Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Objectives: The research objective of this study is to enlarge and deepen the Y chromosome research on the Croatian population and enable additional insights into the population diversity and historic events that shaped the current genetic landscape of Croatia and Southeastern Europe (SEE).
Materials and Methods: A high-resolution phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of 66 biallelic (SNPs) and 17
microsatellite (STRs) markers of the Y chromosome was performed using 720 Croatian samples. The obtained results
were placed in a wider European context by comparison with 4450 samples from a number of other European
populations.
Results: A high diversity of haplogroups was observed in the overall Croatian sample, and all typical European Y
chromosome haplogroups with corresponding clinal patterns were observed. Three distinct genetic signals were identifiable in the Croatian paternal gene pool - I2a1b-M423, R1a1a1b1a*-M558, and E1b1b1a1b1a-V13 haplogroups.
Discussion: The analyses of the dominant and autochthonous I2a1b-M423 lineage (>30%) suggest that SEE had a
significant role in the Upper Paleolithic, the R1a1a1b1a*-M558 lineage (19%) represents a signal from present day
Slavic populations of Central Europe in the Croatian population, and the phylogeography of the E1b1b1a1b1a-V13
clade (around 9%) implies cultural diffusion of agriculture into Europe via the Balkan Peninsula. Am. J. Hum. Biol.
C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
00:000000, 2016.
J. SARAC
ET AL.
Fig. 1. Map of Croatia with exact location of all the sampled subpopulations within the sample.
TABLE 1. Genetic diversity, mean number of pairwise differences and average gene diversity over loci
Haplogroup
I2a1b-M423
R1a1a1b1aa-M558
E1b1b1a1b1a-V13
TOTAL (STRs)
TOTAL (SNPs)a
a
No. of haplotypes
Haplotype diversity 6 SD
MNPD
57
48
21
126
720
56
44
17
114
0,999 6 0,003
0,995 6 0,005
0,981 6 2,580
0,998 6 0,001
0,993
5,514 6 2,690
5,895 6 2,864
5,109 6 1,627
10,833 6 4,961
0,324 6 0,175
0,310 6 0,167
0,268 6 0,151
0,637 6 0,323
and 384 from eight Croatian islands (Fig. 1 and Supporting Information Table 1). Samples were taken from the
DNA bank of the Institute for Anthropological Research,
Zagreb. The blood for DNA analyses was collected during
fieldwork carried out by the Institute for Anthropological
Research over a 12-year span (19972009), following the
approval of the ethical committee of the Institute for
Anthropological Research and School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia. Participants gave their
informed consent to participate in the research. Siblings
and male relatives were avoided in the selection of the
samples for DNA analysis based on obtained genealogical data, as well as examinees without at least two generations of ancestors living in the sampled subpopulation.
All of the subsequent laboratory and molecular analyses
were performed at the Institute for Anthropological
Research in Zagreb and at the Estonian Biocentre Tartu,
Estonia.
American Journal of Human Biology
Genotyping
The samples were surveyed for a total of 66 different
biallelic markers using either restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, in/del assays or direct
Sanger sequencing (Fig. 2). The nomenclature used in
this study is adopted from the International Society of
Genetic Genealogy (2015). Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015,
Version: 10.102, Date: 9 December 2015, http://www.
isogg.org/tree/[Date of access: December 9th, 2015].
The order of marker genotyping was based on the known
haplogroup hierarchy (www.isogg.org/tree; Karafet et al.,
2008) and previously observed haplogroup composition and
frequencies in this part of Europe. Each sample was tested
for SNPs after the initial amplification using polymerase
chain reaction and primer sets designed for each marker.
List of sequences and primers for each marker are listed in
Supporting Information Tables 2 and 3.
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree with all the tested markers and haplogroup frequencies.
J. SARAC
ET AL.
sample, and are shown in detail in Figure 2 and Supporting Information Tables 5 and 6. The most common hgs
were I, R, E, J, and G, which encompass 96% of the total
sample and only three subclades I2a1b-M423 (33.2%),
R1a1a1b1a*-M558 (19.3%), and E1b1b1a2a-V13 (8.75%)
harbored > 60% of the total paternal genetic variation in
Croatia.
When compared to a larger population dataset comprising 4459 samples from other European populations
(Balanovsky et al., 2008; Battaglia et al., 2009; Karanachak et al., 2013; King et al., 2011; Kushniarevich
et al., 2013; Regueiro et al., 2012), it was observed in
the PCA plot (Fig. 3) that the formed clusters clearly
Fig. 4. Spatial gradient map illustrating clines in frequency for I2a1b-M423. Comparative population data has been taken from Battaglia
et al. (2009), Regueiro et al. (2012), Underhill et al. (2007), and Varzari et al. (2013).
