Tortugas terrestres y de agua dulce de Colombia

y manejo de los decomisos

Septiembre 2012
1

MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE
Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE
Presidente de la Repblica de Colombia
Juan Manuel Santos Caldern

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA

Rector
Ignacio Mantilla Prada
Vicerrector de Investigacin
Alexander Gmez Meja

Ministro de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible

Frank Pearl

Decano (E) Facultad de Ciencias

John Charles Donato Rondn

Viceministra de Ambiente
Adriana Soto

Vicedecano de Investigacin
Luis Fernando Ospina

Directora de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios

Ecosistmicos
Xiomara Sanclemente
Grupo de Gestin en Biodiversidad
Claudia Luz Rodrguez

Director Departamento de Biologa

Hernando Alfonso Valencia Zapata
Grupo de investigacin Biologa de Organismos Tropicales (Biotun)
Mara Argenis Bonilla Gmez, Directora
Autores
Mara Argenis Bonilla Gmez, Ph. D. Directora de Proyecto
Natalia Luque Snchez, Biloga - Coordinadora
Mnica Adriana Cuervo Martnez, Biloga - Coordinadora
Laura Camila Barreto Caldern, Biloga
Catalina Zuluaga Rodrguez, Biloga

Edgar Adrin Vsquez vila, Bilogo

Marjorie Pinzn Arias, Biloga
Oscar Yandy Romero Goyeneche, Bilogo
Felber Jair Arroyave Bermdez, Bilogo
Mara Carolina Becerra Riveros, Biloga
Cindy Cristina Leguzamo Pardo, Biloga
Joven Investigadora Colciencias - estudiante de posgrado
Ilustraciones interiores y contracartula
Edgar Adrin Vsquez vila, Bilogo
Fotografa portada
Cindy Leguzamo
Fotografas interiores
Natalia Luque, Biloga
Cindy Leguzamo, Biloga
Mnica Cuervo, Biloga
Priscila Saab Vlez, Biloga
Diseo y diagramacin
Zulima Pulido Pardo
Impresin
Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Ctese como:
Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible
Tortugas terrestres y de agua dulce de Colombia y manejo de los decomisos/;
Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Bonilla M. A., Luque N., Cuervo M. A.,
Pinzn M. y Vsquez E. A.; Bogot, D.C.: Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente y
Desarrollo Sostenible, 2012. 100 p.
1. Tortugas terrestres y de agua dulce de Colombia
2. Manejo de los decomisos
<ZnKWLMNI]VI[QT^M[\ZM
4. Amenazas a la biodiversidad
5. Ciclo de vida tortugas
I. Tit.
II. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible
III.Universidad Nacional de Colombia
CDD: 591.7
ISBN: 978-958-761-234-9
Esta publicacin se produjo en el marco del Convenio 179 de 2011 suscrito entre
el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y la Universidad Nacional
de Colombia
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Colombia.
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Todos los derechos reservados. Se autoriza la reproduccin y difusin de material contenido
MVM[\MLWK]UMV\WXIZIVM[ML]KI\Q^W[]W\ZW[VM[VWKWUMZKQITM[[QVXZM^QII]\WZQbIKQ~V
del titular de los derechos de autor, siempre que se cite claramente la fuente. Se prohbe la
ZMXZWL]KKQ~VLMM[\MLWK]UMV\WXIZIVM[KWUMZKQITM[,Q[\ZQJ]KQ~VOZI\]Q\I

!"#$%#&'"
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

!
!
!

!


%
(
"
#$
#%

"#$%$&'()*+&!

!
!

,&'#-./))*+&
!
!
01'*&)*+&2!3*%'(!4-5(!6!!
7*'$%

!
!

8$)-9*%-%!.$!'-#'/:(%! 
'$##$%'#$%!6!.$!(:/(!! !
./;)$!$&!$;!)-&'$1'-!.$;!! !
WUiFRLOHJDOGHHVSHFLHV !
%*;<$%'#$%

!
!
=9$&(>(%!(!;(%!

SREODFLRQHVGHODV  !
'-#'/:(%!)-&'*&$&'(;$%!!
GH&RORPELD

#&
$$
$'
$(

?*-;-:@(!6!$)-;-:@(!.$!;(%! !
'-#'/:(%
!
!
7*);-!.$!<*.(!.$!;(!

'-#'/:(!A*)-'$(
!

!
B(9*;*(%2!:C&$#-%!6!
!
HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDV
FRQWLQHQWDOHVGH&RORPELD !
7(#()'$#@%'*)(%!.$!;(%!!
FKDVGHODVHVSHFLHVGH !
'-#'/:(%!'$##$%'#$%!6!.$!!
(:/(!./;)$!$&)-&'#(.(%!!
HQ&RORPELD



$"
""

B*)A(%

&$

D;-%(#*-

&)

%LEOLRJUDItD

&&

QGLFHGHQRPEUHV!
GHHVSHFLHV

4$)-9$&.()*-&$%!
JHQHUDOHVSDUDHO
9(&$5-!./#(&'$!6!
GHVSXpVGHOGHFRPLVR
.$!'-#'/:(%!

()%*%#$+,&-#
(O0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH\'HVDUUROOR6RVWHQLEOHYLHQHLPSXOVDQGROD
JHVWLyQDPELHQWDOFRQFHUQLHQWHDODOtQHDGHHVSHFLHVIRFDOHVDPHQD]DE
.(%2!$&.C9*)(%!6!9*:#('-#*(%FG!0%'(!())*+&!%$!$5$)/'(!(!'#(<C%!.$!;(!8*#$)E
FLyQGH%RVTXHV%LRGLYHUVLGDG\6HUYLFLRV(FRVLVWpPLFRVGHQWURGHVX
SURJUDPDGHWUDEDMRRULHQWDGRDORJUDUFRQVHUYDUODELRGLYHUVLGDG\VXV
%$#<*)*-%!$)-%*%'C9*)-%2!$&!/&!$%)$&(#*-!%-)*(;!6!'$##*'-#*(;!H/$!9(1*9*)$!
HOELHQHVWDUGHORVFRORPELDQRV
(O3URJUDPD1DFLRQDOSDUDODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODVWRUWXJDVPDULQDV\
FRQWLQHQWDOHVHQ&RORPELDKDFHSDUWHGHOWUDEDMRUHDOL]DGRFRQHVSHFLHV
IRFDOHV DPHQD]DGDV R HQ ULHVJR GH H[WLQFLyQ (O SURJUDPD WLHQH FRPR
REMHWLYR JDUDQWL]DU OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH WRGDV ODV HVSHFLHV GH WRUWXJDV
SUHVHQWHVHQQXHVWURSDtVLPSOHPHQWDQGRHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ
LQYHVWLJDFLyQYDORUDFLyQXVR\PDQHMRDWUDYpVGHXQWUDEDMRFRRUGLQDGR
LQWHULQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWH\FRQSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODFRPXQLGDG

UHFRQRFHUTXHXQDGHODVDPHQD]DVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDODVXSHUYLYHQE
FLDGHPXFKDVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVFRQWLQHQWDOHVHVHOWUiFRLOHJDO
GHKXHYRVQHRQDWRV\KHPEUDVDGXOWDV
%XVFDQGRJHQHUDULQVWUXPHQWRVTXHDSR\HQWpFQLFDPHQWHODJHVWLyQ
DPELHQWDOHQPDWHULDGHIDXQDVLOYHVWUHQRVFRPSODFHPRVHQSUHVHQWDU
HVWDFDUWLOODTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDXQHVIXHU]RFLHQWtFR\WpFQLFRGHQWUR
GHOPDUFRGHODFRRSHUDFLyQ\DOLDQ]DHVWDEOHFLGDHQWUHHO0LQLVWHULR\
HO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH%LRORJtDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD
(VSHUDPRVTXHVHDXQDKHUUDPLHQWDGHWUDEDMR\GHFRQVXOWDGHJUDQ
XWLOLGDGSDUDODVDXWRULGDGHVDPELHQWDOHVUHJLRQDOHV\ODVHQWLGDGHVSROLFLE
YDV\GHFRQWUROIUHQWHDODVGHFLVLRQHVWpFQLFDVTXHHVWDVGHEHQDIURQWDU

Xiomara Sanclemente

(O0LQLVWHULRGHFLGLySRQHUHQPDUFKDHO3ODQQDFLRQDORULHQWDGRDO
XVRVRVWHQLEOHGHODWRUWXJDKLFRWHD!"#$%&'()*+&,-).#*(*!"#$%&'()*$#//01
"2)."0)HQ&RORPELDGHQWURGHODJHVWLyQTXHYLHQHDGHODQWDQGRHQHO
PDUFRGHODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHOD(VWUDWHJLDQDFLRQDOSDUDODSUHYHQFLyQ
\FRQWURODOWUiFRLOHJDOGHHVSHFLHVVLOYHVWUHV7DOGHFLVLyQVHWRPDDO

'LUHFWRUDGH%RVTXHV%LRGLYHUVLGDG\6HUYLFLRV(FRVLVWpPLFRV

.#$)"'/,,&-#
&RORPELDHVXQSDtVPHJDELRGLYHUVR6HJ~QODVHVWDGtVWLFDVSXEOLFDGDVHQ
HOSRUHO6LVWHPDGH,QIRUPDFLyQVREUHOD%LRGLYHUVLGDG6,%HQWHUULWRE
ULRFRORPELDQRVHFRQFHQWUDHOGHODELRGLYHUVLGDGGHOSODQHWD$QLYHO
PXQGLDOQXHVWURSDtVRFXSDHOSULPHUOXJDUHQULTXH]DGHDYHV\RUTXtGHDVHO
VHJXQGROXJDUHQSODQWDVDQELRVSHFHVGHDJXDGXOFH\PDULSRVDVHOWHUFHU
OXJDUHQUHSWLOHV\SDOPDV\HOFXDUWRHQPDPtIHURV6,%&RQUHODFLyQ
DODVWRUWXJDV&RORPELDHVHOVHJXQGRSDtVGH$PpULFDGHO6XUHQULTXH]DGH
HVSHFLHVGHVSXpVGH%UDVLO0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH9LYLHQGD\'HVDUUROOR
7HUULWRULDO>0$9'7@G$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

3DUDHVSHFLHVFRPRODFKDUDSD8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#ODWDULFD\D8262$,&1

PLVXQLOLVHOFXSLVR8262$,&'0)*)&9.-7&"$-/#.#F!6!;(!*)-'$(!)(##(&)A*&(!
:&)2$/&''()*6#%/0VHKDQGHVDUUROODGRGLYHUVRVSUR\HFWRVWHQGLHQWHVD
YLQFXODUDODVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDV\FDPSHVLQDVHQODFRQVHUYDFLyQ\
PRQLWRUHRGHHVWDVHVSHFLHV*DUFtD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;
)XQGDFLyQ%LRGLYHUVD3DUDHOFDVRGHODKLFRWHD!"#$%&'()*$#//01
"2)."0)VHKDQUHDOL]DGRHVWXGLRVHQGLYHUVDViUHDVYHUUHYLVLyQHQ3iH]
\%RFN\XQSODQSDUDVXXVRVRVWHQLEOHHOFXDOLQFOX\HODHVSHFLH
!"#$%&'()*+&,-).#0$9'781$/2!JKKLFG!

/DVKLFRWHDV!;* $#//0"2)."0)!6!!;* +&,-).#WLHQHQFRPRSULQFLSDODPHQD]D

(Q&RORPELDVHHQFXHQWUDQHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVGHODVFXDOHV
%-&!.$!(:/(!./;)$2!*&);/6$&.-!/&(!*&'#-./)*.(I!;(!A*)-'$(!.$!-#$5(%!#-5(%! OD H[WUDFFLyQ ORFDO \ HO WUiFR LOHJDO FRPR OR UHYHOD HO DQiOLVLV GH ORV
!"#$%&'()* )$"03.#* &/&4#,)F2! .-%! %-&! '$##$%'#$%2! )-&-)*.(%! )-9-! 9-##-E UHJLVWURV GH GHFRPLVRV HQWUHJDGRV SRU ODV &RUSRUDFLRQHV$XWyQRPDV
FR\RV5%&/2,2060)*$#"72,#"0#!6*5%&/2,2060)*6&,.0$-/#.#F!6!%$*%!%-&!9(#*&(%G! 5HJLRQDOHV&$5DO0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH\'HVDUUROOR6RVWHQLEOHHO
FXDOSDUHFHWHQHUXQDWHQGHQFLDFUHFLHQWHHQWRGRHOSDtV
/DVLWXDFLyQGHODVSREODFLRQHVGHODVWRUWXJDVFRQWLQHQWDOHVHVPX\
0DQHMDUHVWDFRPSOHMDSUREOHPiWLFDTXHHQIUHQWDQODPD\RUtDGHODV
SUHRFXSDQWH\DTXHHOGHOWRWDOHVSHFLHVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQODV
FDWHJRUtDVGHDPHQD]DGHORVOLEURVURMRVWUHVHVSHFLHVHQ3HOLJUR&UtWLFR HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVHQWRGRHOSDtVUHTXLHUHHOWUDEDMRDUWLFXODGRGHORV
&5FLQFR(Q3HOLJUR(1\VHLVHVSHFLHV9XOQHUDEOHV98/DPD\RUtD GLIHUHQWHV DFWRUHV LQYROXFUDGRV HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQVHUYDFLyQ XVR
GHODVSREODFLRQHVGHHVWDVHVSHFLHVVHHQFXHQWUDQDPHQD]DGDVSULQFLSDOE VRVWHQLEOHGHODVSREODFLRQHV\FRQWURODOWUiFRLOHJDO
PHQWHSRUODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQSDUDFRQVXPRORFDO\HOFRPHUFLRLOHJDO
(QHVWHFRQWH[WRHOREMHWLYRGHOSUHVHQWHGRFXPHQWRHVEULQGDUXQD
GHKXHYRVQHRQDWRV\KHPEUDVSRQHGRUDVDVtFRPRSRUODWUDQVIRUPDE
KHUUDPLHQWDDODVDXWRULGDGHVDPELHQWDOHV\GHSROLFtD\DODFRPXQLGDG
FLyQGHVWUXFFLyQ\FRQWDPLQDFLyQGHORVKiELWDWV&DVWDxR0RUD
HQ JHQHUDO SDUD OD LGHQWLFDFLyQ GH ODV HVSHFLHV GH WRUWXJDV WHUUHVWUHV
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
\ GH DJXD GXOFH SUHVHQWHV HQ &RORPELD VX GLVWULEXFLyQ JHRJUiFD ODV
2WUR KHFKR TXH OODPD OD DWHQFLyQ HV OD SRFD LQIRUPDFLyQ H[LVWHQWH DPHQD]DVTXHHQIUHQWDQODVSREODFLRQHV\ODVWHQGHQFLDVGHORVGHFRPLVRV
VREUH DVSHFWRV ELROyJLFRV EiVLFRV \ SREODFLRQDOHV GH OD PD\RUtD GH ODV HQORV~OWLPRVDxRV)LQDOPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQDOJXQDVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV
HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVSUHVHQWHVHQ&RORPELDHVWDVLWXDFLyQSRQHDO SDUDHOPDQHMRGHORVDQLPDOHVGHFRPLVDGRVHQHOPDUFRGHODFDGHQDGH
GHODVHVSHFLHVHQODFDWHJRUtDGH'DWRV'HFLHQWHV''HQOD/LVWD5RMD FXVWRGLD~WLOHVSDUDODVGLIHUHQWHVHQWLGDGHVLQYROXFUDGDVHQHOSURFHVR

56$&#,&-#728&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*
RUJDQLVPRVSRUHMHPSORSODQWDV\VXVSROLQL]DGRUHVSODQWDV\VXVGLVE
SHUVRUHVKHUEtYRURV\VXVHQHPLJRVQDWXUDOHVORFXDOSXHGHIDFLOLWDUHO
LQJUHVRGHHVSHFLHVLQYDVRUDVHQORVHFRVLVWHPDVODVTXHSRGUtDQOOHYDU
DODH[WLQFLyQDODVHVSHFLHVQDWLYDVSRUH[FOXVLyQFRPSHWLWLYD)LJ

/D H[WLQFLyQ HV XQ SURFHVR LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD QDWXUDOH]D$ OR ODUJR
GHODKLVWRULDGHOSODQHWDVHHVWLPDTXHHOGHODVHVSHFLHVVHKD
H[WLQJXLGR.HOOHU6WHDUQV +RHNVWUD6LQHPEDUJRGXUDQE
WHPLOORQHVGHDxRVODVFDXVDVGHHVWDVH[WLQFLRQHVIXHURQQHWDPHQWH
DPELHQWDOHV6WHDUQV +RHNVWUD

Factores
intrnsecos de las
!
especies

6RORPX\UHFLHQWHPHQWHHQODKLVWRULDGHODHYROXFLyQGHODYLGDHQ
HOSODQHWDXQDFDXVDIXQGDPHQWDOGHODH[WLQFLyQHVODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHO
KRPEUH/DLQWHUYHQFLyQKXPDQDHVWiUHODFLRQDGDSRUXQDSDUWHFRQOD
H[WUDFFLyQGHORVRUJDQLVPRVGHOPHGLRQDWXUDOFRQGLIHUHQWHVPpWRGRV
GHFD]DSHVFDWDOD\FRVHFKD\SRURWUDFRQODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHVWUXFE
FLyQ\FRQWDPLQDFLyQGHORVKiELWDWVQDWXUDOHVGHFLHQWRVGHHVSHFLHVGH
SODQWDV\DQLPDOHVWDQWRHQHFRVLVWHPDVWHUUHVWUHVFRPRDFXiWLFRV(VWRV
IDFWRUHVVXPDGRVDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSURSLDVGHODVSREODFLRQHVGHDOJXQDV
HVSHFLHVFRPRWDPDxRUHGXFLGRGHODVSREODFLRQHVGLVWULEXFLyQUHVWULFE
WD\WDVDGHFUHFLPLHQWRSREODFLRQDOOHQWDHQWUHRWUDVSXHGHQFRORFDUD
XQDHVSHFLHHQ5LHVJRGH([WLQFLyQ)LJ

Factores
extrnsecos a las
especies







!
8EQEySVIHYGMHSHIPEWTSFPEGMSRIW
)\XIRWMzRHIHMWXVMFYGMzR
VIWXVMRKMHESIRHMWQMRYGMzR
8EWEHIGVIGMQMIRXSTSFPEGMSREP
PIRXSSRIKEXMZS

 -RXIVZIRGMzRERXVzTMGE
 )\XVEGGMzRHISVKERMWQSW
 8VERWJSVQEGMzRJVEKQIRXEGMzR]
 HIWXVYGGMzRHIPLjFMXEX
%PIEXSVMIHEHEQFMIRXEP
 LYVEGERIWXSVREHSWMRYRHEGMSRIW
 'EQFMSGPMQjXMGS

Riesgo Extincin

/DH[WLQFLyQHVODGHVDSDULFLyQGHO~OWLPRLQGLYLGXRVREUHYLYLHQWHGH
XQDHVSHFLH8QDHVSHFLHVHFRQVLGHUDH[WLQWDHQODQDWXUDOH]DFXDQGR
KDGHVDSDUHFLGRHO~OWLPRLQGLYLGXRHQVXVFRQGLFLRQHVQDWXUDOHV\ORV
HMHPSODUHVTXHTXHGDQVREUHYLYHQ~QLFDPHQWHHQFDXWLYHULR<,.&",#.021
,#/*=,02,*>2"*52,)&"+#.02,*2>*?#.-"&>,8&1@

$VXYH]FXDQGRODVSREODFLRQHVHQIUHQWDQULHVJRVGHH[WLQFLyQSXHGH
SUHVHQWDUVHXQGHWHULRURQRWDEOHGHODVIXQFLRQHVTXHHVWDVFXPSOHQHQ 0&1/)+2342)DFWRUHVLQWUtQVHFRV\H[WUtQVHFRVTXHSXHGHQGHWHUPLQDUHO
ORVHFRVLVWHPDVGHELOLWDQGRRGHVWUX\HQGRODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVFRQRWURV ULHVJRGHH[WLQFLyQGHXQDHVSHFLH

EXTINTO (EX)

Riesgo de extincin

EXTINTO EN LA NAT (EW)

EN PELIGRO CRTICO (CR)

Cambio o prdida de la funcin

Disminucin de resistencia a invasiones

Datos adecuados !

EN PELIGRO (EN)
VULNERABLE (VU)

!
Evaluado

Efectos en cascada

CASI AMENAZADO (NT)

PREOCUPACIN MENOR (LC)

DATOS DEFICIENTES (DD)

0&1/)+2<42'LIHUHQWHVIDFWRUHVTXHFRORFDQDODVSREODFLRQHVRODVHVSHE
!""#$ !
FLHVHQULHVJRGHH[WLQFLyQWLHQHQFRQVHFXHQFLDVLPSRUWDQWHVFRPRHO
NO EVALUADO (NE)!
GHWHULRURGHODVIXQFLRQHVORFXDOSXHGHJHQHUDUHIHFWRVHQFDVFDGD
TXH DOLPHQWDQ GH PDQHUD QHJDWLYD OD FRQGLFLyQ GH HVSHFLHV DOWDPHQWH 0&1/)+2=42(VWUXFWXUDGHODVFDWHJRUtDVGHOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD8,&17RE
YXOQHUDEOHV
PDGRGH,8&1'HQWURGHOUHFXDGURURMRSXQWHDGRVHHQFXHQE
WUDQODVFDWHJRUtDVGHHVSHFLHVDPHQD]DGDV
(VWDSpUGLGDRGLVPLQXFLyQGHODVIXQFLRQHVSXHGHWHQHUHIHFWRVQHJDE
WLYRVVREUHRWURVRUJDQLVPRVJHQHUDQGRORTXHVHFRQRFHFRPRHIHFWRV
HQFDVFDGD(VWRVHIHFWRVSXHGHQDXPHQWDUD~QPiVHOULHVJRGHH[WLQE
FLyQGHHVSHFLHVYXOQHUDEOHV)LJ

'DGD OD VLWXDFLyQ GH ULHVJR GH H[WLQFLyQ TXH HQIUHQWDQ QXPHURVDV
HVSHFLHVOD8QLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOSDUDOD&RQVHUYDFLyQGHOD1DWXUDOH]D\
ORV5HFXUVRV1DWXUDOHV8,&1SURSXVRODVFDWHJRUtDVGHOD/LVWD5RMD
SDUDODHYDOXDFLyQPXQGLDOGHODVHVSHFLHV8,&1/D/LVWD5RMDHV
HODERUDGDSRUXQDUHGPXQGLDOGHHVSHFLDOLVWDVHQGLIHUHQWHVJUXSRVGH
RUJDQLVPRV0DFH&.*#/
/D/LVWD5RMDLQFOX\HQXHYHFDWHJRUtDV)LJ7DEODGHQWURGHODV
)/(;$%!%-;-!'#$%!)('$:-#@(%!%-&!)-&%*.$#(.(%!)-9-!(9$&(>(.(%I!0&!"$;*E
JUR&UtWLFR(Q3HOLJUR\9XOQHUDEOH7DEOD

>+?@+2342'HVFULSFLyQGHODVFDWHJRUtDVHQOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD8,&1(QWUHSDUpQWHVLVDSDUHFHQODVDEUHYLDWXUDVGHFDGDFDWHJRUtDGHDFXHUGRFRQVX
GHQRPLQDFLyQHQLQJOpVFRPRORVROLFLWDOD8,&1$GDSWDGRGH8,&10DFH&.*#/

!+$%1")A+

'HQLFLyQ

56$&#$"2B5CD
56$&#$"2%#25*$+'"2
E&@F%*$)%2B5GD

8QWD[yQHVWi([WLQWRFXDQGRQRTXHGDQLQJXQDGXGDUD]RQDEOHGHTXHHO~OWLPRLQGLYLGXRH[LVWHQWHKDPXHUWR
8QWD[yQHVWi([WLQWRHQ(VWDGR6LOYHVWUHFXDQGRVRORVREUHYLYHHQFXOWLYRHQFDXWLYLGDGRFRPRSREODFLyQRSRE
EODFLRQHVQDWXUDOL]DGDVIXHUDGHVXGLVWULEXFLyQRULJLQDO
8QWD[yQHVWi(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFRFXDQGRODPHMRUHYLGHQFLDGLVSRQLEOHLQGLFDTXHVHHVWiHQIUHQWDQGRDXQULHVJR
5#2(%@&1)"2!)A$&,"2B!9D
$1'#$9(.(9$&'$!(;'-!.$!$1'*&)*+&!$&!$%'(.-!%*;<$%'#$G
8QWD[yQHVWi(Q3HOLJURFXDQGRODPHMRUHYLGHQFLDGLVSRQLEOHLQGLFDTXHHVWiHQIUHQWDQGRDXQULHVJRPX\DOWRGH
5#2(%@&1)"2B5HD
$1'*&)*+&!$&!$%'(.-!%*;<$%'#$G
8QWD[yQHV9XOQHUDEOHFXDQGRODPHMRUHYLGHQFLDGLVSRQLEOHLQGLFDTXHVHHVWiHQIUHQWDQGRDXQULHVJRDOWRGHH[E
I/@#%)+?@%2BIJD
'*&)*+&!$&!$%'(.-!%*;<$%'#$G!
8QWD[yQHVWi&DVL$PHQD]DGRFXDQGRKDVLGRHYDOXDGRVHJ~QORVFULWHULRV\QRVDWLVIDFHDFWXDOPHQWHORVFULWHE
!+*&2KL%#+M+'"2BH>D ULRVSDUD(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR(Q3HOLJURR9XOQHUDEOHSHURHVWiSUy[LPRDVDWLVIDFHUORVFULWHULRVRSRVLEOHPHQWH
ORVVDWLVIDJDHQHOIXWXURFHUFDQR
8QWD[yQVHFRQVLGHUDGH3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRUFXDQGRKDELHQGRVLGRHYDOXDGRQRFXPSOHQLQJXQRGHORVFULWHULRV
()%",/N+,&-#2O%#")2
TXHGHQHQODVFDWHJRUtDVGH(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR(Q3HOLJUR9XOQHUDEOHR&DVL$PHQD]DGR6HLQFOX\HQHQHVWDFDWHJRUtD
B8!D
WD[RQHVDEXQGDQWHV\GHDPSOLDGLVWULEXFLyQ
8QWD[yQVHLQFOX\HHQODFDWHJRUtDGH'DWRV'HFLHQWHVFXDQGRQRKD\LQIRUPDFLyQDGHFXDGDSDUDKDFHUXQDHYDOXDE
'DWRV'HFLHQWHV''
FLyQGLUHFWDRLQGLUHFWDGHVXULHVJRGHH[WLQFLyQEDViQGRVHHQODGLVWULEXFLyQ\RFRQGLFLyQGHODSREODFLyQ
H"25F+@/+'+2BH5D
8QWD[yQVHFRQVLGHUD1R(YDOXDGRFXDQGRWRGDYtDQRKDVLGRFODVLFDGRHQUHODFLyQDHVWRVFULWHULRV
!"#F%#,&-#2*"?)%2%@2!"L%),&"2.#$%)#+,&"#+@2'%25*N%,&%*2KL%#+M+'+*2'%20+/#+2;20@")+2E&@F%*$)%*2B!&$%*D
&LWHVHVXQDFXHUGRLQWHUQDFLRQDOTXHUHJXODHOFRPHUFLRHQWUHORVSDtVHVGHHVSHFLHVGHSODQWDV\DQLPDOHVVXVSDUWHVSURGXFWRV\VXESURGXFWRV
&LWHV%..3@AABBB;$0.&);2"4FG!
/RVQRPEUHVGHODVHVSHFLHVSUHVHQWDGDVSRUORVSDtVHVVHRUJDQL]DQHQXQD/LVWDGH&RQWUROTXHVHDFWXDOL]DSHULyGLFDPHQWHSRUDFXHUGRHQWUH
ORVSDtVHV(QODOLVWDVHLQFOX\HQORVQRPEUHVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHOD&LWHV\VHLQGLFDVLVHHQFXHQWUDHQDOJXQRGHORV$SpQGLFHV,,,R,,,VHJ~QHO
JUDGRGHSURWHFFLyQTXHQHFHVLWHQ7DEOD

10

>+?@+2<42'HQLFLyQGHORV$SpQGLFHV,,,\,,GHOD&LWHV&RQEDVHHQ*%..3@AABBB;$0.&);2"4\&LWHV

KNP#'&,%
$SpQGLFH,

$SpQGLFH,,

$SpQGLFH,,,

'HQLFLyQ
,QFOX\HODVHVSHFLHVUDUDVRTXHHVWiQHQSHOLJURGHH[WLQFLyQ/D&LWHVSURKtEHHOWUiFRLQWHUQDFLRQDOFRQQHVH[E
FOXVLYDPHQWHFRPHUFLDOHVVDOYRFXDQGRODLPSRUWDFLyQVHUHDOL]DFRQQHVQRFRPHUFLDOHVSRUHMHPSORSDUDLQYHVWLE
JDFLyQFLHQWtFD/DVHVSHFLHVLQFOXLGDVHQHVWH$SpQGLFHGHEHQHVWDUFXELHUWDVSRUSHUPLVRV&LWHVGHH[SRUWDFLyQ
\GHLPSRUWDFLyQH[SHGLGRVWDQWRSRUHOSDtVH[SRUWDGRUFRPRSRUHOLPSRUWDGRU
,QFOX\HHVSHFLHVTXHQRVRQUDUDVQLHVWiQDPHQD]DGDVGHH[WLQFLyQSHURTXHSRGUtDQOOHJDUDHVWDUORVLVXFRPHUFLR
QRVHUHJXOD(OFRPHUFLRLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHHVSHFtPHQHVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHHVWH$SpQGLFHGHEHHVWDUFXELHUWRSRUOD
$XWRULGDG&LWHVGHOSDtVGHRULJHQDWUDYpVGHXQSHUPLVRGHH[SRUWDFLyQRXQFHUWLFDGRGHUHH[SRUWDFLyQ
6HHQFXHQWUDQODVHVSHFLHVTXHQRHVWiQDPHQD]DGDVSHURVtWLHQHQDOJ~QPDQHMRHQHOSDtVTXHVROLFLWyVXLQFOXVLyQ
SDUDUHJXODUHOFRPHUFLRGHODHVSHFLH\DTXHQHFHVLWDODFRRSHUDFLyQGHRWURVSDtVHVSDUDHYLWDUODH[SORWDFLyQQR
VRVWHQLEOHRLOHJDOGHODVPLVPDV6RORVHDXWRUL]DHOFRPHUFLRLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHHVWDVHVSHFLHVSUHYLDSUHVHQWDFLyQGH
ORVSHUPLVRVRFHUWLFDGRVDSURSLDGRV

11

R%,"L&*"*2'%2$")$/1+*2$%))%*$)%*2;2'%2+1/+2'/@,%22
HQHOFRQWH[WRGHOWUiFRLOHJDOGHHVSHFLHVVLOYHVWUHV
(O WUiFR LOHJDO GH HVSHFLHV VLOYHVWUHV FRQVLVWH HQ HO XVR FRPHUFLR
WUDQVSRUWH \ DSURYHFKDPLHQWR LOtFLWR WDQWR GH ODV HVSHFLHV GH IDXQD \
RUDVLOYHVWUHFRPRGHVXVSURGXFWRV\GHULYDGRVFDUQHSLHOHVFRQFKDV
FDSDUD]RQHV(OSULQFLSDOIDFWRUTXHLPSXOVDHVWHWUiFRDQLYHOPXQGLDO
HVODFDQWLGDGGHGLQHURTXHSURGXFH6HFDOFXODTXHHVWHQHJRFLRJHQHUD
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOORQHVGHGyODUHVDQXDOHVFRQYLUWLpQGRVHDVt
HQXQRGHORVPHUFDGRVLOHJDOHVTXHPiVGLQHURPRYLOL]DGHVSXpVGHO
QDUFRWUiFR

DODXPHQWRSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQDYHV\UHSWLOHVVRQLQFRPSOHWDV\DTXHOD
LQIRUPDFLyQVXPLQLVWUDGDSRUODV&$5DO0$'6SUHVHQWDJUDQFDQWLGDG
GHGDWRVIDOWDQWHVDOSXQWRTXHODV&RUSRUDFLRQHVUHJLVWUDQHQSURPHGLR
VRORHOGHODLQIRUPDFLyQVROLFLWDGD

$GLFLRQDOPHQWHODH[SORWDFLyQGHHVSHFLHVVLOYHVWUHVVHKDFRQVWLWXLE
GRHQXQDFXOWXUD(QHOPXQGR\HQYDULRVSDtVHVVHKDLQFUHPHQWDGRHO
XVRGHIDXQD\RUDSDUDDOLPHQWRIDUPDFRORJtDWUDGLFLRQDOHOHPHQWRV
GHGHFRUDFLyQODWHQHQFLDFRPRPDVFRWDVHQWUHRWURV)LJ$HVWRVH
VXPDTXHORVSDtVHVIXHQWHGHORVHVSHFtPHQHVDFRPHUFLDUWLHQHQDOWRV
tQGLFHVGHSREUH]DEDMDGLYHUVLFDFLyQGHODVODERUHVSRFDLQGXVWULD\
SRUWDQWRODV~QLFDVIXHQWHVGHVXEVLVWHQFLDSDUDORVKDELWDQWHVUXUDOHV
VRQORVFXOWLYRVGHSDQFRJHUODFDFHUtD\FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQGHODIDXQD\
RUDORFDO2MDVWL8(6311
/DVFLIUDVGHO0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH\'HVDUUROOR6RVWHQLEOH0$'6
VREUHGHFRPLVRVSDUDHOSHULRGRUHSRUWDQXQWRWDOGH
DQLPDOHV LQFDXWDGRV GH ORV FXDOHV  FRUUHVSRQGHQ D LQYHUWHEUDGRV
DQELRVUHSWLOHVDYHV\PDPtIHURVODVHVSHFLHV
PiVWUDFDGDVIXHURQODVEDELOODV\ODVWRUWXJDVHVSHFLDOPHQWHODKLFRWHD
0$'6(VWDVFLIUDVDXQTXHDODUPDQWHVSRUVXVYDORUHV\WHQGHQFLD

0&1/)+2Q42+XHYRVGHLJXDQD\SHGD]RVGHWRUWXJDKLFRWHDFRQVXPLE
GRVHQHO&DULEHFRORPELDQR

12

'HORVUHJLVWURVGHWRUWXJDVGHFRPLVDGDVUHSRUWDGRVSRUODV
&$5\RWUDVHQWLGDGHVGHOHVWDGRHOSHUWHQHFHDOJpQHUR!"#$%&1
'()GH5%&/2,2060)GHC0,2).&",2,\HOUHVWDQWHFRUUHVE
SRQGHDRWURVJpQHURV7DEOD
>+?@+2=423RUFHQWDMHGHLQFDXWDFLRQHVGHWRUWXJDVGH&RORPELDGLVWULEXtGDV
SRUJpQHURVHQWUHORVDxRV

SP#%)"

.#,+/$+,&"#%*

!"#$%&'()



5%&/2,2060)



C0,2).&",2,



8262$,&'0)



D%(,2$/&''()



5%&/(6"#



5%&/-)



8&/.2$&3%#/-)



:&)2$/&''()



(VSHFLHV0DULQDV



/DPD\RUSDUWHGHORVGHFRPLVRVGHWRUWXJDVFRUUHVSRQGHDODUHJLyQ
QRUWHGHODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDOGH&RORPELDSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQ]RQDVXUE
EDQDVFRQDOWDGHQVLGDGSREODFLRQDOFRPR&DXFDVLD$QWLRTXLD(QYLJDE
GR$QWLRTXLD0HGHOOtQ$QWLRTXLD3XHUWR%HUUtR$QWLRTXLD3HUHLUD
5LVDUDOGD 0DQL]DOHV &DOGDV $QVHUPD &DOGDV $UPHQLD 4XLQGtR
&DODUFi 4XLQGtR 0RQWHUtD &yUGRED HQWUH RWUDV (V SUREDEOH TXH
HVWDVORFDOLGDGHVVHDQGHVWLQRVQDOHVRFHQWURVGHDFRSLRSDUDHOWUiFR
*;$:(;!.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%!)-&'*&$&'(;$%G!
3DUD HO FDVR SDUWLFXODU GH OD WRUWXJD KLFRWHD !"#$%&'()* $#//0"2)."0)* 6!
!"#$%&'()* +&,-).# HO Q~PHUR GH GHFRPLVRV DXPHQWy HQ HO SHUtRGR
)LJORFXDOSXHGHHVWDUUHODFLRQDGRFRQXQLQFUHPHQWRHQ
ODH[WUDFFLyQ\FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQRFRQXQDPD\RUHFDFLDGHORVVLVWHPDV
GHFRQWURODOWUiFRLOHJDOGHIDXQDVLOYHVWUH
/RVGHFRPLVRVGHKLFRWHDRVXVGHULYDGRVIXHURQUHDOL]DGRVHQMXULVE
GLFFLyQGH&96&6%&RUDQWLRTXLD&RUSRFDOGDV&DUGHU&RUSRPRMDQD
\&DUVXFUHDFXPXODQGRHQWUHHOODVHOGHOWRWDOGHODVLQFDXWDFLRE
QHVUHDOL]DGDVHQHOSDtV/RVGHSDUWDPHQWRVFRQHOPD\RUQ~PHURGH
GHFRPLVRVIXHURQ&yUGRED$QWLRTXLD6XFUH&DOGDV%ROtYDU5LVDUDOGD\
6DQWDQGHUPLHQWUDVTXHODVFLXGDGHVIXHURQ0DJDQJXp%ROtYDU6DKDJ~Q
&yUGRED 0RQWHUtD &yUGRED 4XLEGy &KRFy $\DSHO &yUGRED
6RFRUUR 6DQWDQGHU \ /RULFD &yUGRED (VWD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQUPD \
DPSOtD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SUHVHQWDGD HQ HO3ODQ GH 0DQHMR 2ULHQWDGR DO
8VR6RVWHQLEOHGHOD7RUWXJD+LFRWHDHQ&RORPELDUHVSHFWRDODVUXWDV
\FHQWURVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ\DFRSLR0$9'781$/

