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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The three Allegheny Power companies are direct subsidiaries of Allegheny Energy, Inc.
TrAILCo is a direct subsidiary of Allegheny Energy Transmission, LLC, which is a direct
subsidiary of Allegheny Energy, Inc. PATH-WV and PATH-Allegheny are direct
subsidiaries of AET PATH Company, which is a direct subsidiary of Allegheny Energy
Transmission, LLC. Because of their common ownership by Allegheny Energy, Inc., the
transmission facilities of Allegheny Power, TrAILCo, PATH-WV and PATH-Allegheny,
collectively referred to in this document as the Allegheny Energy Transmission Owners
(“AETO”), are managed, operated, and subjected to the same planning standards.
TrAILCo, PATH-WV and PATH-Allegheny have also adopted all other planning criteria
established by Allegheny Power.
Bulk Electric System (“BES”) planning and operating procedures consistently include
reliability as one of the essential measures of system performance. The AETO meet the
need to expand and/or upgrade their transmission facilities by developing plans using
criteria that provide for continued reliable operation consistent with economic and
regulatory constraints.
This document presents the reliability criteria used by the AETO to determine the need to
expand and/or upgrade their BES. Allegheny Power transferred functional control of its
transmission facilities to, and became a member of, PJM Interconnection, L.L.C. (“PJM”)
on April 1, 2002. All of TrAILCo’s transmission facilities have been designated for
installation by PJM’s Regional Transmission Expansion Plan (“RTEP”). TrAILCo and
PATH –Allegheny became members of PJM on March 28, 2007 and January 2, 2008
respectively, and all of its transmission facilities are subject to the functional control of
PJM. Through membership in PJM, the AETO work together with PJM in regards to
planning and operating to ensure continued reliability and system performance.
Specifically, planning and operations related to the AETO transmission facilities are subject
to the PJM Operating Agreement, the PJM Open Access Transmission Tariff and the
policies, procedures, practices and interpretations developed by PJM thereunder.
Transmission system expansion plans are developed with the goal of minimizing revenue
requirements, which include both capital and operating costs, while meeting planning
criteria that deal with maintaining acceptable system performance. The proper application
of transmission planning criteria requires substantial engineering judgment based upon
numerous and extensive studies of the transmission system by the planning engineer.
Prudently managed utilities rely on the knowledge, experience, and judgment of their
planning engineers in applying the criteria to specific circumstances on the transmission
system. For this reason, it is simply not possible to document all the criteria that may be
used to decide the way in which a transmission system is developed and expanded.
The criteria in this document are based on the experience of the AETO along with industry
experience with equipment performance. It also acknowledges the need to provide
operating flexibility for maintenance or forced outages while limiting the frequency and
duration of customer interruptions. Thus, various segments of the supply system will have
increasingly stringent reliability criteria as one moves from lower to higher system voltages
involving greater numbers of customers. Determination of the level of reliability that is
acceptable depends primarily upon regulatory standards in conjunction with what
regulatory commissions are willing to provide through granting construction licenses and
rate increases.
The following general transmission system planning objectives have evolved and been
refined through years of experience to achieve the objectives of maintaining acceptable
transmission system performance through an adequate and secure system for the least
cost. These objectives define the conditions used to identify the need for transmission
facility reinforcement.
! The reinforcement should be sized to meet projected growth needs according to the
Allegheny Power and PJM load forecasts while providing an optimum level of reserve
capability.
! The reinforcement installation should be timed to maintain reliability and minimize cost.
Interconnected transmission facilities, in addition to meeting the AETO and PJM criteria,
must meet or exceed reliability criteria as established by the North American Electric
Reliability Corporation (“NERC”) Reliability Standards. These documents provide reliability
criteria that are designed to test the ability of ReliabilityFirst member systems to withstand
certain contingencies without triggering a breakup and collapse of any major part of the
BES.
ReliabilityFirst Corporation (“RFC”) was approved by the NERC to become one of eight
Regional Reliability Councils in North America and began operations on January 1, 2006.
RFC is the successor organization to three former NERC Regional Reliability Councils: the
Mid-Atlantic Area Council (MAAC), the East Central Area Reliability Coordination
Agreement (ECAR), and the Mid-American Interconnected Network organizations (MAIN).
