cho v d, hai dy x v y co di l 8 bit, n = 8, c th hin pha di:

1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
Dy {xi}
Dy {yi}
Khi j = 0,

1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1

pxx ( 0 )

ca dy {xi} co th c tm t ng thc 18.3-1 nh

52

pxx ( 0 ) = x i2 =8
i=1

p yy ( 0 )
8

ca dy {yi} co th c tm t ng thc 18.3- nh

p yy ( 0 )= y i =8
2

i=1

Ti j = 3 tng quan cho

5

i=1

pxx ( 3 )

t ng thc 18.3-1 cho {xi} l:

pxx ( 3 )= xi x i+3 + x i x i+3 =(1111+1 ) + (1+11 )=31=4

Tng quan cho

p yy ( 3 )

i=1

t ng thc 18.3-2 cho {yi} l

p yy ( 3 )= y i y i+3 + y i y i+3= (1+1+1+1+1 ) + ( +11+1 )=+3+1=4

Thay

pxx ( 3 )

p yy ( 3 )

trong ng thc 18.3-3 v

pxx ( 0 )

p yy ( 0 )

trong

ng thc 18.3-4 chng t rng {x i} v {yi} l b sung. Lp bng ca hm t

tng quan cho ca mt cp cc m b sung c th hin trong bng 18.3.
Thuc tnh c th hin trong ng thc 18.3-3 v 18.3-4 khin cc m b
sung co ch trong cc h thng vin thng s.
B Cc m nhiu pha
Mt m nhiu pha co th bao gm cc phn t co bn pha khc nhau. No l mt
m b sung phc. No l cc phn t xi l mt s t ci t mt s phc {1 -1 j j}
v ci t m c biu din bi cc c tnh t tng quan cho m t trong
ng thc 18.3-3 v ng thc 18.3-4 cho cc m nh phn.
C iu ch CCK
Cc m nhiu pha co th c s dng iu ch mt dng song s. Bi v trnh
t trc tip cng ngh ph rng (DSSS) c s dng cho m hnh iu ch tc
cao, CCK co th l cc m ph rng. Trong IEEE 802.11 cc m CCK co mt
di l tm v mt tc chipping l 11Mcps. 8 chips phc bao gm mt t t
n. Bi mt tc k t 1.375 Mbps, cc dng song 11Mbps kt thc chim cng
bng thng sp x nh 2Mbps ca dng song 802.11 QPSK.
Cc t CCK 8 bit c suy ra t cng thc bn di:
{ xi }={e j (1 +2 +3 +3 ) , e j ( 1+ 3+ 4 ) , e j( 1 +2 +4 ) ,e j ( 1 +4 )
e j ( 1+ 2+ 3) , e j ( 1+3 ) ,e j ( 1+ 2) , e j ( 1) }

53

Cc tham s t 1 ti 4 xc nh cc gi tr pha ca b m phc. Cho mt

tc d liu 11Mbps, mi k t tng ng vi 8 bit thng tin. Ti 5.5 Mbps 4 bits mi
k t c truyn, 11Mbps modem c nh m t di.
Dng d liu chia vo bytes nh (x7,x6,x5,,x0), ti x0 l thi gian bt u. 8
bit c s dng m hoa cc tham s pha

y theo thit k c th

hin trong bng 18.4. S m hoa c cn c trn b iu ch QPSK khc th hin trong
bng 18.5. Cho vi d: 11Mbps co mt dng d liu nh:
d 7 d 6 d5 d 4 d 3 d 2 d1 d 0=10110101

No l k t 8 bit. T bng 18.4, chng ta co th tm thy rng

d 1 ,d 0 =01 1=
d 2 , d3 =01 2=
d 4 , d 5=11 3= /2
d 6 , d 7=10 4= / 2

Thay th cc gi tr pha trong cc t m cng thc c th hin h ng thc

18.3-5.

