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Experiment no.

Objective:
To calculate the brake power of a petrol engine and torque against engine speed.
Apparatus:
Dynamometer
Petrol engine
Tachometer

Theory:

Dynamometer:
A dynamometer is a device for measuring force, moment of force (torque) or power.
For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other prime mover can be
calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotation speed (R.P.M).
There are many types of dynamometer.
Absorption dynamometer;
Engine dynamometer;
Eddy current dynamometer;
Power dynamometer;
Hysteresis dynamometer.
Eddy current dynamometer:

An eddy current absorption dynamometer produces breaking torque in a rotating


metallic disk immersed in a magnetic field. It is basically an eddy current brake
mounted in trunnion bearings.
Its advantages are the maintenance, control, simple construction and desirable speed
torque characteristics.
The speed torque characteristics make eddy current dynamometer ideal for engine
testing with versatility that allow effective use in testing transmissions turbines
electric motors, gears pump and many mother machines.

Brake power & indicating power:


In an engine, indicating power is the power produced in the cylinder and the brake
power is the useful power. Power at output shaft.
Brake power is always less than indicative due to losses by mechanical friction.
Torque meter:
Torque meter is a device for measuring and recording torque on the rotating system.
Tachometer:
It is an instrument which measures the working speed of an engine typically in
revolution per minute.

Operational principal:
The principal of operation of a dynamometer is based on Newtons third law of
motion which states that the force of action and reaction are equal and coexistent. In
motors and generators for example, the torque developed by the armature current of
the machine exerts an equal and opposite torque on the machine frame. When a
dynamometer is used to test such machines, its reaction torque is used as a measure of
tested machines torque.

In tests with a
DC
dynamometer,
the frame is
suspended in
trunnion
bearings
supported by
pedestals. The
bearing
suspension
allows
the
frame to rotate
but
this
rotation
is
limited to a few
degrees by mechanical stops. Electric power connections to the dynamometer are
made through flexible cables. The force required to prevent frame rotation is usually
measured by spring balance.
Applications:
The word dynamometer is also used to designate devices o structures that measure the
linear reaction force developed by jet engines and rocket engines and to designate
devices that measure the drag of ship model as they are towed in model tanks.
Engine dynamometer:
One of the most important type of dynamometer is engine dynamometer. It is directly
attached to the engine of the car chassis dynamometer is another type of specific
dynamometer. Which is used to measure the twisting movement and the power or
energy emitted by the power train of an automobile directly from the wheels or the
drive wheels. This should be done without the removal of the engine from the
framework of the vehicle.
The classification of the dynamometer is also done on the basis of the style of the

absorption unit or driver or the absorber used by a vehicle.


The dynamometers that are used only for absorption can be connected with the
universal dynamometer. There are various types of absorption or driver unit.
EC dynamometer:
EC dynamometer is the most commonly used dynamometer in modern chassis
systems. They are capable of changing the load most efficiently at a rapid speed. Most
of them require an external cooling system where as some, although very few have an
automatic cooling system. Ina good model, 5 amps at 220 vac can give more or less
150 HP load. Eddy current dynamometer has a core made of iron which rotate in the
magnetic field are to produce the twisting movement known as torque. Due to this
technique present in the eddy motor current stopping a motor is not feasible.
Power dynamometer:
Power dynamometer is another kind which is very similar to eddy current. The only
difference between the former and the latter is that a magnetic powder is present in
the space between coil and rotor. The fluctuation lines generate metal chains which
are continuously built up.
These chains are broken due to twisting movement. The seed of power dynamometer
is restricted due to indulgence of heat.

Hysteresis dynamometer:
The third important type of absorption dynamometer is hysteresis dynamometer. It
uses the rotor made of steel which moves in between the fluctuation lines which are
further in between magnetic poles. It enables the torque to be produced at the speed of
zero and also in full speed. The air that is forced in produces heat.

The
electric
motor
or

generator is also another type. It adjusts the speed of the drive. It can have both
alternating and direct current motor. This motor when prepared properly with proper
mechanism can be used s universal motor. It can also transfer the power to electric

current if the situation demands.


Procedure:
First of all, check the apparatus given to perform the experiment.
Turn on the dynamometer, set R.P.M. at 2800 and torque is noted on torque
meter.
Break power can be calculated as
B.P.= 2NT/60
Gradually load and R.P.M is increased and torque is calculated.
Calculate the brake power by formula and draw graph between R.P.M and torque
& R.P.M and brake power.

Observations & Calculations:

Sample Calculation:

Conclusion:

Graph:

Experiment no.2

Objective:
To determine engine characteristics under varying load and constant R.P.M.