13

0&1/)+2T42&UHFLPLHQWRDQXDOGHOQ~PHURGHUHSRUWHVGHGHFRPLVRVGH 0&1/)+2U425HGGHOVLVWHPDGHWUiFRLOHJDOGHWRUWXJDKLFRWHDHQWUHORV
WRUWXJDKLFRWHDHQ&RORPELD5 
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH&RORPELDFRQEDVHHQLQIRUPDFLyQGHGHFRPLVRV/RV
FtUFXORVUHSUHVHQWDQFDGDGHSDUWDPHQWR\ODVOtQHDVODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQ
XMRLOHJDOGHWRUWXJDVHQWUHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVFRQHFWDGRVDWUDYpVGH
/DVUXWDVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQGHODVKLFRWHDVHQWUHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRV
GLFKDOtQHD(OWDPDxRGHORVFtUFXORVUHSUHVHQWDODLPSRUWDQFLDUHODWLYD
WLHQHQXQXMRGHVGHHOFHQWURGHODUHJLyQ&DULEHFRORPELDQDKDFLDHO
GHFDGDGHSDUWDPHQWRFRPRSXHQWHGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHODVORFDOLGDE
VXURFFLGHQWHGHOSDtV)LJ/RVSULQFLSDOHVGHVWLQRVQDOHVIXHURQORV
GHVSURGXFWRUDV\ODVGHFRQVXPRQDO
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH9DOOHGHO&DXFD3XWXPD\R1DULxR1RUWHGH6DQWDQE
.$#2!7(%(&(#$2!M(:.(;$&(2!=';N&'*)-2!6!(;:/&(%!;-)(;*.(.$%!*&.$'$#9*&(.(%!
/RVDQiOLVLVGHODVEDVHVGHGDWRVVXPLQLVWUDGDVSRUHO0$'6SDUDHO
HQ9HQH]XHOD
SHULRGRSHUPLWLHURQHVWDEOHFHUTXHHVQHFHVDULRLQFUHPHQE

14

WDUORVHVIXHU]RVGHYLJLODQFLD\FRQWUROHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVTXHVLUYHQ
FRPRSXHQWHVRLQWHUPHGLDULRVHQHOWUiFRGHODKLFRWHDWDOHVFRPR
$QWLRTXLD &DOGDV 5LVDUDOGD 4XLQGtR \ ORV 6DQWDQGHUHV DVt PLVPR HQ
OXJDUHVGHDSURYHFKDPLHQWRFRPR0DJDQJXp%ROtYDU6DKDJ~Q&yUGRE
ED 0RQWHUtD &yUGRED 4XLEGy &KRFy$\DSHO &yUGRED 6RFRUUR
6DQWDQGHU\/RULFD&yUGRED
$XQTXHORVGDWRVGHO0$'6SHUPLWLHURQHVWDEOHFHUXQSDQRUDPDSUHE
OLPLQDUGHOWUiFRGHODKLFRWHDHQHOSDtVHVWDSUHVHQWDJUDYHVSUREOHPDV
GHVXEUHJLVWURRHUURUHVHQODLQIRUPDFLyQVXPLQLVWUDGD3RUWDOUD]yQXQ
UHJLVWURFRPSOHWR\DFHUWDGRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQSHUPLWLUtDDQDOL]DUDXQ
PD\RUQLYHOGHGHWDOOHODUHGGHWUiFRDVtFRPRJHQHUDUPRGHORVPiV
FRPSOHWRVSDUDHQWHQGHUODFRPSRVLFLyQ\GLQiPLFDGHOFRPHUFLRLOHJDO

HQHOSDtVGHWHUPLQDUODViUHDVPiVDIHFWDGDVODVUXWDV\FHQWURVGHH[E
WUDFFLyQ\DFRSLRORVOXJDUHVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQORVGHVWLQDWDULRV\ODV
PRGDOLGDGHVGHWUiFR\VXHVWDFLRQDOLGDG0$9'7F
$SDUWLUGHHVWHWLSRGHDQiOLVLVHVSRVLEOHFUHDU\IRUWDOHFHUPHFDE
QLVPRVTXHFRQWULEX\DQDGHVDUWLFXODUHOVLVWHPDGHWUiFRGHODKLFRWHD
HQHOSDtV(VLPSRUWDQWHUHFRUGDUTXHORVFRQWUROHVQRVRQOD~QLFDKHE
UUDPLHQWDGHUHJXODFLyQ\PDQHMRGHODIDXQDVLOYHVWUHSXHVODHGXFDFLyQ
DPELHQWDO \ ODV SROtWLFDV GH GHVDUUROOR HQ ODV FRPXQLGDGHV H[WUDFWRUDV
VRQXQDKHUUDPLHQWDYDOLRVDDPHGLDQR\ODUJRSOD]RORFXDOHVWiHQFRQE
FRUGDQFLDFRQORSURSXHVWRHQHOSODQGHPDQHMRGHODKLFRWHD0$9'7
81$/HQDOPHQRVWUHVGHVXVOtQHDVGHDFFLyQ

15

KL%#+M+*2+2@+*2N"?@+,&"#%*2'%2@+*2$")$/1+*2
,"#$&#%#$+@%*2'%2!"@"L?&+
(QHOHO*UXSRGH7UDEDMRHQ7D[RQRPtDGH7RUWXJDV77:*
SRUVXVVLJODVHQLQJOpVHODERUyXQDUHYLVLyQDORVHVWDGRVGHDPHQD]D
GHWRGDVODVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVGHOPXQGR\FRQFOX\yTXHHO
HVSHFLHVGHHVWDVHVWiQDPHQD]DGDV(VWDFLIUDDVFLHQGHDXQSUHE
RFXSDQWHDOLQFOXLUODVHVSHFLHVFRQPX\SRFDLQIRUPDFLyQ'DWRV
'HFLHQWHV''(VWRFRQYLHUWHDODVWRUWXJDVHQXQRGHORVJUXSRV
GH YHUWHEUDGRV PiV DPHQD]DGRV HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG SRU HQFLPD GH ODV
DYHVPDPtIHURVSHFHV\DQELRV77:*
(QHO3ODQ(VWUDWpJLFRGH&RQVHUYDFLyQSDUDODV7RUWXJDV&RQWLQHQE
WDOHV&RORPELDQDV$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD\
HQHO3ODQGH0DQHMR2ULHQWDGRDO8VR6RVWHQLEOHGHOD7RUWXJD+LFRE
WHD0$9'781$/VHFRQVLGHUDQFRPRSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DV
GLUHFWDVSDUDWRGDVODVHVSHFLHVODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQSDUDFRQVXPR\
FRPHUFLRODGHVWUXFFLyQ\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHOKiELWDW\ODH[WUDFFLyQ
SDUDHOFRPHUFLRGHPDVFRWDVODVFXDOHVVRQXQDGHODVFDXVDVGHPDE
\RUH[WLQFLyQGHRUD\IDXQDKR\HQGtD0LOQHU*XOODQG&.*#/
'HQWURGHODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHOKiELWDWVHLQFOX\HODFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
GHODVIXHQWHVKtGULFDVSRUGHVHFKRVKXPDQRVLQVXPRVHPSOHDGRVHQ
ODDJULFXOWXUD\D~QPiVJUDYHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHTXtPLFRVFRPRHOPHUE
FXULRHOFLDQXUR\HOSORPRSDUDODH[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVPLQHURV
ORVFXDOHVVHELRDFXPXODQHQGLIHUHQWHVSDUWHVGHOFXHUSRGHORVDQLE
PDOHV \ JHQHUDQ HIHFWRV PX\ QRFLYRV SDUD OD HVSHFLH \ SDUD TXLHQHV
)-&%/9(&! $%'-%! *&.*<*./-%2! )-9-! %$! A(! $<*.$&)*(.-! $&! '$5*.-%! .$! ;(!
'-#'/:(!A*)-'$(2!!;*$#//0"2)."0)*%RFN&.*#/

/D DOWHUDFLyQ GHO FLFOR KLGUROyJLFR SRU DFFLRQHV FRPR HO GUDJDGR
GH UtRV OD VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ GHVHFDFLyQ GH FLpQDJDV KD IDYRUHFLGR OD
H[SDQVLyQGHODIURQWHUDDJUtFROD\JDQDGHUDDVtFRPRODFRORQL]DFLyQ
\ XUEDQL]DFLyQ GH ORV KXPHGDOHV &RQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FDUUHWHUDV
\ODXUEDQL]DFLyQVHKDPRGLFDGRODFRQHFWLYLGDGGHODVFLpQDJDVDXE
PHQWDGRODGHIRUHVWDFLyQ\IDFLOLWDGRHODFFHVRGHDQLPDOHVGRPpVWLFRV
\JDQDGRDpVWDVORVFXDOHVGDxDQRFRQVXPHQORVQLGRV\GLVPLQX\HQ
ORVVLWLRVDSWRVSDUDUHDOL]DUODVSRVWXUDV/RVFLFORVKLGUROyJLFRVVHKDQ
DOWHUDGRWDPELpQSRUORVHIHFWRVGHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFR\ODUHJXODFLyQ
GHORVQLYHOHVGHFLHUWRVUtRVDFDXVDGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHHPEDOVHV
\UHSUHVDVRFDVLRQDQGRODLQXQGDFLyQGHSOD\DVHQpSRFDVGHYHUDQR
TXHFRLQFLGHQFRQODSRVWXUDGHKXHYRVGDxDQGRODVQLGDGDV%RFN&.*
#/
(VWDVVLWXDFLRQHVVXPDGDVDODH[WUDFFLyQSDUDGLVWLQWRVQHVELHQ
VHDHQHVWDGLRVSULPDULRVKXHYRV\QHRQDWRVRDGXOWRVSDUHFHQVHU
UHFXUUHQWHVHQWRGDVODVUHJLRQHVGHOSDtV\DIHFWDQHQDOJ~QJUDGRDO
PHQRV D  GH ODV  WRUWXJDV FRQWLQHQWDOHV GH &RORPELD 5XHGD
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/(QJHQHUDOVHXWLOL]DODFDUQHFRPRIXHQWHGH
SURWHtQDODJUDVD\DFHLWHVSDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHFLFDWUL]DQWHVFUHPDV
\ EURQFHDGRUHV OD SLHO SDUD OD LQGXVWULD GH OD PDUURTXLQHUtD \ HO FDE
SDUD]yQSDUDODMR\HUtDHQWUHRWURV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG0$9'7
JKKJ.FG
(Q HO QRUWH GHO SDtV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ OD ]RQD$QGLQD \ HO &DULEH
SUHVLRQHVFRPRODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHHPEDOVHVODH[SDQVLyQGHFXOWLYRV

16

GHSDQFRJHU \ OD SUiFWLFD GH OD JDQDGHUtD UHGXFHQ HO KiELWDW GH ODV
HVSHFLHV7RGDV HVWDV MXQWR FRQ OD FD]D VRQ FRQVLGHUDGDV IXHQWHV GH
GLVPLQXFLyQ GH ODV SREODFLRQHV GH WRUWXJDV FRPR OD SDOPHUD D%0,21
$/&''()*'&/#,2).&",#DIHFWDGDLJXDOPHQWHSRUHOFRQVXPRGHFDUQH\
YHQWDFRPRPDVFRWDHQ6XFUH'HOD2VVD 'HOD2VVD/DFD\R
ODEDFKH5%&/(6"#*#$-.0"2)."0)ODPRUURFR\SDWDVURMDV5%&/2,2060)*$#"1
72,#"0#ODFDUUDQFKLQD:&)2$/&'()*6#%/0\ODWRUWXJDGHUtR8262$,&1
'0)*/&B(#,#*RQ]iOH]=iUDWH0DUWtQH]&.*#/;5HVSHFWRD
HVWDVGRV~OWLPDVHVSHFLHVHQGpPLFDVGH&RORPELDMXQWRDODFDEH]D
GHWUR]RC0,2).&",2,*6-,,0GHODVFXHQFDVGHORVUtRV6DQ-XDQ\%DXGy
)RUHUR -RSSDHVSULRULWDULRHVWDEOHFHUHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRQVHUE
<()*+&G!
(QHOFDVRSDUWLFXODUGHODVKLFRWHDV!;*$#//0"2)."0)!6!!;*+&,-).#F!%$!VDEH
TXH HQIUHQWDQ ODV PLVPDV DPHQD]DV TXH RWUDV WRUWXJDV GH DPELHQWHV
WHUUHVWUHV \ GXOFHDFXtFRODV VLWXDFLyQ TXH SRGUtD VHU PiV SUHRFXSDQWH
SDUD*!;*+&,-).#2*\DTXHORVHVWXGLRVVREUHVXGLQiPLFDSREODFLRQDOELRORE
JtDUHSURGXFWLYDGLVWULEXFLyQ\HQJHQHUDOVREUHVXKLVWRULDGHYLGDVRQ
SUiFWLFDPHQWHQXORV0$9'781$/$GLFLRQDOPHQWHODVKLFRWHDV
SRGUtDQHQIUHQWDUXQDDPHQD]DGLUHFWDSRUODLQWURGXFFLyQGHODHVSHFLH
$1+'*)(!!;*)$"03.#*&/&4#,)*KLFRWHDGHRUHMDVURMDV\DTXHSXHGHFRPSHWLU
FRQ HVWDV H LQFOXVR FRQ RWUDV WRUWXJDV QDWLYDV SRU DOLPHQWR UHIXJLR \
]RQDVGHDQLGDFLyQ$GHPiVVHSRGUtDSUHVHQWDUKLEULGL]DFLyQFRQODV
GRVHVSHFLHVQDWLYDVGHKLFRWHDVJHQHUDQGRLQGLYLGXRVLQIpUWLOHV7RGROR
DQWHULRUSXHGHRFDVLRQDUODSpUGLGDGHLQGLYLGXRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDHOUHE
FOXWDPLHQWR\ODUHSURGXFFLyQGHODVHVSHFLHV0RRQH\ &OHODQG
/DWRUWXJDFKDUDSD8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#KDVLGRDOWDPHQWHH[SORWDE
GDHQHOVXUGH&RORPELDGHVGHODpSRFDSUHFRORPELQD6HHVWLPDTXH
SRUWHPSRUDGDVHH[WUDHQDOUHGHGRUGHKHPEUDV\FHUFDGH
KXHYRV0$9'7G(VWRVQLYHOHVGHH[WUDFFLyQVXPDGRV
DODGHIRUHVWDFLyQVRQDPHQD]DVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDODVSREODFLRQHVGH

HVWD HVSHFLH OR FXDO HV SUHRFXSDQWH \D TXH HV PX\ HVFDVD QR VROR
HQHVWDUHJLyQVLQRWDPELpQHQOD2ULQRTXLD\HQHOEDMR\PHGLRUtR
&DTXHWi5XHGD$OPRQDFLG(QOD$PD]RQLDWDPELpQVHFRPHUE
FLDOL]DQ\FRQVXPHQWRUWXJDVGHODVHVSHFLHV5%&/2,2060)*6&,.0$-/#.#E*D%01
QHP\VUXSHV!6!8262$,&'0)*&"(.%"2$&3%#/#G!
/DH[WUDFFLyQHVXQSUREOHPDPX\GLItFLOGHUHVROYHUGHELGRDTXH
ORVFD]DGRUHVYLYHQHQQLYHOHVGHSREUH]DPX\DOWRV\QRKD\DOWHUQDWLE
YDVHFRQyPLFDVTXHUHPSODFHQHVWDODERU(VWDSUREOHPiWLFDUDGLFDHQ
ODGLFXOWDGGHGLIHUHQFLDUHQWUHODFDFHUtDGHVXEVLVWHQFLD\ODFDFHUtD
FRPHUFLDO 2MDVWL  'DOOPHLHU  /D VLWXDFLyQ VH KD YXHOWR PX\
SUHRFXSDQWHSDUDHVSHFLHVFRPRODWRUWXJDKLFRWHDTXHVHYHDIHFWDGD
QRVRORSRUHOFRQVXPRORFDOVLQRWDPELpQSRUODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ\
WUiFRGHDGXOWRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHGXUDQWHOD6HPDQD6DQWD\GHQHRE
QDWRVSDUDWHQHQFLDFRPRPDVFRWDVDFWLYLGDGHVGLULJLGDVDVDWLVIDFHUOD
GHPDQGD GH ORV JUDQGHV FHQWURV SREODGRV 0$9'781$/  6H
KDFHQHFHVDULRHQWRQFHVODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHXQSODQTXHJDUDQWLFH
ODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHODVHVSHFLHV\HOEHQHFLRHFRQyPLFRGHODVSREODE
)*-&$%!#/#(;$%G
=.$9N%!.$!;(%!(9$&(>(%!.*#$)'(%2!$1*%'$&!-'#(%!*&.*#$)'(%!)-9-!$;!
GHVDUUROOR HFRQyPLFR \ GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD SRE
EODFLyQODSREUH]DODGHVLJXDOGDGHQODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODWLHUUDHQWUH
RWUDVTXHLQWHUDFW~DQSURSLFLDQGRODSHUVLVWHQFLDGHODVDPHQD]DVGLE
UHFWDV0$9'781$/
)LQDOPHQWHODIDOWDGHHVWXGLRVELROyJLFRVHVRWURIDFWRUTXHDPHQDE
]DODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHODVSREODFLRQHVGHODVGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHVGHELGR
DTXHVLQLQIRUPDFLyQEiVLFDVREUHFLFORVGHYLGDpSRFDVGHUHSURGXFE
FLyQ\GLQiPLFDSREODFLRQDOVHGLFXOWDODGHWHUPLQDFLyQ\YDORUDFLyQ
GHODVDPHQD]DVDVtFRPRODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRQVHUE
YDFLyQGHODVHVSHFLHV\ODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVHQFDPLQDGDVDOHJLVODUVX
XVR$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

17

(QJHQHUDOODSUHVLyQTXHHMHUFHQODVDPHQD]DVGLUHFWDVHLQGLUHFWDV $ QLYHO JHRJUiFR GLVPLQXFLyQ GH iUHDV GH DQLGDFLyQ DSDUHDPLHQWR

VHLQFUHPHQWDSRUFRQGLFLRQHVSURSLDVGHODVHVSHFLHVODEDMDGHQVLGDG DOLPHQWDFLyQ\UHIXJLRORFXDODODUJRSOD]RUHGXFHORVWDPDxRVSREODE
SREODFLRQDO HO OLPLWDGR UDQJR GH GLVWULEXFLyQ JHRJUiFD HQWUH RWUDV FLRQDOHV\SRUWDQWRODYDULDELOLGDGJHQpWLFD
(VWDV SUHVLRQHV SXHGHQ WHQHU FRQVHFXHQFLDV QHJDWLYDV HQ ORV LQGLYLE
3RUHVWDUD]yQHVQHFHVDULRJHQHUDUDFFLRQHVGHPDQHMR\SODQHVHQE
GXRVODVSREODFLRQHV\ODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORVKiELWDWV
FDPLQDGRVDODPLWLJDFLyQGHOHIHFWRTXHWLHQHQHVWDVDPHQD]DVVREUH
$ QLYHO JHQpWLFR GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD YDULDELOLGDG DO LPSHGLUVH HO LQE ODVSREODFLRQHVGHWRUWXJDVSULRUL]DUHVIXHU]RVVREUHDTXHOODVDPHQDE
WHUFDPELR GH JHQHV OR TXH FRQOOHYD XQ DXPHQWR HQ OD YXOQHUDELOLGDG ]DVFX\RVLPSDFWRVVREUHODVHVSHFLHVVHDQPiVVLJQLFDWLYRVHVWDEOHE
DHQIHUPHGDGHVSURFHVRVGHH[WLQFLyQHLQGLYLGXRVSRFRDGDSWDGRVD FHUSOD]RVSDUDGHVDUUROODUDFFLRQHVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ\SURSRQHUDOWHUE
ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GHO DPELHQWH OR TXH QDOPHQWH FDXVD HO GHWHULRUR R QDWLYDVYLDEOHVSDUDGDUVROXFLyQWDQWRDORVREMHWLYRVGHODFRPXQLGDG
SpUGLGDGHODHVSHFLH$QLYHOSREODFLRQDOGLVPLQXFLyQHQHOWDPDxRGH FRPRDORVREMHWLYRVGHOPDQHMRVRVWHQLEOH
ODVSREODFLRQHV\HQODFDQWLGDGGHLQGLYLGXRVFDSDFHVGHUHSURGXFLUVH

18

X&"@"1A+2;2%,"@"1A+2'%2@+*2$")$/1+*
/DVWRUWXJDVVRQXQJUXSRGHDQLPDOHVPX\DQWLJXRVSHUWHQHFHQDORV
UHSWLOHV\VXRULJHQVHHVWLPDKDFHFHUFDGHPLOORQHVGHDxRVHQHO
7ULiVLFRPHGLR$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD3RVHHQ
XQDVHULHGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPRUIROyJLFDV\ELROyJLFDVTXHODVLGHQWLFDQ
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2L")V"@-1&,+*2
/DV WRUWXJDV SRVHHQ GRV FRQFKDV UtJLGDV TXH FXEUHQ \ SURWHJHQ OD
PD\RUSDUWHGHVXVFXHUSRVXQDVXSHULRUTXHVHGHQRPLQDFDSDUD]yQR
FDUDSD[\HVODTXHVHHQFXHQWUDVREUHVXHVSDOGD\XQDLQIHULRUOODPDGD
SODVWUyQTXHHVODTXHVHHQFXHQWUDVREUHVXYLHQWUH)LJ(VWDVGRV
FRQFKDVHVWiQXQLGDVDORVODGRVSRUXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHQRPLQDGDSXHQWH
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/7LHQHQXQDIRUPD\SDWUyQGHFRORUDFLyQ
TXHLGHQWLFDDFDGDHVSHFLHHOFRORUSXHGHYDULDUOLJHUDPHQWHGHMXYHE
&*;$%!(!(./;'-%G!
Caparazn o carapax

Puente

(O FDSDUD]yQ HVWi FRQVWLWXLGR SRU SODFDV yVHDV \ VH HQFXHQWUD UHE
FXELHUWR SRU HVFXGRV HSLGpUPLFRV (VWD HVWUXFWXUD KD SHUPLWLGR D ODV
WRUWXJDVDGDSWDUVHDGLIHUHQWHVFRQGLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV\DTXHUHJXOD
GH IRUPD HFLHQWH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FRUSRUDO HYLWD OD GHVKLGUDWDFLyQ R
SpUGLGDGHDJXD\DFW~DFRPRXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHGHIHQVDFRQWUDHODWDTXH
GHGHSUHGDGRUHV+LFNPDQ*&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
/DFDEH]DHVWiJHQHUDOPHQWHFXELHUWDSRUHVFDPDVGHRULJHQGpUPLFR
FRQVWLWXLGDVSRUTXHUDWLQD+LFNPDQ&.*#//RVSDWURQHVGHFRORE
UDFLyQGHODFDEH]DFXHOOR\SDWDVYDUtDQGHDFXHUGRFRQODHVSHFLH\VRQ
FODYHVSDUDODLGHQWLFDFLyQ
/DV WRUWXJDV FDUHFHQ GH GLHQWHV (Q OXJDU GH HVWRV SRVHHQ XQD HVE
WUXFWXUDGHQRPLQDGDUDQIRWHFDTXHFRQVLVWHHQXQHVWXFKHFyUQHRHQ
IRUPDGHSLFRTXHUHFXEUHODUHJLyQPD[LODU\ODUHJLyQPDQGLEXODU(VWD
HVWUXFWXUD KD SHUPLWLGR TXH ODV WRUWXJDV SXHGDQ DFFHGHU D GLIHUHQWHV
UHFXUVRVQXWULFLRQDOHVFRPRKRMDVWDOORVVHPLOODVIUXWRV\SHFHVHQWUH
RWURV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
/DVWRUWXJDVQRSRVHHQRtGRH[WHUQRVLQRXQDPHPEUDQDGHQRPLQDE
GDWtPSDQR)LJTXHDOYLEUDUWUDVPLWHORVLPSXOVRVDORtGRLQWHUQR
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;$OJXQDVHVSHFLHVSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUSURE
ORQJDFLRQHVGHODHSLGHUPLVGHQRPLQDGDVEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVTXH
VLUYHQFRPRHVWUXFWXUDVSDUDHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRWiFWLO\DGHPiVSHUPLE
WHQODFDSWXUDGHSUHVDVDODFWXDUFRPRVHxXHORV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
#/;2!JKKOFG

Plastrn o peto

0&1/)+2W42'LVSRVLFLyQGHODVFRQFKDVVXSHULRUHLQIHULRUGHODVWRUWXJDV
YLVWDIURQWDO

19

Escama
Interparietal

Escamas
prefontales
Surco
longitudinal

Narinas

=!

?!

7!

0&1/)+2Z47LSRVGHSDWDVGHODVWRUWXJDV$(OHIDQWLQD%&RQPHPE

EUDQDLQWHUGLJLWDOSDOPHDGD\&7LSRUHPR

Escamas
postoculares

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2?&"@-1&,+*

Tmpano

Ranfotecas
Barbicelos mentonianos

0&1/)+2Y423DUWHVGHODFDEH]DGHXQDWRUWXJDWHUUHVWUHRGXOFHDFXtFROD
/DIRUPDGHODVSDWDVHVWiHVWUHFKDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDFRQHOKiELWDW
GRQGHVHGHVDUUROODQODVWRUWXJDVDVtODVHVSHFLHVQHWDPHQWHWHUUHVWUHV
WLHQHQSDWDVHOHIDQWLQDVWLSRHOHIDQWHJUXHVDV\IXHUWHVSDUDVRSRUWDU
HOSHVRGHODVFRQFKDVPLHQWUDVTXHODVHVSHFLHVGHDJXDGXOFHSRVHHQ
SDWDVFRQPHPEUDQDVLQWHUGLJLWDOHVTXHOHVSHUPLWHQQDGDUHFD]PHQWH
SHURDODYH]PRYLOL]DUVHFRQFLHUWDGHVWUH]DHQWLHUUD3RURWURODGRHQ
ODV WRUWXJDV PDULQDV ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV HVWiQ FRPSOHWDPHQWH PRGLFDE
GDVDPDQHUDGHUHPRV)LJ+DUYH\&.*#/+LFNPDQ&.*#/
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;2!JKKOFG

/DV WRUWXJDV SRVHHQ SHULRGRV GH YLGD ODUJRV HV GHFLU TXH ORV LQGLE
YLGXRV SXHGHQ SHUPDQHFHU HQ HO HVWDGLR MXYHQLO GH WUHV D FLQFR DxRV
KDVWDYDULDVGpFDGDVVHJ~QODHVSHFLH\ORVDGXOWRVSXHGHQYLYLUYDULDV
GpFDGDVKDVWDFLHQWRVGHDxRV\UHSURGXFLUVHGHPDQHUDFRQWLQXDGHVGH
VXPDGXUH]VH[XDOKDVWDHOPRPHQWRGHVXPXHUWH+HSSHOO&.*#/
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
6RQRUJDQLVPRVHFWRWpUPLFRVWpUPLQRFRP~QPHQWHFRQRFLGRFRPR
DQLPDOGHVDQJUHIUtDHOFXDOVHUHHUHDODUHJXODFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
FRUSRUDO D SDUWLU GH OD H[SRVLFLyQ GLUHFWD D OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWDO
(VWDHVXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDTXHODVWRUWXJDVFRPSDUWHQFRQRWURVRUJDQLVE
PRVFRPRDQELRV\SHFHV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
/DVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVWURSLFDOHVSRUORJHQHUDOSUHVHQWDQXQSDE
WUyQGLVFRQWLQXRGHUHSURGXFFLyQGHWHUPLQDQGRSRUODVOOXYLDVODVFXDE
OHVPDUFDQHOLQLFLRGHFDGDIDVHGHOSHULRGRUHSURGXFWLYRDVDEHUFRUE
WHMRDQLGDFLyQLQFXEDFLyQ\HFORVLyQ$OJXQDVHVSHFLHVDQLGDQGXUDQWH

20

HVWDGRVWHPSUDQRVGHGHVDUUROORHVGHFLUKXHYRVQHRQDWRV\MXYHQLOHV
VRQIXHQWHHVHQFLDOGHDOLPHQWRGHRWURVDQLPDOHVFRPRKRUPLJDVSHE
FHVODJDUWRVFDLPDQHVDYHVUDSDFHVPDPtIHURVPHGLDQRV\JUDQGHV\HO
VHUKXPDQR$GLFLRQDOPHQWHVXVH[FUHPHQWRVVRQODEDVHQXWULFLRQDOGH
DOHYLQRVGHSHFHVSRUHVWRMXHJDQXQSDSHOLPSRUWDQWHHQODGLVSHUVLyQ
/DGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOVH[RHQWRUWXJDVDOLJXDOTXHHQRWURVUHSE
GHVHPLOODVODUHJXODFLyQGHOWDPDxRGHODVSREODFLRQHVGHORVDQLPDOHV\
WLOHVSXHGHHVWDUGDGDSRUPHFDQLVPRVJHQpWLFRVRSRUODLQXHQFLD
SODQWDVGHORVTXHVHDOLPHQWDQ\HOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHODVFLpQDJDV2ODY
GHODPELHQWHGHWHUPLQDFLyQVH[XDODPELHQWDO5RGUtJXH]&.*#/
$OOHQ5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/!%&*!2".20)&*!"-).!&.*#/
(OQ~PHURGHKXHYRVSRUQLGDGDSXHGHYDULDUPXFKRHQWUHODVHVSHFLHV
)LQDOPHQWH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FRPR OD ORQJHYLGDG ORV EDMRV tQGLFHV GH
GH WRUWXJDV \ GHSHQGH GHO WDPDxR \ HGDG GH OD KHPEUD UHSURGXFWLYD
*LEERQV *UHHQH(YHQWXDOPHQWHXQDKHPEUDMRYHQ\SHTXHxD UHFOXWDPLHQWRSREODFLRQDOLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHQXHYRVLQGLYLGXRVVH[XDOE
WHQGUi PHQRV HVSDFLR GLVSRQLEOH GHQWUR GH VX FXHUSR SDUD PDQWHQHU PHQWHPDGXURVDODSREODFLyQODVEDMDVWDVDVGHIHFXQGLGDG\ODPDGXUH]
XQDGHWHUPLQDGDFDQWLGDGGHKXHYRV5ROI$VtHQWUHPiVJUDQGH VH[XDOWDUGtDKDFHQDODVWRUWXJDVXQJUXSRPX\YXOQHUDEOHDSURFHVRVGH
VHD OD KHPEUD HVWD SURGXFLUi KXHYRV HQ PD\RU FDQWLGDG \ GH PD\RU H[WLQFLyQ5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
WDPDxRWHQGHQFLDJHQHUDOGHHVWHWLSRGHRUJDQLVPRV0LOOHU 'LQNHE
ODFNHU
OD HVWDFLyQ K~PHGD SHUR OD JUDQ PD\RUtD OR KDFH GXUDQWH OD HVWDFLyQ
VHFD8QHMHPSORGHHVWDV~OWLPDVVRQODVWRUWXJDVGHDJXDGXOFHFRPROD
KLFRWHDTXHHPSOHDQODVSOD\DVTXHTXHGDQDOGHVFXELHUWRDPHGLGDTXH
DYDQ]DODHVWDFLyQVHFDSDUDKDFHUVXVQLGRV0LOOHU 'LQNHODFNHU

/DPD\RUtDGHODVHVSHFLHVSUHVHQWDXQDGLIHUHQFLDFLyQHYLGHQWHHQWUH
'#$%2)*6*%&'7"#)TXHSXHGHHVWDUGDGDSRUYDULDFLyQHQODFRORUDFLyQ
HOWDPDxR\RWUDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPRUIROyJLFDV$VtSRUHMHPSORJHQHUDOE
PHQWHHQODVWRUWXJDVGHDJXDGXOFHODVKHPEUDVVRQPiVJUDQGHVTXHORV
PDFKRVPLHQWUDVTXHHQODVWRUWXJDVWHUUHVWUHVPRUURFR\RVORVPDE
FKRVVRQPiVJUDQGHVTXHODVKHPEUDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;2!JKKOFG!
(VWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDWLHQHIXQFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHVHQORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRV
GHFRUWHMR\FySXOD
(QODVWRUWXJDVQRKD\FXLGDGRSDUHQWDOORTXHLPSOLFDTXHODVKHPE
EUDVXQDYH]SRQHQVXVKXHYRVORVDEDQGRQDQ\ORVUHFLpQQDFLGRVQHRE
QDWRVXQDYH]VDOHQGHOFDVFDUyQGHEHQGHIHQGHUVHVRORV\EXVFDUVX
SURSLRDOLPHQWR5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
/DPD\RUtDGHODVWRUWXJDVVRQRPQtYRUDVFRQVXPHQSODQWDVVHPLOODV
RUHVIUXWRVFUXVWiFHRVDQpOLGRVLQVHFWRV\SHFHVDVXYH]GXUDQWHORV

21

!&,@"2'%2F&'+2'%2@+2$")$/1+2[&,"$%+
(OFLFORGHYLGDGHODKLFRWHD)LJLQLFLDFXDQGRODKHPEUDGHSRVLWD
VXVKXHYRVHQHOQLGR$SDUWLUGHHVHPRPHQWRFRPLHQ]DHOSHULRGRGH
LQFXEDFLyQWLHPSRGXUDQWHHOFXDOVHGHVDUUROODUiQORVQXHYRVLQGLYLGXRV
\VXGXUDFLyQVHSXHGHSURORQJDUHQWUHXQPHV\PHGLR\WUHVPHVHV
0HGHP5HVWUHSR&.*#/)LQDOL]DGRHVWHWLHPSRORVKXHYRV
)-9*$&>(&! (! $);-%*-&(#! 6! .$! %/! *&'$#*-#! $9$#:$&! ;(%! '-#'/:(%! #$)*C&!
QDFLGDV R QHRQDWRV 3DUD URPSHU HO FDVFDUyQ GHO KXHYR ORV QHRQDWRV
XVDQXQDHVWUXFWXUDFyUQHDDPDQHUDGHGLHQWHOODPDGDRYLUUXSWRUTXH
SRVHHQGHEDMRGHODQDUL]ODFXDOGHVDSDUHFHDORVSRFRVGtDVGHVXQDFLE
PLHQWR(OSURFHVRGHHFORVLyQSXHGHWRPDUHQWUH\GtDVVLQHPEDUE
JRXQDOWRSRUFHQWDMHGHKXHYRVVRQGHSUHGDGRVGXUDQWHHVWHSURFHVR
\QROOHJDQDHFORVLRQDU'HOD2VVD 5LDxR
$OVDOLUGHOQLGRORVQHRQDWRVVHGLULJHQDODJXDTXHHVHODPELHQWH
HQ HO TXH VH GHVDUUROODQ MXYHQLOHV \ DGXOWRV (VWRV KiELWDW SXHGHQ VHU
MDJH\HVSR]RVODJXQDV\FLpQDJDVHQORVFXDOHVHQFXHQWUDQDOLPHQWR
\SURWHFFLyQSDUDFUHFHU\FRQYHUWLUVHHQDGXOWRV8QEDMRSRUFHQWDMH
GHHVWRVQHRQDWRVOOHJDQDODPDGXUH]GHELGRDODGHSUHGDFLyQSRUVXV
HQHPLJRVQDWXUDOHV'HOD2VVD 5LDxR
'HVSXpVGHXQWLHPSRHVWRVLQGLYLGXRVDOFDQ]DQODPDGXUH]VH[XDO
HVGHFLUSDVDQGHVHUMXYHQLOHVDDGXOWRV/RVPDFKRVPDGXUDQSULPHUR
TXH ODV KHPEUDV FXDQGR VX FDSDUD]yQ PLGH FHUFD GH  FP GH ODUJR

PLHQWUDV TXH ODV KHPEUDV PDGXUDQ VH[XDOPHQWH FXDQGR VX FDSDUD]yQ

PLGHDOUHGHGRUGHFPGHODUJR0HGHP6DPSHGUR&.*#/;
/DVKLFRWHDVVHUHSURGXFHQWRGRVORVDxRVGXUDQWHODpSRFDGHOOXYLDV
HVGHFLUGHVHSWLHPEUHDGLFLHPEUHHQHVWRVPHVHVRFXUUHHOFRUWHMR\
HODSDUHDPLHQWR(OFRUWHMRVHGDHQDJXDVSURIXQGDVKDVWDHOPRPHQWR
HQTXHODKHPEUDHOLJHDOPDFKR\VHUHDOL]DHODSDUHDPLHQWRODFySXOD
RFXUUH YDULDV YHFHV SHUR HQ LQWHUYDORV GH FRUWD GXUDFLyQ GRV D WUHV
PLQXWRV \ XQD YH] QDOL]DGD OD KHPEUD KX\H GH ORV PDFKRV QDGDQGR
UiSLGDPHQWH \ DOHMiQGRORV GH IRUPD DJUHVLYD VL LQWHQWDQ DSDUHDUVH GH
QXHYRFRQHOOD0HGHP
(QODpSRFDVHFDGHHQHURDPD\RSDVDGRVWUHVDFXDWURPHVHVGHVE
SXpV GHO DSDUHDPLHQWR FRPLHQ]D OD WHPSRUDGD GH DQLGDFLyQ &RQ HO
GHVFHQVRGHODVDJXDVODVKHPEUDVDSURYHFKDQSDUDFDYDUVXVQLGRVHQ
VXHORVQRPX\K~PHGRV\SURYLVWRVGHYHJHWDFLyQ%HUQDO&.*#/
5HVWUHSR&.*#/8QDYH]UHDOL]DGDODSRVWXUDDOJXQRVLQGLYLGXRV
VHHQWLHUUDQ\UHGXFHQDOPi[LPRVXPHWDEROLVPRHQXQSURFHVRGHE
&-9*&(.-!$%'*<()*+&2!H/$!)-&%*%'$!$&!)-&%/9*#!;$&'(9$&'$!;(%!#$%$#<(%!
GHHQHUJtDDOPDFHQDGDVHQVXVFXHUSRV\DVtVREUHYLYLUDODVGXUDVFRQE
GLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVKDVWDHOVLJXLHQWHSHULRGRGHOOXYLDV'HOD2VVD\
5LDxR

22

Vida libre
Adultos

Cortejo

Maduracin
sexual
Estivacin

Juveniles

Apareamiento

Crecimiento
y desarrollo
Huevos
Neonatos

Eclosin
Anidacin
3-4 meses

Incubacin y enduracin (52)

0&1/)+23\42&LFORGHYLGDLGHDOL]DGRSDUDODWRUWXJDKLFRWHD

23

0+L&@&+*721P#%)"*2;2%*N%,&%*2'%2$")$/1+*2,"#$&#%#$+@%*2'%2!"@"L?&+
&RORPELD HV XQR GH ORV SDtVHV FRQ PD\RU ULTXH]D GH UHSWLOHV FRQ
PiVGHHVSHFLHVGHVFULWDV*RQ]iOH]=iUDWH'HHVWDVFRE
UUHVSRQGHQDWRUWXJDVVHLVHVSHFLHVPDULQDVGRVWHUUHVWUHVGHDJXD
GXOFHXQDLQWURGXFLGD\GRVFRQSRVLEOHGLVWULEXFLyQSDUD&RORPELD/DV
HVSHFLHVFRQWLQHQWDOHVUHSUHVHQWDQHOGHODVWRUWXJDVGHODUHJLyQ
QHRWURSLFDO 0$9'7 G \ FRQYLHUWHQ D &RORPELD HQ HO VHJXQGR
SDtVGH6XUDPpULFDFRQPD\RUGLYHUVLGDGGHWRUWXJDVGHVSXpVGH%UDVLO
$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
3 Peligro Crtico (CR)

Chelonoidis carbonaria
Podocnemis expansa (en la Orinoquia)
Podocnemis unifilis (en la Orinoquia)

5 En Peligro (EN)

Chelonoidis denticulata (en la Orinoquia)

Mesoclemmys dahli
Podocnemis expansa (en la Amazonia)
Podocnemis lewyana
Podocnemis unifilis

6 Vulnerables (VU)

Chelonoidis denticulata (en la Amazonia)

Kinosternon dunni
Mesoclemmys zuliae
Peltocephalus dumerilianus
Podocnemis erythrocephala
Podocnemis sextuberculata

5 Casi Amenazadas (NT)

$SHVDUGHVXDOWDGLYHUVLGDGODVLWXDFLyQGHODVWRUWXJDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV
HQ HO SDtV HV DOWDPHQWH SUHRFXSDQWH \D TXH GHQWUR GH HVWH JUXSR VH
$&)/$&'#(&!)/('#-!.$!;(%!%$*%!'-#'/:(%!'$##$%'#$%!6!./;)$()/@)-;(%!9N%!
DPHQD]DGDVGH6XUDPpULFD)LJGRVGHHOODVHQGpPLFDVSDUDHOSDtV
8262$,&'0)*/&B(#,#!6!:&)2$/&''()*6#%/02WUDVHVSHFLHVVHHQFXHQWUDQ
HQDOJXQDFDWHJRUtDGHDPHQD]D$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
JtD
/DV WRUWXJDV VH DJUXSDQ HQ GRV VXEyUGHQHV 5"(3.260"#! 6! 8/&-"260"#!
)LJTXHVHGLIHUHQFLDQSRUODIRUPDHQODTXHUHWUDHQHOFXHOOR\OR
HVFRQGHQGHQWURGHOFDSDUD]yQ$YHQGDxR&.*#/3RXJK&.*#/
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
Doblan la cabeza dentro del caparazn

Pleurodiras

Estn presentes nicamente en el

hemisferio sur
La mayora son semi-acuticas

Tortugas
(Orden Testudinata)

Rhinemys rufipes
Rhinoclemmys annulata
Rhinoclemmys nasuta
Trachemys callirostris
Trachemys venusta

Retraen la cabeza dentro del caparazn

Criptodiras

12 Datos Deficientes (DD)

Son las nicas tortugas presentes en el

hemisferio norte
Son la mayora de tortugas existentes, tanto
terrestres como acuticas y todas las marinas.