{ x i }={e

j + +
2 2

) j( 2 + 2 ) j ( + + 2 )
,e

,e

,e

j + +

) j ( + 2 ) j( 2 )
,e

,e

,e

j( + )

, e ={e

j2

,e ,e

j5
2

,e

j3
2

,e

j3
2

,+ e

j
2

(18.3-6)
Bi v
e j =cos + jsin

(18.3-7)

Thay th ng thc 18.3-7 vo trong ng thc 18.3-6 ta co:

{ x i }=cos 2 + jsin 2 , cos + jsin ,

cos 5 jsin 5 cos 3 jsin 3 cos 3 jsin 3 cos jsin

+
,

,
+
,
+
,cos
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

54

Bt k 8 bit ca dng d liu co th co mt t m phc CCK

55

Bng 18.3 S sp bng ca cc hm tng quan cho mt cp ca cc m b sung

Bng 18.4. Pha tham s m hoa thit k.

Bng 18.5. iu ch DQPSK ca cc hng s pha.

18.4 Cc m TURBO v LDPC

Thch thc ca vic pht trin cc gii php m hoa mi l nng hiu sut gn hn
vi cng sut knh trong khi khng hn ch thng lng hoc thm tr. Claude
Shannon ch ra co th ti u hoa nng lng v thi gian truyn d liu qua mt knh
thng tin lin lc nu co chng trnh m hoa ng.
Vo gia nhng nm 1990, m Turbo c la chn cho h thng 3G, v trong nm
2000, LDPC c khm ph v co th c s dng cho cc h thng WiMAX.
18.4.1 M Turbo
Nm 1993, mt bc t ph ng k xy ra khi hai k s in ngi Php,
Claude Berou v Alain Glavieux, pht hin m turbo. Khng nh ca h l chng trnh
m hoa Turbo ca h s dn n mt s ci thin hiu sut 3 dB so vi cc gii php m
hoa cnh tranh tt nht FEC ang tn ti. Nhng tuyn b qu kho tin n mc nhiu
chuyn gia m hoa t chi thm ch c bi bo IEEE trnh by cc m ti hi ngh v
truyn thng ti Geneva, Thy S. Sau o, cc nh nghin cu khc bt u thc hin
li cc kt qu v nhn ra tm quan trng ca pht hin ny.
M turbo co hai tnh cht c th rt khc nhau trong cu trc: m turbo xon
(CTCs) v m turbo sn phm (TPCs turbo product codes). CTCs cn c gi l
Turbo m chp (TCCS) do s dng b m hoa xon song song v mt interleaver to

ra cc bit chn l. TPCs cn c gi l BTC (Block Turbo Codes) do s dng cu trc

khi. o l nhng m Turbo c pht hin bi Berrou v Glavieux.

Hnh 18.3 (a) B m Turbo c bn(b) B gii m Turbo c bn

A CTC (Convolutional Turbo Codes)
B m hoa CTC encoder nm cui ni gi, v b gii m CTC decoder nm cui
ni nhn.
CTC Encoder: B m hoa CTC encoder bao gm hai m co h thng quy xon,
cc m thnh phn th nht v th hai, chy song song. Mt interleaver bt u ti
cc b m hoa xon quy th hai, nh m t trong Hnh 18.3a. Cc s sp xp
an xen cho 3Ghai ch , WCDM v CDMA2000, l khc nhau.
CTC Decoder: B gii m u tin ny nhn cc bit h thng v bit chn l t m
thnh phn u tin, nh m t trong Hnh 18.3b. B gii m th hai nhn c bit
chn l t thnh phn th hai v ci thin hiu sut da trn x l mm cc gi tr
co th xy ra. Qu trnh ny co th c nhc li nhiu ln, nh m t trong con
ng quay tr li trong Hnh 18.3b. Qu trnh lp i lp li gip ci thin hiu
sut. Vic gii m qu n gin do cc thut ton nhng vic cn bng li trong
cc phn hi tr.
B TPC (Turbo Product Codes)
Tri ngc vi CTCs, TPCs s dng m Hamming m rng s v m chn l nh
thnh phn m xy dngkhi cu trc 2D v 3D. CTC dn n mt chng trnh m
hoa t phc tp hn nhiu gii m so vi CTCs v kh nng d dng h tr y cc
yu cu tc d liu ln n gigabit mi giy. Rt n gin trong vic gii m do kiu
cu trc m sn phm v trong thc hin do vic s dng hng/ct n gin an xen. No

