Avlomehic Genevetion Control CAGC) For efi brim (consterd speed) gener cher eperation, or constant system VEFACWEY , Gree = oe a fhessrey aN Neighbor TF te Vnes ave included : f veh iby nie x ? . Pp a = Qret~ f, Ter Pees Fass C Nour se yawn (Pre The pochen of the everatl poser system under a giver! ( UNAYS Gre! is a "boawel aren a Reighber A group of oblies undec ele ctive Contel es is Called ~ A peter peel - IF He lines net controled — An ‘ nterconnected system = Th tie line Slows is covbrelled. ACE CAcew Corte) Ecror) iS ®& meoswe of the Gierence bebicen Schebued and aches tie-\ine interchange. ACE GM is “biased te incite fle cf actral system Jeep vs Fosnch- Consider opereion of an indiwiduad Fo new threthe durbine ~ ceneredec > Nae scting, » team Fie and resathney torgue defend on Gai Pree 2Wesend JOURS -UUJLIVUBO-BUIGIN| “QL'g BANDIG ‘9621/00 y2eqpaa4 4oresauab snoUosyoUAS PD ed “589 ey! soreinBas a6E/0A, 49119x3 uimas wears anjen wears uleWExe.ters — O- Ax ge. enrafet _ 2 - Nas ~ Static o/stip Coney — Brastless — inJertad gen - Geld inst x TOM in reter, ectihed for fies. No slip tings oe brasnes ceil Geneva\ Veef SE used & provide She. (Stebiliaing Compensatee). Terns :a Any Chareye wy Pe ith feck she Secet ard tecsue ef Me So-called Pome MVE Ge. Gunster tergue Cannch be assumed), First order respuises are assumed fee the turbine Gnd geiemeretieee, gover nos, Ges v oN ae “ect Gs +1 \ . pet ) a — Kg techn Valve. t duvbme Valve ing as +1 otk Twhine [Gov Cos ie Be AP hd T= Seger z i —- Gs) SD It 2 $$ AR. “Commanded” 4 vaWe 7 Chauge i poser aos e r celal to! chasse agnetsten Aue in vale essrhen, de ACE The fet ef these 2 certrallers in Steck, stave ceercting poimr rests in @ “deep cheractkensic Fagg hoon + f —3e Ye | XE es te Cet pod)Lo Any Change in Pe oot athect the speed and tes pue of the (ie So-called Pome mater. constant tergue = speed Cannet be assumed.) Must fiest get a feel Sor the steody- state spershnn Ponts. We shall see that Sepneney 15 oO usefl Seedbock signal ee Comdrotliney Pye Tn steak, stece * viol + ke fe Rpm = Apel RAF | Apm= P= Fm eas Roe sed pout = Prete et . aa celled | Bs achol Presme Ake 1 £= ache fe Es f, R> - af = se} post Jenpy ~ Cote BE, (elosye pos) Both FAP ore in perunit on macines base, R is alse in pey with Typical \y, must canverh R te system base. “y part of R does not ned 4a be Converted, Ory Af Term 15 Convevted af ‘Ss Ryo? (Bac => Reuss a eae (s""\ ~ wse \S lease, S75Fs (et pent > Aw R=~slepx ef dreep =~ AP. K alwoys eoorve = Droop, Reays\es ion Reowlahien Cnstas Typically £20 are in per und, assthen, is R. Pre Po is Ceushbown seb ponte rf Pen INcCeases, F decleases Cas ie kar) Gosetner wwst pecforen sepple menvory cons) of dvcce chavecevistic - hb shifts i+ te aw higher, bub poratel postion. R Values Tap icelly Tange teow Bz? —6Y,, Must Keep rCl vies rn stobildy DAwies. Tr oaddton, mertial <@5pon 5€ ot urb/sen ot must be considered. The tere constaucd ne ———————— CKamdar , 548-549)Glover, pp. 444 -447 6 Lop FREQuency conTeoe (LEC) Aces Contre) = mush retary Of ta zeve after system ood changes, Coterig- 0) Each aven must ad cfs Por te cehan AY te Bere, 2 Fak area wast maintain scheduled Ke-line power flo AcE = (Pre = Prescha) + By CS -6o) (+45) lcd endye net doe te fog. ee Aes + BE OF Aptie = ever in te-tine fles Objeck ie: Onve ace te Zero, Brag = eviec des te (compensedion) Se BS = Freprency bios constact (offen seb =A) APo for each gener Change in veference seta) Ages = - ks face at | Kj = inteagcter goin Lew Svep or nel enough tie ling fou => neg AcE Lategeal Sa ges pes Ape, MEQuing fe Ol iInccease, ond aveas Jenevachon wl Increase . Distorted pracess conlvel Vin SCADA allocates a pectin of ACE 4. ead, Senevator. AR coise/ (CBee Commenbs Sent out evety \-2 sees feom dis patch center,Ex: Area (> 2eoo MW of gen — Br = BS Habe Acea 2: F600 Mw F opm Po = (400 MS/He Zuitlly: Apter = Abner =O Ls Go He x Change m dew ot Ff area, Load in area { Suddenly increwes by foo HW. - Find af # Aptie (steady stabe af= os 7 otibte APms = ~B AF = CTooye.o47e) = SRHws Rome = ~“Sa OF = CidosX-.04%) = 66.7 Moh at \ +667 | ke } b) WY LEC, Ace } y deven 4 Zero by — Cn omayr ry Re. in each Grea, ACE, = Apter 4B, AF = ~ 667-333 Deen ( - inccease [Do MW, > - loomw “+ Bex L = no Ohamae. ACE, = Apter + 6,0T = G67-G6.7 MW MPter = 667 HW Apher = —660.7 MWFrom Gross, p. $08, ACE mush alse inctwde Orror in desives te line flow. % is actnally = area B AR = Chamae. in lead Cnen- Fegp -clep part) b= Freprency bias custant, used 4a Calculate arrect” AcE Kom af. B often set = >. Croge 447 of Glover). sin at ks = integedee casi: - corefa\ te seh dase Wah AP2 = To CS - &) ACE = Afet 4X =O Vf se LEC enabled Ga steady-state)f Stenson srowamcosenanioncontnat 563 $62 curTER 1s econowne orznariow oF oNER SvSTEMS 136 AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL system frequency. Frequency changes occur because system load day 80 that an exact forecast of real (f-f/Su Pra/Se per unit (1359) reduced from 1.00 persSQGe. ———s—(—et— tas avromanecanenanoncomraot S65 ‘adding these equations together gives the total change in output ts of the other u "kd continue to of ‘the supplementary control exercised by enter of the area in which the load the speed changers them inthe steady state. Consider thatthe K units are synchronously operating requency when the load changes by AP megawatts. Because the have changed 3 corresponding follows: connected system tend to fc speed and the supple- ‘individual control area functions ea «couse te ato sa 4.9 nd has eee eece aes oe Sai As ‘the desired system frequent vats any = 2 ay oo cated nea kee : a ve energy control center to show how Sex Af ee nan Be (um— — ee tne auromanicceneranonconrnon 567 866 cunrren i econowic orenaTion OF rOwER s¥atEus Tin mening Contents Noreonering esas] | [FandSlrTparentin ® cuRE a Block gram ia symbols x or F indicate poi incoming signals. the actual net interchange? and scheduled net interchange the subtraction of the scheduled tance, 60 Hz) from the actual frequency f, to obtain A, the frequency devstion. Postion 4 on the diagram obtain the ACE, which may be postive or negate, A an equation ACE = (P, =) = 108,(,-f,) MW (13.68) ‘A negative ACE means ired amount out total desired plant generation.XS XS S_— XXX ortance (not indicated on Fig. 13.8) the offset in interchange of power that varies in proportion to the tine an the Integral of the perunit frequency error over time in seconds Toe iiteston to help in reducing the integrated diference to aes keep clocks accurate, Example 13.6 Two thermal genera supply a ota load 260 Fry 500 MW and 42 nit 2, which has arated ing 300 MW of loa. ng cs (0 800 MW, determine the new long of exc u nc change before any Supplementary contraction ococe 0 characteristics, Points sbw il daation of TO-MW fa uals 60 Ha, the frequency change is 124 i $9.76 He. The load change allocated and the new frequency of (0 each Unit nee Pons eshow Ol operating point of the nis er soplemcutay contol 8 z 2 tay Power ouput MW palo oe * ons ad iin Between tro ote units of ferent sped dn points show stun of 0 SAW ond 59-76 He stn is often ofa single unit of capacity equal to in the area. On this bass, the folowingS10 curren ss ecovowic or Gemonstates the steady-state operation of AGC for a threearea system in which losses are neglected, Example 133. Tose contro areas th autonomous AGC systems comy Fis, 13100). The agarerate speed ofthe areas are Sea = 16.000 MW Sex 12000 MW Areas Ry She = 6.400 MW Each area has a loud level equ of economy area Ci impor {and 100 MW of ro scheduled interchange ofits own, De and the generation changes ofeach area forced out of service im area B. The = = 1200 M70. He = = 1500 MW 03 He Byc= ~ 950 MW 0.1 He 8 of the 4OD-MW unit i sense bythe other. an increase in loa, and g & i 1 i i i 3 3 ‘ z z_ SSS 572 coarten 1s economic orenarios oF rowes sre ne ear in seconds fo en hus. if the pero Gegseat ‘the system time 7 Ph the frequency error of (= 10"?/6) were 13.7 UNIT COMMITMENT Because the total load of the power system varies reaches a different peak value from one day to anot Secide in advance which ‘up and whe network—and the sequence in which the operating unit sh and for hi ‘The computational procedure for making s and a unit when scheduled for connection t eilciencis, are many other factors of practical ate scheduled on and off load of the system over a f To develop the conce Scheduling fossi-fired thermal unit auvalen ong lant brow are connected, and the total plant output P Pp. We subdivide the 24- ee lay nto discrete tntercals or stages mer covirraent S73 Syste os, load of the system wil be considered constant over each interval, as exemplified in Fig. 1311, The unit commitment procedure then searches for the most eonomic feasible combination of generating units to serve the forecast load of the stem at each stage of the load cycle "The power system with K generating units (no two identical) must have at fone unit on-line to supply the system load which is never zero over the daily load cycle. If each unit can be considered either on (denoted by 1) oF of (denoted by 0), there are 2" ~ 1 candidate comt cach stage of the study period. For possible combinations for each interval are where x, denotes combination é of the four units. Of course, not all combina tions are feasible because of the constraints imposed bythe load level and other ‘operating requirements ofthe sytem. For example, a combination of capability less than 1400 MW cannot serve a load of 1400 MW or 1s infeesible and can be disregarded over any time ‘greater; any such combi