0&1/)+23342&DWHJRUtDVQDFLRQDOHVHQOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD8,&1GHODV
HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVWHUUHVWUHV\GXOFHDFXtFRODVGH&RORPELD

!0&1/)+23<4&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVSULQFLSDOHVGHORVVXEyUGHQHVGHWRUWXJDV

24

/DVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVWHUUHVWUHV\GHDJXDGXOFHGH&RORPELDSHUWHQHFHQDVLHWHIDPLOLDV&KHOLGDH&KHO\GULGDH(P\GLGDH*HRHP\GLGDH
.LQRVWHUQLGDH3RGRFQHPLGLGDH7HVWXGLQLGDH\JpQHURVWDEOD
>+?@+2Q4)DPLOLDVJpQHURVHVSHFLHVUHJLyQJHRJUiFD\FDWHJRUtDVHQOD/LVWD5RMDGHODVWRUWXJDVWHUUHVWUHV\GHDJXDGXOFHSUHVHQWHVHQ&RORPELD
!
E/?")'%#

0+L&@&+

5*N%,&%
&KHOXVPEULDWXV
:&)2$/&''()*6#%/0
:&)2$/&''()*4077#
:&)2$/&''()*%&/02).&''#
:&)2$/&''()*"#,0$&3)

7A$;*.($

:&)2$/&''()*F-/0#&

H"L?)%2,"L]#
M('(9('(
7(##(&)A*&(
&KDUDSLWDGHDJXDMDO
*DOiSDJRVRO
&KDUDSD

=9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*(
&DULEHHQGpPLFD
=9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*(
=9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*(
=9(>-&*(

&HEH]yQGH=XOLD

0&.C9*)(! .$! ;(! )/$&)(! .$!

0DUDFDLER HQ 9HQH]XHOD
3RVLEOHPHQWHHQ&RORPELD

8/&-"260"#

"-.-)&$9*.*.($

9%1&-#

8/#.&'()*3/#.($&3%#/#
5KLQHP\VUXSHV
8%"(,23)*4&2>>"2#,-)
8%"(,23)*.-7&"2)-)
8&/.2$&3%#/-)*6-'&"0/0#,-)

&KDUDSLWDGHDOWXUD
7RUWXJDDFKLRWH
?()A(;(
?()A(;(
&DEH]yQ

!
=9(>-&*(
=9(>-&*(
=9(>-&*(
=9(>-&*(
=9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*(

3RGRFQHPLVXQLOLV

7HUHFD\

=9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*(

25

!+$%1")A+2
8&*$+29":+^^
&DVL$PHQD]DGD17
(Q3HOLJUR(1
QQ
QQ
QQ

9XOQHUDEOH98

QQ
&DVL$PHQD]DGD17
QQ
QQ
9XOQHUDEOH98
(Q3HOLJUR(1HQOD
P#*&-H/*(!!6!$&!"$;*:#-!
&UtWLFR&5HQOD
=9(>-&*(

E/?")'%#

8/&-"260"#

5"(3.260"#

0+L&@&+

5*N%,&%

8262$,&'0)*&"(.%"2$&3%#/#
8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#
"-.-)&$9*.*.($ 8262$,&'0)*/&B(#,#
8262$,&'0)*)&9.-7&"$-/#.#
8262$,&'0)*+24/0
7A$;6.#*.($
5%&/(6"#*#$-.0"2)."0)
C0,2).&",2,*6-,,0*
.LQRVWHUQLGDH C0,2).&",2,*/&-$2).2'-'
C0,2).&",2,*)$2"30206&)
!"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0)
096.*.($
!"#$%&'()*)$"03.#*&/&4#,)
!"#$%&'()*+&,-).#
D%0,2$/&''()*#,,-/#.#
D%0,2$/&''()*60#6&'#.#
D$-$96.*.($
D%0,2$/&''()*'&/#,2).&",#
D%0,2$/&''()*,#)-.#
5%&/2,2060)*$#"72,#"0#
7HVWXGLQLGDH

5%&/2,2060)*6&,.0$-/#.#

H"L?)%2,"L]#

9%1&-#

&KLSLUR
&KDUDSD
7RUWXJDGHUtR
&XSLVR
6DEDQHUD
?()A$
&DEH]DGH7UR]R
7DSDFXOROLVR
7DSDFXORFRP~Q
+LFRWHD
+LFRWHDGHRUHMDVURMDV
,)-'$(
7RUWXJDPRQWDxHUD
,:R$&%(
"(;9$#(
6DEDODWHUD
M-##-)-6-

=9(>-&*(EP#*&-H/*(
=9(>-&*(EP#*&-H/*(
&DULEH
=9(>-&*(!
P#*&-H/*(
3DFtFR&DULEH
3DFtFR
$PSOLDGLVWULEXFLyQ
$PSOLDGLVWULEXFLyQ
&DULEH
,&'#-./)*.(
3DFtFD
&DULEH3DFtFD
=&.*&(
&DULEH3DFtFD
3DFtFD
$PSOLDGLVWULEXFLyQ

M-##-)-6-

=9(>-&*(EP#*&-H/*(

1RHVWiHQQLQJXQDFDWHJRUtDGHOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD,8&1

26

!+$%1")A+2
8&*$+29":+^
9XOQHUDEOH98
3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5
(Q3HOLJUR(1
9XOQHUDEOH98
&DVL$PHQD]DGD17
QQ
9XOQHUDEOH98
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
&DVL$PHQD]DGD17
&DVL$PHQD]DGD17
QQ
&DVL$PHQD]DGD17
(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5
(Q3HOLJUR(1HQOD
2ULQRTXLD\9XOQHUDEOH
98HQOD$PD]RQLD

&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVFKDVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDV
$%))%*$)%*2;2'%2+1/+2'/@,%2%#,"#$)+'+*2%#2!"@"L?&+
/DVHVSHFLHVVHSUHVHQWDQGHDFXHUGRFRQVXGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiFDHQ
ODUHJLRQHVQDWXUDOHVGH&RORPELD/DVUHJLRQHVVHSUHVHQWDQGHOQRUWH
DOVXUGHOSDtVLQLFLDQGRHQODUHJLyQ&DULEHKDVWDOOHJDUDOD$PD]RQLD

Nombre comn
Carranchina, cabeza al lado, cabeza
volteada, Dahls toad-headed turtle

Caractersticas morfolgicas
y ecolgicas utilizadas para
diferenciar la especie de tortuga

Distribucin geogrfica de la
especie, tanto general
como en Colombia
Hbitat donde
generalmente se
encuentra la especie

$OQDOVHSUHVHQWDQODVHVSHFLHVFRQGLVWULEXFLyQSUREDEOHHQ&RORPELD
:&)2$/&''()*F-/0#&!6!8%"(,23)*.-7&"2)-)\ODHVSHFLHLQWURGXFLGD!"#1
$%&'()*)$"03.#*&/&4#,)FG

Familia
Chelidae

Caractersticas generales: Tortuga semiacutica que se alimenta especialmente de insectos y caracoles. De no ms de 28 cm de largo. El
caparazn es ovalado o elptico, aplanado y deprimido, de color caf-oliva, con los escudos
marginales un poco inclinados hacia arriba. El
plastrn tiene una muesca en v, es mucho ms
angosto que el caparazn y es de color amarillo
ocre. La cabeza es de gran tamao, ancha y alargada que sobresale del resto del cuerpo; la
regin ventral y lateral de la cabeza son de color
amarillo y la regin dorsal es gris o caf-oliva.
Tiene barbicelos mentonianos cortos. El cuello
es grisceo en el dorso y ms claro en la parte
ventral. Las patas son palmeadas con cinco
garras en las extremidades anteriores y cuatro
en las posteriores. Los machos son ms pequeos que las hembras, en estos la cola es ms larga y ancha y el plastrn es escotado en los escudos anales (Zangerl & Medem, 1958; Ernest et al.,
1998; Castao-Mora, 2002; Rueda-Almonacid et
al., 2007).
Distribucin general: Endmica de la Regin Caribe de Colombia (Rueda-Almonacid et
al., 2007).
Distribucin en colombia: Presente en la
cinaga de Zapatosa en el departamento de Cesar, en la cinaga Grande del bajo Sin en Cr-

Nombre cientfico
Mesoclemmys dahli
(Zangerl y Medem, 1958)

doba, en la cuenca de los ros Sin-San Jorge y en

los departamentos de Sucre, Bolvar y Atlntico
(MAVDT, 2002b; Carvajal-Cogollo et al., 2007;
Medina-Rangel, 2011).
Hbitat: Vive en aguas poco profundas, temporales, pantanos, bosques de ribera y en general en ambientes acuticos con vegetacin de
borde o flotante (Castao-Mora, 2002; RuedaAlmonacid et al., 2007).
Lista Roja y Cites: En 1985 la UICN la consider como el tercer reptil ms cercano a desaparecer. Desde el 2000 se encuentra catalogaada como especie En Peligro Crtico (CR) a nivel
mundial y nacional y en el Apndice I de Cites
(Castao-Mora, 2002; Rueda-Almonacid et al.,
2007; Asociacin Colombiana de Herpetologa,
2011; IUCN, 2011
Amenazas: Las redes de pesca son una amenaza para esta especie debido a que quedan
atrapadas. La prdida de hbitat y condiciones
intrnsecas como las bajas densidades y el aislamiento geogrfico, hacen que sus poblaciones
sean mucho ms vulnerables a la extincin
(Castao-Mora, 2002; MAVDT, 2002b; RuedaAlmonacid et al., 2007).

27

El color indica la regin

donde se encuentra
distribuda la especie
Cuando se muestra un
degradado de colores
indica que la especie est en
ms de una regin
Categora de la especie en la
Lista Roja y presencia en
apndices de Cites
Principales amenazas a las
poblaciones de la especie

Nombre comn

Chelidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Mesoclemmys dahli
(Zangerl & Medem, 1958)
CARIBE

Carranchina, cabeza al lado, cabeza

volteada, Dahls toad-headed turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD VHPLDFXiE

WLFD TXH VH DOLPHQWD HVSHFLDOPHQWH GH LQVHFWRV \
FDUDFROHV'HQRPiVGHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDE
UD]yQHVRYDODGRRHOtSWLFRDSODQDGR\GHSULPLGR
GHFRORUFDIpROLYDFRQORVHVFXGRVPDUJLQDOHVXQ
SRFRLQFOLQDGRVKDFLDDUULED(OSODVWUyQWLHQHXQD
PXHVFDHQYHVPXFKRPiVDQJRVWRTXHHOFDE

SDUD]yQ\HVGHFRORUDPDULOORRFUH/DFDEH]DHV
GH JUDQ WDPDxR DQFKD \ DODUJDGD TXH VREUHVDOH
GHOUHVWRGHOFXHUSRODUHJLyQYHQWUDO\ODWHUDOGH
ODFDEH]DVRQGHFRORUDPDULOOR\ODUHJLyQGRUVDO
HVJULVRFDIpROLYD7LHQHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV
)-#'-%G! 0;! )/$;;-! $%! :#*%N)$-! $&! $;! .-#%-! 6! 9N%!
FODURHQODSDUWHYHQWUDO/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV
28

CARIBE

)-&! )*&)-! :(##(%! $&! ;(%! $1'#$9*.(.$%! (&'$#*-#$%!

\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiV
SHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVHQHVWRVODFRODHVPiV
ODUJD\DQFKD\HOSODVWUyQHVHVFRWDGRHQORVHVE
FXGRVDQDOHV=DQJHUO 0HGHP(UQHVW&.*#/G2!
&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
JKKOFG!

RWDQWH &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG

&.*#/;2!JKKOFG!

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_!0&.C9*)(!.$!;(!#$:*+&!7(E
ULEHGH&RORPELD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(QOD8,&1ODFRQVLGHE
UyFRPRHOWHUFHUUHSWLOPiVFHUFDQRDGHVDSDUHE
)$#G!8$%.$!$;!JKKK!%$!$&)/$&'#(!)('(;-:(.(!)-9-!
HVSHFLHHQ3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5DQLYHOPXQGLDO\
QDFLRQDO\HQHO$SpQGLFH,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RE
UD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ
&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1

R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!)*CE
QDJD GH =DSDWRVD HQ HO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH &HVDU
HQ OD FLpQDJD *UDQGH GHO EDMR 6LQ~ HQ &yUGRED
HQ OD FXHQFD GH ORV UtRV 6LQ~6DQ -RUJH \ HQ ORV
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH6XFUH%ROtYDU\$WOiQWLFR0$E
9'7E&DUYDMDO&RJROOR&.*#/0HGLQD
5DQJHO

KL%#+M+*_2/DVUHGHVGHSHVFDVRQXQDDPHQD]D
SDUDHVWDHVSHFLHGHELGRDTXHTXHGDQDWUDSDGDV
/D SpUGLGD GH KiELWDW \ FRQGLFLRQHV LQWUtQVHFDV
FRPRODVEDMDVGHQVLGDGHV\HODLVODPLHQWRJHRJUiE
FR KDFHQ TXH VXV SREODFLRQHV VHDQ PXFKR PiV
YXOQHUDEOHV D OD H[WLQFLyQ &DVWDxR0RUD 
0$9'7E5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

`a?&$+$_9LYHHQDJXDVSRFRSURIXQGDVWHPSRE
UDOHVSDQWDQRVERVTXHVGHULEHUD\HQJHQHUDOHQ
DPELHQWHV DFXiWLFRV FRQ YHJHWDFLyQ GH ERUGH R
29

Nombre comn

Emydidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Trachemys callirostris
(Gray, 1855)

CARIBE

Hicotea, icotea, jicotea,

colombian slider turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD VHPLDFXiWLFD

GXOFHDFXtFROD GLXUQD RPQtYRUD FRQVXPH SULQFLSDOE
PHQWH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV SHUR WDPELpQ SHFHV YLYRV
RPXHUWRV UHQDFXDMRV LQVHFWRVH LQFOXVR EDUUR 'H
WDPDxRPHGLDQRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGHODUJR
(OFDSDUD]yQHVGHFRORUHVPX\YLVWRVRVHQQHRQDWRV
\FUtDVGHIRUPDRYDODGDOLVROLJHUDPHQWHDERYHGDGR
)-&!9(&)A(%!&$:#(%!#$.-&.$(.(%!$&!'-.-%!;-%!$%)/E

GRVTXHHVWiQURGHDGDVSRUDQLOORVGHFRORUDPDULOOR
QDUDQMDRYHUGH(OSODVWUyQHVDPDULOORFRQXQGHQVR
HQWUDPDGRYHUGH/DFDEH]DHVFRPSOHWDPHQWHOLVDVLQ
HVFDPDV FRQ XQD EDQGD SRVWRUELWDO DQFKD GH FRORU
URMR QDUDQMD R DPDULOOR XELFDGD GHWUiV GH FDGD RMR
SHURVLQWRFDUORTXHVHSXHGHH[WHQGHURQRKDVWD
$;!)/$;;-G!"-%$$!/&!)-&5/&'-!.$!9(&)A(%!#$.-&.$(.(%!
DPDULOODVXRFHORVDOUHGHGRUGHODERFD\HQODUDQIRE
30

CARIBE

WHFDLQIHULRUUHJLyQPDQGLEXODU(OUHVWRGHODFDEHE

>(!'*$&$!/&(%!;@&$(%!(9(#*;;(%!H/$!%$!$1'*$&.$&!A(%'(!
HOFXHOOR\ORVPLHPEURVDQWHULRUHVSRVWHULRUHV\OD
FROD /RV DGXOWRV FRQVHUYDQ HO SDWUyQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFR
GHFRORUDFLyQHQODFDEH]DSHURHQODVSDWDV\ODFROD
VH RVFXUHFH FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH /DV SDWDV VRQ WRWDOE
PHQWHSDOPHDGDVFRQFLQFRJDUUDVHQODVH[WUHPLGDE
GHVDQWHULRUHV\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRV
VRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVHQHVWRVODFRODHV
PiVODUJD\DQFKD0HGHP&DVWDxR0RUD
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO

`a?&$+$_9LYHHQDJXDVSRFRSURIXQGDV\ORGRVDVDO
LJXDOTXHHQFRPSOHMRVFHQDJRVRVODJXQDV\MDJH\HV
0HGHP  &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDE
)*.!&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO
8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_2 (VSHFLH FDWDORJDGD FRPR &DVL
$PHQD]DGD 17 D QLYHO PXQGLDO \ QDFLRQDO SRU OD
8,&1 1R DSDUHFH HQ ORV$SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV &DVE
WDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ $VRE
FLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD  0HGLQD
5DQJHO

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2(QGpPLFDGH&RORPELD\9HE KL%#+M+*_2/DVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DVVRQODGHVWUXFE
QH]XHOD 0HGHP  &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD FLyQ\GHJUDGDFLyQGHVXVKiELWDWVODVREUH[SORWDFLyQ
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO
SRUFDFHUtDHOWUiFRLOHJDOGHQHRQDWRVFRPRPDVFRE
WDV\HOFRPHUFLRGHKHPEUDVDGXOWDV\KXHYRVSDUD
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(! #$:*+&! FRQVXPRKXPDQRVREUHWRGRHQOD&XDUHVPD\6HE
&DULEHHQORVFRPSOHMRVFHQDJRVRVGHORVUtRV0DJGDE PDQD6DQWDSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH
OHQD&DXFD6LQ~6DQ-RUJH\5DQFKHUtD(QORVGHSDUE %ROtYDU&HVDU&yUGRED\6XFUH&DVWDxR0RUD
'(9$&'-%!.$!=&'*-H/*(2!=';N&'*)-2!?-;@<(#2!7$%(#2!7+#E 4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO
GRED*XDMLUD0DJGDOHQD6DQWDQGHU\6XFUH0HGHP !
&DVWDxR0RUD$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH
+HUSHWRORJtD0HGLQD5DQJHO
31

Nombre comn

Podocnemididae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Podocnemis lewyana
(Dumril, 1852)

ANDINA - CARIBE

Tortuga de ro, tortuga de agua, tortuga

del Magdalena, Magdalena river turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_7RUWXJDDFXiWLFDGXOE
FHDFXtFRODGLXUQDKHUEtYRUDVHDOLPHQWDGHSODQWDV
DFXiWLFDV\GHPDWHULDOYHJHWDO(VGHWDPDxRPHGLDE
QRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQ
HVRYDODGROLVR\PiVDSODQDGRTXHHOGHRWUDVHVE
SHFLHVGHOJpQHUR8262$,&'0)GHFRORUJULVRVFXUR

RFDIpROLYD(OSODVWUyQSXHGHVHUGHFRORUFUHPD
:#*%N)$-2!'-'(;9$&'$!&$:#-!-!&$:#-!)-&!;(%!)*%/#(%!
FODUDV/DFDEH]DHVGHFRORUJULVROLYDFRQXQDEDQE
GDDPDULOORFODUDTXHYDGHVGHHOERUGHSRVWHULRU
GHO RMR KDVWD OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GHO WtPSDQR GLFKR
SDWUyQGHFRORUDFLyQHVWiSUHVHQWHHQWRGRVORVHVE
32

ANDINA - CARIBE

WDGLRV GH GHVDUUROOR GH DPERV VH[RV H[FHSWR HQ

ODVKHPEUDVDGXOWDVODHVFDPDLQWHUSDULHWDOHVELHQ
DQFKD\HQIRUPDGHFRUD]yQ7LHQHGRVEDUELFHORV
PHQWRQLDQRV /DV SDWDV VRQ WRWDOPHQWH SDOPHDGDV
)-&!)*&)-!:(##(%!$&!;(%!$1'#$9*.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%! 6!
FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHE
TXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV\HQHVWRVODFRODHVPiV
ODUJD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
0HGLQD5DQJHO

`a?&$+$_29LYHHQUtRVJUDQGHV\VXVDXHQWHVFLpE
QDJDVODJXQDV\SODQRVGHLQXQGDFLyQGHODVFXHQFDV
GHO 0DJGDOHQD HO 6LQ~ \ 6DQ -RUJH &DVWDxR0RUD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO


8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_20%'N!)('(;-:(.(!)-9-!0&!"$;*E
JUR(1DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDOSRUOD8,&1(Q
&LWHVVHHQFXHQWUDGHQWURGHO$SpQGLFH,,&DVWDxR
0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ $VRFLDE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 (QGpPLFD GH &RORPELD FLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD  0HGLQD
&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/ 5DQJHO
0HGLQD5DQJHO
KL%#+M+*_! 3(! .$%'#/))*+&! 6! .$:#(.()*+&! .$! %/%!
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(%!)/$&E KiELWDWV\ODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQSRUODFDFHUtDGHORV
FDV \ FLpQDJDV GH ORV UtRV 0DJGDOHQD EDMR &DXFD DGXOWRV\ORVKXHYRVVRQVXVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DV
6LQ~ \ 6DQ -RUJH &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OE &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
9-&()*.! &.* #/;  0HGLQD5DQJHO  (Q ORV 0HGLQD5DQJHO
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$QWLRTXLD$WOiQWLFR%ROtYDU%RE !
\DFi&DOGDV&HVDU&yUGRED&XQGLQDPDUFD*XDMLE
UD0DJGDOHQD6DQWDQGHU6XFUH\7ROLPD$VRFLDFLyQ
&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
33

Bache, mordelona, tortugaa,

South American snapping turtle

Familia

Chelydridae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD DFXiWLFD

'HWDPDxRJUDQGHSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGH
ODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVDQFKR\SODQRFRQHOPDUJHQ
VXSHULRUSURIXQGDPHQWHDVHUUDGRGHFRORUFDIp
DFDQHODGRRFDIpRVFXURFRQXQSDWUyQGHOtQHDV
TXHLUUDGLDQVREUHFDGDHVFXGRVREUHHOFDSDUDE
]yQVHREVHUYDQWUHVTXLOODVDPDQHUDGHSURWXEHE
#(&)*(%!H/$!'*$&.$&!(!.$%<(&$)$#%$!(!9$.*.(!H/$!

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Chelydra acutirostris
(Peters, 1862)

HO LQGLYLGXR HQYHMHFH (O SODVWUyQ HV UtJLGR PX\

UHGXFLGR\HQIRUPDGHFUX]GHFRORUDPDULOORFDE
QHOD/DFDEH]DHVJUDQGHDSODQDGDVREUHVXSDUWH
GRUVDO\FXELHUWDSRUSLHOVXDYHORVRMRVVRQYLVLE
EOHV GHVGH DUULED (O PD[LODU SRVHH XQ SRGHURVR
JDQFKRDSLFDO6REUHHOPHQWyQKD\GRVEDUELFHORV
ODUJRVXVXDOPHQWHVHJXLGRVSRURSDUHVPiV
SHTXHxRV \ VREUH HO GRUVR GH OD QXFD VH VLW~DQ
34

CARIBE - PACFICA

Nombre comn

CARIBE - PACFICA

YDULRVWXEpUFXORVUHGRQGHDGRV/DVSDWDVVRQJUDQE
GHV\UREXVWDV\ORVGHGRVWHUPLQDQHQJDUUDVPX\
ODUJDV/DFRODHVODUJD\WLHQHHVFDPDVSURPLQHQWHV
GLVSXHVWDVHQKLOHUDVGREOHV&DVWDxR0RUD
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AA
BBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

YHJHWDFLyQ DFXiWLFD \ PDUJLQDO 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG

&.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRU8,&1QLLQFOXLGDHQORVDSpQGLFHV
GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
#/; $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_20&!$;!%/#!.$!=9C#*)(!7$&E GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4G;
WUDO \ QRURFFLGHQWH GH 6XUDPpULFD GHVGH HO VXU
GH+RQGXUDVDWUDYpVGHO&DULEH\ODVFXHQFDVGH KL%#+M+*_2 $ SHVDU GH VXV KiELWRV FUtSWLFRV ODV
$PpULFD &HQWUDO KDVWD ODV WLHUUDV EDMDV GHO 3DFtE SREODFLRQHV GH HVWD HVSHFLH KDQ VLGR GLH]PDGDV
FR GH &RORPELD \ (FXDGRU )ULW]  +DYD  FRPRUHVXOWDGRGHODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQODGHVHFDE
FLyQGHODViUHDVSDQWDQRVDV\ODFRQWDPLQDFLyQGH
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
ODVDJXDVFRQDJURTXtPLFRVVXFDUQH\KXHYRVVRQ
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!#$:*+&! EDVWDQWHDSUHFLDGRVSDUDHOFRQVXPRKXPDQR\OOHE
3DFtFDHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&KRFyHQODFXHQFD JDQ D VHU REMHWR GH FRPHUFLR D XQD HVFDOD UHJLRE
PHGLD\EDMDGHOUtR&DXFD\HQWRGDODFXHQFDGHO QDOHVSHFLDOPHQWHODVSREODFLRQHVORFDOL]DGDVHQHO
DOWRUtR&DXFDODVFUtDVWDPELpQVXHOHQVHUYHQGLGDV
6LQ~5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
FRPRPDVFRWDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;GLVE
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQUtRV\HVWDQTXHVGHDJXDVWXUELDV SRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
PDQVDV \ SURIXQGDV TXH WHQJDQ IRQGRV ORGRVRV \
DEXQGDQWHVWURQFRVFDtGRVDVtFRPRXQDIURQGRVD
35

Tortuga montaera, tortuga pambilero,

icotea, Brown wood turtle

Familia

Geoemydidae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDWHUUHVWUHGH
KiELWRVGLXUQRVTXHPLGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFP
GHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVDSODQDGRHQODUHJLyQDOWD
\PHGLDFHUUDGRHQODSDUWHSRVWHULRUHVGHFRORU
DPDULOORFDIpRFDIpRVFXUR\SUHVHQWDXQDTXLOODR
FDUHQDDPDULOODHQODSDUWHPHGLDGHORVHVFXGRV
YHUWHEUDOHV(OSODVWUyQWLHQHXQDJUDQPDQFKDQHE
JUD HO UHVWR HV DPDULOOR EULOODQWH OD SDUWH IURQWDO

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Rhinoclemmys annulata
(Gray, 1860)

GHO SODVWUyQ HV OHYDQWDGD \ OD SRVWHULRU SUHVHQWD

XQDPXHVFD7DQWRMXYHQLOHVFRPRDGXOWRVSRVHHQ
XQD FDEH]D SHTXHxD GH FRORU QHJUR /D FDEH]D \
HO FXHOOR SUHVHQWDQ OtQHDV EODQFDV R DPDULOODV HQ
ODUHJLyQODWHUDO/DQDUL]HVUHVSLQJDGD\PXHVWUD
XQSLFRSHTXHxRHQODUDQIRWHFDVXSHULRUUHJLyQ
PD[LODUFRQSHTXHxDVVLHUUDVDFDGDODGR3RVHHQ
SDWDV OLJHUDPHQWH SDOPHDGDV \ WLHQHQ XQ SDWUyQ
36

CARIBE - PACFICA

Nombre comn

CARIBE - PACFICA

*##$:/;(#!.$!;@&$(%!(9(#*;;(%!6!:#*%$%I!;(%!$1'#$9*.(E
GHV DQWHULRUHV RFDVLRQDOPHQWH ODV SUHVHQWDQ HQ OD
SDUWH VXSHULRU PLHQWUDV TXH HQ ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV
SRVWHULRUHV HVWDV OtQHDV HVWiQ HQ OD SDUWH YHQWUDO
/D FROD WDPELpQ SUHVHQWD HVWH SDWUyQ GH FRORUDE
FLyQ &HEDOORV)RQVHFD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AA6#",0);0,702;#$;$"H*%..3@AA
BBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

`a?&$+$_29LYHHQERVTXHVOOXYLRVRVGHWLHUUDVEDMDV
SHURWDPELpQLQFXUVLRQDHQERVTXHVGHJDOHUtDKDVE
WD ODV WLHUUDV DOWDV HQ HOHYDFLRQHV TXH VXSHUDQ ORV
P&HEDOORV)RQVHFD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_2 0%'N! )('(;-:(.(! )-9-! 7(%*!

$PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDOSRUOD
8,&1 1R VH HQFXHQWUD LQFOXLGD HQ ORV$SpQGLFHV
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_20&!;(!#$:*+&!%/#E)$&'#(;!.$! GH&LWHV&HEDOORV)RQVHFD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
$PpULFDKDVWDHOQRURULHQWHGH6XUDPpULFDGHVGH &.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
+RQGXUDVDWUDYpVGH1LFDUDJXD&RVWD5LFD3DQDE GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG!
Pi&RORPELD\(FXDGRU(UQVW&.*#/)ULW] 
+DYD&DVWUR+HUUHUD 9DUJDV6DOLQDV KL%#+M+*_2 6X EDMD GHQVLGDG SREODFLRQDO EDMD IHE
FXQGLGDG \ FUHFLPLHQWR OHQWR JHQHUDQ VXVFHSWLELE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!#$:*+&! OLGDG D OD SUHVLyQ DQWUySLFD $XQTXH GHELGR D VX
3DFtFD(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$QWLRTXLDHQORV WDPDxR \ HFWRSDUiVLWRV HV SRFR DSHWHFLGD FRPR
OtPLWHVFRQ&yUGRED\&HVDU&DXFD&KRFyEDMR IXHQWH GH SURWHtQDV SRU ODV FRPXQLGDGHV ORFDOHV
%DXGy9DOOHGHO&DXFD\1DULxR(UQVW&.*#/ &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
)ULW]  +DYD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ 
&DVWUR+HUUHUD 9DUJDV6DOLQDV $VRFLDFLyQ !
&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

37

Nombre comn

Kinosternidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW
Kinosternon dunni
(Schmidt, 1947)

PACFICA

Cabeza de trozo, tapaculo,

Dunns mud turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_7RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD
GH KiELWRVQRFWXUQRV FDUQtYRUDTXH FRQVXPH SHE
TXHxRV PROXVFRV LQVHFWRV \ SHFHV (V GH WDPDxR
SHTXHxRGHFHUFDGHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQ
HV XQLIRUPH DQFKR OLVR \ DOWR WULFDUHQDGR R WULE
TXLOODGR HQ ORV MXYHQLOHV GH FRORU FDIp RVFXUR (O

SODVWUyQHVDPDULOORFRQODVFLVXUDVRVFXUHFLGDV/D
FDEH]D HVWi FXELHUWD FDVL HQ VX WRWDOLGDG SRU XQD
JUDQHVFDPDURVWUDOHQODUHJLyQGRUVDO\SUHVHQWD
EDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVFRUWRV/DVSDWDVVRQSDOE
PHDGDV/RVPDFKRVVRQXQSRFRPiVJUDQGHVTXH
ODVKHPEUDVWLHQHQODUHJLyQQDVDOKLQFKDGD\SURE
38

8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_2 (VWi FDWDORJDGD FRPR9XOQHE

UDEOH98DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDOSRUOD8,&1
SHURQRVHHQFXHQWUDLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH
&LWHV &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_(VSHFLHHQGpPLFDGH&RE 
ORPELD)ULW] +DYD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
KL%#+M+*_26XUHGXFLGDGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiFDOD
JKKOFG
KDFH SRWHQFLDOPHQWH VHQVLEOH D OD GHIRUHVWDFLyQ \
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!)/$&E WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH ORV DPELHQWHV 3RU VX EDMD WDVD
FDGHORVUtRV%DXGy\6DQ-XDQHQHOGHSDUWDPHQE GHIHFXQGLGDGHVVHQVLEOHDODFD]DGHVXEVLVWHQFLD
WRGHO&KRFy&DVWDxR0RUD)ULW] +DYD &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RE GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
ORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

PACFICA

WXEHUDQWHXQDFRODODUJDWHUPLQDGDHQXxDURPD\
SRVHHQXQSDUFKHGHHVFDPDVHVSLQRVDVHQODSDUE
WH LQWHUQD GH ORV PXVORV 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/G2!
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

`a?&$+$_2 9LYH HQ ODV FDEHFHUDV GH ORV FDxRV SHE

TXHxRVURGHDGRVGHVHOYDSRFRDOWHUDGDFRQGRVHO
FHUUDGR 3HUPDQHFH HVFRQGLGD HQ HO IRQGR GH ORV
FDXFHVSRFRSURIXQGRVFXELHUWDSRUKRMDV\WURQE
FRV2FDVLRQDOPHQWHSHQHWUDHQ]RQDVSDQWDQRVDV
SHUR QR HQ iUHDV HVWXDULQDV 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/;GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
39

Nombre comn

Geoemydidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Rhinoclemmys nasuta
(Boulenger, 1902)

PACFICA

Tortuga sabalatera, tortuga blanca,

Tortuga chibigi, Large nosed wood turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD DFXiWLFD GH

DFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVGHIRUPDDSODE
QDGD XQLFDUHQDGR GH VXSHUFLH QRUPDOPHQWH OLVD
GHFRORUSDUGRRVFXUR\ODSDUWHWUDVHUDPiVDQFKD
\DOWDHQORVMXYHQLOHVHViVSHURFRQSHTXHxDVUXE
JRVLGDGHV(OSODVWUyQHVWDOLJHUDPHQWHOHYDQWDGRHQ
ODSDUWHGHODQWHUD\UHFRUWDGRHQODWUDVHUDHVGH

)-;-#!(9(#*;;-!)-&!:#(&.$%!9(&)A(%!.$!)-;-#!&$:#-!
HQFDGDXQRGHORVHVFXGRV/DFDEH]DHVQHJUD\
SUHVHQWDXQDEDQGDHVWUHFKDEODQFDRDPDULOODLQWHE
UUXPSLGDSRUODyUELWD\TXHVHSURORQJDKDVWDHO
FXHOOR$GHPiVWLHQHRWUDVGRVEDQGDVPiVDQFKDV
\GHOPLVPRFRORUTXHVHXELFDQDORVODGRVGHOD
FDEH]D\VHSUR\HFWDQKDVWDHOWtPSDQR/DQDUL]HV
40

PACFICA

SUR\HFWDGD \ FRQVSLFXD /DV SDWDV VRQ SDOPHDGDV \HOSLHGHPRQWHKDVWDP0HGHP5XHGD

/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV\ =;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
HQHVWRVODFRODHVPiVODUJD&DVWDxR0RUD
8&*$+2 9":+*2 ;2 !&$%*_2 0%'N! )('(;-:(.(! )-9-! 7(%*!
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/6,%
$PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDOSRUOD
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2(VWDHVSHFLHVHHQFXHQWUD 8,&1\QRVHHQFXHQWUDLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHV
UHVWULQJLGDDODFRVWD3DFtFDGH&RORPELD\DODV GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
SURYLQFLDV GH (VPHUDOGDV \ 3LFKLQFKD HQ (FXDGRU #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;2!JKKOFG

R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(! #$E
JLyQ 3DFtFD HQ ODV FXHQFDV GH ORV UtRV 6DQ -XDQ
4XLWy7UXDQGy 'RFDPSDGy \ %DXGy (Q ORV GHE
SDUWDPHQWRV GH &DXFD &KRFy 1DULxR \9DOOH GHO
&DXFD0HGHP&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
+HUSHWRORJtD
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQUHPDQVRVGHUtRVJUDQGHV\FRE
UULHQWHVGHSHTXHxRDPHGLDQRWDPDxRODJXQDVR
ODJRV \ RFDVLRQDOPHQWH HQ DJXDV VDOREUHV 6H HQE
FXHQWUDHQERVTXHVK~PHGRVHQODOODQXUDFRVWHUD

KL%#+M+*_2/DGLVPLQXFLyQGHVXVSREODFLRQHVVX
UHGXFLGDIHFXQGLGDGHOFUHFLPLHQWROHQWR\VXUHVE
WULQJLGDGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiFDODKDFHQVXVFHSWLEOH
D OD SUHVLyQ GH FD]D SDUD HO FRQVXPR KXPDQR \
ODHODERUDFLyQGHDUWHVDQtDVDSDUWLUGHVXFDSDUDE
]yQ &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/;E*
JKKOFG
!

