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13UEAE0018
K.ELUMALAI
13UEAE0021
S.GURUPRASAATH
13UEAE0026
D.DALJIT MAJIL
13UEAE0501
DECEMBER 2016
Bonafide Certificate
This is to certify that the project work entitled Multirole Fighter Aircraft in partial fulfillment of the
requirement of the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Aeronautical Engineering of Vel Tech Dr.
RR & Dr. SR Technical University, Chennai 600 062, is an authentic work carried out by Coutinho Varney
Plato (Reg. No. 13UEAE0018), K.Elumalai (Reg. No. 13UEAE0021), S.Guruprasaath (Reg. No.
13UEAE0026) and D.Daljit Majil (Reg. No 13UEAE0501) under our supervisions and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the project report has not been submitted to any other
University/Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma
R.Jaganraj
Kannan.G
Assistant Professor,
Certificate of Evaluation
S.No VTU NO
REG. NO
NAME
1.
4180
13UEAE0018
2.
4364
13UEAE0021
K.ELUMALAI
PROJECT TITLE
MULTIROLE
FIGHER
3.
4094
13UEAE0026
S.GURUPRASAATH
4.
5726
13UEAE0501
D.DALJIT MAJIL
AIRCARFT
PROJECT
GUIDE
G.KANNAN,
ASST.
PROFESSOR,
DEPT. OF
AERONAUTI
CAL ENGIG
The report of the project work submitted by the above student in partial fulfillment for the award
of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Aeronautical Engineering of Vel Tech Dr. RR &
Dr. SR Technical University was evaluated and confirmed to be the report of the work done by
the above student.
This project report was submitted for VIVA VOICE held on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
at VEL TECH Dr. RR & Dr. SR TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, AVADI.
Internal Examiner
External examiner
Date
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude to VEL TECH Dr. RR & Dr. SR
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY for giving me this tremendous opportunity.
I would like to express gratitude to Founder- President Prof Dr R Rangarajan B.E (Elec.), B.E
(Mech.) M.S (Auto), D.Sc. for giving me the opportunity to be the part of this Institution.
I would like to acknowledge Founder-Vice President and our Chancellor Dr.Sagunthala
Rangarajan (MBBS) for her support. I would further like to express my gratitude to
Chairperson and Managing Trustee
Dr.Rangarajan Mahalakshmi K.B.E (IE) M.B.A (UK) Ph.D. I would also like to express my
deepest thanks to Vice President Mr. K.V.D Kishore Kumar.
I would further like to thank our Vice- Chancellor Dr.Beela Satynarayan B.E (Mech.),
M.E (MD), M.E (IE) M. Tech (CSE), Ph.D. (IIT Delhi)
I would like to express my gratitude to our Registrar Dr.E.Kannan M.E, Ph.D.,
PGDSM (Hons.)
I would like to thank Dr.A.T.Ravichandran Ph.D. Dean School of Mechanical for his
Constant support.
I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr.R.JAGANRAJ Head of the
Department (Aeronautical Department) for his valuable suggestions.
Finally I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr.G.KANNAN Asst. Professor for
helping me throughout the project and sharing his valuable knowledge.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF GRAPHS
LIST OF FIGURES
1. REQUIRED DATA FROM ADP-1
2. V-N DIAGRAM
2.1 INTODUCTION
2.2 LOAD FACTOR
3. GUST ENVELOPE
4. CRITICAL PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
4.1 CRUISING FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
4.2 TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE
4.3 LANDING PERFORMANCE
4.4 GROUND ROLL
5. COMBINED V-N DIAGRAM (OR) FLIGHT ENVELOPE
6. WING LOAD DISTRIBUTION
6.1 WING DESCRIPTION
6.2 LINEAR LIFT DISTRIBUTION
6.3 ELLIPTIC LIFT DISTRIBUTION
6.4 SCHRENKS CURVE
6.5 LOAD ESTIMATION ON WINGS
6.6 FUEL WEIGHT
6.7 REACTION AND BENDING MOMENT CALCULATION
6.8 SHEAR FORCE
6.9 BENDING MOMENT
7. CG CALCULATION
8. MATERIAL SELECTION
8.1 DESCRIPTION
8.2 WOOD
8.3 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
8.4 EXTRUDED ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
8.5 STEEL
8.6 COMPOSITE MATERIALS
8.7 HEAVY AIRCRAFT RAW MATERIALS
9. WING DESIGN
9.1INTRODUCTION
9.2 AIRFOIL SELECTION
9.3 WING SLECTION
10. FUSELAGE DESIGN
11. DETAILED STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
11.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE STRUCTURE
11.2 WING STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
11.3 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF WING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
11.4 FUSELAGE STRUCTURE
11.5 FUSELAGE LAYOUT CONCEPTS
1
3
3
5
6
10
10
12
13
14
15
16
16
16
18
20
21
23
25
26
27
29
31
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
34
34
34
39
42
46
46
46
47
48
48
50
52
INTRODUCTION
Project Aim:Main Objective of the Project is to design a Multi role fighter Aircraft that can perform different roles in
combat. A term Multirole means for Aircraft designed for complete different tasks with same Airframe. Main
motivation of Multirole fighter is to reduce the cost by using a Common airframe for different tasks. Multirole
fighter aircraft will have tasks such as Aerial reconnaissance, Forward Air Control and Electronic Warfare
Aircraft. Attack missions include the subtypes air interdiction, suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD), and
close air support (CAS).It also have a capability of STOL(Short Range Takeoff and Landing) because of which
Aircraft needs Shorter length of Runway.