Apparatus:
Dynamometer;
Petrol engine;
Tachometer;
Torque meter.
Theory:
A dynamometer is a device for measuring force, moment of force (torque) or power.
Throttle:
A throttle is a mechanism by which the flow of fluid is managed by constriction or
abstraction.
An engines power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet fluid i.e.,
by the use of throttle.
The term throttle has come to refer informally and incorrectly to any mechanism by
which power or speed of an engine is regulated.
In an aviation context, throttle is more correctly called a thrust lever.
Eddy current dynamometer:

An eddy current absorption dynamometer produces breaking torque in a rotating


metallic disk immersed in a magnetic field. It is basically an eddy current brake
mounted in trunnion bearings.
Its advantages are the maintenance, control, simple construction and desirable speed
torque characteristics.
The speed torque characteristics make eddy current dynamometer ideal for engine
testing with versatility that allow effective use in testing transmissions turbines
electric motors, gears pump and many mother machines.
Brake power & indicating power:
In an engine, indicating power is the power produced in the cylinder and the brake
power is the useful power. Power at output shaft.
Brake power is always less than indicative due to losses by mechanical friction.
Torque meter:
Torque meter is a device for measuring and recording torque on the rotating system.
Tachometer:
It is an instrument which measures the working speed of an engine typically in
revolution per minute.
Operational principal:

The principal of operation of a dynamometer is based on Newtons third law of


motion which states that the force of action and reaction are equal and coexistent. In
motors and generators for example, the torque developed by the armature current of
the machine exerts an equal and opposite torque on the machine frame. When a
dynamometer is used to test such machines, its reaction torque is used as a measure of
tested machines torque.

In tests with a
DC
dynamometer,
the frame is
suspended in
trunnion
bearings
supported by
pedestals. The
bearing
suspension
allows
the
frame to rotate
but
this
rotation
is
limited to a few
degrees by mechanical stops. Electric power connections to the dynamometer are
made through flexible cables. The force required to prevent frame rotation is usually
measured by spring balance.
Applications:
The word dynamometer is also used to designate devices o structures that measure the
linear reaction force developed by jet engines and rocket engines and to designate
devices that measure the drag of ship model as they are towed in model tanks.
Procedure:
First of all, check the apparatus given to perform the experiment.
Make the R.P.M of an engine constant and note the reading.
Now increase the torque on the shaft and open the throttle valve more to gain its
constant R.P.M.
By increasing the torque, the throttle valve is also opened more and more.

Note the valve of throttle against the torque.

Calculate the brake power from the torque and fixed R.P.M. by
B.P.= 2NT/60

Observations & Calculations:

Sample Calculation:

Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Graph:

Experiment no.3

Objective:
To determine B.M.E.P (brake mean effective pressure) at wide open throttle
and varying R.P.M.
Apparatus:
Dynamometer;
Petrol engine;
Tachometer;
Torque meter.

Theory
Torque:
Torque is the tendency of force to rotate an object about an axis. The horizontal axis
is speed that crankshaft in turning & vertical axis is the torque.
A dynamometer is a device for measuring force, moment of force (torque) or power.
Throttle:
A throttle is a mechanism by which the flow of fluid is managed by constriction or
abstraction.
An engines power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet fluid i.e.,
by the use of throttle.
The term throttle has come to refer informally and incorrectly to any mechanism by
which power or speed of an engine is regulated.
B.M.E.P
Break mean effective pressure is the mean pressure which if imposed on the piston
uniformly from the top to the bottom of each power stroke would produce the
measured (brake) power output.
B.M.E.P is purely theoretical and has nothing to do with cylinder pressure.
B.M.E.P= B.P*r/(A*L)*M*N
Brake power & indicating power:
In an engine, indicating power is the power produced in the cylinder and the brake

power is the useful power. Power at output shaft.


Brake power is always less than indicative due to losses by mechanical friction.
Swept Volume:
Swept volume is the volume of the cylinder swept by the piston while moving from
top dead center to bottom dead center.
It is expressed in cubic inches or cubic centimeter. It can also be used to describe a
display known as volumetric display.
It can also be defined as volume of air in diesel engine or the mixture of air and
gasoline in petrol engine induced by the cylinder while moving down from the top
dead centre to bottom dead center.
Swept volume= cylinder total volume-clearance volume

Procedure:
First of all,
check
the
apparatus
given
to
perform the
experiment.
Start
the
engine
and
open the throttle valve fully. Check the R.P.M. and note the value of torque.
Now gradually increase the load noted, value of R.P.M. and torque.