41

Nombre comn

Emydidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Trachemys venusta
(Gray, 1855)

PACFICA

Icotea, jicotea, pecho de carey,

Panamanian slider turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD
GXOFHDFXtFRODGLXUQDRPQtYRUD'HWDPDxRPHGLDE
QRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQ
HV RYDODGR OLVR OLJHUDPHQWH DERYHGDGR FRQ PDQE
)A(%!&$:#(%!#$.-&.$(.(%!$&!'-.-%!;-%!$%)/.-%2!9N%!
FRQVSLFXDV HQ ORV HVFXGRV FRVWDOHV (O SODVWUyQ HV
.$!)-;-#!&(#(&5(E#-5*>-!.$)-#(.-!)-&!/&!$&'#(9(E

GRRVFXURPX\GHQVR/DFDEH]DHVFRPSOHWDPHQWH
OLVDVLQHVFDPDVFRQXQDOtQHDSRVWRUELWDOGHFRORU
QDUDQMD TXH VH H[WLHQGH KDFLD DWUiV GHVGH HO ERUE
GHSRVWHULRUGHORMRHQODUHJLyQJXODUSRVHHXQD
JXUD DPDULOOD HQ IRUPD GH< (VWDV GRV ~OWLPDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VRQ FODYHV SDUD GLIHUHQFLDUOD GH !;*
$#//0"2)."0)$GLFLRQDOPHQWH SRVHH EDQGDV DPDULOODV
42

PACFICA

ORQJLWXGLQDOHV VREUH OD FDEH]D TXH VH H[WLHQGHQ

KDVWDHOFXHOOR\ODVH[WUHPLGDGHVDQWHULRUHVHVWDV
EDQGDVWDPELpQHVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQODVH[WUHPLGDE
GHVSRVWHULRUHV\ODFROD/DVSDWDVVRQWRWDOPHQWH
SDOPHDGDV FRQ FLQFR JDUUDV HQ ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV
DQWHULRUHV\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRV
VRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV\DGHPiVWLHE
QHQODVJDUUDVGHODVSDWDVDODUJDGDV\ODFRODPiV
ODUJD(UQHVW&.*#/;&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;
"&3.0/&16#.#7#)&;2"4FG!

WR (Q ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH $QWLRTXLD \ &KRFy

&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
0$9'781$/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
+HUSHWRORJtD
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQFRPSOHMRVFHQDJRVRVODJXQDVMDE
JH\HV SR]RV \ FXHUSRV GH DJXDV OpQWLFDV SRFR
SURIXQGDV \ GH IRQGRV OLPRVRV 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/;2!JKKOFG

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFDWDORJDGDFRPR&DVL
$PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOQDFLRQDOSRUOD8,&11R
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_ 0p[LFR *XDWHPDOD +RQE DSDUHFH HQ ORV$SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV &DVWDxR0RE
GXUDV 1LFDUDJXD &RVWD 5LFD 3DQDPi \ &RORPELD UD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ
&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD0HGLQD5DQJHO
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2+D\SRFRVUHJLVWURV
ELEOLRJUiFRV\GDWRVGHFROHFFLRQHVODLQIRUPDFLyQ KL%#+M+*_2/DVDPHQD]DVTXHHQIUHQWDGHEHQVHU
H[LVWHQWHUHSRUWDDODHVSHFLHHQODV]RQDVLQXQGDE 9/6!%*9*;(#$%!(!;(%!.$!!;*$#//0"2)."0)SHURQRKD\QLQE
EOHV\FLpQDJDVHQORVGRVPiUJHQHVGHOUtR&DXFD J~QHVWXGLRDOUHVSHFWRVREUHHVWDHVSHFLH5XHGD
\ODSDUWHDOWDGHOUtR1HFKtHQVXFUXFHFRQHOUtR =;9-&()*.!&.*#/;2!JKKOFG!
&DXFD\HQODFLpQDJDGH7XPDUDGyHQHOEDMR$WUDE
43

Igensa, galpago, galpago negro,

Maracaibo wood turtle

Familia

Geoemydidae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_ 7RUWXJD KHUEtYRUD

VHPLDFXiWLFD GH KiELWRV GLXUQRV FRQ XQ WDPDxR
DSUR[LPDGRGHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVRYDE
ODGR\GHSULPLGRWLHQHXQDTXLOODRFDUHQDPHGLDO
GHQWDGD \ OD VXSHUFLH GH ORV HVFXGRV SXHGH VHU
OLVDROLJHUDPHQWHUXJRVDVXFRORUDFLyQSXHGHVHU
GHFDIpRVFXURDQHJUR(OSODVWUyQHVFDIpURML]RD
QHJURFRQXQERUGHDPDULOORHQODVFLVXUDVGHORV
HVFXGRV/DFDEH]D\HOFXHOORVRQGHFRORUQHJUR

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Rhinoclemmys diademata
(Mertens, 1954)

FRQGRVIUDQMDVORQJLWXGLQDOHVURMDVRDPDULOODVTXH
SDVDQSRUGHODQWHGHODQXFD\VHH[WLHQGHQPiVDOOi
GHODyUELWD/DFDEH]DSRVHHXQDJUDQJXUDDPDE
ULOODHQIRUPDGH9LQYHUWLGDRKHUUDGXUDVLWXDGD
VREUH OD FRURQLOOD FRQ ORV YpUWLFHV GH HVWD JXUD
HQPHGLRGHODVyUELWDV\ORVEUD]RVGLULJLGRVKDFLD
DWUiVUHJLyQWHPSRUDOHVWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDHVFODYH
SDUDODLGHQWLFDFLyQGHODHVSHFLH7LHQHXQDOtQHD
GHFRORUDPDULOORTXHERUGHDDORMR\SXHGHSURE
44

ANDINA - CATATUMBO

Nombre comn

ANDINA - CATATUMBO

\HFWDUVHRQRKDVWDHOWtPSDQR\XQDOtQHDDODUJDGD
GHO PLVPR FRORU XELFDGD GHODQWH GHO RMR 6REUH OD
UDQIRWHFDVXSHULRUUHJLyQPD[LODUWLHQHXQDSURPLE
&$&'$!;@&$(!.$!)-;-#!(9(#*;;-G!0;!*#*%!$%!.$!)-;-#!<$#.$G!
/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDVSRUORJHQHUDOODVH[WUHPLE
.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%!'*$&$&!9(&)A(%!(9(#*;;(%!6!#-5(%!6!
ODVSRVWHULRUHVVRQGHFRORUDPDULOORFRQQHJUR/RV
PDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVWLHQHQ
ODFRODPiVJUXHVD\ODUJD\HQHVWRVHOSODVWUyQHV
UHODWLYDPHQWHFyQFDYR5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

`a?&$+$_29LYHHQFXHUSRVGHDJXDGXOFHHQVXUDQJR
GHGLVWULEXFLyQHVWDQTXHVSDQWDQRV\FLpQDJDVFRVE
WHUDVGHORVJUDQGHVUtRVHQODV]RQDVGHVDEDQD\ORV
ERVTXHV SURIXQGRV &DVWDxR0RUD  5DPtUH]
3HULOOD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGD SRU OD 8,&1 H LQFOXLGD HQ OD FDWHJRUtD
3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R HVWi
LQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV5XHGD&DVE
WDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRE
FLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HSHWRORJtDGLVSRQLEOH
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2$OQRURULHQWHGH6XUDPpULE $&I!%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
FDGHVGHHORULHQWHGH&RORPELDKDVWDHOQRURULHQWH
GH9HQH]XHODHQODFXHQFDGHOODJR0DUDFDLER\UtR KL%#+M+*_/DSUHVLyQGHFD]DSDUDHOFRQVXPRKXE
&DWDWXPER &HEDOORV)RQVHFD  ,SSL  )ORUHV PDQR\ODFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHODVIXHQWHVGHDJXDFRQ
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
KLGURFDUEXURVSURYHQLHQWHVGHORVGHUUDPHVGHSHE
WUyOHRVRQODVFDXVDVSULQFLSDOHVGHGLVPLQXFLyQGH
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_26RORVHHQFXHQWUDHQ VXV SREODFLRQHV 5XHGD  &DVWDxR0RUD 
ODFXHQFDGHO5tR&DWDWXPERHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH 4/$.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/  GLVSRQLEOH HQ %..3@AA
1RUWH GH 6DQWDQGHU &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD BBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/  $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH !
+HUSHWRORJtD
45

Sabanera, galpago, galpago llanero,

Savannah side-necked turtle

Familia

Podocnemididae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD DFXiWLFD

RPQtYRUD VH DOLPHQWD HVSHFLDOPHQWH GH DQELRV
SHFHVLQVHFWRV\WRGRWLSRGHPDWHULDOYHJHWDO(V
GHWDPDxRSHTXHxR(OFDSDUD]yQHVRYDODGROLVR
GHFRORUFDIpVLQTXLOODRFDUHQDFRQGLHQWHVHQ
HO HVFXGRQXFDO/DVFUtDV\MXYHQLOHV SRVHHQ XQD
FDUHQDPHGLDOVREUHHOVHJXQGR\FXDUWRHVFXGR

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Podocnemis vogli
(Mller, 1935)

YHUWHEUDO(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORUJULV\DPDULOOR/D
FDEH]DHVGHFRORUFDIp\HQORVMXYHQLOHVSUHVHQWD
DOJXQDV PDQFKDV GLIXVDV EODQFDV R EODQFRDPDULE
OOHQWDV TXH SXHGHQ XELFDUVH HQ HO VXUFR LQWUDRUE
ELWDOHQWUHORVRMRVVREUHHOPDUJHQSRVWHULRUR
PHGLDOGHORVRMRVRVREUHHOWtPSDQR(VWDVPDQE
FKDVSXHGHQVHUUHWHQLGDVSRUORVPDFKRVDGXOWRV
46

ORINOQUIA

Nombre comn

ORINOQUIA

SHURHQODVKHPEUDVDGXOWDVVLHPSUHHVWiQDXVHQE
WHV7LHQHDEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV/DVSDWDV
VRQSDOPHDGDV\DOLJXDOTXHHOFXHOORVRQGHFRORU
JULV /RV PDFKRV VRQ PiV SHTXHxRV TXH ODV KHPE
EUDV\WLHQHQODFRODPiVODUJD\JUXHVD(UQHVW&.*
#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/)RRWH
6,%

WXUELDVFRQSRFDYHJHWDFLyQ\VXHORDUFLOORVR&DVE
WDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD
3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 6H HQE
FXHQWUDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RE
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_26HUHVWULQJHDODVVDEDQDV ORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD  ,8&1  GLVE
GHOD2ULQRTXLDGH&RORPELD\9HQH]XHOD(UQHVW&.* SRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;%-'72/6.;2"4;$2FG!
#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
KL%#+M+*_ 6RQ DPSOLDPHQWH FDSWXUDGDV GHELGR
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 6H GLVWULEX\H HQ HO (!H/$!%$!A(&!)-&<$#'*.-!$&!/&!#$)/#%-!$)-&+9*)-!
&-#'$!6!-))*.$&'$!.$!;(!7-#.*;;$#(!P#*$&'(;2!;;$:(&E 6!(;*9$&'*)*-!$&!>-&(%!.-&.$!;-%!(&*9(;$%!:#(&.$%!
GR KDVWD ORV UtRV 2ULQRFR *XD\DEHUR \ *XDYLDUH KDQGHVDSDUHFLGR\QRKD\RWUDVIXHQWHVGHSURWHtE
(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$UDXFD%R\DFi&DVDQDUH QDGLVSRQLEOHVDXQTXHODPD\RUtDGHODVSREODFLRQHV
0HWD9DXSpV\9LFKDGD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE DORODUJRGHVXUDQJRGHGLVWULEXFLyQVHPDQWLHQHQ
.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD HVWDEOHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
GH+HUSHWRORJtD
#/,8&1GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;%-'1
72/6.;2"4;$2FG
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQHFRVLVWHPDVOpQWLFRVPRULFKDOHV
FDxRVHVWHURVUHPDQVRVODJXQDVRFKDUFRVGHDJXDV
47

Morrocoy de patas amarillas, morrocoyo,

motelo, Yellow-footed tortoise

Familia

Testudinidae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_ 7RUWXJD WHUUHVWUH

RPQtYRUDVHDOLPHQWDGHSODQWDVWHUPLWDVKRQJRV
\FDUURxD(VGHJUDQWDPDxRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORV
FPGHODUJRSHURHOSURPHGLRHVWiHQFP
(O FDSDUD]yQ WLHQH IRUPD GH GRPR \ SRVHH XQD
PDQFKD DPDULOOD FHQWUDO GLIXPLQDGD SRFR QtWLGD
VREUHFDGDHVFXGRYHUWHEUDO\FRVWDODGLIHUHQFLD

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Chelonoidis denticulata
(Linnaeus, 1766)

.$!5;*$#"72,#"0#2!;(!.$9(#)()*+&!.$!$%'(%!9(&)A(%!
HV SRFR HYLGHQWH (O SODVWUyQ HV JUDQGH \ UtJLGR
GHFRORUFDIpDPDULOORFRQPDQFKDVRVFXUDVHQODV
FLVXUDV$OJXQDVGHODVHVFDPDVGHODFDEH]D\ODV
SDWDVSUHVHQWDQFRORUDFLyQDPDULOORFODUDRQDUDQE
MDFODUD/DVSDWDVVRQJUXHVDV\UREXVWDVVLPLODUHV
DODVGHXQHOHIDQWHWLSRHOHIDQWLQDVFRQJDUUDV
48

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

Nombre comn

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VWiFDWDORJDGDFRPR9XOQHUDE
EOH98DQLYHOPXQGLDO/DVSREODFLRQHVGHOD2ULE
QRTXLDGH&RORPELDVHHQFXHQWUDQFDWDORJDGDV(Q
3HOLJUR(1\ODVGHOD$PD]RQLD9XOQHUDEOH98
SRUOD8,&1(VWiLQFOXLGDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 (Q &RORPELD 9HQH]XHOD &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
*X\DQDV (FXDGRU 3HU~ %ROLYLD \ %UDVLO &DVWDxR $VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/GLVSRQLE
KL%#+M+*_!3(!.$%'#/))*+&!6!.$:#(.()*+&!.$!%/%!
EOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
KiELWDWVODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQSRUODFDFHUtD\HOWUiE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%! FRLOHJDOGHORVQHRQDWRVFRPRPDVFRWDVVRQODV
)/$&)(%!.$!;(!=9(>-&*(!6!;(!P#*&-H/*(G!0&!;-%!.$E SULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD
SDUWDPHQWRVGH$PD]RQDV&DTXHWi*XDLQtD0HWD =;9-&()*.!&.*#/;2!JKKOFG
3XWXPD\R9DXSpV \9LFKDGD &DVWDxR0RUD 
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPE
ELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

ELHQGHVDUUROODGDV(QORVDGXOWRVORVPDFKRVWLHQHQ
PD\RUWDPDxRTXHODVKHPEUDVVXSODVWUyQHVPiV
FyQFDYR\VXFRODHVPiVODUJD\JUXHVD&DVWDxR
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

`a?&$+$_2 9LYH HQ ERVTXHV K~PHGRV WURSLFDOHV \

ERVTXHVFDGXFLIROLRV+DELWD~QLFDPHQWHDOLQWHULRU
GHORVERVTXHV\QXQFDSHQHWUDiUHDVDELHUWDVRGH
VDEDQD &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/G2!JKKOFG
49

Matamata, mata-mata,
tortuga fea, Matamata turtle

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDDFXiWLFDFDUQtYRE
UD GH DSDULHQFLD PX\ LQXVXDO \ H[WUDxD (V GH WDPDxR
JUDQGH SXGLHQGR DOFDQ]DU GH  D  FP GH ODUJR (O
FDSDUD]yQ HVWi FRQVWLWXLGR SRU HVFXGRV HOHYDGRV GH
IRUPDSLUDPLGDOFRQDQLOORVGHFUHFLPLHQWRELHQPDUFDE
GRVHVGHFRORUFDIpDFDQHODGR(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORU
DPDULOORRFDIpDPDULOOHQWR/DFRORUDFLyQJHQHUDOGHOD
FDEH]DFXHOOR\H[WUHPLGDGHVHVGHFDIpDJULViFHRFRQ

Familia

Chelidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

+PMT][UJZQI\][
(Schneider, 1783)

SUHVHQFLDGHDOJXQDVPDQFKDVQHJUDV/DFDEH]DHVODUJD
\DSODQDGDODERFDHVH[WUHPDGDPHQWHJUDQGHORVRMRV
VRQPX\SHTXHxRVHVWiQXELFDGRVHQODSDUWHDQWHULRU
GHODFDEH]D\HOKRFLFRHVFDUQRVRFLOtQGULFR\DODUJDE
.-2!$&!)/6-!$1'#$9-!%$!;-)(;*>(&!;(%!&(#*&(%G!"-%$$!/&!
)/$;;-!;(#:-!6!(&)A-2!$&!$;!)/(;!%$!$&)/$&'#(&!/&(!%$#*$!
GHH[FUHFHQFLDVGpUPLFDVGHIRUPD\FRQWRUQRLUUHJXE
ODUTXHVREUHVDOHQGHDPERVFRVWDGRVGHOFXHOORFX\D

50

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

Nombre comn

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

IXQFLyQ HVWiFWLO\VHQVLWLYDDORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHO DJXD

'HWUiVGHORMR\VREUHHOWtPSDQRKD\XQDPSOLRDSpQGLFH
GpUPLFRTXHFRQHUHODIRUPDWULDQJXODUDODFDEH]D/DV
SDWDVVRQFRUWDVWRWDOPHQWHSDOPHDGDVFRQFLQFRJDUUDV
(;(#:(.(%!$&!;(%!$1'#$9*.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%!6!)/('#-!$&!;(%!
H[WUHPLGDGHVSRVWHULRUHV/DFRODHVFRUWD\QRVREUHVDE
OHWDQWRGHOERUGHSRVWHULRUGHOFDSDUD]yQ(UQHVW&.*#/;2!
 +DUYH\ &.* #/  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/; 
3ULWFKDUG

`a?&$+$_2(VXQDWRUWXJDEHQWyQLFDTXHYLYHHQFXHUSRV
GHDJXDVVRPHURVWXUELRV\OpQWLFRVSUHIHULEOHPHQWHHQ
UtRVGHSRFDFRUULHQWH\FDxRVODJXQDV\ERVTXHVLQXQGDE
EOHVFRQKRMDUDVFD\IRQGRVORGRVRV3HUPDQHFHVXPHUE
JLGD FDPXiQGRVH GHMDQGR SRU IXHUD GHO DJXD VROR OD
SXQWDGHODPRGLFDFLyQQDVDOHQIRUPDGHWXER&DVWDE
xR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;2!JKKOFG
!
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQRDPHE
QD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD3UHRFXSDE
FLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQGLDO1RVHHQFXHQWUDHQORV
$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD0$9'7G
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH
+HUSHWRORJtD

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_3ULQFLSDOHVFXHQFDVGHOQRUWHGH
%ROLYLD RULHQWH GHO 3HU~ (FXDGRU RULHQWH GH &RORPELD
9HQH]XHOD ODV *XD\DQDV OD *X\DQD )UDQFHVD 6XULQDP
7ULQLGDG \ QRUWH \ FHQWUR GH %UDVLO (UQHVW &.* #/; 
&HEDOORV)RQVHFD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OE
9-&()*.!&.*#/3ULWFKDUGGLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AA KL%#+M+*_2 6XV SULQFLSDOHV DPHQD]DV VRQ OD SpUGLGD \
IUDJPHQWDFLyQ GHO KiELWDW OD H[SORWDFLyQ FRPHUFLDO GH
BBB;"&3.0/&16#.#7#)&;2"4FG
MXYHQLOHV SDUD PDVFRWDV \ HO WUiFR LOHJDO HQ PHUFDGRV
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!P#*&-H/*(! LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV/DpSRFDPiVYXOQHUDEOHHVODUHSURGXFE
6!;(!=9(>-&*(2!H/$!<(!.$%.$!$;!#@-!=9(>-&(%!6!P#*&-)-! '*<(2!;(!)/(;!)-*&)*.$!)-&!;-%!:#(&.$%!.$)-9*%-%!$!*&)(/E
KDVWDORVUtRV$UDXFD&DVDQDUH0HWD9LFKDGD,QtULGD3XE WDFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVSRUODVDXWRULGDGHVDPELHQWDOHV&DVE
WXPD\R &DTXHWi 3DWtD9DXSpV \ 6LQ~ OOHJDQGR KDVWD HO WDxR0RUD0$9'7G5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;2!
SLHGHPRQWHGHODFRUGLOOHUD2ULHQWDO&HEDOORV)RQVHFD JKKOFG
&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

51

Charapita de aguajal, charapita de

cananguchal, hedionda, Gibba turtle

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_ 7RUWXJD DFXiWLFD

RPQtYRUD GH KiELWRV QRFWXUQRV VH DOLPHQWD GH
ODUYDVGHLQVHFWRVDFXiWLFRV\RWURVLQYHUWHEUDGRV
SHFHV UHQDFXDMRV \ PDWHULDO YHJHWDO 'H QR PiV
GHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVDQFKR\DFDPE
SDQDGRKDFLDORVODGRVGHFRORUFDIpHQORVMXYHE
QLOHVHOFDSDUD]yQWLHQHXQDFDUHQDRTXLOODPHGLD

Familia

Chelidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Mesoclemmys gibba
(Schweigger, 1812)

DVHUUDGD TXH GHVDSDUHFH HQ ORV DGXOWRV (O SODVE

WUyQHVFDIpFRQORVERUGHV\HOSXHQWHDPDULOORV
/DVUDQIRWHFDV\ODVUHJLRQHVODWHUDOHVGHODFDEH]D
VRQDPDULOODVFRQYHUPLFXODFLRQHVQHJUDV7LHQH
EDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV
)-&!)*&)-!:(##(%!$&!;(%!$1'#$9*.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%!6!
FXDWUR HQ ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV SRVWHULRUHV /RV PDE
52

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

Nombre comn

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

FKRVWLHQHQODFRODPiVODUJDHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQ xRVPRULFKDOHVFXHUSRVGHDJXDVQHJUDV\EODQFDV
ODV KHPEUDV 'XHOOPDQ  (UQHVW &.* #/  GHO2ULHQWHDQGLQR5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
%DUULR$PRUyV xLJR1DUEDL]D
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2(QHOVXURFFLGHQWHGH9HE
QH]XHOD HQ OD 6LHUUD 1HYDGD GH 0pULGD GHVGH OD
D/6(&(!A(%'(!$;!&-#-#*$&'$!.$!?#(%*;2!(;!-#*$&'$!.$;!
(FXDGRUFHQWUR\QRURULHQWHGH3HU~VXURULHQWH\
RULHQWH GH &RORPELD DVt FRPR HQ 3DUDJXD\ \7ULE
QLGDG (UQHVW &.* #/  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/G2!
JKKOFG
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%!
FXHQFDVGHOD2ULQRTXLD9LFKDGD\$PD]RQLDFRE
ORPELDQDV(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$PD]RQDV&DE
TXHWi&DVDQDUH*XDLQtD0HWD3XWXPD\R9DXSpV\
9LFKDGD0LWWHUPHWHU&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
JtD

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD
GH 3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R
HVWiHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/;$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
JtD,8&1
KL%#+M+*_(QJHQHUDOVXKHGRU\FRPSRUWDPLHQE
WRHYDVLYRDVtFRPRVXEDMDIUHFXHQFLDGHDSDULFLyQ
\ WDPDxR SHTXHxR OD KDFHQ SRFR VXVFHSWLEOH DO
ULHVJR DQWUySLFR SRU FRQVXPR 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/,8&1

`a?&$+$_23HTXHxRVUtRV\ODJRVGHERVTXHVOOXYLRE
VRV(QJHQHUDOYLYHHQFXHUSRVOpQWLFRVFRPRFDE
53

Huele feo, galpago sol, hedionda,

Amazon toad-headed turtle

Familia

Chelidae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE
FD FDUQtYRUD GLXUQD VH DOLPHQWD GH DQLPDOHV GH
FRQWH[WXUDEODQGD'HWDPDxRPHGLDQRSXHGHDOE
FDQ]DUHQWUHORV\FPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQ
HVPX\DSODQDGRVLQTXLOODRFDUHQDFHQWUDOHVGH
)-;-#!&$:#-!6!;-%!$%)/.-%!9(#:*&(;$%!%-&!(9(#*E
OORVHQVXVXSHUFLHLQIHULRU/RVERUGHVODWHUDOHV

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Mesoclemmys heliostemma
(McCord, Joseph-Ouni & Lamar, 2001)

GHO FDSDUD]yQ HVWiQ OHYHPHQWH LQFOLQDGRV KDFLD

DUULED(OSODVWUyQ\HOSXHQWHVRQGHFRORUQHJUR
HQ OD SDUWH FHQWUDO \ DPDULOOR HQ OD SHULIHULD /D
FDEH]DHVODUJDDQFKD\UHGRQGDORVWtPSDQRVVRQ
QHJURV \ SRVHH EDUELFHORV PHQWRQLDQRV SHTXHE
xRV(QORVMXYHQLOHVODFDEH]DSRVHHGRVEDQGDV
ROtQHDVIDFLDOHVTXHYDQGHVGHHODPDULOORKDVWDHO
54

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

Nombre comn

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

QDUDQMD \ VH RVFXUHFHQ HQ ORV HMHPSODUHV DGXOWRV

(OFXHOORWLHQHWXEpUFXORVGLPLQXWRV/DVSDWDVVRQ
SDOPHDGDVODVH[WUHPLGDGHVDQWHULRUHVVRQEODQFDV
\ODVSRVWHULRUHVVRQEODQFDV~QLFDPHQWHHQODUHE
:*+&!.-#%(;G!3-%!9()A-%!'*$&$&!;(!)-;(!9N%!;(#:(!H/$!
ODVKHPEUDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/%DUULR
$PRUyV xLJR1DUEDL]D

`a?&$+$_29LYHHQDPELHQWHVOpQWLFRVSRFRSURIXQE
GRV HQFRQWUiQGRVH HQ DUUR\RV SHTXHxRV GH ERVE
TXHVSUtVWLQRVFLpQDJDVPRULFKDOHVDJXDVQHJUDV\
EODQFDVGHORULHQWHGHORV$QGHV&LVQHURV+HUHGLD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV
xLJR1DUEDL]D
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1QLLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLE
FHVGH&LWHV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/5KRGLQ
&.*#/;$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
JtD,8&1

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_27/$&)(!.$;!(;'-!=9(>-&(%!
GHVGH9HQH]XHODKDVWD3HU~,QFOX\HHOVXUYHQH]RE
ODQRHORFFLGHQWHGH%UDVLOHOQRURULHQWHSHUXDQR
HORULHQWHHFXDWRULDQR\HOVXURULHQWHFRORPELDQR
0F&RUG&.*#/6RX]D5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV xLJR1DUEDL]D KL%#+M+*_2 7DQWR LQGLYLGXRV DGXOWRV FRPR QHRE
QDWRVQRSUHVHQWDQXQYDORUFRPHUFLDOVLJQLFDWLYR
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!)/$&)(%! SRUORFXDOQRHVWiQEDMRXQDDPHQD]DGHWLSRDQE
DPD]yQLFDV\GHOD2ULQRTXLDLQFOX\HQGRHOSLHGHE WUySLFR5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/5KRGLQ&.*#/G2!
PRQWHOODQHUR(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$PD]RQDV ,8&1
&DTXHWi*XDLQtD3XWXPD\R9DXSpV\9LFKDGD5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD
GH+HUSHWRORJtD
55

Cabezn, tartaruga arara, guacamayo

charapa, Big-headed amazon river turtle

Familia

Podocnemididae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD GH UtR \

~QLFD HVSHFLH GHO JpQHUR 8&/.2$&3%#/-)G! 3-%! 9(E
FKRV DGXOWRV PLGHQ HQWUH  \  FP GH ODUJR
QRREVWDQWHVHKDUHJLVWUDGRLQGLYLGXRVGHKDVWD
FPHQ&RORPELD(OFDSDUD]yQHVOLJHUDPHQWH
H[SDQGLGR SRVWHULRUPHQWH \ SXHGH YDULDU HQWUH

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Peltocephalus dumerilianus
(Schweigger, 1812)

ROLYDFDIpJULVQHJURRD]XORVFXUR(OSODVWUyQHV
GH FRORU DPDULOOR /D FDEH]D HV GH JUDQ WDPDxR
#$'#N)'*;2! &-#9(;9$&'$! .$! )-;-#! :#*%! /! -;*<(! 6! ;(!
PDQGtEXOD HV GH FRORU FDIp FODUR 3RVHH XQ VROR
EDUELFHOR PHQWRQLDQR /DV SDWDV VRQ SDOPHDGDV
3(%! $1'#$9*.(.$%! (&'$#*-#$%! '*$&$&! )*&)-! :(##(%!
56

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

Nombre comn

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

\ ODV SRVWHULRUHV FXDWUR /DV KHPEUDV VRQ GH PHE

QRUWDPDxRTXHORVPDFKRV&DVWDxR0RUDD
&HEDOORV)RQVHFD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;%DUULR$PRUyV xLJR
1DUEDL]D

MDUDVFD &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*

#/;2!JKKOFG

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_(VWiFDWDORJDGDFRPR9XOQHUDE
EOH98SRUOD8,&1DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDO\VH
HQFXHQWUDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 7/$&)(%! .$;!=9(>-&(%! 6! UD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ
2ULQRFR6XUDPpULFDGHVGHHOQRURULHQWHGH3HU~ &RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
RULHQWHGH&RORPELD\(FXDGRURFFLGHQWHGH9HQHE
]XHODKDVWDODGHVHPERFDGXUDGHO$PD]RQDV)ULW] KL%#+M+*_2'HELGRDVXFDEH]DJUDQGHHVGHPXE
+DYD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
FKR LQWHUpV SDUD ORV FD]DGRUHV ORFDOHV \ HV XVDGD
SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ HO FRPHUFLR LOHJDO &DVWDxR
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_! "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%! 0RUDD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;%DUULR
)/$&)(%!.$!;-%!#@-%!P#*&-)-!6!=9(>-&(%!6!$&!;-%! $PRUyV xLJR1DUEDL]D
GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH $PD]RQDV &DTXHWi 9LFKDGD
*XDLQtD \ 3XWXPD\R &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/; $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
+HUSHWRORJtD
`a?&$+$_2 0X\ DEXQGDQWHV HQ PHDQGURV GH FDxRV
.$!(:/(%!&$:#(%!(%-)*(.(%!(!#$:*-&$%!%$;<N'*)(%G!"#$E
HUHDQLGDUHQSOD\DVDUHQRVDVPH]FODGDVFRQKRE
57

Chipiro, chimpiro, irapuca,

Red headed sideneck

Familia

Podocnemididae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE
FD8QDGHODVWRUWXJDVPiVSHTXHxDVGHOJpQHUR
8262$,&'0)SXHGHDOFDQ]DUFPGHODUJRDXQTXH
VX WDPDxR SURPHGLR HV  FP (O FDSDUD]yQ HV
-<(;(.-! 6! $%'#$)A-! (&'$#*-#9$&'$2! )-&! /&(! H/*E
OOD R FDUHQD PHGLDO DQWHULRU SXHGH VHU GH FRORU
URMRFDIpRQHJUR(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORUFUHPD
\HQDOJXQRVLQGLYLGXRVSXHGHVHUDPDULOORFDIpR

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Podocnemis erythrocephala
(Spix, 1824)

VRORDPDULOOR/DFDEH]DHVGHFRORUURMRRVFXUR
LQWHQVR\SRVHHXQDEDQGDROtQHDFHIiOLFDGHFRE
ORUQDUDQMDRKDEDQRQDUDQMDTXHVHH[WLHQGHGH
WtPSDQRDWtPSDQRDWUDYHVDQGRODUHJLyQSDULHWDO
(QODVFUtDV\MXYHQLOHVDGHPiVGHHVWDEDQGDODFDE
EH]DSRVHHYDULDVPDQFKDVEULOODQWHVGHFRORUURMR
RQDUDQMDTXHSXHGHQXELFDUVHVREUHODVQDULQDVD
ODGR\ODGRGHOVXUFRLQWHURUELWDOHQWUHORVRMRV
58

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

Nombre comn

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

R SXHGHQ VHU XQD EDQGD D OR ODUJR GH OD UDQIRWHE

FDLQIHULRUUHJLyQPDQGLEXODU7LHQHEDUELFHORV
PHQWRQLDQRVFRUWRV/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV/RV
PDFKRVUHWLHQHQSDUFLDOPHQWHODFRORUDFLyQFHIiOLFD
SUHVHQWHHQMXYHQLOHVPLHQWUDVTXHHQODVKHPEUDV
ODVPDQFKDVGHODFDEH]DVHGHVYDQHFHQRVHKDFHQ
QRWDEOHPHQWH PiV RVFXUDV /RV PDFKRV VRQ PiV
SHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV\SRVHHQODFRODPiVODUE
JD0LWWHUPHLHU :LOVRQ6PLWK&DVE
WDxR0RUD)UDQNOLQ5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV xLJR1DUEDL]D

GH$PD]RQDV9LFKDGD 3XWXPD\R &DTXHWi \ *XDLE

QtD&DVWDxR0RUDE&HEDOORV)RQVHFD
&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
`a?&$+$_2 9LYHQ HQ FRUULHQWHV GH DJXDV QHJUDV GH
ERVTXHV K~PHGRV GH VDEDQD \ FDxRV SHTXHxRV
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/;  %DUULR$PRUyV 
xLJR1DUDEL]D