Present Fighters:Fighter Aircrafts are the aircrafts used only for the defense purpose of the country. There are different
types of fighter aircrafts depending on the mission to accomplish some of them are Interceptor, Bomber,
Dogfight, reconnaissance etc. The present time fighters are of 4th, 4.5th and 5th generation fighter Aircrafts. The
Specialty of them is Stealth, Super cruise, STOL, Multirole etc. The fifth generation fighters are completely
stealth fighters capable of operating at different atmospheric condition. Even though there are no bombers in the
fifth generation the multirole fighters it acts as a bomber. The stealth Aircraft is an ideal Aircraft for
reconnaissance. Some of the Fifth generation planes are F-35 lightening, F-22 Raptor, Su-30 etc. F-35
lightening is a VTOL aircraft with stealthy body whereas F-22 Raptor is a STOL aircraft with both stealth body
and stealth coatings. The Stealth coating (radiation Absorbing paints makes the aircrafts Maintenance charge
more than anyone else of its kind.
Abstract
The Current scenario in Aerial Combat requires an Aircraft that can perform multirole tasks to
complete various missions with same airframe. The report summarizes the design of an aircraft
with its design parameters and design considerations. The design includes the blend wing
stealth technology which can perform multiple roles with greater flexibility. Aircraft is designed
with a capability of carrying payload up to 8000kg that includes missile ( Air to Air & Air to
ground), Bombs, Guns etc. The Huge amount of thrust allows the aircraft to attain STOL along
TVC and Reach the cruise altitude in minimum time. The design has fully variable inlet and
Nozzle for good performance of the engine at various speeds.
LIST OF SYMBOLS
AR
Aspect ratio
Span
Chord
CG
Centre of Gravity
CD
Coefficient of Drag
CL
Coefficient of Lift
Drag
Lift
Mach Number
Range
Thrust
Velocity
Weight
Sg
Takeoff Distance
Power
LIST OF TABLES
Table.1.1 Details weight from ADP-I
25
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph.2.1 V-n Diagram
15
17
19
20
22
24
25
27
28
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.1 NACA 64A204 AIRFOIL
23
34
46
Mission specifications
Weight estimation
Engine selection
Airfoil selection
Drag estimation
Performance analysis
In aircraft design project-2 taking the values obtained in design project-1 as input, the load factors during
various phases of flight is calculated and the V-n diagram is drawn, the load distribution on the wing and
the fuselage is found and the shear force diagram and the bending moment diagram for the wing and the
fuselage are drawn and the internal structure design is also done. The following values are taken from the
aircraft design project-1 and are used in the aircraft design project-2Retrived data from aircraft design project-1.
Weight
Empty Weight
Fuel Weight
Overall Weight
Weight of Crew
Payload weight
Unit(Kg)
6247.5
3421.25
18159.54
100
8300
Table.1.1 Details weight from ADP-I
Unit(N)
61287.97
33562.46
178145.08
981
81423
Content
Values
Aspect ratio(AR)
2.81
Mach Angle()
28.73
Sweep angle ()
73.52
Leading Edge Sweep Angle (LE)
74.29
Sweep Angle at half of chord(c/4 )
71.45
Rolling Moment (Cl )
0.518
Wing Area (S)
53.38m2
(W/S)L
5554.46Kg/m2
(W/S)TO
6534.6Kg/m2
Wing Span(b)
12.26m
Root Chord (Croot)
6.803m
Tip Chord (Ctip)
1.90m
Equivalent Aspect Ratio (AReq)
2.12
Aerodynamic Chord (C)
4.35m
(t/C)root
0.06
(t/C)tip
0.3356
Thickness Distribution(Y)
2.81m
Centre of Gravity (X)
7.68m
Table 1.2 Required Parameters from ADP-I
Page 1
Airfoil Characteristics,
1.Maximum coefficient of Lift(CLmax)= 1.45
2. Maximum Coefficient of Lift Wing (CLmax)W= 1.52
3.Gross maximum Lift coefficient (CLmax)gross= 1.68(FLAP DOWN)
4.Net Maximum Lift Coefficient=1.72
Page 2
2. V-N DIAGRAM
2.1 Introduction
Flight regime of any aircraft includes all permissible combinations of speeds, altitudes, weights, centers
of gravity, and configurations. This regime is shaped by aerodynamics, propulsion, structure, and dynamics of
aircraft. The borders of this flight regime are called flight envelope or maneuvering envelope. The safety of
human onboard is guaranteed by aircraft designer and manufacturer. Pilots are always trained and warned
through flight instruction manual not to fly out of flight envelope, since the aircraft is not stable, or not
controllable or not structurally strong enough outside the boundaries of flight envelope. A mishap or crash is
expected, if an aircraft is flown outside flight envelope. The flight envelope has various types; each of which is
usually the allowable variations of one flight parameter versus another parameter. These envelopes are
calculated and plotted by flight mechanics engineers and employed by pilots and flight crews. For instance, the
loadmasters of a cargo aircraft must pay extra caution to the center of gravity location whenever they distribute
various loads on the aircraft. There are several crashes and mishaps that safety boards report indicated that
load master are responsible, since they deployed more loads than allowed, or misplaced the load before
take-off. Nose heavy and tail heavy are two flight concepts that pilots are familiar and experienced with,
and are trained to deal with them safely.
