Thermodynamics and Heat Engine4 (3+1)

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T&HE:LESSON26MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION:THROTTLINGCALORIMETERANDCOMBINEDSEPARATINGANDTHROT
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LESSON26MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION:THROTTLINGCALORIMETER
ANDCOMBINEDSEPARATINGANDTHROTTLINGCALORIMETERANDTHEIR
NUMERICALPROBLEMS
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General
MODULEI
MODULEII
MODULEIII
MODULEIV
MODULEV
LESSON18
PURE
SUBSTANCES,
CHANGEOF
PHASEDURI...
26.1.MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION
26.1.1.ThrottlingCalorimeter
Principle: The principle of the throttling calorimeter is to throttle the wet
steamsothatitbecomessuperheated.
Material: Refer Fig. 26.1. The Throttling Calorimeter consists of inner
chamber and outer chamber. The pressure gauge attached to the outer
casing and thermometer in inner chamber gives the pressure and
temperature of steam after throttling, respectively. In order to prevent any
heattransferfromandtothesystem,theouterchamberisinsulated.
QUIZ18
LESSON19p
VDIAGRAM,Ts
DIAGRAM,pT
DIAGRAM,...
QUIZ19
LESSON20
GENERATION
OFSTEAMAND
INTERNAL
ENERG...
QUIZ20
LESSON21
USEOFSTEAM
TABLESAND
MOLLIER
CHART...
QUIZ21
LESSON22
HEATINGAND
EXPANSIONOF
VAPOURIN
NON...
QUIZ22
LESSON23
NUMERICAL
PROBLEMSON
HEATINGAND
EXPA...
QUIZ23
LESSON24
NUMERICAL
PROBLEMSON
HEATINGAND
EXPA...
QUIZ24
LESSON25
MEASUREMENT
OFDRYNESS
Fig. 26.1. Throttling calorimeter along with its