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VWiFDWDORJDGDFRPR9XOQHUDE
EOH98SRUOD8,&1DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDO6H
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 7/$&)(! .$;!=9(>-&(%! .$! HQFXHQWUDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RE
&RORPELDRULHQWHGH(FXDGRUQRURULHQWHGH3HU~ UD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ
QRUWHGH%ROLYLDVXUGH9HQH]XHOD\%UDVLO3UHVHQWH &RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
HQ FXHQFDV GH9HQH]XHOD \ &RORPELD &XHQFDV GH
5tRV 1HJUR \ &DVLTXLDUH GH &RORPELD9HQH]XHOD KL%#+M+*_(QHVWDFLyQEDMDGDGRTXHHVWiFRQWLE
\ %UDVLO \ UtR ,QtULGD GH &RORPELD &DVWDxR0RUD :/(!(!N#$(%!.$!)-9/&*.(.$%!;-)(;$%2!$%!)(>(.(!)-9-!
E)UDQNOLQ)ULW] +DYD5XHGD IXHQWH GH SURWHtQD$ HVWR VH OH VXPD OD FDSWXUD
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
GHMXYHQLOHVFRPRPDVFRWDV&DVWDxR0RUD
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!)/$&E
FD GHO 2ULQRFR 5HJLVWUDGD HQ ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV
59

Charapa, arrau, warara,

South American river turtle

Familia

Podocnemididae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD HVHQFLDOPHQWH

()/N'*)(G!7-&%/9$!:#(&!<(#*$.(.!.$!)-9*.(!*&);/6$&E
GRSODQWDVIUXWDVLQYHUWHEUDGRVGHPRYLPLHQWROHQWR
\ FDUURxD HV SULQFLSDOPHQWH KHUEtYRUD FXDQGR HVWi
$&!$%'(.*-%!9(./#-%G!0%!;(!'-#'/:(!.$!(:/(!./;)$!9N%!
JUDQGH GH 6XUDPpULFD \ XQD GH ODV PiV JUDQGHV GHO
PXQGR SXHV DOFDQ]D XQ WDPDxR Pi[LPR GH  FP

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Podocnemis expansa
(Schweigger, 1812)

VLHQGRHOOtPLWHVXSHULRUHQWUHODVWRUWXJDVGHOJpQHUR
8262$,&'0)(OFDSDUD]yQHVPDQFKDGRKDFLDODSDUWH
SRVWHULRUGHIRUPDRYDODGDDQFKR\SODQRH[SDQGLGR
SRVWHULRUPHQWH HQ ORV PDFKRV GH FRORUDFLyQ ROLYiE
FHDRVFXUDJULVRFDIp(OSODVWUyQHVDPDULOOR\PiV
DPSOLRHQODSDUWHDQWHULRU/DFDEH]DHVDQFKDJULVR
FDIpFRQXQKRFLFRDODUJDGR\WLHQHPDUFDVDPDULOODV

60

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

Nombre comn

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

FRQXQDSHFDRVFXUDFHQWUDODVtFRPRYDULDVPDQFKDV
GHOPLVPRFRORUXELFDGDVHQODVUDQIRWHFDV\HQWUHORV
RMRVUHJLyQLQWHURUELWDO/DPD\RUtDWLHQHEDUELFHORV
PHQWRQLDQRV/DVSDWDVVRQFRPSOHWDPHQWHSDOPHDGDV
/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV&DVWDE
xR0RUD)UDQNOLQ5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
 %DUULR$PRUyV  xLJR1DUEDL]D  GLVSRQLE
EOHHQ%..3@AAF03$26&F22;$2'FG

=;9-&()*.!&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUE
SHWRORJtD

R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 6XUDPpULFD %UDVLO &RORPELD

9HQH]XHOD6HHQFXHQWUDHQHO2ULQRFR\HQODVFXHQE
FDVGHOUtR$PD]RQDVHQ&RORPELD9HQH]XHOD*XD\DQD
RULHQWHGH(FXDGRUQRURULHQWHGH3HU~QRUWHGH%UDVLO
\QRUWHGH%ROLYLD7DPELpQKDVLGRUHSRUWDGDHQ7ULQLE
GDG GHVSXpV GHO GHVERUGDPLHQWR GHO UtR 2ULQRFR 6H
$&)/$&'#(!$&!;(!9(6-#@(!.$!#@-%!:#(&.$%!6!;(:-%!(%-)*(E
GRV DO$PD]RQDV \ DO 2ULQRFR &DVWDxR0RUD D
9DOHQ]XHOD 9DOHQ]XHOD  )ULW]  5XHGD
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_26HHQFXHQWUDFDWDORJDGDFRPR&DVL
$PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOPXQGLDOSRUOD8,&1/DVSRE
EODFLRQHVGHOD2ULQRTXLDGH&RORPELDVHHQFXHQWUDQ
FDWDORJDGDV(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5\ODVGHOD$PD]RQLD
(Q3HOLJUR(1(VWiLQFOXLGDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV xLJR
1DUEDL]D$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
JtD,8&1
!
KL%#+M+*_2 7DQWRDGXOWRVFRPRQHRQDWRVVRQFRQE
%/9*.-%! 6! ;(! :#(%(! .$! ;-%! A/$<-%! $%! $1'#(@.(! 6! <$&E
GLGD SDUD FRFLQD R OiPSDUDV GH FRPEXVWLEOH 6RPHWLE
.(!(!)-9$#)*-!*;$:(;G!7-&%*.$#(.(!/&(!.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%!
PiVDSHWHFLGDVSRUORVFD]DGRUHVMXQWRFRQ8262$,&'0)*
XQLOLV5HEHOR 3H]]XWWL)UDQNOLQ5XHGD
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!)/$&)(%!.$;!
$PD]RQDV \ 2ULQRFR 3UHVHQWH HQ ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV
.$!=9(>-&(%2!=#(/)(2!7(H/$'N2!7(%(&(#$2!D/(*&@(2!M$'(2!
3XWXPD\R9DXSpV\9LFKDGD&DVWDxR9DOHQ]XHOD
&.* #/ 9DOHQ]XHOD 9DOHQ]XHOD  5XHGD

`a?&$+$_2 9LYH HVHQFLDOPHQWH HQ VLVWHPDV GH DJXDV

EODQFDV \ QHJUDV 6LQ HPEDUJR VH GHVSOD]D ORFDOPHQWH
HQWUH KiELWDWV GXUDQWH VX GHVDUUROOR GHSHQGLHQGR GH
ODVHVWDFLRQHVFOLPiWLFDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
%DUULR$PRUyV xLJR1DUEDL]D

61

Taracay, taricay, terecay,

Yellow-spotted side-neck

Familia

Podocnemididae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDDFXiWLFDRPQtYRE
UDVHDOLPHQWDHVSHFLDOPHQWHGHKXHYRVGHSHFHVPRE
OXVFRV FUXVWiFHRV \ WRGR WLSR GH PDWHULDO YHJHWDO 'H
WDPDxRPHGLDQRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGHODUJR(O
FDSDUD]yQHVGHIRUPDHOLSVRLGDOGHFRORUFDVWDxRRVE
FXUR R QHJUR HQVDQFKDGR HQ OD SDUWH SRVWHULRU \ FRQ
/&(!H/*;;(!9$.*(!(;:-!(%$##(.(!(;!9$&-%!$&!;-%!5/<$&*;$%G!

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

8WLWKVMUQ[]VQTQ[
(Troschel, 1848)

(OSODVWUyQSUHVHQWDXQDPXHVFDHQORVHVFXGRVDQDOHV
\HVGHFRORUJULViFHRRDPDULOORFRQQHJUR/DVSDUWHV
GRUVDO\ODWHUDOGHODFDEH]DVRQGHFRORUFDIpURML]RD
JULVRVFXUR\ODSDUWHYHQWUDOHVGHFRORUJULViFHREODQE
FRRDPDULOORHQHOFDVRGHODVKHPEUDV/DFDEH]DGH
FUtDV\PDFKRVWLHQHGRVPDQFKDVUHGRQGHDGDVVLQSHFD
FHQWUDO\GHFRORUDPDULOOR/DVPDQFKDVVHGLVWULEX\HQ

62

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

Nombre comn

AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

GHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUDXQDVREUHFDGDERUGHODWHUDOGH
ODHVFDPDLQWHUSDULHWDOXQDVREUHHOH[WUHPRGHOURVWUR
XQDVREUHHOWtPSDQR\GRVVREUHODUDQIRWHFDVXSHULRU
UHJLyQPD[LODUHVWDVPDQFKDVVRORVRQUHWHQLGDVSRUORV
PDFKRVDGXOWRV\VHGHVYDQHFHQHQODVKHPEUDVPDGXUDV
7LHQH  D  EDUELFHORV PHQWRQLDQRV /DV SDWDV VRQ SDOE
PHDGDV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV
\DGHPiVHVWRVWLHQHQODFRODPiVJUDQGH\JUXHVD(UQHVW
&.*#/&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
JKKOFG

`a?&$+$_2 9LYH HQ ODV DUWHULDV GH JUDQGHV UtRV \ DJXDV

DELHUWDVGHODJRVRYHJHWDFLyQFLUFXQGDQWHHVSHFLDOPHQWH
ORV MXYHQLOHV 2FXSDQ ORV UtRV GXUDQWH OD WHPSRUDGD GH
DQLGDPLHQWR &LVQHURV+HUHGLD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFDWDORJDGDFRPR9XOQHUDEOH
98DQLYHOPXQGLDOSRUOD,8&1$QLYHOQDFLRQDOHQOD
$PD]RQLDHVWiFDWDORJDGD(Q3HOLJUR(1HQOD$PD]RE
QLD \ HQ OD 2ULQRTXLD (Q 3HOLJUR &UtWLFR &5 ,QFOXLGD
HQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 0&! ;(%! )/$&)(%! .$! ;(! P#*&-H/*(! =;9-&()*.!&.*#/&RQZD\*yPH]$VRFLDFLyQ
\OD$PD]RQLDHQ&RORPELDHOVXUYHQH]RODQR\GH%UDE &RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
VLOHOQRUWHGH%ROLYLDQRURULHQWHGH3HU~\ORVGUHQDMHV
FDULEHxRV GH ODV *X\DQDV )ULW]  +DYD  5XHGD KL%#+M+*_(VWDHVSHFLHHVFRQVLGHUDGDXQDOLPHQWRLPE
SRUWDQWH HQ OD GLHWD GH DOJXQDV FRPXQLGDGHV D OR ODUJR
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/)HUURQDWR&.*#/
GHWRGDVXGLVWULEXFLyQ(Q%ROLYLDSRUHMHPSORKDFHSDUE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_ 3UHVHQWH HQ FXHUSRV GH WHGHXQRGHORVSODWRVPiVDSHWHFLGRVHQFHOHEUDFLRQHV
DJXDEODQFDHQOD$PD]RQLDHQORVVLVWHPDVGHDJXDEODQE &()*-&(;$%!6!$&!$;!)-9$#)*-G!0&!0)/(.-#!%$!A(!#$:*%'#(.-!
FDGHO*XD\DEHUR&DJXiQ\HOEDMR0LULWt3DUDQi7DPELpQ JUDQDFWLYLGDGGHH[WUDFFLyQLOtFLWDGHELGRDODULTXH]DQXE
HQ ODVFXHQFDVGHORV/ODQRV2ULHQWDOHV HQ ORVGHSDUWDE WULFLRQDOGHVXFDUQH\KXHYRV3RURWURODGRGHELGRDODV
9$&'-%!.$!=9(>-&(%2!=#(/)(2!7(H/$'N2!7(%(&(#$2!D/(*&@(2! PDUFDV FHIiOLFDV VREUHVDOLHQWHV GH ODV FUtDV HVWDV KDFHQ
*XDYLDUH 0HWD 3XWXPD\R9DXSpV \9LFKDGD &DVWDxR SDUWH GH OD YHQWD FRPR PDVFRWDV &DVWDxR0RUD 
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RE 4/$.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/  &RQZD\*yPH] 
ORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
,8&1

63

Nombre comn

Chelidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Mesoclemmys raniceps
(Gray, 1856)

AMAZONIA

Charapa, jar, charapita de aguajal,

Amazon toad-headed turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDDFXiWLFDFDUE
QtYRUD \ QRFWXUQD VH DOLPHQWD SULQFLSDOPHQWH GH
LQVHFWRV ORPEULFHV UDQDV \ SHFHV (V GH WDPDxR
JUDQGH(OFDSDUD]yQWLHQH XQDORQJLWXG WRWDOSURE
PHGLRGHFP(VRYDODGRSODQRFDVLOLVRSRVHH
/&(!H/*;;(!-!)(#$&(!)$&'#(;!$&!5/<$&*;$%!6!$%!.$!)-;-#!
QHJUR(OSODVWUyQHVFyQFDYRGHFRORUFDIpRVFXUR

FRQORVERUGHVDPDULOORV/DFDEH]DHVSURPLQHQWH
FRQODSDUWHYHQWUDODPDULOOD\ODVHVFDPDVGHFRORU
FDIpRVFXUR7LHQHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVODUJRV
\HOFXHOORSUHVHQWDSURWXEHUDQFLDVSXQWLDJXGDV/DV
SDWDV VRQ FRPSOHWDPHQWH SDOPHDGDV WLHQHQ FLQFR
:(##(%!$&!;(%!$1'#$9*.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%!6!%-;-!)/('#-!
HQ ODV SRVWHULRUHV /RV PDFKRV WLHQHQ OD FDEH]D \
64

AMAZONIA

HOFXHUSRPiVUHGXFLGRTXHHOGHODVKHPEUDVHQ
HVWRVODORQJLWXGGHODFRODHVPD\RU\HOSODVWUyQHV
9N%!)+&)(<-!6!$%)-'(.-!)$#)(!(!;-%!$%)/.-%!(&(;$%!
(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

`a?&$+$_29LYHHQDPELHQWHVOpQWLFRVSRFRSURIXQE
GRV FDxRV DUUR\RV \ UtRV GH ERVTXH SUtVWLQR (Q
LQYLHUQRKDELWDODVHOYDLQXQGDGD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_!P#*$&'$!.$!0)/(.-#!$&!;(%!
SURYLQFLDVGH6XFXPEtRV\2UHOODQD3HU~/RUHWR
0DGUHGH'LRV3DVFR\8FD\DOLQRUWHGH%ROLYLD
QRUWHGH %UDVLO$FUH0DWR*URVVR 3DUi5RQGRE
QLD5RUDLPDVXUGH9HQH]XHOD\&RORPELD%RXU 
=DKHU)ULW] +DYD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

8&*$+2 9":+2 2 ;2 !&$%*_ (VSHFLH FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR

QR DPHQD]DGD SRU OD 8,&1 H LQFOXLGD HQ OD FDWHE
JRUtDGH3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQGLDO
1R HVWi LQFOXLGD HQ ORV$SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV )ULW]
+DYD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRE
FLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1


R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;-%!

GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH $PD]RQDV &DTXHWi *XDLQtD
3XWXPD\R \9DXSpV )ULW]  +DYD  5XHGD
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
+HUSHWRORJtD

KL%#+M+*_23-%!*&.*<*./-%!(./;'-%!6!&$-&('-%!&-!
%-&!)-9$#)*(;*>(.-%2!(/&H/$!%/!)(#&$!$%!)-&%/9*.(!
FRQEDMDIUHFXHQFLDHQHO3HU~)ULW] +DYD
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/,8&1

65

Nombre comn

Chelidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Phrynops geoffroanus
(Schweigger, 1812)

AMAZONIA

Bachala, teparo, charapa,

Schweiggers side-necked turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDDFXiWLFDFDUE
QtYRUDGLXUQDVHDOLPHQWDSUHIHUHQFLDOPHQWHGHLQE
VHFWRV\RWURVLQYHUWHEUDGRVDFXiWLFRV\SHFHV(O
FDSDUD]yQSXHGHDOFDQ]DUKDVWDFPGHODUJRHV
RYDODGR \ DSODQDGR QHJUR R FDIp RVFXUR XQ SRFR
PiV DOWR HQ OD SDUWH LQPHGLDWDPHQWH SRVWHULRU D
OD PLWDG GHO FXHUSR FRQ TXLOOD R FDUHQD YHUWHEUDO
\FRPSOHWDPHQWHOLVRHQHOPDUJHQ(OSODVWUyQHV

DQFKR\GHFRORUDPDULOORRVFXUR/DFDEH]DHVPX\
SHTXHxD \ DQJRVWD \ SUHVHQWD SHTXHxDV HVFDPDV
*##$:/;(#$%! 6! %/%! #$:*-&$%! .-#%(;! 6! ;('$#(;! %-&! .$!
FRORUJULVROLYD$ORVODGRVGHODFDEH]D\HOFXHOOR
SUHVHQWD OtQHDV DOWHUQDGDV EODQFDV \ QHJUDV7LHQH
EDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV(QORVMXYHQLOHVWDQWRHO
SODVWUyQFRPRHOODGRLQIHULRUGHORVHVFXGRVPDUE
:*&(;$%!6!;(!:(#:(&'(!%-&!.$!)-;-#!#-5-!)-&!9(#)(%!
66

AMAZONIA

QHJUDV HVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VRQ FODYHV SDUD LGHQE

WLFDU D OD HVSHFLH HQ ORV HVWDGLRV LQPDGXURV /DV
SDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDVFRQFLQFRJDUUDVHQODVH[WUHE
PLGDGHVDQWHULRUHV\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RV
PDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVGHFROD
PiVODUJD\JUXHVD\SUHVHQWDQXQDPD\RUGLVWDQFLD
FORDFDO(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
JKKOFG

`a?&$+$_29LYHHQUtRVODJRV\ODJXQDVOpQWLFRVFRQ
PXFKDYHJHWDFLyQSUHVHQWHVHQERVTXHVGHJDOHUtD
6!$&!(:/(%!)-&'(9*&(.(%!$&!)$#)(&@(!(!9$.*-%!/#E
EDQRV(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
JKKOFG

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_26HFRQVLGHUDFRPRQRDPHE
QD]DGDHLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtDGH3UHRFXSDFLyQ
0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R VH HQFXHQWUD HQ
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 4$:*-&$%! &-#-))*.$&'(;$%! ORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD
\ FHQWUDOHV GH 6XUDPpULFD GHVGH HO VXURULHQWH GH =;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
&RORPELD\3HU~%ROLYLD3DUDJXD\HOVXU\RFFLGHQE +HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
WHGH%UDVLOHOQRUWHGH$UJHQWLQD\8UXJXD\%DOGR
&.*#/)ULW] +DYD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG KL%#+M+*_2 1R VH SUHVHQWDQ PD\RUHV DPHQD]DV
SDUDHVWDHVSHFLH6LQHPEDUJRHQODWULEX'HVDQD
&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
GHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO9DXSpVHVFRQVLGHUDGDFRPR
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!#$:*+&! XQHOHPHQWRPiJLFR\KDFHSDUWHGHORVULWXDOHVVDE
$PD]yQLFD\HQOD2ULQRTXLD(QORVGHSDUWDPHQE JUDGRVSHURVXFDUQHHVSRFRFRQVXPLGD(UQHVW&.*
'-%!.$!=9(>-&(%2!7(H/$'N2!7(%(&(#$2!D/(*&@(2!M$'(2! #/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/,8&1
3XWXPD\R9DXSpV \9LFKDGD 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD

67

Nombre comn

Chelidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Platemys platycephala
(Schneider, 1792)

AMAZONIA

Charapita de altura, charapita, charapita

de aguajal, Lala twist-necked turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD
'HWDPDxRSHTXHxRDOFDQ]DFPHQHOFDVRGH
ORV PDFKRV DGXOWRV \  FP HQ ODV KHPEUDV (O
FDSDUD]yQ HV HOtSWLFR DSODQDGR GH FRORU FDIp FRQ
SLJPHQWDFLyQDPDULOOD\HVWiDWUDYHVDGRSRUXQVXUE
FR SURIXQGR ORQJLWXGLQDO D OR ODUJR GH WRGRV ORV

HVFXGRVYHUWHEUDOHVGHOLPLWDGRVSRUGRVTXLOODVR
FDUHQDVODWHUDOHVPX\ELHQPDUFDGDV/DFDEH]DHV
SODQDFRQODUHJLyQGRUVDOGHFRORUDPDULOORQDUDQE
MD(OFXHOORWLHQHQXPHURVRVWXEpUFXORVFyQLFRV\
HVWiERUGHDGRDODGR\ODGRSRUXQDDQFKDEDQGD
DPDULOOD3RVHHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV/DVSDWDV
68

AMAZONIA

VRQHVFDVDPHQWHSDOPHDGDVFRQFLQFRJDUUDVHQODV
H[WUHPLGDGHVDQWHULRUHV\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRE
UHV7LHQHXQDFRODFRUWDGHFRORUQHJUR/RVPDE
FKRVVRQPiVJUDQGHVTXHODVKHPEUDV\HQHVWDVHO
H[WUHPRSRVWHULRUGHOSODVWUyQHVWiGREODGRKDFLD
DUULED5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/%DUULR$PRE
UyV xLJR1DUEDL]D

`a?&$+$_29LYHHQiUHDVUHODWLYDPHQWHSRFRKDELWDE
GDV 'DGR VX WDPDxR SHTXHxR IUHFXHQWD FXHUSRV
GHDJXDSRFRSURIXQGRVFRPRSDQWDQRV&DVWDxR
0RUDD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD
GH 3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 6H HQFXHQWUD HQ HO QRURE HVWi LQFOXLGD HQ ORV $SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV 5XHGD
ULHQWHGH6XUDPpULFDHQODVFXHQFDVGHO&DULEHGH =;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
9HQH]XHOD \ ODV *XD\DQDV \ HQ HO$PD]RQDV WDPE +HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
ELpQ HVWi SUHVHQWH HQ ODV SDUWHV DOWDV GH ORV UtRV
3XUXV-XUXi<DYDUL\3XWXPD\R)ULW] +DYD KL%#+M+*_2 1R HV PX\ DSHWHFLGD SDUD FRQVXPR
KXPDQRQLSHUVHJXLGDSDUDHOPHUFDGRGHPDVFRE
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
WDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/,8&1
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_26HHQFXHQWUDSULQFLE
SDOPHQWHHQHOVXURULHQWHHQODFXHQFDGHO$PD]RE
QDV (Q ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH$PD]RQDV &DTXHWi
3XWXPD\R9LFKDGD\9DXSpV&DVWDxR0RUDD
&HEDOORV)RQVHFD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/G2!
 $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD

69

Nombre comn

Familia

Chelidae

:PQVMUa[Z]XM[
(Spix, 1824)

AMAZONIA

Tortuga achiote, tortuga de cabeza roja,

Cgado vermelho, Red-footed sideneck turtle

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDRPQtYRUDGH
KiELWRVQRFWXUQRVFRQXQDORQJLWXGDSUR[LPDGDGH
FP(OFDSDUD]yQHVGHFRORUJULVRVFXURRFDIp
RVFXUR(OSODVWUyQHVDPDULOOR/DFDEH]DFXHOOR\
$1'#$9*.(.$%!%-&!.$!)-;-#!#-5-2!;-!)/(;!$%!)(#()'$E
UtVWLFRSDUDODLGHQWLFDFLyQGHODHVSHFLH/DFDEH]D

HV SHTXHxD \ DQJRVWD FRQ QDULQDV SURPLQHQWHV \

SRVHH XQD EDQGD GH FRORU QHJUR TXH YD GHVGH HO
$1'#$9-! .$;! A-)*)-! A(%'(! $;! )/$;;-! 6! ('#(<*$%(! $;!
RMR\HOWtPSDQR\RWUDEDQGDQHJUDHQWUHODVRUELE
WDV3UHVHQWDEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVFRUWRV/DV
SDWDV VRQ SDOPHDGDV FRQ FLQFR JDUUDV HQ ODV H[E
70

AMAZONIA

WUHPLGDGHVDQWHULRUHV\SRUORJHQHUDOWUHVHQODV
SRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODV
KHPEUDV\HQHVWRVODFRODHVPiVODUJD\JUXHVD\HO
SODVWUyQHVFyQFDYR0F&RUG&.*#/&DVWDxR
0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/  5XL] &.*
#/;GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

R HVFRQGLGD HQ OD KRMDUDVFD 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*

#/5XL]&.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;
.&).-60,&);2"4F

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_6HHQFXHQWUDHQODFDWHJRUtD
3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQGLDO\FRPR
&DVL$PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOQDFLRQDOSRUOD8,&1
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_6XUGH&RORPELD\QRUWH 1RHVWiLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV&DVWDE
GH%UDVLO5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
xR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/5XL]
&.* #/  (VWUDGD*RQ]iOH] &.* #/ $VRFLDE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%! #$E FLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
:*-&$%!.$!;(!=9(>-&*(!6!$;!$%)/.-!D/6(&C%!6!$&!;(%!
FXHQFDVEDMDVGHORVUtRV$SDSRULV3LUi3DUDQi\3DE KL%#+M+*_2 3RU VX GLVWULEXFLyQ UHVWULQJLGD EDMDV
SXULGHO$PD]RQDV(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$PDE GHQVLGDGHV SREODFLRQDOHV \ UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH KiE
]RQDV *XDLQtD \9DXSpV %DUWOHWW  %DWOHWW  ELWDWWLHQGHDYHUVHDIHFWDGDSRUODVDFWLYLGDGHVDQE
6RX]D)ULW] +DYD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG WUySLFDV6XVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DVVRQHOFRQVXPR
&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE GHKXHYRV\ODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQSRUORVSREODGRUHV
JtD
DPD]yQLFRV &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDE
)*.!&.*#/5XL]&.*#/;(VWUDGD*RQ]iOH]
`a?&$+$_29LYHH[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQDUUR\RVERVFRVRV &.*#/G2!JKKLFG
RUtRVGHDJXDVSRFRSURIXQGDV(VWDHVSHFLHHVPX\
UDUD\DTXHSDVDHOWLHPSRVXPHUJLGDHQHOIRQGR
71

Nombre comn

Podocnemidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Podocnemis sextuberculata
(Cornalia, 1849)
AMAZONIA

Cupiso, ia, piti,

Six-tubercled Amazon river turtle

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_7RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD
TXHDOFDQ]DXQDORQJLWXGPi[LPDGHFPVLHQGR
XQD GH ODV WRUWXJDV PiV SHTXHxDV GHO JpQHUR 821
62$,&'0) (O FDSDUD]yQ HV FRQYH[R \ HQ IRUPD GH
GRPR GHSULPLGR DPSOLR KDFLD OD PLWDG SRVWHULRU

GHFRORUJULVFDIpXROLYDDPDULOORFRQXQDTXLOODR
FDUHQDVREUHHOVHJXQGR\WHUFHUHVFXGRYHUWHEUDO
(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORUDPDULOOHQWRRFDIpJULViFHR
FRQWXEpUFXORVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVELHQGHVDUUROODGRV
TXHGHVDSDUHFHQFRQODHGDGDXQTXHHQORVDGXOWRV
72

AMAZONIA

VRORVRQYLVLEOHV\HVWiQXELFDGRVVREUHORVHVFXE
GRVSHFWRUDOHV7LHQHXQEDUELFHORPHQWRQLDQRFRUE
WR\JUXHVRDOJXQDVYHFHVSXHGHSUHVHQWDU/RV
PDFKRV VRQ PiV SHTXHxRV TXH ODV KHPEUDV \ HQ
HVWRVODFRODHVPiVODUJD\JUXHVD&DVWDxR0RUD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

`a?&$+$_29LYHHQFDxRVPDGUHYLHMDV\UtRVJUDQGHV
GHDJXDVEODQFDVODJXQDVUHEDOVHV\iUHDVGHLQXQE
GDFLyQFXELHUWDVSRUVHOYD5HEHOR 3H]]XWWL
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;2!JKKOFG!
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_26HHQFXHQWUDFDWDORJDGDFRPR
9XOQHUDEOH 98 D QLYHO PXQGLDO \ QDFLRQDO SRU OD
8,&1 ,QFOXLGD HQ HO$SpQGLFH ,, GH &LWHV 6PLWK
 &DVWDxR0RUD D 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD
,8&1

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_(Q&RORPELD%UDVLO\3HU~
8$%.$! ;(!=9(>-&*(! -#*$&'(;! 6! $;! %/#-#*$&'$! .$! ;(!
7/$&)(!.$;!=9(>-&(%!A(%'(!$;!&-#'$!.$!?#(%*;2!%/E
URULHQWHGH&RORPELD\QRURULHQWHGH3HU~6RLQL
5HEHOR 3H]]XWWL5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
KL%#+M+*_ 6X SULQFLSDO DPHQD]D HV OD UHFROHFE
#/;2!JKKOFG
FLyQGHKXHYRV\DGXOWRVSRUFRPXQLGDGHVORFDOHV
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!)/$&E SDUDHOFRPHUFLRLOHJDO6PLWK&DVWDxR0RUD
FDGHO$PD]RQDV\ODVFXHQFDVEDMDVGHORVUtRV$PDE D*DUFtD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
]RQDV&DTXHWi\3XWXPD\R(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRV ,8&1
GH$PD]RQDV\9DXSpV&DVWDxR0RUDD&HE
EDOORV)RQVHFD  &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
+HUSHWRORJtD
73

Tortuga nariguda, palmera,

Cabeza pintada, Colombian wood turtle

Familia

Geoemydidae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE
FDGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUDE
>+&!$%!-<(;(.-2!9N%!(;'-!$&!;(!>-&(!.$;(&'$#(2!.$!
FRORUQHJURQRWLHQHXQDTXLOODPX\GHVDUUROODGD
\ODVXSHUFLHHVDUUXJDGD(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORU
FDIpRVFXURFRQORVERUGHV\FLVXUDVDPDULOODV/D

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Rhinoclemmys melanosterna
(Gray, 1861)

FDEH]DHVSHTXHxDQHJUD\SUHVHQWDXQDOtQHDTXH
YDGHVGHHODPDULOORYHUGRVRDOURMRQDUDQMDHVWD
SXHGHVHUFRQWLQXDRGLVFRQWLQXDGHVGHDQWHVGH
ORV RMRV SDVDQGR HQFLPD GH HOORV KDVWD XQ SRFR
DQWHV GHO FXHOOR WDPELpQ VH SXHGH SUHVHQWDU GH
IRUPDUHGXFLGDVREUHHOWtPSDQRHLQFOXVRVHUWDQ
74

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIN

Nombre comn

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIN

VRORGRVSHTXHxDVPDQFKDVGHOPLVPRFRORUHQOD
UHJLyQ SDULHWDO (Q RFDVLRQHV OD UDQIRWHFD LQIHULRU
UHJLyQ PDQGLEXODU SUHVHQWD PDQFKDV QHJUDV (O
LULVHVDPDULOORREODQFRDYHFHVFRQXQDUD\DQHJUD
ORQJLWXGLQDOFUX]DQGRODSXSLOD/DQDUL]HVSXQWLDJXE
GD/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDVDPDULOORRFUHRQDUDQE
5(!)-&!&/9$#-%(%!9(&)A(%!&$:#/>)(%G!3-%!9()A-%!
VRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVHVWRVWLHQHQHO
FDSDUD]yQPiVDSODQDGR\ODFRODPiVODUJD&DVWDE
xR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/  6,%

!
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2'HVGHOD&RVWD&DULEHGHO
%/#-#*$&'$! .$! "(&(9N! A(%'(! $;! &-#-))*.$&'$! .$;!
(FXDGRU5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 6H GLVWULEX\H D OR
ODUJRGHOD5HJLyQ3DFtFDHQOD]RQDRFFLGHQWDO\
FHQWUDOGHO&DULEH\HQHOUtR0DJGDOHQDGHVGH/HE
EULMDKDVWD6DQWDQGHU3UHVHQWHHQORVGHSDUWDPHQE
'-%!.$!=&'*-H/*(2!=';N&'*)-2!?-;@<(#2!?-6()N2!7(;.(%2!
&DXFD &HVDU &KRFy &yUGRED &XQGLQDPDUFD /D

*XDMLUD0DJGDOHQD1DULxR6DQWDQGHU6XFUH\9DOOH
GHO &DXFD 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ $VRFLDE
FLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD6,%
`a?&$+$_2(VXQDWRUWXJDDFXiWLFDSHURVHHQFXHQE
WUDFRQUHJXODULGDGIXHUDGHODJXD(QJHQHUDOHVWi
HQDJXDVFRQSRFDRQLQJXQDFRUULHQWHGHQWURGHO
ERVTXH\SUHHUHODV]RQDVSDQWDQRVDVFRQPXFKR
SDVWR&DVWDxR0RUD6,%
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD
3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R LQE
FOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/;$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
JtD
KL%#+M+*_2/DVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DVVRQODFD]D
\DTXHHVPX\IiFLOGHFDSWXUDU\ODTXHPDGHSDVE
WL]DOHV HQ OD HVWDFLyQ VHFD &DVWDxR0RUD 
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/6,%
75

Tapaculo liso, bipumia, can,

White-lipped mud turtle

Familia

Kinosternidae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_7RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE
FDRPQtYRUD\QRFWXUQDVHDOLPHQWDHVSHFLDOPHQE
WH GH UHQDFXDMRV SHFHV \ PROXVFRV 'H WDPDxR
SHTXHxRTXHSXHGHDOFDQ]DUDFPGHODUJR
(OFDSDUD]yQHVREORQJR\DSODQDGRGHFRORUFDIp
\ORVHVFXGRVPDUJLQDOHVVRQDFDPSDQDGRV(QORV
MXYHQLOHVHOFDSDUD]yQSUHVHQWDXQDTXLOODRFDUHQD

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Kinosternon leucostomum
(Dumril & Bibron, 1851)

(OSODVWUyQHVDQFKR\GHFRORUDPDULOOR/DFDEH]D
HVELFRORUHDGDFDIpRVFXUDVREUHODUHJLyQGRUVDO
\ DPDULOOD HQ OD UHJLyQ YHQWUDO LQFOXLGD OD UDQIRE
WHFD VXSHULRU UHJLyQ PD[LODU 3RVHH XQD DQFKD
EDQGDSRVWRUELWDOGHFRORUDPDULOORDDPERVODGRV
GHOFXHOORERUGHDGDVXSHULRUHLQIHULRUPHQWHSRU
OtQHDVGHFRORUFDIpRVFXURODEDQGDWLHQGHDGHVE
76

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIN

Nombre comn

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIN

<(&$)$#%$! (! 9$.*.(! H/$! ;-%! *&.*<*./-%! $&<$5$)$&!

\HVUHPSOD]DGDSRUXQDPH]FODGHSXQWRVGHFRE
ORUDPDULOOR\FDIp7LHQHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV
XQSDUDQWHULRUPiVODUJRTXHHOSDUSRVWHULRU/DV
SDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVJUDQGHV
TXHODVKHPEUDV\HQHVWRVODFRODHVPiVODUJD\
FRQXQDHVSLQDWHUPLQDOVLQSUHVHQFLDGHWXEpUFXORV
HQORVPXVORV(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

7ROLPD9DOOHGHO&DXFD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/5KRGLQ&.*#/$VRE
FLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD0HGLQD
5DQJHO

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2'HVGH9HUDFUX]HQ0p[LFR
KDVWD ODV WLHUUDV EDMDV GHO 3DFtFR HFXDWRULDQR 6H
GLVWULEX\H HQ ORV GUHQDMHV GHO$WOiQWLFR GHVGH 1LE
FDUDJXDKDVWDDOJXQDVUHJLRQHVSDQDPHxDV\HQHO
$WOiQWLFR \ 3DFtFR FRORPELDQRV \ DO QRURFFLGHQE
WHGH3HU~&LVQHURV+HUHGLD)ULW] +DYD
 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/  5KRGLQ &.* #/G2!


