REPORT

1.1 Introduction:
Voltage stability [1] is concerned with the ability of power system to maintain acceptable
voltage at the buses in the system under normal condition and after being subjected to a
disturbance. A system enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance, increase in
load demand or change in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable
decline in voltage. The main factor causing instability is the inability of the power system
to meet the demand for reactive power. Voltage stability problems mainly occur in
heavily stressed systems. While the disturbance leading to voltage collapse may be
initiated by variety of causes, the underlying problem is an inherent weakness in power
system. In addition strength of transmission network and power transfer levels, the
principle factors contributing to voltage collapse are the generator reactive power/voltage
control limits, load characteristics, characteristics of reactive compensation devices.
The analysis of voltage stability for a given system state involves the examination of
two aspects. First one is proximity to voltage instability is the distance to voltage
instability may be measured in terms of physical quantities such as load level, active
power flow through a critical interface and reactive power reserve. The most of
appropriate measure for any given situation depends on the specific system and intended
use of margin.
Much work on voltage stability assessment can be found in the literature [1][12].
Different types voltage stability indices are introduced in order to evaluate the stability
limit. These are Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), L Index (LI), voltage Collapse
Proximity Indicator (VCPI). Voltage stability indices are invaluable tools for gauging the
proximity of a given operating point to voltage instability. The objective of the voltage
stability indices is to quantify how close a particular point is to the steady state voltage
stability margin. These indices can be used on-line or off-line to help operators in real
time operation of power system or in designing and planning operations. These indices
will be presented to demonstrate how close to voltage instability a system can be operated
and which could lead to blackout in large parts of the interconnected power system.

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Conventionally electro mechanical devices can be used to control reactive power and
to provide steady state voltage control as well as to minimize the transmission losses and
enhance the power system stability. These devices have some drawbacks, they are
Ageing, Lack of speed and Reliable control they do not satisfy the operational flexibility
and adaptability requirements to meet the changing needs of modem power systems.
These drawbacks overcome by using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
controllers [13] are being increasingly used to provide voltage and power flow control in
many utilities. Their application to improve voltage stability margins in highly developed
networks. The features of FACTS technology, i) Fast voltage regulation ii) Increase
power transfer capacity iii) Damping of active power oscillations and iv) Load flow
control in meshed systems [14]-[17].
The dramatic increase in electric power demand forces electric distribution systems to
operate and push near to their stability limits. Hence, voltage Stability has become a vital
issue in both planning and operation of power systems. Contingencies such as unexpected
line outages, and sudden increase in electric demand may cause voltage instability issue
which may lead to voltage collapse. With the low growth rate in transmission line
capacity, and the high operating cost of peak power plants, and need to develop clean
energy resources the need for high penetration level of renewable distributed generation
units has emerged. Such integration of DG [18] in the distribution network provides
benefits such as relief in transmission and distribution capacity, enhancement in voltage
stability, power quality and system reliability to both electricity end users and providers.
This work shows the effect of distributed generation location and type of technology
on power system voltage stability and power losses. Three types of distributed generation
technologies are used to check this effect: injecting active and reactive power, injecting
active power and absorbing reactive power, and injecting only active power to the system
(unity power factor operation). Location of distributed generation is also evaluated [19][20]. The most suitable locations to connect distributed generation sources are identified
by modal analysis through participation factors. These participation factors indicate
sensitive areas of the system associated with active and reactive power. Then, they can be
used to assess the impacts of each type of distributed generation technology on the
system.
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Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) [21] & [22] will be used for prediction of the
location to install FACTS device and Distribution Generator (DG) through the above
developed voltage stability index under various contingency conditions like generator
outage, transmission line outage, transformer outage and load outage. The input selection
feature is used to select the number of inputs among many, to reduce the time for
predicting through ANN.
To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, IEEE 30-bus system is used as a
test case. Mi-Power and MATLAB softwares will be used for simulation purpose.

1.2 Motivation for the Project

Day to day the demand for the electric power is increased widely, the power
system networks are being very complicated.
This cause black out under different outages, if disturbances arent well foreseen
and the remedy tools are prepared for such cases.