co mt hiu sut nng lng cao. Li ch ca vic ny l cc b gii m nh hn, t tn

km cho cc ng dng i hi nhy.
M Turbo c chp nhn s dng trong tiu chun 3G, v d liu tc cao l mt
yu cu ca thi i thng tin khng dy, v m Turbo co th p ng yu cu ny n
mt mc tuyt vi.
18.4.2 LDPC (m sa li kim tra chn l)
Sau khi turbo C c s dng trong lnh vc truyn thng,ngi ta bt u nghin
cu thit k FEC l cng vi c gii m l p i l p li v hng ti nhng cng vi c phc
tp hn.nhng nghin cu ny dn ti vi c hnh thnh m t b m mi LDPC.iu
ny c Robert gallagher xut ln u tin trong lu n n tin s nm 1960.sau o,
c Rober Tunner tng quot v pht trin no thnh m t phng php ha cho cc
m s c gi l th Tunner( th hai pha).n nhng nm 1990,David mackey v
michael ruby s dng m LDPC a ra gii php FEC vi kt qu gn t ti gii hn
shannon v co th thay th cho turbo corlos.
LDPC l m t m sa li tuyn tnh co ma tr n kim tra chn l H kim tra cc s
khc 0 trong mi hng v mi ct.
M LDPC thng c s dng trong tnh ton hu hn.cc my pht G c tm
bng phng php kh Gass.
G=[I:P]
-

I l ma tr n n v P l ma tr n sinh.
H=[ Pt:I]

(18.4-1).

(18.4-2).

Pt l ma tr n chuyn n v ca P.
V d: m t ma tr n G c to ra bi phng trnh(18.4-1).

[ ]

1000 :
0100 :
G 0010 :
0001 :

Trong o

111
110
101
011

P=

[]
111
110
101
011

1110: 100

=> H= [ Pt : I ] = 1101 : 010

1011 : 001

M LDPC c taaoj ra bng cch ly khi d li u x:

C=G.x=[x:xp]
-

Nu C l 1 t m hp l :
C.Ht=0.

Tng cc s 1 trong hng phi bng tng cc s 0 ca Mod-2 b sung.

Gass-elimnation l qu trnh tm kim cc gii php ca 1 phng trnh tuyn tnh
ng thi.s dng phng php m hoa ny gip xc nh ma tr n sinh v sau o
s dng cc phng trnh ca ma tr n sinh m hoa gi li u.
Vi s linh hot ca m LDPC cc m co th dc xy dng m t cch ph hp
chnh xc,ngn ch n kch thc ca t l m.trong thc t,vi c s dng no co
nhng hn ch nht nh.khi kch thc khi v t l m c xc nh trn ma
tr n H gm n c t (n-k)hng v cha m t vi s ln c n..ma tr n H dc thit k
co m t khong cch ti thiu(dmin).no l kt ca ca vi c co m t s t cc ln
c n trong ma tr n H.Cc c t trong ma tr n H cn thit t
ng hp chng ln ngay
c khi cc ma tr n c xy dng m t cch ngu nhin.

V d 18.1:m t b m hoa LDPC co th chng minh bangwfcacs s dng n

gin(16,9) m
s vi ma trn H sau:
n=16
k=9

H=

n-k=7
k/n=9/16

n 0 n 1 n2 n 3 n 4 n 5 n 6 n 7 n 8 n 9 n 10 n11 n 12 n13 n 14 n 15
1
1
1
0
0
0 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1 0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0 1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0 0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1 0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1

Trong v d trn cc c t n0-n8 l phn thng tin m hoa khi, n9-n15 biu din
cc bt chn l,(n-k) bit to thnh submix, n gin qu trnh m hoa khi d li u
x=1011101100 co th biu din thnh t m c=101110110000100.
S dng phng trnh bt bin t ma tr n H toaoj ra cc bit kim tra chn l
khng m hoa.vi c gii m c thc hi n bng cch s dngsoft-inputs.
M LDPC co th b li tng(thng th CTCs). khc phc li tng t coi mi
tng li l m t khu vc trong o xc sut li 0 khng tip c n gi tr 0nhuw k vng.m t
m ngoi nhBose-Bhaudhuri- Hocquenghem (BCH) co th cthm vaofLDPC.M
BCH lm gim li.trong Video k thut s pht song (DVB) chn phng php ny
ca FEC.
So snh m LDPC vi TCPs v shannontrong hnh 18.4 cho thy LDPC tt hn
0,5 dB vi t l m thp TPC v 2 dB vi t l m cao (s dng iu ch BPSK trong so
snh ny v knh AWGN nh hnh 18.4)

Hnh 18.4:so sanh LDPCv cc chng trnh m hoa khc.