The NERC Transmission Planning (“TPL”) Standards along with Modeling, Data and
Analysis ("MOD") Standards MOD-011 & MOD-013 have superseded ECAR Document
No. 1 since October 25, 2007.
Existing regulatory and environmental constraints such as the inability to obtain right-of-
way, permitting, or regulatory approval can lead to conditions exacerbating violations of
transmission reliability standards. The degradation of reliability levels caused by these
conditions must be recognized as such and not used as examples to justify subversion of
reliability levels in other areas of the system.
The following represent the AETO transmission planning criteria and are discussed in
detail in Sections 2 through 5.
The AETO transmission line facilities are rated for both summer and winter,
continuous, 4-hour, and ¼-hour periods of service, while transformers use a
continuous, 4-hour, and one-hour rating. Real-time thermal ratings are implemented
at 9"F (5"C) intervals as directed by PJM. The ratings make use of manufacturers'
recommendations and industry standards. The methodology used to determine
overhead conductor ratings is provided in Section 9, Subject Index 2.0 of the
Engineering Manual.
Transformer ratings are determined using a program from the Electric Power
Research Institute (EPRI). The ratings that are developed take into account all of
the elements which make up the facility including conductors, transformers,
structures, terminal facilities, hardware, as well as protective relaying facilities and
their settings.
The AETO use a summer ambient temperature of 90"F (32.2"C), and winter
ambient of 50"F (10"C). A continuous wind speed of two feet per second at a right
angle to the conductor is assumed for both winter and summer ratings. The ratings
needed to analyze the system are supplied as part of the power flow data.
Normal system conditions are defined as all transmission and generation facilities in
service except those known to be unavailable due to scheduled maintenance or a
prolonged outage. All scheduled firm power sales and purchases with and between
other systems are assumed to be in effect, as are outside inter-system transfers that
affect the AETO transmission systems. Normal conditions for the seasonal
operating base cases will differ somewhat from planning cases in that they will
typically include some assumed non-firm economy sales in addition to firm sales.
Computer power flow transmission system analyses are conducted for peak load
conditions since that is the likely critical period for the transmission system. The
AETO adhere to the criteria provided in the PJM Base Line Voltage Limits table
located in PJM Manual 3: Transmission Operations, Section 3, Voltage & Stability
Operating Guidelines. For normal system condition voltage limits, refer to the “High”
and “Normal Low” values corresponding to the voltage level.
2.2.1 Generation
All EHV transmission system facilities operate within their normal continuous
seasonal thermal capabilities and within the High and Normal Low values
provided in the PJM Base Line Voltage Limits table. Nominal voltages are
765 kV and 500 kV.
All area transmission system facilities operate within their normal continuous
seasonal thermal capabilities and within the High and Normal Low values
provided in the PJM Base Line Voltage Limits table. Nominal voltages are
345 kV, 230 kV, 138 kV, and 115 kV.
The AETO adhere to the criteria provided in the PJM Base Line Voltage Limits table
located in PJM Manual 3: Transmission Operations, Section 3, Voltage & Stability
Operating Guidelines. For single contingency voltage limits, refer to the “High” and
All EHV transmission system lines shall remain within their 4-hour seasonal
thermal capabilities and within the High and Emergency Low values provided
in the PJM Base Line Voltage Limits table. EHV transmission system
voltages must remain within 8% of their pre-contingency values for 765 kV
voltages, and within 5% for 500 kV voltages.
All area transmission system facilities must remain within their 4-hour
seasonal thermal capabilities and within the High and Emergency Low values
provided in the PJM Base Line Voltage Limits table. Area transmission
system voltages must remain within 5% of their pre-contingency values.
The AETO transmission systems are designed to withstand the single contingency
conditions described under Section 2.3. However, double contingency tests are
also used to assess the strength of the transmission system. If the double
contingency tests indicate severe overloading or precipitous voltage drops that
extend beyond the immediate area of the outage, then a reinforcement to the
transmission system is considered.
Since the Allegheny Power companies are members of RFC, the AETO BES is
planned to meet NERC Transmission Planning (“TPL”) Standards. The NERC TPL-
003 and TPL-004 describe the criteria to be used for simulated testing of multiple
contingency conditions. These criteria are intended to ensure that the RFC BES will
be able to withstand credible multiple contingencies and not suffer cascading
outages that could cause uncontrolled area-wide power interruptions.