8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD
GH 3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R
HVWiLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV&LVQHURV
+HUHGLD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ $VRE
FLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1


R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;-%!.$E
SDUWDPHQWRVGH$QWLRTXLD$WOiQWLFR%ROtYDU%R\DE
Fi&DOGDV&DXFD&HVDU&KRFy&yUGRED&XQGLQDE
PDUFD +XLOD 0DJGDOHQD 1DULxR 6DQWDQGHU 6XFUH

`a?&$+$_2 9LYH HQ DJXDV OpQWLFDV GH PXFKD WXUELE

GH] FRQ DEXQGDQWHV SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV \ GH ERUGH
DGHPiVGHFXHUSRVGHDJXDWHPSRUDOHV\HVWXDULRV
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

KL%#+M+*_26XVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DVVRQHOFRQE
VXPRKXPDQR\HOWUiFRLOHJDOHQDOJXQDVUHJLRQHV
GH&RORPELD\(FXDGRU'HOD7RUUH&LVQHE
URV+HUHGLD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ 
,8&1
77

Tapaculo comn, tortuga-pecho

quebrado, casquito, Scorpion mud turtle

Familia

Kinosternidae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD VHPLDFXiWLFD

RPQtYRUD FRQVXPH YDULRV WLSRV GH LQYHUWHEUDGRV
DFXiWLFRVSHFHVHLQFOXVRFDUURxD'HWDPDxRJUDQGH
SXHGHDOFDQ]DUFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVDODUJDE
GRRYDODGRGHFRORUFDIpFODURDRVFXURRQHJURFRQ
WUHVTXLOODVRFDUHQDVFODUDPHQWHGHQLGDVHQHOFDSDE
UD]yQGHORVLQGLYLGXRVDGXOWRV(OSODVWUyQHVDQFKR

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Kinosternon scorpioides
(Linnaeus, 1766)

FRQOyEXORVH[SDQGLGRV\GHFRORUPDUUyQ/DFDEH]D
HVPRGHUDGDPHQWHJUDQGHFRQHOKRFLFRSUR\HFWDGR
GHFRORUJULVRFDIpPRWHDGDGHDPDULOOR/DUDQIRWHE
FDVXSHULRUHLQIHULRUUHJLRQHVPD[LODU\PDQGLEXODU
SXHGHQVHUGHFRORUDPDULOORFRQDOJXQDVUD\DVRVFXE
UDV3RVHHJUDQGHVEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVDQWHULRE
UHVVHJXLGRVGHREDUELFHORVGHPHQRUWDPDxR/D

78

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIN

Nombre comn

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIN

FRODQDOL]DKDELWXDOPHQWHHQXQDXxD/RVPDFKRVVRQ
GHPD\RUWDPDxRFRQODFDEH]DPiVJUDQGH\SLJPHQE
WDGDODUDQIRWHFDVXSHULRUUHJLyQPD[LODUPiVSURPLE
QHQWHODFRODPiVODUJD\HOSODVWUyQPiVFyQFDYRHQ
FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ ODV KHPEUDV 6FKPLGW  5XHGD
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/  0F&UDQLH  GLVSRQLEOH HQ
%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4H*%..3@AAF03$26&F22;$2'FG
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2$PpULFD&HQWUDO\6XUDPpULFD
GHVGH0p[LFRKDVWD$UJHQWLQD(VWDHVSHFLHVHHQFXHQE
WUDGHVGHHOVXUGH3DQDPi(FXDGRUHOQRUWHGH3HU~
%/#!.$!?-;*<*(!6!$;!&-#'$!.$!=#:$&'*&(!A(%'(!$;!-#*$&'$!
GHODV*XD\DQDV%UDVLO\3DUDJXD\5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(%!)/$&)(%!
GH ORV UtRV &DXFD 6LQ~$UDXFD &DVDQDUH 0HWD 2ULE
QRFR7RPR9LFKDGD *XDYLDUH ,QtULGD 3XWXPD\R DOWR
&DTXHWi&DJXiQ<DUt$SDSRULV9DXSpV*XDLQtD\$PDE
]RQDV (Q ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH$PD]RQDV$QWLRTXLD
=#(/)(2! =';N&'*)-2! ?-;@<(#2! 7(;.(%2! 7(H/$'N2! 7(%(&(#$2!
&HVDU&KRFy&yUGRED*XDLQtD0DJGDOHQD0HWD1DE
ULxR1RUWHGH6DQWDQGHU3XWXPD\R6DQ$QGUpV6XFUH

9DXSpV \9LFKDGD &HEDOORV)RQVHFD  5XHGD$OE

9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUE
SHWRORJtDGLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQFXDOTXLHUFXHUSRGHDJXDVRPHUDHQ
FXUVRVGHDJXDWHPSRUDOHVRSHUPDQHQWHVDUUR\RVUtRV
ODJRV\HVWDQTXHVGHGLIHUHQWHVHFRVLVWHPDV&DVWDxR
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOF
8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_ (VSHFLH FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR QR
DPHQD]DGD SRU OD 8,&1 H LQFOXLGD HQ OD FDWHJRUtD GH
3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQGLDO1RHVWiLQE
FOXLGD HQ ORV $SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV &HEDOORV)RQVHFD
 &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/;2!
$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
KL%#+M+*_6HFRQVXPHLQWHQVDPHQWHHQOD&RVWD$WE
OiQWLFDFRORPELDQD\HQ0DUDFDLERHQ9HQH]XHODLJXDOE
PHQWHHVPX\DSHWHFLGDHQ%UDVLOGRQGHODKDFHQSDVDU
SRUFDQJUHMRUHOOHQR&HEDOORV)RQVHFD&DVWDxR
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

79

Morrocoy, morrocoyo, morrocn,

Red-footed tortoise

Familia

Testudinidae

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD WHUUHVWUH

GLXUQD RPQtYRUD FRQVXPH SODQWDV SHTXHxRV LQE
YHUWHEUDGRVKRQJRVFDUURxD\KHFHV(VGHWDPDE
xRPHGLDQRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUKDVWDFPGHODUJR
(O FDSDUD]yQ WLHQH IRUPD GH GRPR HV GH FRORU
QHJURDFDIpRVFXURFRQXQDPDQFKDFHQWUDOQtWLGD
DPDULOODDQDUDQMDRURML]DSUHVHQWHHQFDGDXQR

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Chelonoidis carbonaria
(Spix, 1824)

GHORVHVFXGRVYHUWHEUDOHV\FRVWDOHV(OSODVWUyQ
HVGHFRORUFUHPDSXHGHSUHVHQWDUPDQFKDVQHE
:#/>)(%!A()*(!$;!)$&'#-G!3(%!$%)(9(%!.$;!.-#%-!.$!
ODFDEH]DVRQDPDULOORQDUDQMDRURMDVDOLJXDOTXH
ODV GH ODV SDWDV /DV SDWDV VRQ JUXHVDV \ UREXVE
WDVVLPLODUHVDODVGHXQHOHIDQWHFRQJDUUDVELHQ
.$%(##-;;(.(%G!0&!;-%!(./;'-%!;-%!9()A-%!%-&!9N%!
80

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIN

Nombre comn

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIN

JUDQGHVTXHODVKHPEUDVWLHQHQHOSODVWUyQFyQFDYR `a?&$+$_29LYHHQERVTXHVGHJDOHUtDERUGHGHVDE
\ODFRODPiVODUJD\JUXHVD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;E* EDQDVSDVWL]DOHV\ERVTXHVVHFRV7LHQHSUHIHUHQE
FLDSRUODViUHDVDELHUWDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;E*
0HGLQD5DQJHO&.*#/;
0HGLQD5DQJHO&.*#/
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_23DQDPi&RORPELD9HQHE
>/$;(2!D/(6(&(%2!?#(%*;2!?-;*<*(2!"(#(:/(62!=#:$&'*&(! 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDHQODFDE
H LVODV GHO &DULEH 7ULQLGDG \ $QWLOODV &DVWDxR WHJRUtDGH3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQE
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/0HGLQD GLDO\(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5DQLYHOQDFLRQDOSRU
OD ,8&1 6H HQFXHQWUD HQ HO$SpQGLFH ,, GH &LWHV
4(&:$;!&.*#/
&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%! $VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD0HE
OODQXUDV GH OD UHJLyQ &DULEH HO YDOOH LQWHUDQGLQR .*&(E4(&:$;!&.*#/
GHO 0DJGDOHQD KDVWD +RQGD 7ROLPD \ ORV /ODQRV
2ULHQWDOHV3UHVHQWHHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$QE KL%#+M+*_2 6XV SULQFLSDOHV DPHQD]DV VRQ OD GHVE
'*-H/*(2!=#(/)(2!=';N&'*)-2!?-;@<(#2!7(;.(%2!7(H/$'N2! WUXFFLyQ\GHJUDGDFLyQGHVXVKiELWDWVODVREUH[SORE
&DVDQDUH&HVDU&KRFy&yUGRED&XQGLQDPDUFD WDFLyQSRUFDFHUtD\HOWUiFRLOHJDOGHORVQHRQDWRV
*XDLQtD *XDMLUD 0DJGDOHQD 0HWD 6DQWDQGHU 6XE FRPR PDVFRWDV &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OE
FUH7ROLPD\9LFKDGD(Q6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLD 9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKO2!M$.*&(E4(&:$;!&.*#/;E*
VH FRQVLGHUD FRPR XQD HVSHFLH LQWURGXFLGD &DVE
WDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ 
$VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD 
M$.*&(E4(&:$;!&.*#/
81

Carranchina, cabezn de Zulia, tortuga

montaera, Zulia toad-headed turtle

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE
FD RPQtYRUD VH DOLPHQWD SULQFLSDOPHQWH GH PRE
OXVFRV DUWUySRGRV SHFHV \ DQELRV 'H JUDQ WDE
PDxRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUHQWUHFPGHODUJR(O
FDSDUD]yQHVREORQJRDOJRDSODQDGRGHFRORUJULV
-%)/#-!-!&$:#-2!)-&!/&!;$<$!%/#)-!$&'#$!$;!%$:/&E

Familia

Chelidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Mesoclemmys zuliae
(Pritchard y Trebbau, 1984)

GR\FXDUWRHVFXGRYHUWHEUDO(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRE
ORUDPDULOORFRQSLJPHQWDFLyQFDVWDxD/DFDEH]D
HVSURPLQHQWHGHFRORUJULVRVFXURFRQODSDUWH
GRUVDOOLVDVHJPHQWDGDHQSROtJRQRVLUUHJXODUHVGH
JUDQWDPDxR\ODUDQIRWHFDLQIHULRUUHJLyQPDQE
GLEXODU WLHQH XQD WHUPLQDFLyQ HQ IRUPD GH JDQE
82

DISTRIBUCIN PROBABLE COLOMBIA

Nombre comn

DISTRIBUCIN PROBABLE COLOMBIA

FKR SXQWLDJXGR /DV QDULQDV VRQ PX\ SUR\HFWDGDV

/D SDUWH ODWHUDO GH OD FDEH]D H LQIHULRU GHO FXHOOR
%-&! .$! )-;-#! (9(#*;;-! )-&! /&(! ;@&$(! &$:#(! H/$! %$!
H[WLHQGH GHVGH HO URVWUR SDVD D WUDYpV GHO RMR \
OOHJDKDVWDHOWtPSDQR3RVHHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDE
QRVSHTXHxRV/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV/RVPDFKRV
VRQ PiV SHTXHxRV TXH ODV KHPEUDV \ HQ HVWRV OD
FRODHVPiVODUJD\JUXHVD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
5KRGLQ&.*#/;GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;
.&).-60,&);2"4FG!

WDQGHU(UQHVW&.*#/;5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQiUHDVFHQDJRVDVSDQWDQRVFDxRV
\SODQRVGHLQXQGDFLyQGHJUDQGHVUtRV(UQHVW&.*
#/  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/  GLVSRQLEOH
$&I!%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_6HHQFXHQWUDFDWDORJDGDFRPR
9XOQHUDEOH98SRUOD8,&11RHVWiLQFOXLGDHQ
ORV $SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/G2!
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_!0%!$&.C9*)(!.$!;(!)/$&)(! ,8&1
GH0DUDFDLERHQ9HQH]XHODH[FOXVLYRGHODVFLpQDJDV
GHO 3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO &DWDWXPER FLpQDJDV GH -XDQ KL%#+M+*_2 $XQTXH QR SUHVHQWD DPHQD]DV HVSHE
0DQXHO GH$JXDV 1HJUDV \$JXDV %ODQFDV (UQHVW FtFDVVXGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiFDUHVWULQJLGDODKDFH
&.*#/)ULW] +DYD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG YXOQHUDEOH D HYHQWRV R IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV H LQE
&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV xLJD1DUEDL]D XHQFLDVDQWUySLFDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
,8&1
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2(VSRVLEOHTXHKDELE
WHODViUHDVDOHGDxDVDOUtR7LE~\DOQRUWHGH9LOOD
GHO5RVDULRHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH1RUWHGH6DQE
83

Bachala, charapa, cgado de barbicha,

Cotinga river toadhead turtle

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD VHOYiWLFD \

VHPLDFXiWLFD/DVKHPEUDVSXHGHQDOFDQ]DUXQWDE
PDxR  FP GH ODUJR (O FDSDUD]yQ HV DSODQDGR
OLVR \ SRVHH WUHV TXLOODV R FDUHQDV ORQJLWXGLQDOHV
TXHODGLIHUHQFLDQGH8;*4&2>>"2#,-)(OSODVWUyQHV
.$!)-;-#!#-5-E&(#(&5(!-!(9(#*;;-2!)-&!9(&)A(%!-%E

Familia

Chelidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Phrynops tuberosus
(Peters, 1870)

FXUDV/DFDEH]DHVSHTXHxD\DQJRVWDFRQXQDOtE
&$(!&$:#(!H/$!%$!$1'*$&.$!.$%.$!$;!A-)*)-!A(%'(!
ODUHJLyQWHPSRUDOSDVDQGRDWUDYpVGHORMR(QOD
UHJLyQODWHUDOGHFDEH]D\FXHOORVHDOWHUQDQOtQHDV
EODQFDV QHJUDV R URMDV /DV SDWDV VRQ SDOPHDGDV
3(%! $1'#$9*.(.$%! (&'$#*-#$%! '*$&$&! )*&)-! :(##(%!
84

DISTRIBUCIN PROBABLE COLOMBIA

Nombre comn

DISTRIBUCIN PROBABLE COLOMBIA

\ODVSRVWHULRUHVFXDWUR/RVPDFKRVWLHQHQODFROD
PiVODUJD\JUXHVDHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQODVKHPEUDV
(UQHVW &.* #/  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ 
GLVSRQLEOH HQ %..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4H* %..3@AAF03$21
6&F22;$2'FG
!
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2$OQRURULHQWHGH6XUDPpE
ULFD DO RULHQWH \ VXU GH9HQH]XHOD HQ ODV *XD\DE
QDV6XULQDPQRURULHQWHGH%UDVLO&RORPELD3HU~
(FXDGRU%ROLYLD3DUDJXD\\$UJHQWLQD+DELWDWDQWR
;(%!)-%'(%!6!N#$(%!*&'$#&(%2!)-9-!;(!#$:*+&!&-#'$!6!
QRURULHQWHGHODFXHQFDGHO$PD]RQDV6RX]D
)ULW] +DYD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

`a?&$+$_(VSHFLHVHOYiWLFD YLYH HQ DUUR\RV FDxRV

\ ODJRV HQ ERVTXHV GH JDOHUtD GH GRVHO FHUUDGR \
YHJHWDFLyQDFXiWLFDDEXQGDQWH(UQHVW&.*#/
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AA
BBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_2 (VSHFLH QR FODVLFDGD SRU
8,&1QLLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/,8&1
KL%#+M+*_21RHVWDQDSHWHFLGDSRUTXHORVKXHE
YRVGHODWRUWXJDSURGXFHQUHDFFLRQHVDOpUJLFDV6LQ
HPEDUJRHVFRQVXPLGDORFDOPHQWHSRUDOJXQDVFRE
PXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVGHODPD]RQDV5XHGD$OPRQDE
)*.!&.*#/,8&1

R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2(VSRVLEOHTXHKDELE
WH\VHHQFXHQWUHHQODFXHQFDDPD]yQLFD(UQHVW
&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/GLVSRQLEOH
$&I!%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

85

Nombre Comn

Emydidae

6WUJZMKQMV\yKW

Trachemys scripta elegans

(Schoepff, 1792)
INTRODUCIDA

Icotea, tartaruga japonesa,

Red-eared Slider

Familia

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD
GHPi[LPRFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVRYDODGR
HQIRUPDGHGRPRHQFDGDXQRGHVXVHVFXGRVFRVE
WDOHV SRVHH XQD IUDQMD DPDULOOD WUDQVYHUVDO SURPLE
QHQWH(OSODVWUyQVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUWHQHUHQFDGD
$%)/.-!/&!%-;-!-)$;-!H/$!)-&!;(!$.(.!%$!<(!'-#&(&E

GRQHJUR(OGRUVRGHODFDEH]DHVWiFXELHUWRSRU
SLHOOLVDVLQHVFDPDVHVGHFRORUYHUGHFRQOtQHDV
ORQJLWXGLQDOHVDPDULOODV\XQDDQFKDEDQGDURMDTXH
VHH[WLHQGHGHVGHHOERUGHSRVWHULRUGHORMRKDFLD
HO FXHOOR (O KRFLFR PHQWyQ FXHOOR \ SDWDV WLHQHQ
OtQHDV ORQJLWXGLQDOHV DPDULOODV /DV SDWDV VRQ FRPE
86

KL%#+M+*_2(VFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRHVSHFLHH[yWLFD
SRU OD 8,&1 SULQFLSDOPHQWH FD]DGD SDUD VHU FRE
PHUFLDOL]DGDFRPRPDVFRWDDQLYHOORFDO&DVWDxR
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/'HSUHE
VHQWDUVH HQ DPELHQWHV QDWXUDOHV HQ QXHVWUR SDtV
SRGUtDSRQHUHQULHVJRODVSREODFLRQHVGHODVRWUDV
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 8$%.$! $;! %/#-#*$&'$! .$;! GRV HVSHFLHV QDWLYDV GH !"#$%&'()! $! *&);/%-! -'#(%!
HVWDGRGH9LUJLQLDKDVWDHOQRUWHGH)ORULGDHQORV HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDV
(VWDGRV8QLGRV&DUU)ULW] +DYD

INTRODUCIDA

SOHWDPHQWHSDOPHDGDV/RVFRORUHVHQORVPDFKRV
RVFXUHFHQPiVUiSLGRTXHHQODVKHPEUDVDGHPiV
pVWRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVFRQHOFDSDUD]yQHVPiV
DSODQDGR \ DQJRVWR \ OD FROD PiV ODUJD &DVWDxR
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;E*JKKOFG

`a?&$+$_26HHQFXHQWUDHQFXDOTXLHUFXHUSRKtGULFR
VHPLSHUPDQHQWHPHQRVHQORVTXHSUHVHQWDQFRE
UULHQWHVIXHUWHV(VFRP~QHQGRQGHKD\DEXQGDQE
WHYHJHWDFLyQVXPHUJLGDRRWDQWH&DVWDxR0RUD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&17DPSRFRHVWiLQFOXLGDHQ
ORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

87

9%,"L%#'+,&"#%*21%#%)+@%*2N+)+2%@2L+#%:"2'/)+#$%22
;2'%*N/P*2'%@2'%,"L&*"2'%2$")$/1+*
0;! 9(&$5-! (.$)/(.-! .$! ;-%! *&.*<*./-%! .$!
IDXQD VLOYHVWUH GXUDQWH \ GHVSXpV GH XQ GHE
FRPLVR HV QHFHVDULR SDUD JDUDQWL]DU OD VDOXG
\VXSHUYLYHQFLDGHORVHVSHFtPHQHVDVtFRPR
SDUDHYLWDUOHVLRQHVDOSHUVRQDOHQFDUJDGRGH
HVWDVODERUHV\ULHVJRVGHVDOXGS~EOLFD
6LELHQOD5HVROXFLyQGHOGHRFWXE
EUHGHGHO0$'6HVSHFtFDORVSURFHE
.*9*$&'-%! (! #$(;*>(#! ./#(&'$! $;! .$)-9*%-2! (%@!
FRPRODGLVSRVLFLyQQDOTXHGHEHQWHQHUORV
*&.*<*./-%! *&)(/'(.-%2! $&! $%'$! .-)/9$&'-! %$!
SUHVHQWDQ DOJXQDV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV SDUD HO
PDQHMR GH ORV HVSHFtPHQHV GH WRUWXJDV GXE
UDQWHHVWHWLSRGHSURFHGLPLHQWRV

FLyQ\9DORUDFLyQGH)DXQD6LOYHVWUH&$9GHVE
WUXFFLyQLQFLQHUDFLyQVLSUHVHQWDQDOJ~QWLSRGH
ULHVJRSDUDODVDOXGKXPDQDDQLPDORYHJHWDOR
DPHQD]DQDOPHGLRDPELHQWH DSOLFDFLyQGHOD
HXWDQDVLD ,8&1  HQWUHJD D ]RROyJLFRV
UHGGHDPLJRVGHODIDXQD WHQHGRUHVGHIDXQD
VLOYHVWUHROLEHUDFLRQHVHQVHPLFDXWLYHULR

O+#&N/@+,&-#2
(VUHFRPHQGDEOHXWLOL]DUJXDQWHVGHQLWULOR
WLSRJXDQWHVGHFLUXJtDGHSYFXRWURPDWHE
ULDOTXHVHDUHVLVWHQWHDORVXLGRV\SHUIRUDE
FLRQHVRHQVXGHIHFWRJXDQWHVGHFDUQD]DR
FXHURVXDYHFRQJXDQWHVGHQLWULORGHEDMRSDUD
SURWHJHUODVPDQRVGHOtTXLGRVFRQWDPLQDGRV
(OXVRGHJXDQWHVHVPX\LPSRUWDQWHSRUTXH
HYLWDODFRQWDPLQDFLyQFRQSDUiVLWRVKRQJRV\
EDFWHULDVTXHSXHGDQHVWDUHQODSLHORFDSDUDE
]yQGHORVDQLPDOHV'XTXH *LUDOGR
\WDPELpQPLQLPL]DRHYLWDOHVLRQHVSRUUDVJXE
xRVRPRUGHGXUDV

(QFDGDXQRGHHVWRVVLWLRVGHEHQVHJXLUVH
XQRV SURWRFRORV HVSHFtFRV SDUD HO UHJLVWUR
GHLQIRUPDFLyQGHODVWRUWXJDVDVtFRPRSDUD
HO GLDJQyVWLFR OD HYDOXDFLyQ FOtQLFD ELROyJLFD
\]RRWpFQLFDHOWUDWDPLHQWRODUHKDELOLWDFLyQ
\ODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVSRVWHULRUHVUHVSHFWR
DO GHVWLQR QDO GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV GH WRUWXJDV
$OPDQLSXODUORVLQGLYLGXRVHVQHFHVDULRWHE
'XUDQWH ORV GHFRPLVRV VH SXHGH LQFDXWDU GHFRPLVDGDVHVWLSXODGRVHQHO'HFUHWR QHUHQFXHQWDORVVLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRV
PDWHULDO ELROyJLFR YLYR PXHUWR R SURGXFWRV GHGHO0$'60$9'7D
t
(VWRVDQLPDOHVHQHVSHFLDOORVDGXOWRVWLHQE
GHULYDGRV (VWHPDWHULDOSXHGHFRUUHVSRQGHUD
/DV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV SUHVHQWDGDV HQ HVWH
GHQDPRUGHU\UDVJXxDUSDUDGHIHQGHUVH
LQGLYLGXRV QHRQDWRV UHFLpQ QDFLGRV MXYHQLOHV GRFXPHQWRFRQVLGHUDQFXDWURDVSHFWRVIXQGDE
DGXOWRVFDUQHRSDUWHVGHFXHUSR\FDSDUD]RQHV PHQWDOHV PDQLSXODFLyQGHODVWRUWXJDV\RVXV t
(V QHFHVDULR VRVWHQHU DO DQLPDO ERFD DUULED
FRQODFDEH]DOHMRVGHODVPDQRV\GHOFXHUSR
3-%!.$%'*&-%!.$!;-%!*&.*<*./-%!.$)-9*%(.-%! GHULYDGRV WUDQVSRUWH PDQXWHQFLyQ \ FXLGDGR
GHOPDQLSXODGRUSDUDHYLWDUPRUGHGXUDV
HVWiQHVWDEOHFLGRVHQHODUW GHOD/H\ GHORVHVSHFtPHQHV\DSR\RHQODVODERUHVGH
t
6L HV XQ DGXOWR GHEH VRVWHQHUVH UPHE
GHGHO0$9'7\SXHGHQVHUOLEHUDFLyQDO SHULWDMH
PHQWHFRQDPEDVPDQRVDODGR\ODGRGHO
PHGLRQDWXUDOGLVSRVLFLyQHQ&HQWURVGH$WHQE

88

0DQXWHQFLyQ\FXLGDGRQDOGHORV
%*N%,AL%#%*

FDSDUD]yQ )LJ  6L HO DQLPDO HVWi PX\

LQTXLHWRVHSXHGHDFRVWDUERFDDUULEDSDUD
TXH VH FDOPH \ DVt SRGHU PDQLSXODUOR GH
PDQHUDPiVVHJXUD(VLPSRUWDQWHUHFRUE
.(#! H/$! (/&H/$! ;(%! '-#'/:(%! %-&! (&*9(;$%!
GHFDSDUD]yQGXURHVWHSXHGHIUDFWXUDUVH
SRUORTXHHVUHFRPHQGDEOHQRJROSHDUODV
GXUDQWH OD PDQLSXODFLyQ \ HYLWDU VDFDU GH
PDQHUDEUXVFDODVEROVDVGHOFDPLyQHQHO
TXHVHDQWUDQVSRUWDGDV

3DUD JDUDQWL]DU FRQGLFLRQHV DSURSLDGDV GH

VDOXG\ODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHODVWRUWXJDVHVQHE
FHVDULRFRQVLGHUDUORVVLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRV

t
/DVWRUWXJDVVRQDQLPDOHVTXHGHSHQGHQGHOD
WHPSHUDWXUD\KXPHGDGH[WHUQDRDPELHQWDO
SDUDUHJXODUVXWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSRUDOHVSRU
$;;-!H/$!$%!&$)$%(#*-!9(&$5(#!)-&.*)*-&$%!$%E
WDEOHVGHHVWRVIDFWRUHVSDUDUHGXFLUHOHVWUpV
t
/RVQHRQDWRV\MXYHQLOHVVHSXHGHQPDQLSXE
0%'-%! (&*9(;$%! &$)$%*'(&! 9(&'$&$#%$! $&! /&!
ODUVRVWHQLpQGRORVUPHPHQWHFRQORVGHGRV 0&1/)+23Q4!B-#9(!.$!%-%'$&$#!/&!&$-&('-!.$!
UDQJRGHWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHGHD&
SXOJDU\FRUD]yQHQODSDUWHFHQWUDOGHDPEDV '-#'/:(G
IXHUDGHODJXD\GHD&HQHODJXD/DV
FRQFKDVRVREUHFDGDSXHQWHHQORVFRVWDGRV
EDMDVWHPSHUDWXUDVFRQVWDQWHVSXHGHQJHQHUDU
)LJ1RROYLGDUTXHHOFDSDUD]yQHQHVWRV >)+#*N")$%2'%2@"*2%*N%,AL%#%*
DOHWDUJDPLHQWRGHORVDQLPDOHVSRUTXHEDMDQ
HVWDGLRVHVPX\IUiJLO\TXHEUDGL]R/HJXt]DE
VXV SURFHVRV PHWDEyOLFRV RFDVLRQDQGR IDOWD
3DUDXQWUDQVSRUWHDGHFXDGRKD\TXHVHSDE
PRGDWRVQRSXEOLFDGRV
GHDSHWLWRORFXDOSXHGHOOHYDUDLQPXQRVXSUHE
UDUORVQHRQDWRVUHFLpQQDFLGRVGHORVMXYHE
VLyQ\DSUREOHPDVUHVSLUDWRULRV2ODY $OOHQ
&*;$%!6!(./;'-%2!(;!*:/(;!H/$!;-%!*&.*<*./-%!)-&!
*XUOH\:LHVQHU ,EHQ
OHVLRQHV R HQIHUPHGDGHV DSDUHQWHV 6H UHFRE
PLHQGDWUDQVSRUWDUORVDQLPDOHVHQORSRVLEOH t
0%!<*'(;!H/$!;-%!(&*9(;$%!H/$!;;$:/$&!(!;-%!A-E
HQFDMDVLQGLYLGXDOHVRKDFLHQGRFRPSDUWLPHQE
JDUHVGHSDVR&$9RFXDOTXLHUVLWLRGHGLVE
WRVGHSRFRVLQGLYLGXRVVHSDUDGRVSRUWUR]RV
SRVLFLyQ WHPSRUDO R QDO VHDQ PDQWHQLGRV
GHFDUWyQ(VLPSRUWDQWHHYLWDUHOKDFLQDPLHQE
HQWHUUDULRVLQGLYLGXDOHVSXHGHQVHUEDOGHV
WR\ODVYDULDFLRQHVIXHUWHVGHWHPSHUDWXUDDVt
FRQ VXHOR VHFR SHUR EODQGR EDMR FRQGLFLRE
FRPRIDFLOLWDUHOXMRGHDLUHHQHOPHGLRHQHO
QHV HVWDEOHV GH WHPSHUDWXUD SDUD ORJUDU
TXHVHHVWiQWUDQVSRUWDQGR
/&(! ();*9('()*+&2! (&'$%! .$! %$#! )-;-)(.-%!
0&1/)+23=4!B-#9(!.$!%-%'$&$#!/&!(./;'-!.$!
HQ HQFLHUURV GHQLWLYRV FRQ DJXD7DPELpQ
'-#'/:(!)-&!;(%!.-%!9(&-%G
VH SXHGH XVDU R UHFLFODU EDxHUDV GH EHEH

89

GDUOX]DUWLFLDOHQHOUDQJRGHODHPLVLyQGH t
1R DGPLQLVWUDU JUDQRV DUYHMD IULMRO R

SDUDPDQWHQHUOD]RQDK~PHGDGHOWHUUDULR
ORV UD\RV VRODUHV (Q ODV QRFKHV VH GHEH JDE
DGDSWDGDVFRQFDMDVHQODSDUWHVXSHULRUSDUD
JDUEDQ]RQLFRPLGDSDUDJDWRVRSHUURV
UDQWL]DUXQDWHPSHUDWXUDTXHQREDMHGHORV
SURYHHU XQD ]RQD VHFD R KDFHU FDMRQHV GH
\D TXH WLHQHQ H[FHVR GH SURWHtQDV QR
 & SHUR VLQ OX] SDUD PDQWHQHU HO ULWPR
9(.$#(2!;-%!)/(;$%!%-&!/&(!(;'$#&('*<(!$)-E
GLJHULEOHV SDUD HOODV TXH SXHGHQ FDXVDU
FLUFDGLDQR+LJKHOG2ODY $OOHQ
GDxRUHQDO\KHSiWLFR
QyPLFDTXHSHUPLWHWHQHUYDULRVHQFLHUURV
*XUOH\:LHVQHU ,EHQ
HQXQHVSDFLRSHTXHxR\FRQVHUYDUXQDEXHE
t
6XPLQLVWUDU DEXQGDQWH EUD D SDUWLU GH
QDYHQWLODFLyQ!%&*!2".20)&*!"-).!&.*#/
t
/DDOLPHQWDFLyQHQFDXWLYHULRHVXQIDFWRUIXQE
YHJHWDOHV SUHIHULEOHPHQWH QR FXOWLYDGRV
3-%!'$##(#*-%!.$!<*.#*-!&-!%-&!;-%!9N%!()-&E
GDPHQWDO SDUD HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH OD VDOXG
FRPRKLHUEDV\PDOH]DVKRMDV\RUHVGH
VHMDEOHV\DTXHOWUDQSDUWHGHODUDGLDFLyQ
\ VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH ORV HVSHFtPHQHV &RPR
GLHQWHGHOHyQKRMDVGHWUpEROHLQFOXVR
VRODU QHFHVDULD SDUD SURFHVRV PHWDEyOLFRV
6(!%$!9$&)*-&+2!;(%!'-#'/:(%!'$##$%'#$%!6!.$!
SDVWRVSHURQRGDUJUDQGHVFDQWLGDGHVGH
HVHQFLDOHV SDUD ODV WRUWXJDV SXHGHQ FDXVDU
(:/(!./;)$!%-&!-9&@<-#(%2!$%!.$)*#!H/$!$&!%/!
OHFKXJDHVSLQDFD\DFHOJD\DTXHFRQWLHE
VREUHFDOHQWDPLHQWRH[FHVLYRGHODJXD\VRQ
PHGLRQDWXUDOVHDOLPHQWDQGHSODQWDVRUHV
QHQ R[DODWRV VDOHV TXH SXHGHQ FDXVDU
IUiJLOHV DQWH ORV JROSHV FDXVDGRV SRU HVWRV
VHPLOODVIUXWRVDQpOLGRVJXVDQRVPROXVFRV
IDOODUHQDO\JHQHUDOPHQWHVRQIXPLJDGRV
DQLPDOHVHLQFOXVRSRUORVFXLGDGRUHV
FDUDFROHV\EDERVDVFUXVWiFHRVFDQJUHMRV\
FRQ PXFKRV DJURTXtPLFRV TXH SXHGHQ
ODQJRVWDVLQVHFWRVSHFHVSHTXHxRV\DQELRV
VHUWy[LFRV(VWHWLSRGHYHJHWDOHVDGPLE
t
/DVWRUWXJDVGHEHQWHQHUGLDULDPHQWHDOPHE
UHQDFXDMRV\UDQDV6LQHPEDUJRHOVLVWHPD
&*%'#(#;-%! 9N1*9-! /&(! <$>! (! ;(! %$9(&(G!
QRVKRUDVGHH[SRVLFLyQDOX]VRODUGLUHFE
GLJHVWLYR\UHQDOGHHVWRVDQLPDOHVHVEDVWDQWH
(YLWDU HO WRPDWH \ HO SHSLQR \D TXH VXV
WDSHURVLHPSUHFRQDFFHVRDVRPEUtR\XQD
VLPSOHSRUORFXDOQRWLHQHQXQDEXHQDFDSDE
VHPLOODVSXHGHQVHUWy[LFDV
]RQDFRQDJXDSDUDHYLWDUVREUHFDOHQWDPLHQE
FLGDG GH OWUDFLyQ GH VDOHV \ FDUERKLGUDWRV
WR /D H[SRVLFLyQ D OX] VRODU QDWXUDO UD\RV
t
'DU IUXWDV SHUR QR HQ H[FHVR HVSHFLDOE
(Q JHQHUDO QHFHVLWDQ XQD GLHWD ULFD HQ EUD
89%OHVSHUPLWHQRVRORUHJXODUVXWHPSHE
PHQWHVLVRQPX\GXOFHVFRPRODSDSD\D
\FDOFLRSHUREDMDHQSURWHtQDVJUDVDV\HVE
UDWXUDFRUSRUDOVLQRWDPELpQPHWDEROL]DUOD
HOPDQJR\HOEDQDQR\DTXHODVWRUWXJDV
SHFLDOPHQWH EDMD HQ FDUERKLGUDWRV VDOHV \
YLWDPLQD'\MDUHOFDOFLR$GLFLRQDOPHQWHOD
QRSURFHVDQELHQORVD]~FDUHV/DVIUXWDV
D]~FDUHV+LJKHOG2ODY $OOHQ
OX]VRODUDFHOHUDSURFHVRVGHFLFDWUL]DFLyQGH
GHEHQ VHU DGPLQLVWUDGDV HQ SHTXHxDV
KHULGDV\SHUPLWHHOFRQWUROGHKRQJRVDOJDV
*XUOH\:LHVQHU ,EHQ
)(&'*.(.$%!6!&-!'-.-%!;-%!.@(%G!0&!$;!9$E
\EDFWHULDVTXHSXHGHQFUHFHUVREUHODSLHO\
GLRQDWXUDO\HQHOiUHDGHGLVWULEXFLyQODV
=;! %/9*&*%'#(#! ;(! .*$'(! (! ;-%! (&*9(;$%! $%!
HO FDSDUD]yQ (Q FDVR GH QR SRGHU SURYHHU
KLFRWHDV KDQ VLGR REVHUYDGDV FRPLHQGR
HVWDVKRUDVGHVROVHGHEHQWHQHUERPELOORV &$)$%(#*-!'$&$#!$&!)/$&'(!;(%!%*:/*$&'$%!#$)-E
JXDQiEDQDHVSHFLHVVLPLODUHVDQyQ\FKLE
XRUHVFHQWHV R GH YDSRU GH PHUFXULR TXH PHQGDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV SRU +LJKHOG 
ULPR\D\JXD\DED
FXPSODQODIXQFLyQGHFDOHQWDUHODPELHQWH\ 2ODY $OOHQ*XUOH\\:LHVQHU
,EHQ

90

ELHQWDOHV58,$\HO3RUWDOGH,QIRUPDFLyQ

t
$GPLQLVWUDUSURWHtQDDQLPDOSDUDORFXDO KN";"2 %#2 @+*2 @+?")%*2 '%2 &#,+/$+,&-#2 ;2
VREUH)DXQD6LOYHVWUH3,)6(VWRVGDWRVSHUE
VHOHVSXHGHGDULQVHFWRVORPEULFHVWURE N%)&$+:%
PLWLUiQREWHQHULQGLFDGRUHVGHOWUiFRLOHJDO
]RVSHTXHxRVGHSHVFDGRRFDUQHFUXGD
t
6H UHTXLHUH XQD DGHFXDGD LGHQWLFDFLyQ WDE
GHRUD\IDXQDHQHOSDtV(VSHFtFDPHQWH
t
&RPSOHPHQWDU OD GLHWD FRQ XQ VXSOHPHQWR
1-&+9*)(!.$!;-%!*&.*<*./-%!*&)(/'(.-%G!"(#(!
HV LPSRUWDQWH UHJLVWUDU HO OXJDU \ VLWLR GHO
GHFDUERQDWRGHFDOFLR\YLWDPLQD'SUHIHE
IDFLOLWDUODODERUGHORVHVSHFLDOLVWDVHVQHFHE
SURFHGLPLHQWRLQIRUPDFLyQGHORVHVSHFtPHE
ULEOHPHQWHHQSROYRTXHSXHGHVHUHVSROYRE
VDULRWRPDUIRWRVGHEXHQDFDOLGDG(VWDVGHE
QHVHOQRPEUHFLHQWtFRHOQRPEUHFRP~Q
UHDGRVREUHODFRPLGDPi[LPRXQDYH]DOD
EHQHVWDUELHQHQIRFDGDVQRVREUHH[SXHVWDV
ODFDQWLGDGSRUHVSHFLH\VH[RHOHVWDGRGH
VHPDQDSHURHYLWDQGRORVVXSOHPHQWRVTXH
UHJLVWUDUFODUDPHQWHORVSDWURQHVGHFRORUDE
GHVDUUROORHOOXJDUGHSURFHGHQFLD\HOOXJDU
WHQJDQDPLQRiFLGRV\IyVIRUR/DVREUHGRVLV
FLyQ\ODIRUPDJHQHUDOGHFDEH]DSDWDVFDSDE
.$!.$%'*&-G!
GH HVWRV VXSOHPHQWRV FDXVD VHULRV SUREOHE
UD]yQSODVWUyQ\FXHUSRFRPSOHWR$GHPiV
PDVGHVDOXG\PDOIRUPDFLRQHVSRUORFXDO
DOWRPDUODVIRWRJUDItDVVHUHFRPLHQGDLQFOXLU t
(O SHULWDMH GHEH HVWDU GRFXPHQWDGR FRQ
GHEHQ VHU VXPLQLVWUDGRV EDMR IRUPXODFLyQ
FLWDVGHOLEURVDUWtFXORV\FRQVXOWDDHVSHE
XQD HVFDOD SDUD WHQHU XQD LGHD GHO WDPDxR
<$'$#*&(#*(G
FLDOLVWDV 'HEH LQFOXLU LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH
GHODWRUWXJDXVDUXQHVIHURUHJODPHWURR
OD WD[RQRPtD \ OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH ODV HVE
)/(.$#&-FG
t
)LQDOPHQWH QR GHEH VXPLQLVWUDUVH D ORV
SHFLHV GH WRUWXJDV HQGpPLFDV HVSHFLHV
DQLPDOHV FRPLGDV SURFHVDGDV VREUDV GH t
(V LPSRUWDQWH GLIHUHQFLDU PDFKRV GH KHPE
UDUDVVXLPSRUWDQFLDHFROyJLFDVXFDWHE
FRPLGD KXPDQD QL FRQFHQWUDGRV SDUD
EUDV\VXVFDQWLGDGHV\DTXHHVWRVGDWRVVRQ
JRUtD GH DPHQD]D /LEURV 5RMRV ,8&1
(&*9(;$%G! 3(%! %$9*;;(%! .$! ;(%! 9(&>(&(%2!
IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD HYDOXDU HO HIHFWR TXH
&LWHV\HOHIHFWRGHVXH[WUDFFLyQHQOD
ODV KRMDV \ EURWHV GH ORV WRPDWHV \ GH
WLHQHODH[WUDFFLyQVREUHODGLQiPLFDSREODE
UHSURGXFFLyQ FUHFLPLHQWR VXSHUYLYHQFLD
OD SDWLOOD VRQ DOWDPHQWH Wy[LFDV SDUD ODV
FLRQDOGHODVGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDV
SREODFLRQDO\HQHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHORV
WRUWXJDV(VLPSRUWDQWHUHFRUGDUTXHORV
/HPRV&.*#/;
HFRVLVWHPDVHQORVTXHKDELWDQ
DQLPDOHVSXHGHQQRPRVWUDUORVVtQWRPDV
t
6HUHTXLHUHGLOLJHQFLDUGHPDQHUDFRPSOHWD
GH LQWR[LFDFLyQ R IDOOD UHQDO \ KHSiWLFD
\YHUD]HOIRUPDWRGH$FWDQLFDGH&RQWURO
*&9$.*('(9$&'$G! 0&! :$&$#(;2! ;-%! (&*9(;$%!
DO7UiFRGH)DXQD\)ORUD6LOYHVWUH$QH[R
VLOYHVWUHV FRPR PHFDQLVPR GH VXSHUYLE
 5HVROXFLyQ  GH  \D TXH HVWD
YHQFLD QR PDQLHVWDQ ORV HIHFWRV GH ODV
LQIRUPDFLyQHVXQLQVXPRIXQGDPHQWDOSDUD
HQIHUPHGDGHVHQVXIDVHLQLFLDOHVWRVVRQ
ORV SRUWDOHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ UHJODPHQWDGRV
HYLGHQWHV FXDQGR ORV yUJDQRV \ VXV IXQE
SRUHO0$'60$9'7(VWRVSRUWDOHV
FLRQHV \D HVWiQ LUUHSDUDEOHPHQWH DIHFWDE
VRQ HO 5HJLVWUR QLFR GH ,QIUDFWRUHV $PE
GRV!%&*!2".20)&*!"-).!&.*#/!