Pilots are using several graphs and charts in their flight operations. Four important envelopes are as follows:
1. Diagram of variations of aircraft lift coefficient versus Mach number (CL M)2. Diagram of variations of
airspeed versus altitude (V h)
3. Diagram of variations of center of gravity versus aircraft weight (Xcg W)
4. Diagram of variations of airspeed versus load factor (V n)
One of the most important diagrams is referred to as flight envelope. This envelope demonstrates the
variations of airspeed versus load factor (V n). In another word, it depicts the aircraft limit load factor as a
function of airspeed. One of the primary reasons that this diagram is highly important is that, the maximum
load factor; that is extracted from this graph; is a reference number in aircraft structural design. If the
maximum load factor is under-calculated, the aircraft cannot withstand flight load safely. For this reason,
it is recommended to structural engineers to recalculate the V-n diagram on their own as a safety factor.
In this section, details of the technique to plot the V- n diagram in introduced. Shows a typical V-n diagram for
a GA aircraft. This diagram is, in fact, a combination of two diagrams: 1. The V-n diagram without
consideration of gust, 2. The V-n diagram on the effect of gust. In this section, we first have another look
on the load factor and then present new concepts on load factor. Then the phenomena of gust and gust load are
described. At the end of this section, the technique to plot V n diagram is completely described.
Calculation:
Point A,
VS =
2(3337.30)1
0.136681.45
=183.51m/s
A(183.51)
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 3
Point B,
VS =510.89m/s
Point C,
VS =952.41m/s
C(183.51)
Point F,
VS =
2(3337.30)(4.5)
0.136681.595
=371.2m/s
VS (371.2m/s,-4.5)
Point E,
N=-4.5
E(614.40,-4.5)
Point G,
N=-1
VS =
2(3337.30)30
0.136681.5
=175m/s
G(175,-1)
Page 4
n=
+1
Where a is the centrifugal acceleration (V2/R). As this acceleration increases; i.e. airspeed increases or
radius of turn decreases; the load factor will increase too. For other flight operations, similar expressions can be
drawn. In some instances; especially for missiles; this load factor may get as high as 30. As the table 2.2
illustrates, a low load factor fighter may end up getting targeted by a high load factor missile.
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
AIRCRAFT TYPE
MAXIMUM POSITIVE
MAXIMUM NEGATIVE
LOAD FACTOR
LOAD FACTOR
Normal(non-acrobatic)
2.5-3.8
-1 to -1.5
Utility(Semi-acrobatic)
4.4
-1.8
Acrobatic
6
-3
Homebuilt
5
-2
Transport
3-4
-1 to -2
Highly maneuverable
6.4-12
-3 to -6
Bomber
2-4
-1to -2
Table 2.1. Load factor for various types of aircraft
Page 5
3. GUST ENVELOPE
3.1Description
Gust loads are unsteady aerodynamic loads that are produced by atmospheric turbulence. They represent
load factor that is added to the aerodynamic loads, which presented in the previous section.
The effect of a turbulent gust is to produce a short time change in the effective angle of attack. This
can be either positive or negative, thereby producing an increase or decrease in the wing lift and a change in the
load factor.
The fig. shoes the model for the effect of gust on the aircraft in level flight. The aircraft has a forward velocity v
the turbulent produce small velocity component in the aircraft and U
AT that instant, velocity component in the aircraft direction is +U.in level flight the mean velocity component
normal to the flight direction is U= 0
Therefore total normal velocity is u
Where,
K=Gust effictiveness
CLaw= Slope of the wing curve, CLaw =
4
21
W=18159.54Kg
2
S=53.38m
cr =0.136668 kg/m3
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 6
V (m/s)
U (ft/s)
38
25
12.5
1.03
WHERE K=
(6.95+1.03)
SIMILARLY =
Cla=
2(w/s)
(57.3)
ao Cos
(1+
=73.52
2(3337.30)
(57.30.136682.199.814.35)
=9.11
K=