throttlingprocess12onhsdiagram
Procedure:Asampleofwetsteamatpressurep1istakenfromthemainsteampipeof
boiler into the inner chamber of the throttling calorimeter through a sampling tube and
orificethrottlingvalve.Thiswetsteamsampleisthrottledinorificethrottlingvalvebeforeit
enters into the calorimeter. Normally, pressure desired after throttled is few mm of Hg
slightly above atmospheric pressure. The steam of the inner chamber is first allowed to
flow down wards then flows upwards and finally turns downwards in the annular space
between the inner and outer chamber. This is done so that the steam should flow long
enoughtoensureconstanttemperatureofthrottledsteam.
Duringsteamsampling:Notedownthefollowingobservations:
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FRACTION:
BUCKE...
Pressureofthewetsteambeforethrottling=p2bar
QUIZ25
Pressureofthesuperheatedsteamafterthrottling=p2bar
LESSON26
MEASUREMENT
OFDRYNESS
FRACTION:
THROT...
QUIZ26
MODULEVI
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MODULEIX
REFERENCES
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Temperatureofthesuperheatedsteamafterthrottling=tsup,2C
For the accurate result from the throttling calorimeter, the necessary condition is that
the steam should be in a superheated state after throttling. In general, 5C of
superheating is most desirable i.e. 5C more than the saturation temperature
correspondingtorecordedpressureafterthrottlingp2.
Theprocess12onhsdiagraminFig.26.2,representthethrottlingprocessinorifice
throttlingvalveofthrottlingcalorimeter.
Calculationsofdrynessfractionofwetsteam,x1:
Propertiesofwetsteambeforethrottlingatpoint1byusingSteamTables:
Enthalpyofasaturatedwatercorrespondingtopressurep1=hf,1,kJ/kg.
Latentheatofevaporationcorrespondingtopressurep1=hfg,1,kJ/kg
Properties of superheated steam after throttling at point 2 by using Steam
Tables:
Enthalpy of a superheated steam corresponding to pressure p2 and temperature
tsup,2=hsup,2,kJ/kg.
Sinceduringthrottlingprocess,theenthalpyremainsconstant,hence
Enthalpy of wet steam before throttling valve at point 1 corresponding to
pressure p1 = Enthalpy superheated steam after throttling valve at point 2
correspondingtopressurep2
or h1 = hsup,2
.(26.1)
Where,Enthalpyofwetsteamatpoint1correspondingtopressurep1 is given
by,
h1=hf,1+x1.hfg,1
.(26.2)
Byusingequation(26.2)inequation(26.1),wehave
hf,1+x1.hfg,1=hsup,2
or
.(26.3)
Analternativemethodtofindx1whensuperheatedsteamis treatedasanideal
gas:
Then,enthalpyofasuperheatedthrottledsteamcorrespondingtopressurep2 and
temperaturetsup,2iscalculatedby
hsup,2=hg,2+Cp(tsup,2tg,2),kJ/kg.
.(26.4)
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whereCpissp.heatofsuperheatedsteam=
2.607kJ/kgK
Byusingequations(26.2)and(26.4)inequation(26.1),wehave
hf,1+x1.hfg,1=hg,2+Cp(tsup,2tg,2)
or
.(26.5)
With the above equation (26.3) or (26.5) we can easily calculate the value of the
drynessfraction.
Drawback
Wecannotusethismethodforfindingoutthedrynessfractionofverywetsteam
because the required 5C superheated steam after throttling cannot be achieved
withtheverywetsteam.
Forexample,thewetsteamat40barpressurerequiresminimum93.5%dryness
fraction before throttling to reach 5C superheating at pressure slightly above
atmosphericpressureafterthrottling(theminimumdrynessfractionrequiredfor40
barpressurecanbefindbyaprocess12asshowninFig.26.2).Thismeansif
thewetsteamat40barpressurewithdrynessfractionlessthan93.5%isthrottled
in throttling calorimeter to find the dryness fraction, the condition of steam after
throttling will be either less than 5C superheating or it will be wet as shown by
process 34 in Fig. 26.2 which is not desirable to find dryness fraction with
throttlingcalorimeter.Thus,steamhavingdrynessfractionlessthan0.934cannot
bemeasuredbyathrottlingcalorimeterforsteampressure40bar.
Similarly, wet steam at 3 bar pressure requires minimum 98.5% dryness fraction
beforethrottlingtoachievedesiredconditionafterthrottling.Likewisewecanfind
minimum dryness fraction of other pressures, below which we cannot use
throttlingcalorimetermethod.
Fig.26.2.Throttlingprocessonhsdiagram
Problem26.1:Thefollowingdatarefertoathrottlingcalorimeter.
Pressureinthemainsteampipe=10bar,Pressureafterthrottling=1.2bar,Temperature
afterthrottling=120C.AssumingCp=2.303kJ/kgKforsteamafterthrottling.Calculate
the
(a)Drynessfraction.
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(b) Minimum degree of wetness which can be shown by this calorimeter for this
steam.Ifthewetnessisbeyondtherangeofthiscalorimetersuggestanothermethod.
Solution:
Given:Steamatstate1:Pressureinthemainsteampipebeforethrottling,p1 = 10
bar:
Byusingsteamtable(fordrysaturatedsteam):
For state 1, From steam tables for dry saturated steam at p1 = 10 bar, we
have
hf,1=763kJ/kg,hfg,1=2015kJ/kg
Given:Steamatstate2:Pressureafterthrottling,p2=1.2barTemperatureafter
throttling,t2=120C
Forstate2,Fromsteamtablesfordrysaturatedsteamatp2=1.2bar,we
have
ts,2=104.8C,
Since,t2=120C>ts,2 =104.8C the condition of steam at state 2 is superheated.
Therefore,tsup,2=t2=120C
Byusingsteamtable(forsuperheatedsteam)
Forsuperheatedstate2,Fromsteamtablesforsuperheatedsteamatp2=1.2
barandtsup,2=120C,wehave
hsup,2=2714.81kJ/kg
Given:AssumingCp=2.303kJ/kgKforsteamafterthrottling.Calculatethe
(a)Determinethedrynessfractionofsteaminmainsteampipe:
Formula:Duringthrottlingprocessenthalpyremains
constant.
i.e.h1=hsup,2
Sincethesteamiswetatstate1:h1=hf,1+x1.hfg,1
Therefore,hf,1+x1.hfg,1=hsup,2
or
Answer:Drynessfraction,x1=
0.9686
(b)Determinetheminimumdegreeofwetness
Forminimumdegreeofwetness,theconditionofsteamafter
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throttlingshouldbeatleast5Csuperheatedat1.2barpressure.
Thereforesuperheattemperatureatpoint2,
tsup,2=tsatC+5C=104.8+5=109.8C
Forsuperheatedstate2,Fromsteamtablesforsuperheated
steamatp2=1.2barandtsup,2=109.8C,wehave
hsup,2=2687kJ/kg
Formula:Since,duringthrottlingprocessenthalpyremainsconstant.
i.e.h1=hsup,2
orhf,1+x1.hfg,1=hsup,2(asconditionofsteamatpoint1iswet)
or
Answer:Theminimumdegreeofwetness
x1=
=0.9582
If the dryness fraction is lower than 95.28%, a combination of separating and

