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1957]
679
<_
* *
<_
n-l-
Now to what extentare the numbersP(Qi) arbitrary?More precisely,give necessary and sufficientconditionson an (n - 1)-tuple of real numbers-ql,* * ,
in order that there exist a polynomial P such that P'(Qi)=0, P(Qi)=r=i, i
=1, * * , n-1.
i=2, 3, * , n-l,
Solution by theproposer.The numbers (-1)i(n-nil),
must be either all nonnegative or all nonpositive.This condition is obviously
necessary. The proofof sufficiencyfollows,assuming arbitrary (-1)i(s-qfi-i)
-<0, 1?O.
It is no restrictionto consider only the case 0?<1< n-l< 1; define 40= 0,
n=1. Only polynomials P such that P(0) = 0 will be considered. It will be
i=1, * , n, can be
shown that the numbers 0i=(-1)i-1{PQi)-PQi-1)1,
chosen arbitrarilyprovided only c/? 0. (The trivialcase /i=0, P(x) = 0 will also
be excluded.) Using the notation
P(x)
Af
n1
Px
i(
-x)dx,
A >0,
justifiedby the assumptionsmade above, defineforconvenience5i = A (Qi i=1, . .. , n. Now the main point in the proofis to consider the q5ias n functions of the n variables 31, * * *,
of n-space &ndefinedby the reranges over the set 6Wn
First, (81, * * *,
quirementthat all coordinatesbe nonnegativeand not all be zero; (qi, * * * , n)
is in (ynalso, it must be shown that it can have any value in yn.Now the boundary is mapped into the boundary and the interiorinto the interior,forSi = 0 if
and only if q$i=0. Every ray through the origin is mapped onto some ray
throughthe origin (two points on the same ray differonly in the values of A).
Evidently 1, * * * , (n-l, A are continuous functionsof the bi, and the (i are
continuous functions of 1,
, {n-l, A. The associated Jacobians will be
an
an)
680
[November
i3
Ofr~~
aij=-=
ain
dx, j=
1,**,n-1,
P'(x)dx.
El
F(x)
n-1
P'()
Cn
{-x
=0,
cj P ) + CP'(x),
Simultaneous
Equations
4715 [1956, 729]. Proposed byR. S. Underwood,Texas TechnologicalCollege
Find real solutions of the equations
x2 + y2 + Z2 + U+ V=
D,
X2+
y2
z2
+-
u2
v2
= 1,
I. Solution by W. J. Blundon, Memorial Universityof Newfoundland.Subtractingthe firstfromthree times the second gives