9.111.03
(6.95+(9.11)1.03)
K=0.58
a) U value for above 50,000 ft,
VA-36ft/s
Vcr-25ft/s
VD-12.5ft/s
UV=KU
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 7
Uv=0.5811.57
Uv=6.7106 m/s
n=
23337.30
n= 8.81
b) To find Gust Load to the VC (Cruise Velocity) for 25 ft
Uv=0.587.6175
Uv=4.418 m/s
Velocity at cruise
VC=614.46m/s
57.30.1366684.418614.462.19
n=
23337.30
n= 6.975
c) To find Gust Load corresponding to the VD( Dive Velocity)
U table is at 12.5ft=3.805m
Uv=0.58 3.805
Uv=2.209m/s
Velocity at dive condition
VD=952.413m/s
Page 8
57.30.1366682.209952.4132.19
n=
23337.30
n= 5.406
Page 9
) 0.5 ( ) 0.5}
0
VTR (min) = { (
Where,
= 0.1366 kg/m3
CDo = 0.054
K = 0.16
VTR (min) = {
0.16
(
) 0.5(340.19)0.5}
0.1366 0.054
1
4
}0.5
(L/D)max= 5.38
4.1.3Calculation of Velocity at Max. Lift to drag ratio V (L/D) max:
V (L/D) max= VTR (min)
V (L/D) max= 92.57m/s
4.1.4Thrust Required minimum Trmin:
Trmin=
Trmin=
( )
18159.54
5.58
9.81
Trmin= 33.11 kN
3.1.5Power Required minimum (Pr):
For level unaccelerated flight power =
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
= force
Page 10
=FV
Pr = Trmin V
= 33.11 614.46
Pr = 20.34 MNm/s
4.1.6Thrust Available:
TA = 196KN (From Engine selections)
4.1.7Power available:
PA = T A V
PA = 196 614.46
PA = 196 103 614.46
PA = 120.43 MNm/s
4.1.8Max Rate of Climb(R/C)max :
= 1.225 Kg/m3
CDo = 0.054
Therefore,
Z = 1 + {1 + (
3
(5.38)2
(1.02)2}
Z = 2.05
(R/C)max= {(6534.6)
2.05
3
2.05
1.225 0.054}0.5{1.02}3/2 {1 (
) (2 (1.02)2 () 2.05)}
(R/C)max= 190.38m/s
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 11
n=
1.65
18159.54
= 9.08
v = 614.46 m/s
R=
(614.46)2
(9.81((9.08)21)0.5
R= 4263.33m
4.1.11Turn Rate ():
((21)0.5
(9.81((9.08)21)0.5
614.46
= 0.144 rad
4.2Takeoff performance
4.2.1. Takeoff distance:
1.21 ( )
Sg =
( )
1.21 (6534.6)
9.811.225 1.45 1.04)
Sg= 436.3 m
4.2.2. Flight path radius:
R=
6.96()2
Page 12
6.96(61.3)2
9.81
R = 2666m
OB = Cos-1 (1-
15.285
OB = Cos-1 (1-
2666
OB = 6.129
4.2.4 Airborne Distance:
Sa= RSin OB
= 2666 Sin6.129= 284m
4.2.5 Total takeoff distance:
Takeoff distance = Sg + Sa
= 436.3 + 284.6
Takeoff distance = 720.9m
( )( )
]
]
(5.38)(1.02)
Page 13
a = -56.52
Hf= 4263.33(1- Cos (-56.52))
Hf= 1911.48 m
4.3.3 Approach Distance:
Approach distance to clear the 50 feet distance is
Sa =
(50)
(501911.48)
tan(56.52)
Sa = 1231.1m
4.3.4 Flare Distance:
Sf = R Sina
Sf = 4263.33 Sin(56.52)
Sf = -3555.95m
4.4Ground Roll
2
Sg = jN
2( )
18159.54
(1.1)2(5554.46)
Page 14
Page 15
Where
y1 is Linear Variation of lift along semi wing span also named as L1
y2 is Elliptic Lift Distribution along the wing span also named as L2
6.2 LINEAR LIFT DISTRIBUTION
By Schrenks Curve,
Lift at Root,
Lroot =
0.13668(614.46)21.456.803
2
Lroot = 254487.8935N/m
Lift at Tip,
Ltip =
2
2
0.13668(614.46)21.451.90
2
Ltip = 71075.55N/m
Page 16
a=
=
2
12.26
2 73.52
a = 21.60m
Equation of linear lift distribution for starboard wing
Y1 = -mx + c
Y1 = -(3289.19)x + 254487.8935
Equation of linear lift distribution for port wing
Y1 = (3289.19)x + 254487.8935
For Half of the wing We Get,
Y1/2 = -(1644.595)x + 127243.945
L1
127243.9
125599.4
123954.8
122310.2
120665.6
119021
117376.4
115731.8
L2
5250.42
5244.79
5227.865
5199.533
5159.607
5107.815
5043.792
4967.064
L
132494.4
130844.1
129182.6
127509.7
125825.2
124128.8
122420.2
120698.8
Page 17
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
21.6
114087.2
112442.6
110798
109153.4
107508.8
105864.2
104219.6
102575
100930.4
99285.83
97641.24
95996.64
94352.05
92707.45
91720.69
4877.032
4772.943
4653.855
4518.581
4365.616
4193.026
3998.27
3777.92
3527.185
3239.014
2902.279
2497.411
1983.111
1228.912
0
118964.2
117215.5
115451.8
113672
111874.4
110057.2
108217.9
106352.9
104457.6
102524.8
100543.5
98494.05
96335.16
93936.36
91720.69
= =
A=
b1 =
b1 =
(.).
.
b1 = 5250.49N/m
Y2 =
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 18
Y2 =
.
.
()
= . .