Calculate the brake power from the reading by formula:

B.P.= 2NT/60
Now calculate the brake mean effective pressure of the cylinder by formula as
swept volume is mentioned on cylinder.
Repeat the experiment for other reading and draw graph between R.P.M and
B.M.E.P
Observations & Calculations:

Sample Calculation:

Conclusion:

Experiment no.4

Objective:
To determine the fuel flow rate by using the fuel flow meter.

Apparatus:
Apparatus for measuring engine characteristics under varying load and constant
R.P.M.
Fuel flow meter.

Theory
Mass Flow Rate:
The mass flow rate of a system is a measure of the mass of fluid passing a point in the
system per unit time. Its unit is mass divided by time. Kilogram per second in SI unit.
Mass flow rate can also be calculated from the density of the liquid or gas, its velocity
and the cross-sectional area of flow.
Fuel flow meter:
Fuel flow meter is a simplest type of instrument which is used to measure the flow
rate of fuel.
In fuel flow meter the measurement is taken for a specific interval of time and noted
the value. How much fuel is flowing in specific interval of time.
Carburetor:

It is a device that perform following functions:


It combines gasoline ad air creating a highly combustible mixture.
It regulates the ratio of air and fuel.
It controls engine speed.
Principal:
Carburetor works on Bernoullis principal.
Carburetor has an open plate, a throat or barrel through which the air passes into
the inlet manifold of engine.
The throttle does not control the flow of liquid fuel but the amount of air that
flows through the carburetor.
The pipe in the form of venture, its narrows in section and then widened again
causing the airflow to increase speed in the narrowest part. Inside the venture is a
throttle side. This valve controls the flow of air through throat.
Venturi Principal:
Venture principal states that a material in a funnel flows faster as the funnel narrows.
Because this speeds up, the flow of fuel it creates the pressure difference which
continually draws more fuel in the carburetor.
Parts:
Float
Float needle

Fuel filter
Float bowl
Choke
Throttle
Venture
Needle
Float:
It is a part of float valve system that regulates flow into float bowl. The float is
usually a hollow plastic floating device inside the float bowl attached to pivoting
hinge.
As the fuel level in the float bowl varies, the vertical level of this float changes as
well. This movement controls the opening and closing of float needle.
Needle:
Through the mid-range throttle application (not close and not wide open), the tip of
needle regulates the fuel out of the main by blocking its opening, typically adjusted
by changing the position it controls the air-fuel mixture.
Float needle:
Regulate the flow into the float bowl, it is a two force compression member which is
about a centimeter if not smaller in length.As the float bowl moves, the float needle
moves linearly.
Throttle:
A spring loaded gate valve which is directly controlled by the twistable throttle grip.
The linear vertical displacement of this valve is equal to the linear vertical
displacement of the needle.
Choke:
At the top of carburetor provides the richer mixture by closing and choking off the
carburetors air supply.
A choke mechanism is applied to restrict the passage of air through the venture
increasing the fuel mixture.
Observation and calculations:

Conclusion:

Experiment no. 5
Objective:
To determine the air flow rate by using air flow meter

Apparatus:
Apparatus for measuring engine characteristics under varying load and
constant R.P.M

Theory
Mass flow rate:
The mass flow rate of a system is a measure of the mass of fluid passing a point in a
system per unit time. Its unit is mass divided by time. Kilogram per second in SI
unit.
Mass flow rate can also be calculated from the density of the liquid (or gas )its
velocity and the cross sectional area of flow.

Procedure:
Start the engine and increase the engine rpm to 2600 by providing the eddy
current which produces flux and make the opposed shaft motion.
Techometer gives the rpm reading load is applied in the form of torque and as a
result rpm decreases to make it constant open the throttle wide.
Note down the the reading of rpm torque and throttle calculate the air flow rate
that comes to the engine.
Manometer gives reading in inches convert it into Pa multiplying 249
Calculate power by

P=2 NT/60
air flow by

Ma=34.49d02 (HP)1/2

Observation and calculation:

Graph:

Conclusion:

Experiment no.6

Objective:
To determine the air fuel mixture ratio by using air flow meter and fuel flow
meter.

Apparatus:
Engine ratio dynamometer apparatus
Fuel flow meter
Air flow meter

Theory
Air fuel ratio:
Air fuel ratio is the mass of air to fuel present in an internal combustion engine. The
AFR can also refer to the volume ratio for combustion carried out in industrial
furnaces if exactly enough air is provided to completely burn all of the fuel the ratio is
known as stoichiomatric mixture.