91

S@"*+)&"
K'+N$+,&-#3URFHVRTXHOHSHUE
9*'$!(!/&!-#:(&*%9-!<*<*#!$&!%/!(9E
ELHQWHFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHGLIHUHQWHV
$<$&'-%!$<-;/'*<-%G!
K1/+*2?@+#,+*&XHUSRVGHDJXD
WXUELD TXH SUHVHQWDQ XQD DOWD FRQE
)$&'#()*+&!.$!%$.*9$&'-%!6!)-&!/&!
S+DOUHGHGRUGHQHXWUR
K1/+*2@P#$&,+*&XHUSRVGHDJXD
TXH QR SUHVHQWDQ FRUULHQWH FRQWLE
&/(2!'(;$%!)-9-!;(:-%2!;(:/&(%2!)A(#E
FDV\SDQWDQRV
K1/+*2 #%1)+* &XHUSRV GH DJXD
FDUJDGDVGHiFLGRVK~PLFRVFRQS+
N)*.-G!
K1/+*2 $%LN")+@%* &XHUSRV GH
DJXDV GRQGH HO XMR FHVD GXUDQWH
XQDSDUWHGHODxR
K1/+*2 N%)L+#%#$%* &XHUSRV
GHDJXDHQORVTXHHOXMRHVFRQE
'*&/-!./#(&'$!'-.-!$;!)*);-!A*.#-;+E
:*)-!(&/(;G!
KL%#+M+* $FWLYLGDGHV DQWUySLE
FDV R IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV TXH JHE
QHUDQ DOJ~Q WLSR GH ULHVJR SDUD ODV
IXQFLRQHVGHORVHFRVLVWHPDV\ROD
GLYHUVLGDGELROyJLFD

KN+)%+L&%#$"I!7-&5/&'-!.$!)-9E
SRUWDPLHQWRVGHFRUWHMR\FySXOD
KNP#'&,%2 'P)L&,"I! "#-;-&:(E
)*+&!.$!-#*:$&!.C#9*)-G!
KN)%[%#*&-#2 N)%F%#$&F+I! M$E
GLGDLPSXHVWDSRUODDXWRULGDGDPE
ELHQWDO PHGLDQWH DFWR DGPLQLVWUDWLE
YRTXHFRQVLVWHHQHODFWRItVLFRGH
WRPDU SRVHVLyQ GH XQ HVSpFLPHQ
GHIDXQDRRUDVLOYHVWUHGHPDQHUD
WHPSRUDO
K*%))+'"(QIRUPDGHVLHUUD
X+)?&,%@"*2 L%#$"#&+#"*I! "#-E
6$))*-&$%! (;(#:(.(%! '$&'()/;(#$%!
GH OD PDQGtEXOD SRVLEOHPHQWH FRQ
IXQFLyQ VHQVRULDO SDUD FDSWXUD GH
SUHVDV
X%#$-#&,"6HUHHUHDWRGRRUE
JDQLVPR R KiELWDW GHO IRQGR EHQE
'-%F! .$! $1'$&%*-&$%! .$! (:/(! '(;$%!
)-9-!9(#$%2!#@-%!-!;(:-%G
X"*b/%2 ,+'/,&V"@&"I! B-#9()*+&!
ERVFRVD GH ]RQDV WHPSODGDV FX\D
YHJHWDFLyQSUHVHQWDSpUGLGDGHKRE
MDV GXUDQWH FRQGLFLRQHV SRFR IDYRE
UDEOHVFRPRODVGHOLQYLHUQR

X"*b/%2 '%2 1+@%)A+I! B-#9()*+&!

ERVFRVD GHO WUySLFR XELFDGD HQ ORV
ERUGHV\SODQLFLHVULEHUHxRV
X"*b/%2 []L%'"2 $)"N&,+@I! ?*-E
PDXELFDGRHQWUHODVODWLWXGHV1
\  6 3UHVHQWD XQD WHPSHUDWXUD
SURPHGLR GH  & SUHFLSLWDFLyQ
DQXDO TXH VREUHSDVD ORV  FP2!
\YHJHWDFLyQHQVXPD\RUtDVLHPSUH
<$#.$G
X"*b/%2 *%," )RUPDFLyQ ERVE
FRVD TXH QR H[FHGH ORV 
PVQP WHPSHUDWXUDV TXH VXSHUDQ
ORV&SUHFLSLWDFLyQDQXDOTXH
-%)*;(!$&'#$!;-%!OKK!(!J!KKK!99!6!
<$:$'()*+&! )-&! A-5(%! )(./)(%! ./E
#(&'$!;(!$%'()*+&!%$)(G
!+N+)+M-#I! 0%'#/)'/#(! .-#%(;!
H[RHVTXHOpWLFDGHSURWHFFLyQ\GHE
IHQVDFRPSXHVWDGHHVFXGRVGpUPLE
FRVH[WHUQRV\SODFDVyVHDVLQWHUQDV
!+)%#+'"2 Bc/&@@+'"DI! "#-<*%'-!
.$!H/*;;(G
!+))"d+&DUQHPXHUWDHQSXE
WUHIDFFLyQ
!%#$)"2 '%2K$%#,&-#2 ;2I+@")+e
,&-#2 B!KIDI! 3/:(#! .-&.$! %$! #$)*E

92

EHQ SURYLVLRQDOPHQWH HVSHFtPHQHV

GH HVSHFLHV VLOYHVWUHV GH IDXQD \
RUDWHUUHVWUH\RDFXiWLFDTXHKDQ
VLGRREMHWRGHDSUHKHQVLyQGHFRPLE
VRRUHVWLWXFLyQSDUDVXHYDOXDFLyQ
('$&)*+&2! <(;-#()*+&2! '#('(9*$&'-! 6!
GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODRSFLyQSDUDVX
GLVSRVLFLyQQDO
!%#$)"2 '%2 K$%#,&-#2 I+@")+e
,&-#2 ;2 9%[+?&@&$+,&-#2 B!KI9DI!
/XJDU GRQGH VH UHFLEHQ DQLPDOHV
VLOYHVWUHVFRQHOQGHUHKDELOLWDUORV
SDUDUHJUHVDUDVXKiELWDWQDWXUDO
!&*/)+ $EHUWXUD KHQGLGXUD R
JULHWDPX\QD
!"LN)&L&'" $SUHWDGR GLVPLE
&/*.-!.$!<-;/9$&G
!-#,+F" /tQHD R VXSHUFLH TXH
VLHQGR FXUYD WLHQH VX SDUWH PiV
KXQGLGD HQ HO FHQWUR UHVSHFWR GH
H/*$&!;(!9*#(G
!"#*N&,/"1RWDEOHRVREUHVDOLHQWH
!"#*$)&,,&-#&RQVWUHxLPLHQWR
2SUHVLyQ TXH VXIUH XQD SDUWH GHO
FXHUSR /LPLWDFLyQ R UHGXFFLyQ GH
(;:-G

!")$%:"I! "#-)$%-! .$! %$;$))*+&!

\ DWUDFFLyQ TXH VH GD SUHYLR DO
DSDUHDPLHQWR
!)AN$&,"4XHHVGLItFLOGHYHU
'HFRPLVR GHQLWLYRI! 0%! ;(! %(&E
FLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYDLPSXHVWDSRUOD
DXWRULGDG DPELHQWDO PHGLDQWH DFWR
(.9*&*%'#('*<-! 9-'*<(.-2! H/$! )-&E
VLVWH HQ OD DSUHKHQVLyQ PDWHULDO \
GHQLWLYD VREUH DTXHOORV HVSHFtPHE
QHV GH HVSHFLHV H[yWLFDV VLOYHVWUHV
GHIDXQD\RUDWHUUHVWUHRDFXiWLFD
\GHORVSURGXFWRVHOHPHQWRVPHE
GLRV H LPSOHPHQWRV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD
LQIULQJLU ODV QRUPDV DPELHQWDOHV
HQ ORV WpUPLQRV HQ TXH VHxDODQ OD
/H\  GH  HO SDUiJUDIR GHO
DUWtFXOR  HO QXPHUDO  GHO DUW
 \ HQ HO DUW  \ HQ HO GHFUHWR
/H\  GH  \ VXV GHFUHWRV
#$:;(9$&'(#*-%G
R%N)&L&'"$SODVWDGRHQHOSODQR
IURQWDOFRPRHOFXHUSRGHODUD\D!
R"L"%yYHGDHQIRUPDGHPHGLD
HVIHUD
R"*%@(VWUDWRGHFRSDVGHORViUE
EROHVDOLQWHULRUGHOERVTXH
R")*"f'")*+@6HUHHUHDOGRUVR
HVSDOGDRORPR
R/@,%+,/A,"@+I! ";(&'(%! 6! (&*9(E
OHVTXHGHVDUUROODQWRGDVVXVIXQFLRE
&$%!<*'(;$%!$&!$;!(:/(!./;)$G

5,@"*&-#I!M-9$&'-!$&!$;!H/$!;-%!
&$-&('-%!%(;$&!.$;!A/$<-G
5N&?&-#$&,"2 B%N&?&"#$%FI! P#:(E
QLVPRQRSDUiVLWRTXHYLYHRFUHFH
DOPHQRVHQXQDIDVHGHOFLFORYLWDO
HQ OD VXSHUFLH GH RWUR RUJDQLVPR
GHPD\RUWDPDxR
5*,/'"*I!3N9*&(%!)+#&$(%!.$!-#*E
JHQHSLGpUPLFRVLWXDGDVHQODVXSHUE
FLHH[WHUQDGHOFDSDUD]yQ(VFDPDV
5*N%,&%2 %#'PL&,+_! =H/$;;(! H/$!
VH HQFXHQWUD UHVWULQJLGD D XQD XELE
FDFLyQ JHRJUiFD FRQFUHWD /D H[E
WHQVLyQJHRJUiFDHVYDULDEOHGHSHQE
.*$&.-!.$;!)-&'$1'-!H/$!%$!9(&$5$G
5*N%,&%2 &#$)"'/,&'+I! =H/$;;(%!
H/$! A(&! %*.-! ;;$<(.(%! ())*.$&'(;! -!
GHOLEHUDGDPHQWHDXQDQXHYDXELFDE
FLyQTXHQRHVODQDWLYDSURGXFLHQE
.-!:$&$#(;9$&'$!:#(&.$%!.$%$H/*;*E
EULRVHQORVHFRVLVWHPDVDORVFXDOHV
A(&!%*.-!;;$<(.(%G
5*N%,&%2 $)"N&,+@ (VSHFLH FX\D
GLVWULEXFLyQ HVWi UHVWULQJLGD D OD
IUDQMD FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH HO WUyE
SLFR GH FiQFHU \ HO WUySLFR GH
FDSULFRUQLR
5*$%)"* ([WHQVLRQHV SDQWDQRE
VDV GH JUDQ H[WHQVLyQ TXH SXHE
.$&! ;;$&(#%$! .$! (:/(! ;;/<*(! -! .$!
DJXD SURYHQLHQWH GHO GHVERUGDE

9*$&'-!.$!/&!#@-!-!;(:/&(!./#(&E
'$!;(!*&/&.()*+&G!
56,)%,%#,&+*2 'P)L&,+*2 B56e
,)%,%#,&+*2 ,/$a#%+*D 3HTXHxDV
PDVDVGHWHMLGRTXHFUHFHQVREUHOD
VXSHUFLHGHODSLHOHVWDVVHSXHGHQ
HQFRQWUDU HQ FXDOTXLHU SDUWH GHO
FXHUSR
`%,%* 6XVWDQFLDV H[FUHWDGDV HQ
IRUPD VyOLGD R OtTXLGD TXH QR KDQ
VLGR DEVRUELGDV SRU HO HSLWHOLR LQE
'$%'*&(;!./#(&'$!;(!.*:$%'*+&G
`",&,"I! 4$:*+&! 9N%! -! 9$&-%!
SURORQJDGDGHQWURGHODFDEH]DTXH
FRPSUHQGHODERFD\ODQDUL]
`"1+)2 '%2 N+*" (VWDEOHFLPLHQWR
GRQGH VH UHFLEHQ SURYLVLRQDOPHQWH
HVSHFtPHQHV GH HVSHFLHV GH IDXE
QD VLOYHVWUH WHUUHVWUH \R DFXiWLFD
DSUHKHQGLGRVUHVWLWXLGRVRGHFRPLE
VDGRV SDUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ DWHQFLyQ
<(;-#()*+&2! '#('(9*$&'-! 6! .$'$#9*E
QDFLyQ GH OD RSFLyQ SDUD VX GLVSRE
VLFLyQQDO
.#,/?+,&-# 3URFHVR TXH SHUPLE
WH HO GHVDUUROOR GHO HPEULyQ HQ HO
KXHYR HQ HO FDVR GH ODV HVSHFLHV
RYtSDUDV
.#F%)$%?)+'"**UXSRGHDQLPDE
;$%! H/$! )(#$)$&! .$! )-;/9&(! <$#'$E

93

EUDORHVTXHOHWRLQWHUQRDUWLFXODGR
.$&'#-! .$! ;-%! H/$! %$! $&)/$&'#(&!
;-%!*&%$)'-%2!(#N)&*.-%!6!)#/%'N)$-%2!
$&'$!-'#-%G
O+#'A?/@+ +XHVR XELFDGR HQ OD
SDUWH LQIHULRU \ DQWHULRU GH OD FDUD
HQFX\RERUGHVXSHULRUHVWiQVLWXDE
.-%!;-%!.*$&'$%G
O+')%2F&%:+_!4$;*)'-%!.$!(&'*:/-%!
FDXFHVGHUtRVIRUPDGRVSRUHVWUDQE
:/;(9*$&'-! .$;! )(/)$! -#*:*&(;2! H/$!
VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU VHU FHUUDGRV \
(*%;(.-%G!
O+6&@+ +XHVR GHO FUiQHR ORFDOLE
>(.-!$&!;(!#$:*+&!.$;(&'$#(!6!(&'$E
#*-#2! .-&.$! /%/(;9$&'$! %$! *&%$#'(&!
ORV GLHQWHV GH OD SRUFLyQ VXSHULRU
GHODERFD
O%$+?"@&*L"I! 7-&5/&'-! .$! #$E
()FLRQHV ItVLFDV \ TXtPLFDV TXH
RFXUUHQHQHORUJDQLVPR\TXHSHUE
PLWHQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH GLIHUHQWHV
()'*<*.(.$%!(;!*&'$#*-#!.$!;(%!)C;/;(%!
SHMFUHFLPLHQWRUHSURGXFFLyQGLE
JHVWLyQUHVSXHVWDDHVWtPXORVHWF
O")&,[+@%* (FRVLVWHPDV IRUPDE
GRV DO LQWHULRU GH ODV VDEDQDV TXH
SHUPDQHFHQ LQXQGDGRV GXUDQWH OD
PD\RU SDUWH GHO DxR D FDXVD GHO
GHVERUGH GH ORV UtRV \ GH OD HVE
FRUUHQWtD (VWiQ FRQVWLWXLGRV SRU

<(#*(%! )-9/QLGDGHV GH SODQWDV GRE

PLQDGDVSRUODSDOPDPRULFKH:#-1
ULWLDH[XRVDFG!
O/%*,+2 +#+@I! 4$:*+&! #$)-#'(.(!
-!$%)-'(./#(!(!9(&$#(!.$!9/$%)(!
R FXxD XELFDGD HQ HO SODVWUyQ GH
;(%! '-#'/:(%2! $&'#$! -! $&! ;-%! $%)/E
.-%!(&(;$%G
H+)&#+* 2ULFLRV QDVDOHV \R VX
#$:*+&!(.6()$&'$G
g?@"#1"&X\DIRUPDHVWiFRQGLE
FLRQDGDSRUXQDUD]yQHQWUHHOODUJR
\HODQFKRVXSHULRUDHVGHFLUPiV
;(#:-!H/$!(&)A-G!
g,%@"0DQFKDVRJXUDVFXWi&$(%2!
FRORUHDGDV\FRQWUDVWDQWHVGHIRUPD
)*#)/;(#!-!#$:/;(#G!
gL#AF")"4XHVHDOLPHQWDWDQWR
GHDQLPDOHVFRPRGHSODQWDV
h)?&$+ 3RUFLyQ IDFLDO R FUDQHDQD
$&!;(!)/(;!%$!*&%$#'(&!;-%!-5-%G
(+@L%+'+I! 7-&.*)*+&! .$! /&(! $1E
WUHPLGDG HQ OD FXDO ORV GtJLWRV R
GHGRV GH HVWD WRPDQ IRUPD GH UHE
PRV8VXDOPHQWHKD\XQDPHPEUDQD
.C#9*)(! H/$! /&$! ;-%! .@:*'-%! .$%.$!
VXSDUWHPiVSUy[LPDDOEUD]RKDVWD
ODSDUWHFHUFDQDDODVXxDVRJDUUDV
WDPELpQKDVWDSRUFLRQHVLQWHUPHGLDV

(+)'"7RQRGHODSDOHWDGHFRORU
DVLPLODEOHRVHPHMDQWHDOWRQRFDIp
-!9(##+&!#-5*>-G!
(+)&%$+@ 3RUFLyQ FUDQHDQD VXSHE
ULRU FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH OD IUHQWH
RURVWURODUHJLyQGHOWtPSDQR\OD
SRUFLyQ WUDVHUD GHO FUiQHR 3DUWH
GHOFUiQHRXELFDGDHQOD]RQDODWHE
UDOPHGLDO\VXSHULRUGHHVWH
(@+*$)-#I! 7-&5/&'-! .$! $%)/.-%!
GpUPLFRV TXH FRQIRUPDQ OD JUDQ
SODFD RVLFDGD HQ SRVLFLyQ YHQWUDO
.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%G
()A*$&#"I! 3RFR LQWHUYHQLGR 4XH
)-&%$#<(!;(%!)(#()'$#@%'*)(%!-#*:*&(;$%G!
("*$")?&$+@I!4$:*+&!.$'#N%!.$!;(%!
yUELWDV RFXODUHV $UFR R SURFHVR
yVHRTXHVHH[WLHQGHGHVGHODSDUWH
VXSHULRUGHOFUiQHRKDVWDODUHJLyQ
ODELDOVXSHULRUHQUHSWLOHV
()";%,,&"#%*2 'P)L&,+*I! 01'$&E
VLRQHV R SURWXEHUDQFLDV IRUPDGDV
SRUFpOXODVGHODGHUPLVFDSDLQWHUE
QDGHOWHJXPHQWRFRPRWXEpUFXORV
YHUPLFXODFLRQHV\SOLHJXHVDODUJDGRV
(/%#$% 3RUFLyQ GHO FDSDUD]yQ
TXHFRQHFWDHOHVSDOGDUFRQODSRUE
FLyQYHQWUDORSODVWUyQ
c/&@@+2 B!+)%#+DI! 4$;*$<$! ;-&:*E
WXGLQDOIRUPDGRVREUHHOFDSDUD]yQ

(OHYDFLyQGHOFDSDUD]yQHQSRVLFLyQ
;-&:*'/.*&(;G!
9+#V"$%,+I! 0%'/)A$! )+#&$-! $&!
IRUPDGHSLFRTXHUHFXEUHODPDQE
GtEXOD\ODPD[LODHQODVWRUWXJDV
9%1&-#2 1/@+)I!=H/$;;(! .$;*9*'(.(!
SRUODVSDUWHVGHOFXHOOR
9%1&-#2 N"*$")?&$+@I! 8$'#N%! .$!
ODVRUELWDVRFXODUHV
9%1&-#2 N+)&%$+@I! 7*9(! .$! ;(! )(E
EH]D(OSDULHWDOHVXQRGHORVSDUHV
GHKXHVRVTXHIRUPDQODSDUWHSRVE
'$#*-#!.$;!'$)A-!.$;!)#N&$-G!
9%*$&$/,&-#I! 0%! ;(! ())*+&! .$! .$E
YROYHU DO (VWDGR ORV HVSHFtPHQHV
DSUHKHQGLGRVLQFOX\HQGRHOYDORUGH
'-.-%!;-%!)-%'-%!*&)/##*.-%!.$%.$!$;!
PRPHQWR GH OD DSUHKHQVLyQ KDVWD
VXGLVSRVLFLyQQDO
9&$L"*2 ,&),+'&+#"*I! 0&! $;! )(%-!
GH ODV WRUWXJDV VRQ SHULRGRV GH
VXHxR \ YLJLOLD TXH HVWiQ GHQLGRV
SRUODSUHVHQFLDRDXVHQFLDGHOX]
E/N)+,+/'+@I! "(#! .$! $%)/.-%!
PDUJLQDOHVSRVWHULRUHV(QODIDPLOLD
7HVWXGLQLGDHIXVLRQDGRVHQXQRVROR
E/)," +HQGLGXUD R VXUD ORQJLE
WXGLQDO IRUPDGD HQWUH ORV HVFXGRV!
HSLGpUPLFRVVREUHHOFDSDUD]yQHQ
ODVYpUWHEUDVRHQODUHJLyQRUELWDO

94

0DUFDIRUPDGDVREUHXQDHVWUXFWXE
UD yVHD SRU HO GHVSUHQGLPLHQWR GH
ORVHVFXGRVHSLGpUPLFRV
>ALN+#" 0HPEUDQD UHGRQGHDE
GDGHSLHOOLVDTXHDOYLEUDU WUDQVPLWH
ORV LPSXOVRV SHUFLELGRV KDFLD HO RtGR
*&'$#&-G!
>)&a*&,"I!0#(!:$-;+:*)(!.$;!M$%->-*E
FRTXHGLRFRPLHQ]RDODOtQHDORJHE
&C'*)(!.$!;-%!!&).-60,&)FRPHQ]yKDFH
PLOORQHVGHDxRV\DFDEyKDFH
PLOORQHVGHDxRV
>/?P),/@"*3HTXHxDVSURWXEHUDQFLDV
I%)L&,/@+,&"#%*I! ?(##(%! *##$:/;(E
UHV YHUPLIRUPHV SUHVHQWHV JHQHUDOE
PHQWHHQODFDEH]D FXHOOR JDUJDQWDR
9$&'+&G
I%)$%?)+'" 6XEOR GH ORV FRUGDE
GRV TXH LQFOX\H D ORV SHFHV DQELRV
UHSWLOHV DYHV \ PDPtIHURV FX\D FDE
UDFWHUtVWLFD SULQFLSDO HV OD SUHVHQFLD
GH FROXPQD YHUWHEUDO FRPSXHVWD GH
YpUWHEUDV
i"#+2 %*$/+)&#+ &XHUSR GH DJXD
FRVWHUR VHPLFRQQDGRTXHWLHQHXQD
FRQH[LyQ DELHUWD FRQ HO PDU \ GHQE
'#-!.$;!)/(;!$;!(:/(!.$!9(#!%$!9$>);(!
)-&! (:/(! ./;)$! .$#*<(.(! .$;! .#$&(5$!
'$##$%'#$G!

X&?@&"1)+VA+
KEg!.K!.hH2!g8gOX.KHK2R52`59e
(5>g8gSjK42 <\334! ";(&! $%'#('C:*)-! .$! )-&E
VHUYDFLyQSDUDODVWRUWXJDVFRQWLQHQWDOHVFRORPE
ELDQDV0HGHOOtQ&RORPELDSS
KI5HRKkg72.472K42OJkgi72H42IK958K42
<\\<42$SUR[LPDFLyQDOFRQRFLPLHQWRVREUHODUHE
SURGXFFLyQGHORVTXHORQLRV%ROHWtQ*($6*UXSR
GHHVWXGLRVGH$QLPDOHV6LOYHVWUHV81$/
XK8Rg72 R472 (42 OK9>jH5i72 l42 Xg59.E72K42
S.9KJRg42 <\\W4 5HSWLOLD &KHORQLL &KHOLGDH
8%"(,23)*4&2>>"2#,-)6FKZHLJJHUDQG0HVRE
FOHPP\V YDQGHUKDHJHL %RXU  'LVWULEXWLRQ
H[WHQVLRQQHZFRXQWU\UHFRUGDQGQHZSURYLQFH
UHFRUGVLQ$UJHQWLQD1RWHVRQ*HRJUDSKLF'LVWULE
EXWLRQ&KHFN/LVW
XK99.geKOg9hE72!472m2.42jk.SgeHK9e
XK.iK42<\\Y47XUWOHVRIWKH9HQH]XHODQ(VWDGR
$PD]RQDV5DGLDWD
XK9>85>>72 942 R472 m2 (42 (42 XK9>85>>42
<\\=425HSWLOHVDQGDPSKLELDQVRIWKH$PD]RQDQ
HFRWRXULVWVJXLGH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI)ORULGD*DLE
QHVYLOOH)ORULGD86$SS
XgJ9729472m2`42iK`5942<\\T42$QHZVSHE
FLHVRI0HVRFOHPP\VIURPWKHRSHQIRUPDWLRQV
RIQRUWKHDVWHUQ%UD]LO&KHORQLLE*&KHOLGDH3DSHLV
$YXOVRVGH=RRORJtD0XVHXGH=RRORJtD8QLYHUE
VLGDGHGH6mR3DXOR
X59HK872 O472 l42 RKiK72 I42 (n5i42 <\\Q4!
(FRORJtDUHSURGXFWLYD\FDFHUtDGHODWRUWXJD!"#1
$%&'()*)$"03.#7HVWXGLQDWD(P\GLGDHHQHOiUHD
GHOD'HSUHVLyQ0RPSRVLQDQRUWHGH&RORPELD
5HYLVWDGH%LRORJtD7URSLFDO

Xg!o72X42!472I42(42(n5i72l42O42RKiK42<\3\42
!"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0)*UD\&RORPELDQVOLE
GHU MLFRWHD KLFRWHD JDOiSDJR PRUURFR\ GH DJXD
(Q 5KRGLQ$*- 3ULWFKDUG 3&+9DQ 'LMN 33
6DXPXUH 5$ %XKOPDQQ .$ ,YHUVRQ -% DQG
0LWWHUPHLHU5$HGV&RQVHUYDWLRQ%LRE
ORJ\RI)UHVKZDWHU7XUWOHVDQG7RUWRLVHV$&RPE
SLODWLRQ 3URMHFW RI WKH ,8&166&7RUWRLVH DQG
)UHVKZDWHU 7XUWOH 6SHFLDOLVW *URXS &KHORQLDQ
5HVHDUFK0RQRJUDSKVYRO1R
Xg!o72X472I42(42(n5i72l42O42RKiK72K4295Ee
>95(g42 <\3342 &RQWULEXWLRQV WR WKH VWXG\ DQG
FRQVHUYDWLRQRIWKH&RORPELDQVOLGHU!"#$%&'()*
$#//0"2)."0)$JR$EVWUDFWRIRUDOSUHVHQWDE
WLRQLQWK$QQXDO6\PSRVLXPRQWKH&RQVHUYDE
WLRQDQG%LRORJ\RI7RUWRLVHDQGIUHVKZDWHUWXUWE
OHV76$2UODQGR)ORULGD
!K9IKlK8e!gSg88g72 l472 g42 !KE>Ke
kgeOg9K72 S42 !n9R5HKEeK9pIK8g72 l42
J9X.HKe!K9RgHK42<\\W425HSWLOHVGHiUHDV
DVRFLDGDV D KXPHGDOHV GH OD SODQLFLH GHO GHSDUE
WDPHQWRGH&yUGRED&RORPELD&DOGDVLD

!K9972K420423ZZT427KHWXUWOHVRIWKH8QLWHG6WDE
WHV&DQDGDDQG%DMD&DOLIRUQLD+DQGERRNRIWXUWE
OHV,WKDFD1HZ<RUN&RUQHOO8QLY3UHVVSS
!KE>KkgeOg9K72g423ZZW+46WDWXVRI'A$!
WRUWRLVHV DQG IUHVKZDWHU WXUWOHV RI &RORPELD
S(Q9DQ$EEHPD-HG3URFHHE
.*&:%I!7-&%$#<('*-&2!#$%'-#('*-&!(&.!9(&(:$9$&'!
RI WRUWRLVHV DQG WXUWOHV DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHE
UHQFH1HZ<RUN7XUWOHDQG7RUWRLVH6RFLHW\1XHE
YD<RUN(VWDGRV8QLGRV

!KE>KkgeOg9K72g42I423ZZW?423(!%*'/()*+&!
.$! 8262$,&'0)* &"(.%"2$&3%#/# 6SL[  7HVE
WXGLQDWD 3HORPHGXVLGDH HQ &RORPELD &DOGDVLD

!KE>KkgeOg9K72 g42I42 B%'4D42 <\\<42 /LEUR
URMRGHUHSWLOHVGH&RORPELD /LEURVURMRVGHHVE
SHFLHVDPHQD]DGDVGH&RORPELD,QVWLWXWRGH&LHQE
FLDV1DWXUDOHV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPE
ELD 0LQLVWHULRGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH &RQVHUYDFLyQ
,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RORPELD%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
!KE>9ge`59959K72 0472 m2 042 IK9SKEe
EK8.HKE42 <\\Y42 $QELRV \ UHSWLOHV HQ HO GHE
SDUWDPHQWR GHO9DOOH GHO &DXFD &RORPELD %LRWD
&RORPELDQD
!5XK88gEe0gHE5!K72 !42 <\\\42 7RUWXJDV
7HVWXGLQDWDPDULQDV\FRQWLQHQWDOHVGH&RORPE
ELD%LRWD&RORPELDQD
!`K!hH72O42<\\\42(VSHFLHVGH&RVWD5LFD
,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH %LRGLYHUVLGDG &DWiORJR
HQ OtQHD &RVWD 5LFD KWWSGDUQLVLQELRDFFU
XELVHQ)03UR"'% 8%,38%IS OD\ :HE$OO 
HUURU QRUHFKWPO )RUPDW GHWDLOKWPO 
2S HT LG  )LQG&RQVXOWDDEU
!.EH59gEe`595R.K72 R42 042 <\\U42 7XUWOHV
RIWKH7LSXWLQL%LRGLYHUVLW\6WDWLRQZLWKUHPDUNV
RQWKHGLYHUVLW\DQGGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKH7HVWXGLQHV
IURP(FXDGRU%LRWD1HRWURSLFD
!.>5E423ZZZ42&LWHV,GHQWLFDWLRQ*XLGH7XUWOHV
DQG7RUWRLVHV*XLGHWRWKH,GHQWLFDWLRQRI7XUWOHV
DQG7RUWRLVHV 6SHFLHV &RQWUROOHG XQGHU WKH &RQE
YHQWLRQRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGHLQ(QGDQJHUHG6SHE
FLHVRI:LOG)DXQDDQG)ORUD *XLGHGLGHQWLFDWLRQ
&LWHV 7RUWXHV JXLGH GLGHQWLFDWLRQ GHV WRUWXHV

95

SURWpJpHVSDUOD&RQYHQWLRQVXUOHFRPPHUFHLQE
WHUQDWLRQDO GHV HVSqFHV GH IDXQH HW GH RUH VDXE
YDJHVPHQDFpHVGH[WLQFWLRQ *XtDGHLGHQWLFDE
FLyQ GH &LWHV 7RUWXJDV JXtD GH LGHQWLFDFLyQ GH
ODVWRUWXJDVSURWHJLGDVSRUOD&RQYHQFLyQVREUHHO
&RPHUFLR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH (VSHFLHV $PHQD]DGDV
GH)DXQD\)ORUD6LOYHVWUHV$QLQLWLDWLYHRI(QYLURQE
PHQW &DQDGD DQG 352)(3$ 6(0$51$3 7H[W
LQ (QJOLVK )UHQFK DQG 6SDQLVK 3XEOLVKHG ZLWK WKH
FROODERUDWLRQRI&LWHV6HFUHWDULDW *HQHYD 6ZLW]HUE
ODQG75$)),&1RUWK$PHULFDWKH&RPPLVVLRQIRU
(QYLURQPHQWDO&RRSHUDWLRQ&(&DQG%LRGLYHUVLW\
&RQYHQWLRQ2IFH(QYLURQPHQW&DQDGDSS
!gHS95Eg2 R52 8K2 95(qX8.!K42 <\\Z42
/H\GHOGHMXOLRGH3RUODFXDOVH
HVWDEOHFH HO SURFHGLPLHQWR VDQFLRQDWRULR DPE
ELHQWDO \ VH GLFWDQ RWUDV GLVSRVLFLRQHV 'LDULR
2FLDO HQ OtQHD KWWSZZZVHFUHE
'(#*(%$&(.-GJRYFRVHQDGREDVHGRFOH\
OH\BBKWPO&RQVXOWDGLF
!gHS95Eg2 R52 8K2 95(qX8.!K42 <\334!
/H\GH
!gHGKreShO5i72 o42 <\\Y42 M(#S$'! *&'$E
JUDWLRQ SHUFHLYHG ZHDOWK DQG KRXVHKROG FRQE
VXPSWLRQ RI ULYHU WXUWOHV 8262$,&'0)* )33;F! *&!
HDVWHUQORZODQG%ROLYLD-RXUQDORI/DWLQ$PHULFDQ
*HRJUDSK\
R528K2>g99572O42K42<\\Q423URSXHVWDGHPDE
QHMR GH ODV SREODFLRQHV GH WRUWXJDV C0,2).&",2,*
/&-$2).2'-'! 6! I.#-"2.(3-)* ."032"$#.-)F! $&! $;! 05*.-!
/D 0DUJDULWD &DWHPDFR9HUDFUX] 0p[LFR7HVLV
GH0DHVWUtDHQ0DQHMRGH)DXQD6LOYHVWUH,QVWLWXWR
GH(FRORJtD86)LVKDQG:LOGOLIHVHUYLFH9HUDFUX]
0p[LFRSS