L1
127243.9
125599.4
123954.8
122310.2
120665.6
119021
117376.4
115731.8
114087.2
112442.6
110798
109153.4
107508.8
105864.2
104219.6
102575
100930.4
99285.83
L2
5250.42
5244.79
5227.865
5199.533
5159.607
5107.815
5043.792
4967.064
4877.032
4772.943
4653.855
4518.581
4365.616
4193.026
3998.27
3777.92
3527.185
3239.014
L
132494.4
130844.1
129182.6
127509.7
125825.2
124128.8
122420.2
120698.8
118964.2
117215.5
115451.8
113672
111874.4
110057.2
108217.9
106352.9
104457.6
102524.8
Page 19
18
19
20
21
21.6
97641.24
95996.64
94352.05
92707.45
91720.69
2902.279
2497.411
1983.111
1228.912
0
100543.5
98494.05
96335.16
93936.36
91720.69
Y=-1644.595x+127243.945+243.075.
x
-21.6
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
L
91720.7
93936.4
96335.2
98494.1
100544
102525
104458
106353
108218
110057
111874
113672
Page 20
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
21.6
115452
117216
118964
120699
122420
124129
125825
127510
129183
130844.1402
132494.365
130844.1402
129182.6196
127509.6928
125825.1719
124128.785
122420.1666
120698.8438
118964.217
117215.5334
115451.8498
113671.9805
111874.4212
110057.2361
108217.8847
106352.9404
104457.6099
102524.8443
100543.5139
98494.0508
96335.15567
93936.36181
91720.693
= 0.25
Page 21
21.06 3(21.06)3
3 =K 0
(21.06)3(21.60)3
0(21.60)3
= K[(
)(
)]
3
3
Y3 =
K=
(21.60)3
3
33
10077.69
Y3 = -6.6289(x-21.60)2
X
0
1
2
3
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Y3
-1557.5172
-1416.64098
-1282.44132
-1154.91826
Page 22
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
21.6
-1034.07180
-919.901948
-812.408688
-711.592028
-617.451968
-529.988508
-449.201648
-375.091388
-307.657728
-246.900668
-192.820208
-145.416348
-104.689088
-70.638428
-43.264368
-22.566908
-8.546048
-1.201788
0
Page 23
m=
(5250.421.5325)
3.678
m = 1427.1 N/m2
yf = 1427.10x-5250.42
Area of Ellipse,
=
3
4(21.60)
3
X= 9.167
Trapezoidal,
=
3
2.7585
3
= 1.839 m
Page 24
Y1/2
2364817572
7.2m
Y2/2
89064.1517
9.167m
Wing
22268.135
8.1m
Fuel
33562.46
1.839m
V,
VA = 3364817.572 + 89064.1517 22268.135 33562.46
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 25
VA =238051.129 N
M,
MA -17026686.52 816451.0786 + 180371.8935 + 61721.36394
MA = 17601044.34 N/m
Now we know VA and MA, using this we can find out shear force and Bending moment.
6.8 Shear Force:
SFBC = (
12
2
3)
(5983.653)+37952.46532+1153.135(32.572)
SFBC = (
177.231(
5.7073)2) 73254.43666
SFBC = -822.2975(x2) + 127243.9468 + [x466.56 2) + 466.56 sin-1(x/6.13)] +
3
6.6289[ -6.13x2+466.56x]-2398051.129
3
SFCD = SFBC + dx
= SFBC +(1427.10 5250.42)
SFCD =SFBC + (713.55 x2 5250.42x)
SFDE = SFCD + (713.55x2 -5250.42x) + 33562.46
Page 26
1+2
BMBC = {(
3) } dx2 +MA
BMCD= BMBC + dx
Page 27
Page 28
7. CG CALCULATION
Page 29
Page 30
8. MATERIAL SELECTION
8.1 Description:
Aircraft structures are basically unidirectional. This means that one dimension, the length, is much larger
than the others - width or height. For example, the span of the wing and tail spars is much longer than their
width and depth; the ribs have a much larger chord length than height and/or width; a whole wing has a span
that is larger than its chords or thickness; and the fuselage is much longer than it is wide or high. Even a
propeller has a diameter much larger than its blade width and thickness, etc.... For this simple reason, a
designer chooses to use unidirectional material when designing for an efficient strength to weight structure.
Unidirectional materials are basically composed of thin, relatively flexible, long fibers which are very
strong in tension (like a thread, a rope, a stranded steel wire cable, etc.). An aircraft structure is also
very close to a symmetrical structure. Those mean the up and down loads are almost equal to each other. The
tail loads may be down or up depending on the pilot raising or dipping the nose of the aircraft by pulling or
pushing the pitch control; the rudder may be deflected to the right as well as to the left (side loads on the
fuselage). The gusts hitting the wing may be positive or negative, giving the up or down loads which the
occupant experiences by being pushed down in the seat or hanging in the belt. Because of these factors, the
designer has to use a structural material that can withstand both tension and compression. Unidirectional fibers
may be excellent in tension, but due to their small cross section, they have very little inertia (we will explain
inertia another time) and cannot
take much compression. They will escape the load by bucking away. As in the illustration, you cannot load a
string, or wire, or chain in compression. In order to make thin fibers strong in compression, they are "glued
together" with some kind of an "embedding". In this way we can take advantage of their tension strength and
are no longer penalized by their individual compression weakness because, as a whole, they become
compression resistant as they help each other to not buckle away. The embedding is usually a lighter, softer
"resin" holding the fibers together and enabling them to take the required compression loads. This is a
very good structural material.
8.2 Wood:
Historically, wood has been used as the first unidirectional structural raw material. They have to be tall and
straight and their wood must be strong and light. The dark bands (late wood) contain many fibers, whereas the
light bands (early wood) contain much more "resin". Thus the wider the dark bands, the stronger and heavier the
wood. If the dark bands are very narrow and the light bands quite wide, the wood is light but not very
strong. To get the most efficient strength to weight ratio for wood we need a definite numbers of bands per
inch.