Multiple contingencies listed in the NERC TPL-003 & -004 Standards include, but
are not limited to:
! Outage of a transmission line, including a double circuit tower line, when various
generators are unavailable.
! The NERC Transmission Loading Relief (“TLR”) procedure may be used if other
methods are not effective in controlling flows that cause the overloads. The TLR
procedure provides the means by which off-system parallel transactions can be
identified and curtailed to maintain transmission system security.
Although the primary function of the transmission system is the transport of real
power (megawatts), the transmission planner must be cognizant of the equally
important reactive power (megavars) requirements of the system. Without an
adequate reactive power supply, the ability of the transmission system to carry real
power may be severely limited. In extreme cases of deficient reactive power supply,
The reactive power sources commonly available to supply the reactive loads and
losses include generators, the capacitive line charging component of transmission
lines, static capacitors, synchronous condensers, and static VAr compensators.
The following criteria generally describe the AETO reactive planning philosophy:
2.7.1 The AETO BES will have reactive compensation with adequate controls to
supply the reactive load and loss requirements of the transmission system
and to maintain acceptable voltage profiles as defined in Sections 2.2 and 2.3
above for:
! Normal conditions.
2.7.3 Each transmission zone should supply its own reactive load and loss
requirements under normal operating conditions.
2.7.4 Switched capacitors should not cause more than a 3% voltage rise under
normal system conditions.
2.7.5 Switched capacitors should not cause more than a 10% voltage rise under
contingency conditions, as outlined in Section 2.3 above.
The BES is designed to meet the NERC TPL Standards such that no uncontrolled
cascading outages take place.
In addition, it is also designed so that the generating units remain in synchronism and all
generator power swings are well damped following credible contingencies such as
electrical faults and sudden network changes caused by fault clearing and successful or
unsuccessful line reclosing. These criteria should be met for all operating load levels,
giving due consideration to the relaying and automatic switching practices.
Generating units at any power output level before the disturbance should remain
stable for the following tests of normal clearing:
With one critical line or transformer out of service, and the system at peak load,
generating units at any power output level before disturbance should remain stable
for:
Transfer capability is used to assess and test the ability of the interconnected
transmission network to move power between entities, companies, regions,
subregions, pools, etc. Sufficient transfer capability is typically based on the ability
to receive support from non-affiliates during a generation capacity emergency.
Transfer capability of the AETO systems are determined by PJM in conjunction with
the capability of the overall PJM footprint.
The criteria used by Allegheny Power were adopted from the NERC transfer
capability definition as recommended in the NERC publication, “North American
Electric Reliability Council Transmission Transfer Capability”. These criteria also
were commonly used by interregional study groups such as the VACAR-ECAR-
4.1.1 With all transmission facilities in service, all facility loadings are within normal
ratings, and all voltages are within normal limits.
4.1.2 The BES is capable of absorbing the dynamic power swings and remaining
stable following a disturbance resulting in the loss of any single generation
unit, transmission circuit, or transformer.
4.1.3 After the dynamic power swings following a disturbance resulting in the loss
of any single generating unit, transmission circuit, or transformer, but before
operator-directed system adjustments are made, all transmission facility
loadings are within emergency ratings and all voltages are within emergency
limits.
studies also facilitate selection of surge protection devices that provide proper
protection and have adequate power dissipation capacity.
The harmonic currents that an individual customer injects into or draws from
the AETO transmission systems, as measured at the point of common
coupling, shall not exceed the limits established by the companies as
documented in Section 46 of this manual.
5.1.1 Lines
a) For reliability reasons, the AETO prefer to use only single circuit tower
construction for 500 kV lines, however double circuit construction will
be considered when other options are not feasible.
5.1.2 Substations
c) Source lines and load lines should occupy alternate positions around a
ring bus or be paired together on a "breaker and a half string."
! Third and fourth transformers are added when the loss of one
transformer causes any of the remaining transformers to load
above its emergency rating.
c) Radial Lines
When the substation load exceeds the capability of the lower voltage
supply to provide backup for loss of the transmission supply, a second
transmission supply is evaluated. Justification of a second
transmission line is based on reliability versus economic constraints,
with consideration given to the probability and timing of future area
loads.
a) Optimum Design
c) Bus Sections