18.5 Nghin cu mt h thng di ng 60 GHz
Cc nghim cu 25,26 s dng h thng line-of-sight truyn trc tip song di
n g(60 Ghz) truyn trc tip.no co nhng u nhc im sau:
1 Bng tn 60Ghz nm trong phm vi hp th oxy.trong phm vi ny s suy gim
ca tnh hi u co khong cch l 1km.v v y bng tn ny khng th s dng
nhiu ng dng.tuy nhin nu c khai thc m t cch hp l no vn co th
cung cp cho m t h thng v tuyn di ng.

2 Cc c tnh tin hi u ny ln hn s suy gim ng truyn nn ta co th ng

b knh ho c can thi p vo trong ng truyn di ng.
18.5.1 S lan truyn trong mi trng phn tn
Trong phm vi UHF ho c bng tn X tn hi u a tn x t cc phng ti n,cc
ta nh v mi trng xung quanh gy ra s suy gim.nhanh chong i khi cc tn hi u
nh n c co th c truyn bng phn x ho c tn x.
Cc th nghim bng tn 59,5Ghz c thc hi n nm 1972 cho thy cng sut
u ra trung bnh trn cc ng ten i n thoi di ng l 40w(16 dB) ng ten parabol
chm tia r ng 3 c pha pht v pha thu(cc tn hi u c thu ng Red bank,new
jersey).

Hnh 18.5:thng k fading t thit b u cui c nh(Red Bank,New Jersey)

18.5.2 Thit b u cui c nh
My pht tn hi u di ng v ngi nh n i n thoi c t cch nhau 0,56km
cc pha i di n ca m t con ph kt qu o c v trong hnh 18.5.
Gim qu 3dB xy ra 5%thi gian trn ph Monmouth 20%thi gian trn cu
ng v 34% trn ph Broad gii hn o -52dBm trong o th hi n tn hi u suy gim
15dB.tn hi u suy gim dn v vt qu gii hn ny xy ra 1% thi gian trn ng
Bridge 2%,thi gian trn dng Monmouth v 3% thi gian trn ng Broad.s suy

gim ny ch yu do cc xe ti xe bus trn cc con ng trong khong cch 30m gia

bn pht v bn thu.
18.5.3 Di chuyn thit b u cui
Ngi nh n tn hi u i n thoi ng trn ng v cc my pht tn hi u bt
u di chuyn vi vn tc 24km/h tn hi u bt u c pht khi khoangr cch ln hn
0,8k.kt qu thu c nh trn hnh 18.6.s li u suy gim tn hi u 3 ng l gn nh
nhau.s suy gim tn hi u 3dB y ra trong 70% thi gian v vt qu gii hn o (52dBm) xy ra trong 9% thi gian trn ng Broad v Monmouth.nhng dduongf
bridge l 5% thi gian v tn hi u line--sight.b ch n li do cc xe ti ho c xe bus cc
tn s cloppler dao ng t m t vi hz n 170hz.Suy hao ln hn 10 dB xy ra 20%thi
gian trong qu trnh o ng monmouth c v trong hnh 18.7

Hnh 18.6: S suy hao tn hi u do di chuyn thit b u cui.

Hnh 18.7: Tn hi u nh n c ng Monmouth.