Some of our aircraft structures are two-dimensional (length and width are large with respect to
thickness). Plywood is often used for such structures. Several thin boards (foils) are glued together so that the
fibers of the various layers cross over at different angles (usually 90 degrees today years back you could get
them at 30 and 45 degrees as well). Plywood makes excellent "shear webs" if the designer knows how to
use plywood efficiently. (We will learn the basis of stress analysis sometime later.)
Page 31
Today good aircraft wood is very hard to come by. Instead of using one good board for our spars, we have to
use laminations because large pieces of wood are practically unavailable, and we no longer can trust the wood
quality. From an availability point of view, we simply need a substitute for what nature has supplied us with
until now.
8.5 Steel:
The next material to be considered for aircraft structure will thus be steel, which has the same weight-tostrength ratio of wood or aluminium. Apart from mild steel which is used for brackets needing little strength,
we are mainly using a chrome-molybdenum alloy called AISI 413ON or 4140. The common raw
materials available are tubes and sheet metal. Steel, due to its high density, is not used as shear webs like
aluminium sheets or plywood. Where we would need, say.100" plywood, a .032 inch aluminium sheet would be
required, but only a .010 steel sheet would be required, which is just too thin to handle with any hope of a nice
finish. That is why a steel fuselage uses tubes also as diagonals to carry the shear in compression or tension
Page 32
and the whole structure is then covered with fabric (light weight) to give it the required aerodynamic shape
or desired look. It must be noted that this method involves two techniques: steel work and fabric covering.
Page 33
9. WING DESIGN
9.1 INTRODUCTION:Wing is an important component in any Aircraft because of which Aerodynamic Lift force is generated
that makes an aircraft to fly. And also it provides Stability for an aircraft. As we know that Airfoils is a cross
section of wing. Selection airfoil should meet requirements with following calculations,
Disadvantages
1.Lowmaximumliftcoefficient
Applications
1.Generalaviation
2.Horizontaltails
2.Relativelyhighdrag
Symmetrical:
3.Highpitchingmoment
3.Roughnesshaslittleeffect
5-Digit
1.Highermaximumliftcoefficient
1.Poorstallbehavior
2.Lowpitchingmoment
2.Relativelyhighdrag
3.Roughnesshaslittleeffect
16-Series 1.Avoidslowpressurepeaks
6-Series
2.Lowdragathighspeed
1.Highmaximumliftcoefficient
2.Verylowdragoverasmallrangeof
operatingconditions
1.Relativelylowlift
1.Highdragoutsideofthe
optimumrangeofoperatin
g conditions
3.Supersonicjets
4.Helicopterblades
5.Shrouds
6.Missile/rocketfins
1.Generalaviation
2.Pistonpoweredbombers,
transports
3.Commuters
4.Businessjets
1.Aircraftpropellers
2.Shippropellers
1.Piston-poweredfighters
2.Businessjets
3.Jettrainers
4.Supersonicjets
2.Highpitchingmoment
3.Optimizedforhighspeed
3.Poorstallbehavior
7-Series
1.Verylowdragoverasmallrangeof
operatingconditions
1.Reducedmaximumlif
4.Verysusceptibletoroughness
t coefficient
2.Lowpitchingmoment
2.Highdragoutsideofthe
optimumrangeofoperatin
g conditions
Seldomused
3.Poorstallbehavior
8-Series
Unknown
Unknown
4.Verysusceptibletoroughness
Veryseldomused
Fig 9.1
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 34
VApproach=1.3 Vstall
VApproach=155knots
Vstall=
155
(Knots)
1.3
79.73
(m/s)
1.3
2
()2
2178145.08
=(61.3)21.22553.40
CLmax=1.45
CLmax (wing) =
CLmax
CLmax (gross) =
0.95
=1.52
CLmax
0.9
1.52
0.9
=1.68
Page 35
= (Vstall)
CLmax
= (61.3) 1.451.225
2
= 3337.29 N/m2
=340.19Kg/m2
1
1
= (79.69)2 1.68 1.225
2
(TO)=6534.6
(Landing)
Kg/m2
= 0.85 (
(Landing) =
(TO))
5554.46 Kg/m2
Wing Area
S=
(/)
18159.54
340.19
= 53.38m2
Page 36
Wing Span
b= (AR S)0.5
b=(2.8175 53.38)0.5
b = 12.26 m
Root Chord
CRoot =
2
(1+)
253.38
12.26(1+0.28)
CRoot = 6.803m
Tip Chord
CTip= CRoot
= 0.28 6.803
CTip= 1.90m
Equivalent Aspect ratio
Areq = A(Mmax)C
Where, A=2.34
C= -0.13
Speed of sound at 56,025ft is 295.070m/s
Mmax=
614.463
295.070
= 2.08
Areq= 2.34(2.08)-0.13
Areq= 2.12
Wing Aerodynamic Chord (C)
2
(1)+
1+
C = CRoot
Page 37
(OR)
C=
C=
12.26
2.8158
C= 4.35
Volume of the fuel in the wing
=
=
()
3421.25
0.667 1000
= 5.12m3
Thickness ratio (t/C)
= 0.06
(root)
(tip)
= 0.3356
Thickness distribution
Y=( )
12.26
4.35
Y= 2.81m
Page 38
As per the requirement of multirole fighter aircraft design, Swept Back Wing selected by following calculation,
SWEEP-BACK WING:
Sweep Angle
Consider the top view of an aircraft .The angle between a constant percentage chord lines along.These
misspend of the wing and the lateral axis perpendicular to the fuselage center line (y-axis) is called leading
edges weep (LE).The angle between the wing leading edge and they -axis of the aircraft is called leading
edge sweep (LE). Similarly, the angle between the wing trailing edge and the longitudinal axis (y-axis)of
the aircraft is called trailing edge sweep(TE).In the same fashion, the angle between the wing quarter chord
line
and
they-axis
of
the
aircraft
is
called
quarter
chord
sweep(C/4).Andfinally,theanglebetweenthewing50percentchordlineandthey-axis of the aircraft is
50percentchordsweep(C/2).