R528K2gEEK72l472m2K42R528K2gEEKe8K!Ke
rg42<\334&DFHUtDGHVXEVLVWHQFLDHQ6DQ0DUFRV
6XFUH&RORPELD5HYLVWD&RORPELDQDGH&LHQFLD
$QLPDO
R528K2gEEK72l472m29429.Kkg423ZZZ42D/@(!
SDUDHOPDQHMRFUtD\FRQVHUYDFLyQGHODKLFRWHDR
5*)-'$(!!"#$%&'()*)$"03.#*$#//0"2)."0)*UD\&RQYHE
QLR$QGUpV%HOOR6(&$%6HULHGH&LHQFLD\7HFE
QRORJtD1R%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
RJcJ572E472m2O42S.9K8Rg42<\\Y42%~VTXHE
GDGH6DOPRQHOODHQWpULFDHQWRUWXJDVVHPLDFXiWLE
FDVGHO&HQWURGH$WHQFLyQ\9DORUDFLyQGH)DXQD
6LOYHVWUHGHOUHD0HWURSROLWDQD7HVLVGH*UDGR
)DFXOWDGGH0HGLFLQD9HWHULQDULD\GH=RRWHFQLD
8QLYHUVLGDG&(60HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
59H5E>72!42`472942S42K8>5HXJ9S72942G42
XK9XgJ9423ZZY427XUWOHVRIWKHZRUOGSiJLQD
ZHE KWWSZEGHWLELRLQIRUPDWLFVQOELVWXUWOHV
SKS&RQVXOWDGLF
5E>9KRKeSgHin85i72 !42K472 842 S42 `5e
9959K72 `42 542 g!KkKeOK9>jH5i2 B%'*4D42
<\\Z42"#-./))*+&!(&*9(;!$&!;(!=9(>-&*(!)-;-9E
ELDQD(HG8QLYHUVLGDGGHOD$PD]RQLD&ROFLHQE
FLDV6,1&+,)ORUHQFLD&DTXHWi&RORPELDSS
0599gHK>g72 X42 g472 042 X42 Og8.HK72 042 !42
Og8.HK729422K425E(.HgEK72I42942Og9K85E42
<\3341HZORFDOLW\UHFRUGVIRUFKHORQLDQV!&).-1
60,&)@* 7A$;*.($E* "-.-)&$9*.*.($E* 7HVWXGLQLGDH LQ
IURP'HSDUWDPHQWRGH3DVFR3HU~+HUSHWRORJ\
1RWHV
0g959geO5R.HK72 S42 m2 842 lg((K42 <\3\42
5HSUHVHQWDWLRQRIJOREDODQGQDWLRQDOFRQVHUYDWLRQ
SULRULWLHV E\ &RORPELDV SURWHFWHG DUHD QHWZRUN
3ORV 2QH H (Q 81$/ $UWtFXOR GH
SHULyGLFRHQOtQHD81SHULyGLFR %RJRWi'& 1R
GRPLQJRGHGLFLHPEUHGHKWWSZZZ
XQSHULRGLFRXQDOHGXFR&RQVXOWDQRY

0gg>572 942 G42 <\3342 9HUQDFXODU QDPHV IRU

WXUWOHV DQG FURFRGLOLDQV IURP 1RUWKZHVW 6RXWK
$PHULFD HQ OtQHD KWWSZZZFKHOLGDHFRPSGI
IRRWHSGI7DPELpQ GLVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZ
VVDVDJFKEVVDSGIEVVDBSGI &RQVXOWD GLF


&LHQFLDV 1DWXUDOHV  'HSDUWDPHQWR GH %LRORJtD

)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RE
ORPELDSS
S9Kr72 l42 3YU\42 'HVFULSWLRQ RI D QHZ VSHFLHV
RI*HRFOHPP\VIURP(FXDGRU3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
=RRORJLFDO6RFLHW\RI/RQGRQ

.J!H2 E$+#'+)'*2 +#'2 (%$&$&"#*2 E/?,"Le

L&$$%%42 <\334 *XLGHOLQHV IRU 8VLQJ WKH ,8&1
5HG/LVW&DWHJRULHVDQG&ULWHULD9HUVLRQ3UHE
SDUHGE\WKH6WDQGDUGVDQG3HWLWLRQV6XEFRPPLWE
WHH 'RZQORDGDEOH IURP KWWSZZZLXFQUHGOLVW
RUJGRFXPHQWV5HG/LVW*XLGHOLQHVSGI

09KHo8.H72 !42 l42 <\\W42 7XUWOHV$Q H[WUDRUE

GLQDU\ QDWXUDO KLVWRU\  PLOOLRQ \HDUV LQ WKH
PDNLQJ9R\DJHXU3UHVV0%,3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\
86$SS

SJ985r72942<\\=42.HHSLQJDQGEUHHGLQJIUHVE
KZDWHU WXUWOHV7XUWOH DQG7RUWRLVH 3UHVHUYDWLRQ
*URXS/LYLQJ$UW3XEOLVKLQJSS

o5885972 S42 <\\T4 ,PSDFWV YROFDQLVP DQG

PDVVH[WLQFWLRQ$XVWUDOLDQ-RXUQDORI(DUWK6FLHQE
FH

`K9I5r720472942O42KHR95GE72l42542!KRe
8572 O42 842 !9JO(72 K42 `42 EKI.>ior72 o4R42
RG588E42<\\Q42+HSHWRORJ\'A(GLWLRQSS

85OgE72 l4K472 942 .42 9glKE72 l42 l42 iqk.SK42

<\\T42 7pFQLFDV SDUD HO HVWXGLR GH OD IDXQD VLOE
YHVWUH HG 8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPD GH 0p[LFR \
&RQDELR81$0)DFXOWDGGH(VWXGLRV6XSHULRUHV
,]WDFDOD9HJD0p[LFRSS

09.>i72J472m2(42`KIKs42<\\W42&KHFNOLVWRI
FKHORQLDQV RI WKH ZRUOG 0XVHXP RI =RRORJ\
'UHVGHQ9HUWHEUDWH=RRORJ\SS
0JHRK!.hH2 X.gR.I59EK42 <\3<4! "#-E
:#(9(!A()*(!;(!)-&%$#<()*+&!)-9/&*'(#*(!.$!'#$%!
HVSHFLHVDPHQD]DGDVGHWRUWXJDVGHUtRFRQFRE
PXQLGDGHV LQGtJHQDV DPD]yQLFDV GH &RORPELD \
3HU~ HQ OtQHD KWWSZZZIXQGDFLRQELRGLYHUVD
RUJSUR\HFWRVBWRUWXJDVBDPD]RQDVKWPO&RQVXOE
WDDEU
SK9!jK72 H42 <\\T42 %LRORJtD UHSURGXFWLYD \
)-&VHUYDFLyQ GH ODV WRUWXJDV FKDUDSD 8262$,&'0)*
&93#,)#FXSLVR8262$,&'0)*)&9.-7&"$-/#.#!6!'(#*)(E
6(!3RGRFQHPLVXQLOLVHQODVSOD\DVDOHGDxDVDOPXE
QLFLSLRGH3XHUWR1DULxR$PD]RQDV7UDEDMRGH
JUDGR3RQWLFLD8QLYHUVLGDG-DYHULDQD)DFXOWDGGH
(VWXGLRV$PELHQWDOHV\5XUDOHV%RJRWi&RORPELD
S.XXgHE72l42G472m2l42842S955H5423ZZ\424$E
SURGXFWLRQLQWKHVOLGHUDQGRWKHUVSHFLHVRIWXUWE
OHV(Q*LEERQV-:HG/LIH+LVE
WRU\DQG(FRORJ\RIWKH6OLGHU7XUWOHI'0.%)2,0#,*
<,).0.-.02,*8"&)):DVKLQJWRQ'&86$SS
SgHin85iein9K>572 K42 <\3\4! 7(#()E
WHUL]DFLyQ GHO KiELWDW XVR GH UHFXUVRV \ HVWDGR
.$!)-&%$#<()*+&!.$!;(!'-#'/:(!.$!#@-!8262$,&'0)*
/&B(#,# DJXDV DEDMR GHO HPEDOVH GH KLGURSUDGR
7ROLPD&RORPELD7HVLVGH0DHVWUtD,QVWLWXWRGH

`5((58872E472842!9gGR5972>42!9gJE542
3ZZU42 M-.$;%! '-! $<(;/('$! A$(.%'(#'*&:! (%! (! 9(E
QDJHPHQW WRRO IRU ORQJOLYHG WXUWOHV (FRORJLFDO
$SSOLFDWLRQV
`.!oOKH72!42(472842E429gX59>E722K428K9e
EgH423ZZW42,QWHJUDWHGSULQFLSOHVRI]RRORJ\'A!
(GLWLRQ0F*UDZ+LOO8QLWHG6WDWHVSS
`.S`0.58R72K423ZYU423UDFWLFDOHQF\FORSHGLD
RINHHSLQJDQGEUHHGLQJWRUWRLVHVDQGIUHVKZDWHU
WXUWOHVVW(G.ULHJHU3XE&RSS
.HE>.>J>g2KOKihH.!g2R52.HI5Ee
>.SK!.gH5E2 !.5H>j0.!KE2 e2 E&#,[&2
B%'*4D42<\\U42%DODQFHDQXDOVREUHHOHVWDGRGH
ORVHFRVLVWHPDV\HODPELHQWHGHOD$PD]RQLD
&RORPELDQD%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
.((.72 E472 m2I42 08g95E42 <\\342 3(%! '-#'/:(%!
QHRWURSLFDOHV \ VXV iUHDV GH HQGHPLVPR $FWD
=RROyJLFD0H[LFDQD
.J!H423ZZZ42*XLGHOLQHVIRUWKHSODFHPHQWRI
FRQVFDWHG DQLPDOV ,8&166& 5HLQWURGXFWLRQ
6SHFLDOLVW*URXS*ODQG6ZLW]HUODQGSS
.J!H42<\33427KH,8&15HG/LVWRI7KUHDWHE
QHG 6SHFLHV 6LWLR ZHE KWWSZZZLXFQUHGOLVW
RUJDSSVUHGOLVWVHDUFK&RQVXOWDGLF

96

OK!572 S42 O472 H42 l42 !g88K972 o42 l42 SKEe

>gH72!42`.8>gHe>Kr8g972`42942KotKoKe
rK72H4285KR59eG.88.KOE72542l42O.8H59e
SJ88KHR72 KHR2 E42 H42 E>JK9>42 <\\Y42
4XDQWLFDWLRQRI([WLQFWLRQ5LVN,8&1V6\VWHP
IRU&ODVVLI\LQJ7KUHDWHQHG6SHFLHV&RQVHUYDWLRQ
%LRORJ\
OKRE42 <\334 0LQLVWHULR GH 0HGLR $PELHQE
WH 9LYLHQGD \ 'HVDUUROOR 7HUULWRULDO 7UiFR GH
(VSHFLHV VLWLR ZHE %RJRWi &RORPELD KWWS
ZZZPLQDPELHQWHJRYFR&RQWHQLGR&RQWHQLGR
$VS["&RQLG  &DWLG &RQVXOWDGLF

OK9>.H5i72K42l472K9Xg85RK72S472OhHe
>K8g725472(J!`72O472HK9KHlg7284729gR9.e
SJ5i72`42<\3342";(&!.$!M(&$5-!"(#H/$!T()*-&(;!
1DWXUDO3DUDPLOOR8QLGDG$GPLQLVWUDE
WLYD (VSHFLDO GHO 6LVWHPD GH 3DUTXHV 1DFLRQDOHV
1DWXUDOHVGH&RORPELD6XFUH&RORPELDSS
OKIR>42 <\\\42 0%'(.@%'*)(%! .$;! /%-! *;$:(;! .$!
IDXQD VLOYHVWUH HQ &RORPELD 'LUHFFLyQ *HQHUDO
'H(FRVLVWHPDV*UXSR'H%LRGLYHUVLGDGSS

OKIR>42 <\\<+42 &HQWURV 5HJLRQDOHV SDUD HO

0DQHMR GH (VSHFtPHQHV GH )DXQD 6LOYHVWUH 'HE
FRPLVDGRV (OHPHQWRV WpFQLFRV SDUD VX GLVHxR \
FRQVWUXFFLyQ3URWRFRORVSDUDHOPDQHMR\GLVSRE
VLFLyQGHDQLPDOHVSRVWGHFRPLVR%RJRWi&RORPE
ELDSS
OKIR>42<\\<?42'HVFXEULPLHQWR\GHVFULSFLyQ
.$! ;(! )(##(&)A*&(! 8%"(,23)* 6#%/0! $&! ;(! )/$&)(! .$;!
6LQ~6DQ-RUJH3URJUDPD1DFLRQDOSDUDODFRQVHUYDE
)*+&!.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%!9(#*&(%!6!)-&'*&$&'(;$%!.$!7-E
ORPELD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH(FRVLVWHPDV0LQLVWHE
ULRGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
OKIR>42 <\\<,42 (VWUDWHJLD QDFLRQDO SDUD OD
SUHYHQFLyQ\HOFRQWUROGHOWUiFRLOHJDOGHHVSHE
)*$%!%*;<$%'#$%G!8*#$))*+&!D$&$#(;!.$!0)-%*%'$9(%G!
%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
OKIR>42 <\\<'42 3URJUDPD 1DFLRQDO SDUD OD
&RQVHUYDFLyQGHODV7RUWXJDV0DULQDV\&RQWLQHQE
WDOHVHQ&RORPELD 0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH9LYLHQE
GD\'HVDUUROOR7HUULWRULDO%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
OKIR>42<\3\42'HFUHWRGH0HGLE
GDVSRVWHULRUHVDODDSUHKHQVLyQSUHYHQWLYDUHVE
WLWXFLyQRGHFRPLVRGHHVSHFtPHQHVGHHVSHFLHV
VLOYHVWUHV GH IDXQD \ RUD WHUUHVWUH \ DFXiWLFD \
VHGLFWDQRWUDVGLVSRVLFLRQHV%RJRWi&RORPELD
OKIR>eJHK842<\\Z4!";(&!.$!9(&$5-!-#*$&E
WDGR DO XVR VRVWHQLEOH GH OD7RUWXJD +LFRWHD HQ
&RORPELD0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH9LYLHQGD\'HE
VDUUROORHGV%RJRWi&RORPELDSS

WZRQHZJHQHUDDQGDQHZVSHFLHVRI%DWUDFKHE
P\V5HYLVWDGH%LRORJtD7URSLFDO
O5R5O72 042 3ZU<42 /D 'LVWULEXFLyQ JHRJUiFD
\ HFRORJtD GH ORV &URFRG\OLD \7HVWXGLQDWD HQ HO
GHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&KRFR5HYLVWDGHOD$FDGHPLD
&RORPELDQDGH&LHQFLDV([DFWDV)tVLFDV\1DWXUDE
OHV
O5R5O720423ZWT4/DUHSURGXFFLyQGHODLFRE
WHD 8)&-6&'()* )$"03.#* $#//0"2)."0) !&).-60,&)@*
(P\GLGDH&DOGDVLD
O5R.HKe9KHS5872 S42 042 <\334! 8*<$#%*.(.!
DOID\EHWDGHODFRPXQLGDGGHUHSWLOHVHQHOFRPE
SOHMRFHQDJRVRGH=DSDWRVD&RORPELD5HYLVWDGH
%LRORJtD7URSLFDO,QW-7URS%LRO
O5R.HKe9KHS5872S420472S42!n9R5HKEe
K9pIK8g72 g42I42 !KE>KkgeOg9K42 <\3342
$QELRV\UHSWLOHVGHORVDOUHGHGRUHVGHOFRPSOHE
MRFHQDJRVRGH=DSDWRVDGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&HVDU
&RORPELD(Q5DQJHO&K-2HG&RORPE
ELD 'LYHUVLGDG %LyWLFD *UXSR GH %LRGLYHUVLGDG
6! 7-&%$#<()*+&2! ,&%'*'/'-! .$! 7*$&)*(%! T('/#(;$%2!
8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH &RORPELD&RUSRFHVDU
%RJRWi&RORPELD1RSS
O59>5HE72 942 3ZTQ42 =XU .HQQWQLV GHU VFKLOE
GNU|WHQIDXQD9HQH]XHOD6HQFNHQEHUJLDQD%LRORE
JLFD
O.885972l42R472m2K42(42R.Ho58K!o5942<\\Y4!
5HSURGXFWLYHVWUXFWXUHVDQGVWUDWHJLHVRIWXUWOHV
S (Q:\QHNHQ - *RGIUH\ 0+ \%HOV9 HGV
%LRORJ\RI7XUWOHV&5&3UHVV86$SS

O!2!9KH.572l42942<\\Z42$PSKLELDQVDQGUHSWLE
OHVRI+RQGXUDV/LVWDV=RROyJLFDV$FWXDOL]DGDVHQ
OtQHD 0XVHRGH=RRORJtD8&5 6DQ3HGUR &RVWD
5LFD KWWSZZZPXVHRELRORJLDXFUDFFU/LVWDV
/=$3XEOLFDFLRQHVKWP&RQVXOWDQRY

O.8H59eSJ88KHR72 5472 E42 X5He

H5>>72K42O42G42O42S9gJ(42<\\=42:LOG
PHDW7KHELJJHUSLFWXUH7UHQGVLQ(FRORJ\
DQG(YROXWLRQ

O!2!g9R72G472O42lgE5(`egJH.72G428Ke
OK942<\\342$WD[RQRPLFUHHYDOXDWLRQRI3KU\E
QRSV!&).-60,&)@*&KHOLGDHZLWKWKHGHVFULSWLRQRI

O.>>59O5>5972 K472 K42 9`gR.H72 042

O5R5O72 (42 Eg.H.72 E42 `ggSOg5R72
H4!K99.88g423ZWY42'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKH6RXWK

$PHULFDQFKHOLGWXUWOH3KU\QRSVJLEEXVZLWKREE
VHUYDWLRQVRQKDELWDWDQGUHSURGXFWLRQ+HUSHWRE
ORJLFD
O.>>59O5.5972 9472 m2 942G.8EgH42 3ZWQ42
5HGHVFULSWLRQ RI 8262$,&'0)* &"(.%"2$&3%#/# 6SL[
 DQ DPD]RQLDQ SHORPHGXVLG WXUWOH 3DSpLV
$YXOVRVGH=RRORJLD63DXOR9(E
4,B,7=4
OggH5r72`42K472m2542542!858KHR42<\\342
7KHHYROXWLRQDU\LPSDFWRILQYDVLYHVSHFLHV3URE
FHHGLQJVRIWKH$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHRIWKH8QLWHG
6WDWHVRI$PHULFD31$6
1,&/69 7HVWXGLQHV 25* 6LWLR ZHE
KWWSZZZWHVWXGLQHVRUJLPJJDODVS["JHQXV
5KLQRFOHPP\V VSHFLH DQQXODWD7KHREDOG 
&RQVXOWDPDU
glKE>.72l423ZZ=428WLOL]DFLyQGHODIDXQDVLOYHVE
WUH HQ $PpULFD /DWLQD VLWXDFLyQ \ SHUVSHFWLYDV
SDUD XQ PDQHMR VRVWHQLEOH *XtD )$2 2UJDQL]DE
FLyQGHODV1DFLRQHV8QLGDVSDUDOD$JULFXOWXUD\
OD$OLPHQWDFLyQ5RPD,WDOLD1RSS
glKE>.72 l472 m2 042 RK88O5.5942 B%'*4D42
<\\\4 0DQHMR GH )DXQD 6LOYHVWUH 1HRWURSLFDO
6,0$% 6HULHV   I'0.%)2,0#,* <,).0.-.02,0$%
%LRGLYHUVLW\3URJUDP:DVKLQJWRQ'&
g8KI722>42g472m2O42542K885H423ZZU42T/'#*'*-&!
DV D 0DMRU )DFHW RI 5HSWLOH &RQVHUYDWLRQ =RR
%LRORJ\
(n5i72I42 (472 m2 !42 X42 Xg!o42 <\\Z42 ?*-;-:@(!
UHSURGXFWLYD\GLQiPLFDSREODFLRQDOGHODWRUWXJD
KLFRWHD!"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0)*$#//0"2)."0)(Q
0$9'781$/3ODQGHPDQHMRRULHQWDGRDO
XVRVRVWHQLEOHGHOD7RUWXJD+LFRWHDHQ&RORPE
ELD0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH9LYLHQGD\'HVDUUROOR
HGV%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
(gJS`72 `472 !42 lKH.E72 l42 `5.E5942 <\\<42
9HUWHEUDWHOLIH3UHQWLFH+DOO1HZ-HUVH\SS

97

(9.>!`K9R72(42<\\Y4!&KHOXVPEULDWXV6FKE
QHLGHUSS(Q5KRGLQ$*-3ULWFKDUG
3&+YDQ'LMN336DXPXUH5$%XKOPDQQ.$
,YHUVRQ-%DQG0LWWHUPHLHU5$HGV&RQVHUE
YDWLRQ %LRORJ\ RI )UHVKZDWHU 7XUWOHV DQG 7RUE
WRLVHV$ &RPSLODWLRQ 3URMHFW RI WKH ,8&166&
7RUWRLVHDQG)UHVKZDWHU7XUWOH6SHFLDOLVW*URXS
&KHORQLDQ5HVHDUFK0RQRJUDSKV
9KOj95ie(59.88K72l42<\\T42&LFORVGHSRVE
'/#(! (&/(;! $1! %*'/! .$! D%0,2$/&''()* '&/#,2).&",#2!
D;* 60#6&'#.#\GHVXVKtEULGRVD&3.0/0#@*!&).-60,&)@*
096.*.($@*J#.#4-"0,#&$FWD%LROyJLFD&RORPELDQD

95X58g72 S472 m2 l42 (5iiJ>>.42 <\\\4! "$#E
FHSo}HV VREUH R FRQVXPR GH TXHO{QLRV QD
$PD]{QLD6XVWHQWDELOLGDGHHDOWHUQDWLYDVDRPDE
QHMRDWXDO$PELHQWH\6RFLHGDGH$xR,,,1
6HPHVWUH
95E>95(g72K472I42l42(.k59gE72I42(42(n5i42
<\\U42 1HVW VLWH VHOHFWLRQ E\ &RORPELDQ VOLGHU
'/#';$%2! !"#$%&'()* $#//0"2)."0)* $#//0"2)."0) !&).-60,&)@*
(P\GLGDHLQWKH0RPSRV'HSUHVVLRQ&RORPELD
&KHORQLDQ &RQVHUYDWLRQ DQG %LRORJ\   

95E>95(g72K472I42l42(.k59gE72I42(42(n5i42
<\\W42&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVUHSURGXFWLYDVGHODWRUWXJD
!"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0)*$#//0"2)."0)!&).-60,#.#@* 096.*E
GDHHQ,VOD/HyQGHSUHVLyQPRPSRVLQD&RORPE
ELD&DOGDVLD
9`gR.H72S42l472(42(42IKH2R.lo72l42X42.I59e
EgH72 `42 X42 E`K005942 <\3\47XUWOHV RI WKH
ZRUOG 8SGDWH$QQRWDWHG &KHFNOLVW RI 5KRGLQ 
7D[RQRP\6\QRQ\P\'LVWULEXWLRQDQG&RQVHUYDE
WLRQ6WDWXV7XUWOHWD[RQRP\ZRUNLQJJURXS&RQE
VHUYDWLRQ%LRORJ\RI)UHVKZDWHU7XUWOHVDQG7RUE
WRLVHV&KHORQLDQ5HVHDUFK0RQRJUDSKV

(P\GLGDH\VXVSRVLEOHVYHQWDMDVSDUDODVXSHUYLE
YHQFLD5HYLVWD%LRORJtD

9gR9jSJ5i72!42l472>42O42RKHH.72842042(Ke
RJK42 3ZYT42 7HPSHUDWXUH'HSHQGHQW 6H[ 'HE
'$#9*&('*-&! *&! 8262$,&'0)* &93#,)# !&).-60,#.#@*
8&/2'&6-)06#&%LRWURSLFD

E!`O.R>72 o42 (42 3ZQW42 $ QHZ NLQRVWHUQLGDH

WXUWOHIURP&RORPELD)LHOGLDQD=RRO

9g8072 R42 3ZZ=42 7KH (YROXWLRQ /LIH +LVWRU\

7KHRU\DQG$QDO\VLV1HZ<RUN((88&KDSPDQ
DQG+DOOSS

EO.>`72 H42 3ZWZ42 4XHO{QLRV DTXiWLFRV GD

$PD]{QLDXPUHFXUVRDPHDoDGR$FWD$PD]yQLFD


9J5RKeK8OgHK!.R72 l42I42 3ZZZ42 $QELRV

\UHSWLOHVDPHQD]DGRVGHH[WLQFLyQHQ&RORPELD
5HYLVWD$FDGpPLFDGH&LHQFLDV

E.E>5OK2 R52 .H0g9OK!.hH2 EgX952

R.I59E.RKR25H2!g8gOX.K2BE.XD42<\3342
&DWiORJR HQ OtQHD &RORPELD KWWSZZZVLDF
QHWFRVLEFDWDORJRHVSHFLHVHVSHFLHGR"LG%XVFDU
 PHWKRG GLVSOD\$$7&RQVXOWDGLF

9J5RKeK8OgHK!.R72 l42 I472 l42 842 !K9972

94K42O.>>59O5.5972l42I429gR9jSJ5ieOKe
`5!`K72942OKE>72942!42IgS>72K42S429`ge
R.H72l42gEEKeI58nEcJ5i72l42H429J5RK72!42
S42O.>>59O5.5942<\\W423(%!'-#'/:(%!6!;-%!)-E
FRGULOLDQRVGHORVSDtVHVDQGLQRVGHOWUySLFR6HULH
GHJXtDVWURSLFDOHVGHFDPSR1&RQVHUYDFLyQ
,&'$#&()*-&(;I! 0.*'-#*(;! "(&(9$#*)(&(2! B-#9(%! $!
,PSUHVRV%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
9J5RK72 l42 <\\342 3URJUDPD QDFLRQDO SDUD OD
)-&%$#<()*+&!.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%!9(#*&(%!6!)-&'*&$&E
WDOHVGH&RORPELD3URSXHVWDSDUDFRQFHUWDUSODQ
HVWUDWpJLFR SDUD OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH ODV HVSHFLHV
&RORPELDQDVGHIDXQDVLOYHVWUHDPHQD]DGDV\HQ
YtDGHH[WLQFLyQ0LQLVWHULRGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH
&RUSRJXDMLUD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH(FRVLVWHPDV
$QGHV&%&%RJRWiSS

Eg.H.2 (42 3ZZY4 0DQXDO SDUD HO PDQHMR GH

H/$;-&*-%! ()/N'*)-%! $&! ;(! =9(>-&*(! "$#/(&(!
&KDUDSD7DULFD\D \ &XSLVR ,QVWLWXWR GH LQYHVE
'*:()*-&$%! .$! ;(! =9(>-&*(! "$#/(&(2! "#-:#(9(!
$SURYHFKDPLHQWR6RVWHQLEOHGHOD%LRGLYHUVLGDG
,TXLWRV3HU~SS
EgJiK72042842<\\T4*HRJUDSKLFDOGLVWULEXWLRQ
SDWWHUQV RI 6RXWK$PHULFDQ VLGHQHFNHG WXUWOHV
5%&/06&#& ZLWK HPSKDVLV RQ %UD]LOLDQ VSHFLHV
5HYLVWD(VSDxRODGH+HUSHWRORJtD

9J.i72 E42 8472 542 EnH!`5i72 542>KXK95E72

K42 (9.5>g72 l42K9.KE72 942 ShO5i72 R42 !KEe
>588KHgE72 (42 SK9!jK72 842 9gR9jSJ5i42
B%'*4D42<\\W4'LYHUVLGDGELROyJLFD\FXOWXUDOGHO
VXU GH OD $PD]RQLD FRORPELDQD  'LDJQyVWLFR
&RUSRDPD]RQLD ,QVWLWXWR +XPEROGW ,QVWLWXWR
6LQFKL8$(6311%RJRWi&RORPELDSS

E(.C72I2l42X423Y<Q4$QLPDOLDQRYDVLYHVSHFLHV
QRYDH7HVWXGLQXP HW 5DQDUXP TXDV LQ LWLQHUH
SHU %UDVLOLDP DQQLV 0'&&&;9,,0'&&&;;
MXVVX HW DXVSLFLLV 0D[LPLOLDQL -RVHSKL , %DYDULDH
5HJLV VXVFHSWR FROOHJLW HW 'HVFULSVLW 'U -% GH
6SKL[ 2UGLQLV 5HJLL &RURQDH FLYLOLV %DYDULFDH
(TXHV$FDGHPLDH VFLHQWLDUXP %DYDULFDH 6RFLXV
-#.*&(#*/%2! M/%$*! 4$:**! >--;-:*)*2! >--'-9*)*! $'!
HWKQRJUDSKLFL &RQVHUYDWRU$FDGHPLDH 1DWXUDH
FXULRVRUXP 6RFLHWDWLV OLWHUDULDH (GLQEXUJHQVLV
0RVFRYLHQVLV HWF 6RGDOLV 7\SLV )UDQF 6HUDSK
+EVFKPDQQL

EKO(5R9g72K472O42K9R.8K72E420J5H>5E42
<\\=42 $VSHFWRV GH OD PRUIRPHWUtD GH OD MLFRWHD
&RORPELDQD!"#$%&'()*)$"03.#*$#//0"2)."0)I!7A$;-&*(2!

E>KHS72 R42 <\\Q42 =LSFRGH]RR FDWiORJR HQ

OtQHD KWWS]LSFRGH]RRFRP$QLPDOV &RQVXOWD
GLF

E>5K9HE72E42m2942`g5oE>9K42<\\T4!0<-E
OXWLRQ DQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6HFRQG (GLWLRQ 2[IRUG
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV8.SS
>`52 95(>.852 RK>K2 XKE542 <\3342 KWWS
UHSWLOHGDWDEDVHUHSWDULXPF]VSHFLHV"JHQXV 0
HVRFOHPP\V VSHFLHV ]XOLDH &RQVXOWD  GLF

>`52 >g9>g.E52 >9JE>72 l.882 OK9>.H2
0JHR72 K42 !42 `.S`0.58R72 H42 <\\Y42 7DNLQJ
&DUHRI3HW7RUWRLVHV7KH-LOO0DUWLQ)XQGIRU7RUE
WRLVH:HOIDUHDQG&RQVHUYDWLRQSS
>J9>852 >KCgHgOr2 Gg9o.HS2
S9gJ(2 B>>GSD2 uF+#2 R&:v72 (4(472 l42 X42 .F%)e
*"#72 `42 X42 E[+VV%)72 942 X"/)72 K42 S42 9["'&#42
<\33427XUWOHVRIWKHZRUOGXSGDWH$QQRWDE
WHGFKHFNOLVWRIWD[RQRP\V\QRQ\P\GLVWULEXWLRQ
DQGFRQVHUYDWLRQVWDWXV3S(Q
5KRGLQ$*-3&+3ULWFKDUG33YDQ'LMN5$
6DXPXUH.$%XKOPDQQ-%,YHUVRQ5$0LWWHUE
PHLHUHGV&RQVHUYDWLRQ%LRORJ\RI)UHVKZDWHU
7XUWOHV DQG7RUWRLVHV$ &RPSLODWLRQ 3URMHFW RI
WKH ,8&166& 7RUWRLVH DQG )UHVKZDWHU 7XUWOH
6SHFLDOLVW *URXS &KHORQLDQ 5HVHDUFK 0RQRJUDE
SKVGRLFUPFKHFNOLVWY
J.!H42<\\3427('$:-#@(%!6!7#*'$#*-%!.$!;(!3*%'(!
5RMDGHOD8,&19HUVLyQ&RPLVLyQGH6XSHUE
YLYHQFLD GH (VSHFLHV GH OD 8,&1 8,&1 *ODQG
6XL]D\&DPEULGJH5HLQR8QLGRSS
J.!H42<\\=42'LUHFWULFHVSDUDHPSOHDUORVFULE
WHULRVGHOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD8,&1DQLYHOUHJLRQDO
9HUVLyQ&RPLVLyQGH6XSHUYLYHQFLDGH(VSHE
FLHVGHOD8,&18,&1*ODQG6XL]D\&DPEULGJH
5HLQR8QLGRSS
JH.RKR25E(5!.K82R52(K9cJ5E2HKe
!.gHK85E2HK>J9K85E2R52!g8gOX.K2
BJ5E(HHD2 B%'*4D42 <\\Y42 "#-)$.*9*$&'-! 9(E

98

QHMR GH YLGD VLOYHVWUH SODQHDFLyQ GHO PDQHMR GH

;(%! N#$(%! .$;! %*%'$9(! .$! "(#H/$%! P#.$&(9*$&'-!
$PELHQWDO S 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZSDUE
TXHVQDFLRQDOHVJRYFR311SRUWHOOLEUHULDSGI
2$0B6*&B35B9LGDB6LOYHVWUHSGI
J995Sg72g42<\3342,&%'*'/'-!.$!,&<$%'*:()*-E
QHVGH5HFXUVRV%LROyJLFRV$OH[DQGHU9RQ+XPE
EROW5HSWLOHVDPHQD]DGRVSRUHOFRPHUFLR&LWHV
6LWLR ZHE &RORPELD KWWSZZZKXPEROGWRUJ
FRFRQVHUYDFLRQUHSWLOHVBFLWHVKWP&RQVXOWD
GLF
IK85HiJ58K72H472Xg>59g729472OK9>je
H5i725423ZZW4)LHOG6WXG\RI6H['HWHUPLQDWLRQ
*&!8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#IURP&RORPELDQ$PD]RQLD
+HUSHWRORJLFD
IK85HiJ58K72 H42 <\\\4 0XOWLSOH SDWHUQLW\
*&!%*.$E&$)S!'/#';$%!8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#I!$<*.$&)$!
IURPPLFURVDWHOOLWH'1$GDWD0ROHFXODU(FRORJ\

IK85HiJ58K42 <\334 &RQVWDQW 6KLIW DQG
1DWXUDO 7HPSHUDWXUH (IIHFWV RQ 6H[ 'HWHUPLE
&('*-&! *&! 8262$,&'0)* &93#,)#7XUWOHV (FRORJ\ 

G.5EH5972 !472 m2 !42 .X5H42 <\\=4 ,QXHQFH
RIHQYLURQPHQWDOKXPLGLW\DQGGLHWDU\SURWHLQRQ
S\UDPLGDOJURZWKRIFDUDSDFHVLQ$IULFDQVSXUUHG
WRUWRLVHV K&2$%&/2,&* )-/$#.# -RXUQDO RI$QLPDO
3K\VLRORJ\ $QLPDO1XWULWLRQ
iKHS598729472042O5R5O423ZTY42$QHZVSHE
FLHVRIFKHOLGWXUWOH3KU\QRSV%DWUDFKHP\VGDKOL
IURP &RORPELD %XOO 0XV &RPS =RRO +DUYDUG
V

j#'&,%2'%2#"L?)%*2'%2%*N%,&%*
H"L?)%2,"L]#

1RPEUHFLHQWtFR
5%&/2,2060)*$#"72,#"0#E*LM

8/#.&'()*3/#.($&3%#/#E*NL

%DFKDOD

,FRWHD

5%&/2,2060)*6&,.0$-/#.#E*OL

8262$,&'0)*&"(.%"2$&3%#/#E*PL

%DFKDOD

,JHQVD

&KHOXVPEULDWXV

8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#E*NM

%DFKH

0DWDPDWD

5%&/(6"#*#$-.0"2)."0)E*QO

8262$,&'0)*/&B(#,#E*QR

&DEH]DGHWUR]R

0RUURFR\GHSDWDVDPDULOODV

C0,2).&",2,*6-,,0E*QL

8262$,&'0)*)&9.-7&"$-/#.#E*SR*

&DEH]yQ

0RUURFR\GHSDWDVURMDV

C0,2).&",2,*/&-$2).2'-'E*SN

3RGRFQHPLVXQLOLV

&DEH]yQGH]XOLD

3DOPHUD

C0,2).&",2,*)$2"30206&)E*SL

8262$,&'0)*+24/0E*ON

&DUUDQFKLQD

6DEDODWHUD

:&)2$/&''()*6#%/0E*RL

5KLQHP\VUXSHV

&KDUDSD$UUDX

6DEDQHUD

:&)2$/&''()*4077#E*PR

D%0,2$/&''()*#,,-/#.#E*QN

&KDUDSD-DUi

7DSDFXORFRP~Q

:&)2$/&''()*%&/02).&''#E*PO*

D%0,2$/&''()*60#6&'#.#E*OO

&KDUDSLWDGHDJXDMDO

7DSDFXOROLVR

:&)2$/&''()*"#,0$&3)E*NO

D%0,2$/&''()*'&/#,2).&",#E*SO*

&KDUDSLWDGHDOWXUD

7HSDUR

&KLSLUR

7HUHFD\

:&)2$/&''()*F-/0#&E*LR

D%0,2$/&''()*,#)-.#E*OM

&XSLVR

7RUWXJDDFKLRWH

8&/.2$&3%#/-)*6-'&"0/0#,-)E*PN

!"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0)E*QM

+LFRWHD

7RUWXJDGHUtR

8%"(,23)*4&2>>"2#,-)E*NN

!"#$%&'()*)$"03.#*&/&4#,)E*LN

+LFRWHDGHRUHMDVURMDV

7RUWXJDPRQWDxHUD

8%"(,23)*.-7&"2)-)ELO

!"#$%&'()*+&,-).#E*OR

+XHOHIHR

99

Se termin de imprimir en la Editorial

Universidad Nacional de Colombia
en septiembre de 2012. En esta edicin se emple papel
propalcote de 150 g, se utilizaron caracteres Baskerville,
Times y Gill Sans MT, en un formato de 21,5 x 14 cm.

100