Cc tn hi u 60Ghz cho thy bin ca tn hi u phn tn ln hn so vi tn hi
truyn trc tip.Anh hng ca Fading ln tn hi u phn tn l nh.
18.5.4 La chn h thng
T cc s li u o ta cn lu nhng vn sau trong 1 h thng v tuyn di ng
60Ghz:
1 s suy hao lan truyn qu mc.
2 C ch hot ng ca ng ten.
3 S chia cch gia cc b l p
.
4 Cc phng php trnh line-of-sight tc nghn do xe ti ho c xe bus.
18.6 H thng a phng ti n truyn thng vi lin kt song milimet v lin kt
song quang hc.
18.6.1 Gii thiu
M t h thng lin kt song milimet v song quang hc rt a dng. tng xy
dng trn thc t rng song quang hc suy hao ch yu do sng m song milimet suy
hao ch yu do ma hai hi n tng ny khng xy ra cng m t thi im dy chnh l
u im ca h thng ny.

 nghin cu u im ca h thng ny trong m t khu vc th ngi ta ngi

ta da trn s li u suy gim tn hi u bi sng m vo lin kt song quang hc v bi
ma vi lin kt milimet ti cng m t v tr v thi im.
Nm 1973 m t lin kt song quang hc(0.9 m) c t gia tng 88 ca ta
nh EmpireState v tng 58 ca ta nh Pan America(cch nhau 0,55 d m) cc tn hi u
suy gim do sng m thu c tnh ton xc sut ng cong phn b(PDC) nh hnh
18.8.ngoi ra ngoi ra co 2 ng cong khc 1 thu c Holmdel,New Jersey,2 l ti
ta nh AT&T New York vi ng cao khc nhau trong hnh 18.8.tn hi u suy gim
do sng m thay i mnh do chiu cao ca lin kt
M t lin kt 3mm gia ta nh EmpireState v ta nh Pan America s dng
15mw IMPATTdiode nh m t ngun tin,2 trong 30 ng ten prabol 1 truyn 1 nh n s
dng tng lin kt ln 106dB v 1 diode Schottky-barrier dng pht hi n d li u
thu c cho thy cc lin kt c thit l p r rng.Tn hi u suy hao do ma
New York c thu th p t cc ngun khc nhau
Gi nh co s tc ng ca ma ln song milimet.s dng gi nh ny ta co
nhng tn hi u 3mm suy hao gy ra bi ma qua lin kt EmpireState- Pan America
New York t m t s ngun tin khc gn o nh cng vin central,manhattan.
Ta co 2 d li u :s suy hao ca song quang hc trong lin kt EmpireState- Pan
America v s suy hao ca song milimet ti cng vin central,manhattan.t 2 s li u
trn m t nghin cu h thng bao gm M t lin kt song milimet v m t song quang
hc s c thc hi n.

Hnh 18.8: tn hi u quang hc suy hao do sng m:

1 Lin kt t tng 88 ca ta nh EmpireState v tng 58 ca ta nh Pan America.

2 i pht thanh trong phng th nghi m Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, N.J.
3 Lin kt t Tng 21 ca ta nh AT&T-tng 19 ca Western Electric(New York).
4 Lin kt t Tng 4 ca ta nh AT&T-tng 3 ca Western Electric(New York).
18.6.2 So snh s suy hao da trn ng cong PDC
Ta co s li u PDC hng nm ca song milimet suy gim gy ra bi ma t mt
a im gn lin kt Empire State-Pan Am. lng ma Cng vin Trung tm co th
thu c t d li u kh hu ca M.T d liu ma tch ly, mt ng cong phn phi
t l ma theo thi gian.ngi ta thc hi n mt s phng php chuyn i t t l
ma v tn hiu suy gim c thu c.trong o phuong php gn ng Oguchi cung
cp cho ta mt kt qu co th d dng c s dng. Cc ng cong PDC ca 3-mmsong suy gim (dB / km) thnh ph New York tnh trong ba nm lin tip c th hin
trong hnh 18.9.Trong hnh 18.9 ta nhn thy lng ma ln hn vo nhng nm 1971
v 1972 so vi nm 1970. S liu thng k lng ma trong c ba nm, nm 1970 n
nm 1972, l tng t.Ngi ta s dng ng cong PDC ca tn hiu suy gim do ma
nm 1972 so snh vi ng cong PDC ca tn hiu suy gim do sng m trong nghin
cu trn

Hnh 18.9: tn hiu 100 GHz suy gim do ma ti Cng vin Trung tm, thnh ph
New York.
So snh hnh 18.8 vi hnh 18.9 ta nhn thy song quang hc b suy gim bi sng
m ln hn so vi ln song milimet b suy gim bi ma.Gi nh rng sng m v ma
khng xy ra cng mt lc, sau o PDC thu c t mt tn hiu a dng v s la chn
kt hp gia song milimet v song quang:

Pc=Pr.Pf

(18.6-1)

Ti Pr v Pf nhng ng cong PDC ca tn hiu suy gim do lng ma v sng

m tng ng ln lt.Pr c thu thp t Cng vin Trung tm i din cho suy gim
tn hiu do ma khu vc Manhattan. Ba tn hiu a dng la chn-kt hp co th thu
c t phng trnh (18.6-1).M t ti Empire State-Pan Am, mt ti Empire State-AT &
T Tng 21, v mt tng 4 nh Empire State-AT & T (Hnh 18.10). C ba lin kt c
trong Khu vc Manhattan.L kt qu thun li nht ca vic s dng milimet v song
quang hc.

Hnh 18.10 Mt d on tn hiu la chn-kt hp gia hai tn s New York

Thnh ph. (T Ti liu tham kho. 33.)
S song a dng co th c nhn thy t cc tn hiu a dng la chn-kt hp
ti Tng 4 AT & T ta co th kt lun rng mt h thng bao gm mt lin kt song
milimet v mt lin kt song quang hc ph hp cho mt a im co cao thp hn so
vi mt t.
18.7 MVNO v MVNE
18.7.1 MVNO (mng iu hnh in thoi di ng o)
Khi cc nh khai thc mng my ch co nhiu dung lng trong cc h thng 4G h
mun s dng v khai thc dung lng o MVNO s c hnh thnh p ng nhu
cu s dng ny. MVNO l mt nh iu hnh in thoi di ng m khng s hu di
tn ring v thng cng khng co c s h tng mng ring ca mnh. Nhiu ngi quen

vi vi c mua thi gian v s dng (MOU) t cc nh iu hnh mng li my ch v

cung cp cc dch v nh ng di,tng i ni ht, v cc dch v mng di ng.
MVNO lm tng t nhng tng thm gi tr thng hiu, knh phn phi v dch v
khc bn li dch v in thoi di ng.Thnh cng ca MVNO l khch hng s
khng phn bit bt k s khc bit ng k trong dch v hoc hiu sut mng.MVNO
thng l cc thng hi u ni ting v co v tr thun li.V d, hng hng khng Virgin
Atlantic l mt nh iu hnh MVNO Anh s dng th trng hng khng bn trc tip
cho khch hng my bay v nhng khch hng khc. MVNO co hon ton quyn kim
sot th SIM, xy dng thng hiu, tip th, thanh ton.Trong khi cung cp h thng
hot ng h tr (OSS) v kinh doanh.S dngh thng h tr (BSS) h tr cc
MVNO, cc nh khai thc di ng ng nhim ch yu gi quy trnh OSS / BSS ca
ring mnh v th tc ring bit.
18.7.2 MVNE (mng in thoi di ng enabler)
Trong khi mt MVNO l mt nh iu hnh in thoi di ng o th MVNE l
mt inthoi di ng o Mng Enabler. Mt MVNE khng co mi quan h vi khch
hng ngi dng cui. thay vo o,MVNE cung cp c s h tng v dch v cho php
ca MVNO cung cp dch v v co mi quan h vi khch hng ngi dng cui.MVNE
cung cp c s h tng v cc dch v lin quan khc nhau, t phn t mng trch lp d
phng, iu hnh v hot ng h tr OSS / BSS. MVNE ca thng cung cp cc
"middle-ground" gia MVNO khng mun co bt k iu khin qua mng cc yu t v
nhng ngi mun kim sot hon ton.
Cc nh mng MVNO hot ng hon ton da trn c s h tng v C cu
mng khng dy ca cc nh khai thc mng in thoi di ng khc trong khi MVNO
kim sot my ch v cc yu t mng li ca mnh.nhng nh iu hnh my ch bn
v cho php cc nh mng MVNO s dng khai thc cc dung lng m h khng s
dng.nhng khng h tr pht trin cho cc nh mng MVNO ny v s cnh tranh
khch hng.M t s MVNEv MVNO s dng cc mng di ng ch tu pht
thanh,chuyn i c s h tng, gia cng phn mm.
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