Page 39
Basically, a wing is being swept for the following five design goals:
1. Improving the wing aerodynamic features (lift, drag ,pitching moment)at transonic, supersonic and
hypersonic speeds by delaying the compressibility effects.
2. Adjusting the aircraft center of gravity.
3. Improving static lateral stability.
4. Impacting longitudinal and directional stability.
5. Increasing pilot view(especially for fighter pilots.
1) Mach angle, = Sin-1[
1
.
Where,
Mach No. = 2.08
= Sin-1[
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
1
2.08
]
Page 40
= 28.73
Swept Angle () = 1.2 (90-28.73)
Swept back wing angle is ()= 73.52
2) Effective Chord length of Swept wing,
Ceff =
1
1
(73.52)
Ceff = 3.52 m
3) Leading edge Swept Back (LE)
= Tan-1[tan() + (
(1/)(1)
(1+)
= Tan-1[tan(73.52) + (
(1/2.815)(10.28)
(1+0.28)
LE = 74.39
4) Sweep angle at a reference or half of the chord
c/4 = Tan-1[tan() + (
(2/)(1)
(1+)
c/4 = Tan-1[tan(73.52) + (
(2/2.815)(10.28)
(1+0.28)
c/4 = 71.45
5) The rolling moment due to aft sweep is proportional to the sine of twice the leading edge sweep
angle.
Cl Sin (LE)
Cl 0.518
Oswald Span efficiency, = 0.7
Page 41
In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also the primary structure. A typical early form of this (see
the Lockheed Vega) was built using molded plywood, where the layers of plywood are formed over a "plug" or
within a mold. A later form of this structure uses fiberglass cloth impregnated with polyester or epoxy resin,
instead of plywood, as the skin. A simple form of this used in some amateur-built aircraft uses rigid expanded
foam plastic as the core, with a fiberglass covering, eliminating the necessity of fabricating molds, but requiring
more effort in finishing (see the Rutan VariEze). An example of a larger molded plywood aircraft is the de
Havilland Mosquito fighter/light bomber of World War II. No plywood-skin fuselage is truly monocoque, since
stiffening elements are incorporated into the structure to carry concentrated loads that would otherwise buckle
the thin skin. The use of molded fiberglass using negative ("female") molds (which give a nearly finished
product) is prevalent in the series production of many modern sailplanes. The use of molded composites for
fuselage structures is being extended to large passenger aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner (using
pressure-molding on female molds).
Semi-monocoque[edit]
This is the preferred method of constructing an all-aluminum fuselage. First, a series of frames in the shape of
the fuselage cross sections are held in position on a rigid fixture. These frames are then joined with lightweight
longitudinal elements called stringers. These are in turn covered with a skin of sheet aluminum, attached by
riveting or by bonding with special adhesives. The fixture is then disassembled and removed from the
completed fuselage shell, which is then fitted out with wiring, controls, and interior equipment such as seats and
luggage bins. Most modern large aircraft are built using this technique, but use several large sections
constructed in this fashion which are then joined with fasteners to form the complete fuselage. As the accuracy
of the final product is determined largely by the costly fixture, this form is suitable for series production, where
a large number of identical aircraft are to be produced. Early examples of this type include the Douglas Aircraft
DC-2 and DC-3 civil aircraft and the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. Most metal light aircraft are constructed
using this process.
Both monocoque and semi-monocoque are referred to as "stressed skin" structures as all or a portion of the
external load (i.e. from wings and empennage, and from discrete masses such as the engine) is taken by the
surface covering. In addition, all the load from internal pressurization is carried (as skin tension) by the external
skin.
The proportioning of loads between the components is a design choice dictated largely by the dimensions,
strength, and elasticity of the components available for construction and whether or not a design is intended to
be "self jigging", not requiring a complete fixture for alignment.
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 42
Page 43
Design calculation:
Nsa=0.451
=0.45
Width of the seat 21 inch
Internal fuselage diameter =dfi
Dfi= 21in+0+2in
Gap between seat and side wall
2inch+2inch=4inch
Dfi=width of the seat + gap between seat and side wall
=21 inch+4inch
=25 inches
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 44
=25*0.0254m
=0.635m
Fuselage wall thickness(left and right )
d= dfouter-dfinner
= 0.084m+(0.045*0.635)
=0.1126m
Outer fuselage diameter
df=dfi+d
=0.635+0.1126
=0.7476
In fighter aircrafts there will be no cabins
Fuselage length:
lf= lcockpit+l tail
=3.5+(1.6*0.7476)
=4.69616
=4.7m
Page 45
Page 46
In particular:
Webs resist shear and torsional loads and help to stabilize the skin.