Benefits:
The air fuel ratio has many advantages
Reducing emissions
Fuel economy
Engine performance

Procedure:
First of all set the apparatus according to the requirement of the experiment
Started the engine and also on the dynamometer and adjusted the throttle for
constant RPM.
Record the manometer reading torque reading and fuel flow meter reading for a
specific interval of time.
Slow increased the throttle valve and also increased the load on the engine with
the help of dynamometer.
Record the air flow and fuel flow meter reading for constant interval of time
Repeated the experiment for different valve of throttle and calculate air fuel
ratio.

Observations and Calculations:

Sample Calculation:

Conclusion:

Experiment 7
Objective:
To analyze the exhaust gas temperature of a four stroke single cylinder petrol
engine.

Apparatus:

Four stroke single cylinder petrol engine


Temperature sensor

Theory
Four stroke single cylinder engine means combustion take place only in one cylinder.

Procedure:
First of all set the apparatus according to the requirement.
Start the four stroke single cylinder petrol engine and analyze the
exhaust gas temperature.
Increase the rpm of the engine and again analyze the exhaust gas.
Take different readings at different rpm and then analyze it.
Draw graphs between rpm and exhaust gases.

Observation and calculations:

Graph :

Conclusion:

Experiment 8
Objective:
To compare the exhaust gas analyzer of four stroke single cylinder with four
stroke four cylinder.

Apparatus:

Cut model of turbocharger attached with engine

Thoery:
Introduction:
Gas analysis is a quick accurate way to determine the running condition of a engine
by absorbing the gas with analyzer.
The following major engine areas can be diagnosed.

Fuel delivery

Ignition

Engine mechanics

Why gas analyzer:


Identify engine performance and mechanical problems
Test the running efficieny of an engine
Test for exhaust emission against state and fedral standards/

Procedure:
First of all set the apparatus according to the given requirements.
An automatic gas analyzer is placed at the exhaust side to analyze the exhaust
combustion gases.
At different rpm the digital display show different reading showing the
concentration of gases at exhaust.
Note down the reading of NOx and SOx.
Plot the graph of NOx and SOx.
Analyze the exhaust gas behaviour with the help of graph.

Observation and calculations:

Graphs:

Conclusion:

Experiment no.9
Objective:
To calculate the brake power of a diesel engine and torque against
engine speed.

Apparatus:
Dynamometer;
diesel engine;
Tachometer.

Theory:
A dynamometer is a device for measuring force, moment of force
(torque) or power.
For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other prime
mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotation
speed (R.P.M).
There are many types of dynamometer.
Absorption dynamometer;
Engine dynamometer;
Eddy current dynamometer;
Power dynamometer;
Hysteresis dynamometer.

Eddy current dynamometer:

An eddy current absorption dynamometer produces breaking torque in a


rotating metallic disk immersed in a magnetic field. It is basically an
eddy current brake mounted in trunnion bearings.
Its advantages are the maintenance, control, simple construction and
desirable speed torque characteristics.
The speed torque characteristics make eddy current dynamometer ideal
for engine testing with versatility that allow effective use in testing
transmissions turbines electric motors, gears pump and many mother
machines.

Brake power & indicating power:


In an engine, indicating power is the power produced in the cylinder and
the brake power is the useful power. Power at output shaft.
Brake power is always less than indicative due to losses by mechanical
friction.

Torque meter:
Torque meter is a device for measuring and recording torque on the
rotating system.

Tachometer:
It is an instrument which measures the working speed of an engine
typically in revolution per minute.

Operational principal:
The principal of operation of a dynamometer is based on Newtons third
law of motion which states that the force of action and reaction are equal
and coexistent. In motors and generators for example, the torque
developed by the armature current of the machine exerts an equal and
opposite torque on the machine frame. When a dynamometer is used to
test such machines, its reaction torque is used as a measure of tested
machines torque.

In tests with a DC dynamometer, the frame is suspended in trunnion


bearings supported by pedestals. The bearing suspension allows the
frame to rotate but this rotation is limited to a few degrees by mechanical
stops. Electric power connections to the dynamometer are made through
flexible cables. The force required to prevent frame rotation is usually

measured by spring balance.

Applications:
The word dynamometer is also used to designate devices o structures that
measure the linear reaction force developed by jet engines and rocket
engines and to designate devices that measure the drag of ship model as
they are towed in model tanks.

Engine dynamometer:
One of the most important type of dynamometer is engine dynamometer.
It is directly attached to the engine of the car chassis dynamometer is
another type of specific dynamometer. Which is used to measure the
twisting movement and the power or energy emitted by the power train of
an automobile directly from the wheels or the drive wheels. This should
be done without the removal of the engine from the framework of the
vehicle.
The classification of the dynamometer is also done on the basis of the
style of the absorption unit or driver or the absorber used by a vehicle.
The dynamometers that are used only for absorption can be connected
with the universal dynamometer. There are various types of absorption or
driver unit.