Fig. 5. Spatial gradient map illustrating clines in frequency for R1a1a1b1a*-M558. Comparative population data has been taken from
Underhill et al. (2015).
Fig. 6. Spatial gradient map illustrating clines in frequency for E1b1b1a1b-V13. Comparative population data has been taken from Battaglia et al. (2009), Cruciani et al. (2007), and Regueiro et al. (2012).
J. SARAC
ET AL.
2014). Such recent episodes could be the proposed IndoEuropean migrations from the Pontic steppe associated
with the Yamnaya and Corded Ware cultures in Late Neolithic/Bronze Age and massive Slavic migrations in a
more recent history (3rd 6th century), together with
smaller ones that most probably occurred repeatedly since
Paleolithic times and are associated with specific historical events (Haak et al., 2015; Pericic et al., 2005; Regueiro
et al., 2012).
CONCLUSION
The genetic structure of modern SEE has been shaped
by the complexity of human movements through the Paleolithic, Neolithic, the Bronze Ages and the most recent
history of the last two millennia (involving the overlapping of different cultural and demic expansions). Molecular genetic analyses of the modern Croatian paternal
genetic pool performed in this study confirm the
American Journal of Human Biology
J. SARAC
ET AL.
extraordinary heterogeneity and complexity of this population and suggest a dynamic gene flow in the Croatian
population and SEE throughout history. Our NRY analyses point to three distinct genetic signals traceable in the
Croatian paternal genetic landscape - the dominant
Balkan genetic heritage (embodied in hg I2a1b-M423),
along with a Central European input from Slavicspeaking populations (R1a1a1b*-M558) and a recognizable, but moderate Neolithic influx (E1b1b1a2-V13). However, concerning the timing of the proposed lineages,
recent studies show that most paternal lineages were
greatly affected by more recent and rapid demographic
changes that occurred in the last 5,000 years, making it
difficult to make inferences about older demographic
events. Also, one has to bear in mind that some of the haplotypes present in our sample have most probably been
brought into the SEE gene pool at different time periods
than the ones indicated in this study, some of them even
very recently, and that evolutionary processes involve
whole populations and not only certain haplogroups.
Nonetheless, this study offers the most complete picture
of Croatian paternal genetic diversity to date and offers
additional insights into the specific genetic and possible
historic events that shaped the current genetic landscape
of Croatia and the wider SEE region. Subsequent whole Y
chromosome sequencing and the advances in the aDNA
research combined with historical, archeological, linguistic, and paleoclimatic perspectives will then further
improve our understanding of the population movements
in Croatia and SEE, as well as the underlying demographic and historic processes.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed to the work presented in this
analyzed data and wrote the paper, T. S.,
D. H
paper. J. S.
A. and N. N. analyzed data, N. V., M. M., B. G., M. K., B.
N., A. G. and S. M. collected samples, S. R. and P. R.
supervised the project and wrote the paper.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research is a part of the project Population structure of Croatia anthropogenetic approach Laboratory
analyses were carried out at the Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre,
Tartu, Estonia.
REFERENCES
Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A, Kivisild T, Churnosov M, Evseeva
I, Pocheshkhova E, Boldyreva M, Yankovsky N, Balanovska E, Villems
R. 2008. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Am J Hum Genet 82: 236250.
Bandelt HJ, Forster P, R
ohl A. 1999. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 16: 3748.
Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM, Rootsi S, Janicijevic B, Kivisild T, Parik J,
Rudan I, Villems R, Rudan P. 2003. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian
population and its island isolates. Eur J Hum Genet 11: 535542.
Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, ArroyoPardo E, Cavalleri GL, de Knijff P, Dupuy BM, Eriksen HA, King TE,
Lopez de Munain A, L
opez-Parra AM, Loutradis A, Milasin J, Novelletto
A, Pamjav H, Sajantila A, Tolun A, Winney B, Jobling MA. 2015. Largescale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population
resequencing. Nat Commun 6: 7152.
Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM,
King RJ, Rootsi S, Marjanovic D, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic
S, Drobnic K, Durmishi N, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS,
Underhill PA, Semino O. 2009. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural
major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations. Mol Biol
Evol 22: 19641975.
Primorac D, Marjanovic D, Rudan P, Villems R, Underhill PA. 2011. Croatian genetic heritage: Y chromosome story. Croat Med J 52: 225234.