Flanges - resist the compressive loads caused by wing bending.
11.3.2SKIN:
11.3.3 STRINGERS:
Increase skin panel buckling strength by dividing into smaller length sections.
React axial bending loads
11.3.4 RIBS:
11.3.5 SPARS:
These usually comprise thin aluminum alloy webs and flanges, sometimes with separate vertical stiffeners
riveted on to the webs.
Types of spars:
In the case of a two or three spar box beam layout, the front spar should be located as far forward as possible to
maximize the wing box size, though this is subject to there being:
This generally results in the front spar being located at 12% to 18% of the chord length. For a single spar Dnose layout, the spar will usually located at the maximum thickness position of the aerofoil section (typically
between 30% & 40% along the chord length).
MULTIROLE FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Page 47
For the standard box beam layout, the rear spar will be located as for aft as possible, once again to maximize
the wing box size, but positioning will be limited by various space requirements for flaps, control
surfaces, spoilers etc. This usually results in a location somewhere between about 55%and 70% of the chord
length. If any intermediate spars are used, they would tend to be spaced uniformly unless there are specific pickup point requirements.
11.4 Fuselage Structure:
The fundamental purpose of the fuselage structure is to provide an envelope to support the payload, crew,
equipment, systems and (possibly) the power-plant. Furthermore, it must react against the in-flight maneuver,
pressurization and gust loads; also the landing gear and possibly any power-plant loads. It must be also be able
to transmit control and trimming loads from the stability and control surfaces throughout the rest of the structure
Fuselage contributes very little to lift and produces more drag but it is an important structural
member/component. It is the connecting member to all load producing components such as wing,
horizontal tail, vertical tail, landing gear etc. and thus redistributes the load. It also serves the purpose of
housing or accommodating practically all equipment, accessories and systems in addition to carrying the
payload. Because of large amount of equipment inside the fuselage, it is necessary to provide sufficient
number of cutouts in the fuselage for access and inspection purposes. These cutouts and discontinuities
result in fuselage design being more complicated, less precise and often less efficient in design.
As a common member to which other components are attached, thereby transmitting the loads, fuselage can be
considered as a long hollow beam. The reactions produced by the wing, tail or landing gear may be considered
as concentrated loads at the respective attachment points. The balancing reactions are provided by the
inertia forces contributed by the weight of the fuselage structure and the various components inside the
fuselage. These reaction forces are distributed all along the length of the fuselage, though need not be
uniformly. Unlike the wing, which is subjected to mainly unsymmetrical load, the fuselage is much
simpler for structural analysis due to its symmetrical cross-section and symmetrical loading. The main load in
the case of fuselage is the shear load because the load acting on the wing is transferred to the fuselage skin in
the form of shear only. The structural design of both wing and fuselage begin with shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the respective members. The maximum bending stress produced in each of them is
checked to be less than the yield stress of the material chosen for the respective member..
Page 48
are located at intervals to allow for concentrated loads. These members are also found at points where
fittings are used to attach other units, such as the wings and stabilizers. Primary bending loads are taken by the
longerons, which usually extend across several points of support. The longerons are supplemented by
other longitudinal members known as stringers. Stringers are more numerous and lightweight than longerons.
The stringers are smaller and lighter than longerons and serve as fill-ins. They have some rigidity but are chiefly
used for giving shape and for attachment of skin. The strong, heavy longerons hold the bulkheads and formers.
The bulkheads and formers hold the stringers. All of these join together to form a rigid fuselage
framework. Stringers and longerons prevent tension and compression stresses from bending the fuselage.
The skin is attached to the longerons, bulkheads, and other structural members and carries part of the load.
Page 49
Fig 12.1
Page 50
Fig 12.2
Fig 12.3
Page 51
13. CONCLUSION
Hence multi role Aircraft has been designed with various performance and aerodynamic parameters calculation,
which can carry up to payload of 8000kg i.e. armaments (Missiles, bombs, Guns etc.) It can also perform
multirole tasks with the capability of STOL (Short range Takeoff and Landing).This Aircraft can fly at higher
altitudes with maximum cruising speed without caught in RADAR, because it is stealth which is invisible to
RADAR. The Aircraft is installed with General Electric F414- GE400 which is a low by pass turbo fan engine
that can produce sufficient thrust to reach Supersonic speed at altitude. Since the Engine will be equipped with
Afterburner and Thrust Vectoring so it can escape from combat field quickly and highly maneuverability.
Airfoil has been selected with various considerations and calculations. NACA 64A204 airfoil has been selected
as per requirement. Since it is STOL with TVC so it does not need long range take off distance. It can have
more combat radius because it have more fuel capacity with Drop tanks.
Page 52
References
1. Aircraft performance and design, John D. Anderson, Jr. University of Maryland
2. Aircraft design A conceptual approach, Daniel P. Raymer president Conceptual Research Cooperation,
Sylmar California
3. An example of airplane preliminary design procedure Jet Transport, E.
G. Tulapurkara, A. Venkattraman, V. Ganesh
4. Aircraft Design A Systems Engineering Approach, Mohammad H. Satrapy, Daniel Webster College, New
Hampshire, USA
5. Design of Aircraft, Thomas C. Corke, University of
6.
Notre Dame
Page 53