throttlingcalorimeterwillbeused.
26.1.2.CombinedSeparatingandThrottlingCalorimeter
A combined separating and throttling calorimeter is used to remove the drawback of
SeparatingCalorimeter(i.e.waterparticlesfromwetsteamarenotfullyseparated)and
thedrawbackofThrottlingCalorimeter(i.e.notsuitableforverywetsteam).
Principle:Inthiscalorimeter
Themoisturefromwetsteamsampleisfirstremovedinseparatingcalorimeter,so
that dryness fraction of wet steam sample is increased above 0.95 before steam
sample is entering into throttling calorimeter. During this process pressure and
temperatureremainsconstant.
The sample coming out from separating calorimeter is then passed through
throttlingcalorimeterwhereitexpandstosuperheatedsteam.
Material: Refer Fig. 26.2. It consists of a combined separating calorimeter and
throttlingcalorimeterasdiscussedinprevioussections.
Procedure:Asampleofwetsteamfrommainsteampipe(representedbypointAin
Fig. 26.2) is first enters the separating calorimeter through a sampling tube. While
passing through separating calorimeter, most of the moisture from wet steam is
separatedoutandcollectedintheinnerchamberoftheseparatingcalorimeterwhereit
is measure with scale. Now, comparatively dry steam having dryness fraction above
0.95fromseparatingcalorimeter(representedbypointBinFig.26.2)ispassedinto
throttling calorimeter through throttling valve where it expands to superheated steam
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(represented by point C in Fig. 26.2). The superheated steam after passing through
throttling calorimeter is then exhausted from throttling calorimeter into a condenser,
provided at the bottom of the throttling calorimeter, where it is finally condensed and
measured.
The representation of separatingthrottling processes of combined separating and
throttlingcalorimeteronTsandhsdiagramsisshowninFig.26.3.
Duringsteamsampling:Notedownthefollowingobservations:
Pressurebeforethrottling=p1(say)bar
Pressureafterthrottling=p2(say)bar
Temperatureofathrottledsuperheatedsteam=tsup,C(say),oC
Aftersteamsampling:Notedownthefollowingobservations:
Massofcondensatecollectedinthecontainerprovidedatthebottomofthrottling
calorimeter(i.e.massofsteamcomingfromseparatingcalorimeterintothrottling
calorimeterthroughthrottlingvalve)=M(say),kg
Massofwatercollectedintheinnerchamberoftheseparatingcalorimeter(i.e.
massofwaterseparatedintheseparatingcalorimeter=m(say),kg
Fig. 26.2. Combined Separating and Throttling

Calorimeter
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Fig. 26.3.: Representation of two processes of separatingthrottling