Regueiro M, Rivera L, Damnjanovic T, Lukovic L, Milasin J, Herrera RJ.
2012. High levels of Paleolithic Y chromosome lineages characterize Serbia. Gene 498: 5967.
Richards M. 2003. The Neolithic transition in Europe: archeological models and genetic evidence. Documenta Praehistorica XXX: 159167.
Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, Benuzzi G, Help H, Bermisheva M, Kutuev
I, Barac L, Pericic M, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Dion D, Grobei M,
Zhivotovsky LA, Battaglia V, Achilli A, Al-Zahery N, Parik J, King R,
Cinnio
glu C, Khusnutdinova E, Rudan P, Balanovska E, Scheffrahn W,
Simonescu M, Brehm A, Goncalves R, Rosa A, Moisan JP, Chaventre A,
Ferak V, F
uredi S, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Beckman L, Mikerezi I, Terzic R,
Primorac D, Cambon-Thomsen A, Krumina A, Torroni A, Underhill PA,
Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Villems R, Semino O. 2004. Phylogeography of Y chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in Europe. Am J Hum Genet 75: 128137.
Rudan P, Janicijevic, B., Jovanovic, V., Milicic, J., Narancic, N.S.,
-Juric, T., Barac Lauc, L., Lauc, T.,
Sujoldzic, A., Szirovicza, L., Skaric
Klaric, I.M., Pericic, M., Rudan, D., Rudan, I. 2004. Holistic anthropological research of Hvar Islanders, Croatiafrom parish registries to
DNA studies in 33 years. Coll Antropol 28(Suppl 2): 321343.
T, Havas Augustin D, Jeran N, Kovacevic L, Cvjetan S,
Sarac
J, Saric
Perinic Lewis A, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Novokmet N, Vidovic M,
Nevajda B, Glasnovic A, Marjanovic D, Missoni S, Villems R, Rudan P.
2014. Maternal genetic heritage of Southeastern Europe reveals a new
Croatian isolate and a novel, local subbranching in X2 haplogroup. Ann
J Hum Genet 78: 178194.
Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De
Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M,
Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, CavalliSforza LL, Underhill PA. 2000. The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo
sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. Science 290: 11551159.
Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V,
Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA,
King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, SantachiaraBenerecetti AS. 2004. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe
and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. Am J Hum Genet
74: 10231034.
Skoglund P, Malmstr
om H, Omrak A, Raghavan M, Valdiosera C, G
unther
T, Hall P, Tambets K, Parik J, Sj
ogren KG, Apel J, Willerslev E, Stora J,
G
otherstr
om A, Jakobsson, M. 2014. Genomic diversity and admixture
differs for Stone-age Scandinavian foragers and farmers. Science 344:
747750.
Teyssandier N, Bolus M, Conard NJ. 2006. The Early Aurignacian in central Europe and its place in a European perspective. In: Bar Yosef O, Zilhao J, editors. Towards a definition of the Aurignacian. Proceedings of
the Symposium held in Lisbon, Portugal, June 2530, 2002. Trabalhos
de Arqueologia 45. Artes Graficas: Instituto Portugues de Arqueologia. p
241256.
Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Chow CET, Lin AA, Otillar R P, King
R, Zhivotovsky LA, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Ritchie KH, Cavalli
Sforza LL, Kivisild T, Villems R, Woodward SR. 2007. New phylogenetic
relationships for Y chromosome haplogroup I: Reappraising its phylogeography and prehistory. In: Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer
C, editors. Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and
Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans.,
Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs. McDonald Institute for
Archaeology.
Underhill PA, Poznik GD, Rootsi S, J
arve M, Lin AA, Wang J, Passarelli
B, Kanbar J, Myres N M, King RJ, Di Cristofaro J, Sahakyan H, Behar
T, Rudan P, Pathak AK, Chaubey
DM, Kushniarevich A, Sarac
J, Saric
G, Grugni V, Semino O, Yepiskoposyan L, Bahmanimehr A, Farjadian S,
Balanovsky O, Khusnutdinova EK, Herrera RJ, Chiaroni J,
Bustamante CD, Quake SR, Kivisild T, Villems R. 2015. The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y- chromosome haplogroup R1a. Eur J
Hum Genet 23: 121131.
Varzari A, Kharkov V, Nikitin AG, Raicu F, Simonova K, Stephan W, Weiss
EH, Stepanov V. 2013. Paleo-Balkan and Slavic contributions to the
genetic pool of Moldavians: insights from the Y chromosome. PLoS ONE
8: e53731.