EC dynamometer:
EC dynamometer is the most commonly used dynamometer in modern
chassis systems. They are capable of changing the load most efficiently at
a rapid speed. Most of them require an external cooling system where as
some, although very few have an automatic cooling system. Ina good
model, 5 amps at 220 vac can give more or less 150 HP load. Eddy
current dynamometer has a core made of iron which rotate in the
magnetic field are to produce the twisting movement known as torque.
Due to this technique present in the eddy motor current stopping a motor
is not feasible.

Power dynamometer:
Power dynamometer is another kind which is very similar to eddy
current. The only difference between the former and the latter is that a

magnetic powder is present in the space between coil and rotor. The
fluctuation lines generate metal chains which are continuously built up.
These chains are broken due to twisting movement. The seed of power
dynamometer is restricted due to indulgence of heat.

Hysteresis dynamometer:
The third important type of absorption dynamometer is hysteresis
dynamometer. It uses the rotor made of steel which moves in between the
fluctuation lines which are further in between magnetic poles. It enables
the torque to be produced at the speed of zero and also in full speed. The
air that is forced in produces heat.

The electric
motor or generator is also another type. It adjusts the speed of the drive.
It can have both alternating and direct current motor. This motor when
prepared properly with proper mechanism can be used s universal motor.
It can also transfer the power to electric current if the situation demands.

Procedure:
First of all, check the apparatus given to perform the experiment.
Turn on the dynamometer, set R.P.M. at 2800 and torque is noted on

torque meter.
Break power can be calculated as
B.P.= 2NT/60
Gradually load and R.P.M is increased and torque is calculated.
Calculate the brake power by formula and draw graph between R.P.M

and torque & R.P.M and brake power.

Observations & Calculations:


Sample Calculation:

Conclusion:

Graph:

Experiment no.2
Objective:
To determine engine characteristics under varying load and constant
R.P.M.

Apparatus:
Dynamometer;
diesel engine;
Tachometer;
Torque meter.

Theory:
A dynamometer is a device for measuring force, moment of force
(torque) or power.

Throttle:
A throttle is a mechanism by which the flow of fluid is managed by
constriction or abstraction.
An engines power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of
inlet fluid i.e., by the use of throttle.
The term throttle has come to refer informally and incorrectly to any
mechanism by which power or speed of an engine is regulated.
In an aviation context, throttle is more correctly called a thrust lever.

Eddy current dynamometer:

An eddy current absorption dynamometer produces breaking torque in a


rotating metallic disk immersed in a magnetic field. It is basically an
eddy current brake mounted in trunnion bearings.
Its advantages are the maintenance, control, simple construction and
desirable speed torque characteristics.
The speed torque characteristics make eddy current dynamometer ideal
for engine testing with versatility that allow effective use in testing
transmissions turbines electric motors, gears pump and many mother
machines.

Brake power & indicating power:


In an engine, indicating power is the power produced in the cylinder and
the brake power is the useful power. Power at output shaft.
Brake power is always less than indicative due to losses by mechanical
friction.

Torque meter:
Torque meter is a device for measuring and recording torque on the
rotating system.

Tachometer:
It is an instrument which measures the working speed of an engine
typically in revolution per minute.

Operational principal:
The principal of operation of a dynamometer is based on Newtons third
law of motion which states that the force of action and reaction are equal
and coexistent. In motors and generators for example, the torque
developed by the armature current of the machine exerts an equal and
opposite torque on the machine frame. When a dynamometer is used to
test such machines, its reaction torque is used as a measure of tested
machines torque.

In tests with a DC
dynamometer, the frame is suspended in trunnion bearings supported by
pedestals. The bearing suspension allows the frame to rotate but this
rotation is limited to a few degrees by mechanical stops. Electric power
connections to the dynamometer are made through flexible cables. The
force required to prevent frame rotation is usually measured by spring
balance.

Applications:

The word dynamometer is also used to designate devices o structures that


measure the linear reaction force developed by jet engines and rocket
engines and to designate devices that measure the drag of ship model as
they are towed in model tanks.

Procedure:
First of all, check the apparatus given to perform the experiment.
Make the R.P.M of an engine constant and note the reading.
Now increase the torque on the shaft and open the throttle valve more

to gain its constant R.P.M.


By increasing the torque, the throttle valve is also opened more and

more.

Note the valve of throttle against the torque.

Calculate the brake power from the torque and fixed R.P.M. by
B.P.= 2NT/60

Observations & Calculations:

Sample Calculation:

Conclusion:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
________________________

Graph:

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