calorimeteronTsandhsdiagrams.
Calculationsofdrynessfractionofwetsteam,x:
Partial dryness fraction of wet steam coming from main steam pipe, measured by
separatingcalorimeteralone,
..(26.6)
Dryness fraction of steam entering into throttling calorimeter from separating
calorimeter through throttling valve, measured by throttling calorimeter alone (by
usingequation26.3)
Where,
hf,Bisenthalpyofsaturatedwateratp1(fromsteamtables),kJ/kg.
hfg,BisLatentheatofvapouizationatp1(fromsteamtables),kJ/kg
hsup,Cisenthalpyofathrottledsuperheatedsteamcorrespondingto
pressurep2andtemperaturetsup,C(fromsuperheatedsteamtable),kJ/kg.
Mass of dry steam in the wet steam sample collected from main steam pipe = the
massofdrysteamenteringthethrottlingcalorimeter=x2.M
Finally, The total dryness fraction of wet steam collected from main steam pipe
measurebyCombinedSeparatingandThrottlingCalorimeter
Byusingequation(26.6)inaboveequation,wehave
x=x1.x2
Thisshowsthatthedrynessfractionofsteammeasuredfromcombinedseparatingand
throttling calorimeter is the product of dryness fraction x1 and x2 measured by
separatingandthrottlingcalorimeterrespectively.
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Amongallmethods,thismethodofdeterminingthedrynessfractionofsteamis
themostsatisfactory.
Problem26.2:Inatestonacombinedseparatingandthrottlingcalorimeter,thefollowing
datawereobtained:
Pressureinthesteammain=14bar,
Pressureofsteamafterthrottling=13.2cmofHggauge,
Massofsteamcollectedintheseparator=0.8kg/min,
Dischargefromthrottlingcalorimeter=10kg/min,
Temperatureofsteamafterthrottling=115C,
Barometer=76cmofHg.
Calculate(a)thedrynessfractionofsteaminthemain,(b)thevelocityofflowinthesteam
main,ifthediameteris12cmandtheflowofsteamis130kg/min,(c)themassofwater
requiredtocondensethesteamafterthethrottlingcalorimeterifthetemperatureriseofthe
coolingwaterisl2C.
Solution:
Given:Steambeforethrottling(state1):Pressureinsteammainbeforethrottling,p1
=14bar:
For state 1, From steam tables for dry saturated steam at p1 = 14 bar, we
have
hf,1=830kJ/kg,hfg,1=1960kJ/kg,vg,1=0.1408m3/kg
Given:Steamafterthrottling(state2):
Pressureofsteamafterthrottling,p2=13.2cmofHggauge
p2=76+13.2=89.2cmofHg.
=
bar
Temperatureafterthrottling,t2=115C
Forstate2,Fromsteamtablesfordrysaturatedsteamatp2=1.1889bar,we
have
ts,2=104.8C,hg,2=2683kJ/kg,
Since, t2 = 115C > ts,2 =104.8C the condition of steam at state 2 is
superheated.Therefore,tsup,2=t2=115C
For superheated state 2, From steam tables for superheated steam at p2 =
1.1889barandtsup,2=115C,wehave
hsup,2=2704.3kJ/kg
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Given:Massofsteamcollectedintheseparator,m=0.8kg/min
Dischargefromthrottlingcalorimeter,M=10kg/min,
(a)Determinethedrynessfractionofsteaminthemain:
Formula: The dryness fraction of steam from separating and throttling
calorimeteriscalculatedbytheequation:
x=x1.x2
where, x1 = Dryness fraction of steam measured by
separatingcalorimeter,
x2 = Dryness fraction of steam measured by
throttlingcalorimeter
Findingunknown,x1andx2:
Drynessfractionofsteammeasuredby
separatingcalorimeter,
x1=
=0.9259
Drynessfractionofsteammeasuredby
throttlingcalorimeter,
x2=
0.956
Answer:x=x1.x2=0.9256x0.956=0.885
(b) Determine the velocity of flow in the steam main, if the diameter is 12 cm
andtheflowofsteamis130kg/min
Given:
Diameterofpipe,d=12cm=0.12m
Formula:Fromcontinuityequation,
orvelocity=C1=
Findingunknown,v1
Sp.volumeofsteaminthemainpipeforwet
steam,v1=xvg,1
=0.885x0.1408
=0.1246m3/kg
Answer:Velocity=C1=
=1432.2m/min
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(c) Determine the mass of water

required to condense the steam after the
throttlingcalorimeterifthetemperatureriseofthecoolingwaterisl2C.
Given:Temperatureriseofthecoolingwater,t=l2C
Formula:If
massofwaterberequiredinthecondensertoremove
the superheat and latent heat of M mass of steam from throttling
calorimeter,then
M(hsup,2ts,2)=
Answer:M(hsup,2ts,2)=
10(2704.3104.8)=
or
xCpxt
xCpxt
x12x4.18
=518.24kg/min
Lastmodified:Wednesday,11September2013,9:39AM
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Fig. 26.1. Throttling calorimeter along with its

If the dryness fraction is lower than 95.28%, a combination of separating and

Fig. 26.2. Combined Separating and Throttling

Fig. 26.3.: Representation of two processes of separatingthrottling

(c) Determine the mass of water

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