1.3 Literature Survey

Based on the availability, the literature has been classified under four phases
Phase 1: Determination of various stability indices.
Phase 2: Location of FACTS Device for enhancement of stability.
Phase 3: Strengthen the weak buses through the placement of DG.
Phase 4: Identification for the prediction of Location for installing FACTS & DG
Denis Hau Aik Lee in [1] Describes a simple method for voltage stability assessment
is given by reducing the bus impedance matrix of a network to facilitate an equivalent
nodal analysis at a referred bus. The method was also shown to have parallels with the
well-accepted modal analysis of the Jacobian matrix. These include defining geometric
indices to identify critical buses and participation factors to quantify contribution of
network elements to their criticality. The method however does not require post power
flow solution processing of the Jacobian matrix; such computational advantage may
make it suitable for online applications.

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P. Kundur in [2] Describes the voltage stability analysis of large power systems using
a modal analysis technique. The method computes, using a steady state system model, a
specified number of the smallest eigenvalues and the associated eigenvectors of a reduced
Jacobian matrix. The eigenvalues, each of which is associated with a mode of
voltage/reactive power variation. provide a relative measure of proximity to voltage
instability. The eigenvectors are used to describe the mode shape and to provide
information about the network elements and generators which participate in each mode.
P. Kessel in [7] Describes a method for the online testing a power system, which is
aimed at the detection of voltage instabilities. Thereby an indicator L is defined which
varies in the range between 0 (no load of system) and 1 (voltage collapse). Based on the
basic concept of indicator various models are derived which allow to predict a voltage
instability or the proximity of a collapse.
Carlos F. Sabillon et al. in [14] Describes, SVC and TCSC devices help to increase
the controllability of flow over the lines and at the same time enhance the system stability
through overall generation costs and losses.
G. Balamurugan in [21] Describes the different methods used to study the voltage
collapse phenomenon but most of them take significant computation time and are not
suitable for on-line applications. Fast voltage stability assessment tools are required in
order to ensure the secure operation of the present day power systems, as voltage collapse
can occur quite abruptly in systems. Therefore a new ANN based on-line approach that
requires minimum input for estimation of voltage collapse proximity indicator for each
critical bus under normal and contingent conditions.
V. Balamourougan in [22] ANN based on-line approach that requires minimum input
for estimation of voltage collapse proximity indicator for each critical bus under normal
and contingency conditions.

1.4 Objectives
To obtain the V-Q sensitivity, Modal sensitivity and comparing these with L-Index
(LI) and Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator (VCPI) under normal and outage
conditions.
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 To identify the proper location to install FACTS Device and check the
enhancement in stability margin.
To identify the proper location to install Distributed Generator (DG) with
existence of FACTS Device and check the enhancement in stability margin.
To apply Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique for predicting proper
location for online stability applications.
To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, IEEE 30-bus system is used as
a test case. Mi-Power and MATLAB softwares will be used for simulation
purpose.

1.5 Indices
The voltage stability indices are introduced in order to evaluate the stability limit.
Voltage stability indices are invaluable tools for gauging the proximity of a given
operating point to voltage instability. The objective of the voltage stability indices is to
quantify how close a particular point is to the steady state voltage stability margin. These
indices can be used on-line or offline to help operators in real time operation of power
system or in designing and planning operations. These indices will be presented to
demonstrate how close to voltage instability a system can be operated and which could
lead to blackout in large parts of the interconnected power system.
Elements such as reactive power generating devices, tap changing transformers are
optimally adjusted at each operating point to reach the objective of minimizing voltage
stability index at each individual bus as well as minimizing the global voltage stability
indices. The system can be operated in the stable region by minimizing voltage stability
index of buses and lines.
Different types of indices are used in literature for optimization of power system.
Some of the available indices are:
1. Line Stability Index(LSI)
2. Voltage Collapse Prediction Index (VCPI)
3. Power Transfer Stability Index (PTSI)
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4. Line Voltage Stability Index (LVSI)

5. Equivalent Node Voltage Collapse Index (ENVCI)
6. L- Index (LI)
7. Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI)
Among the different indices for voltage stability and voltage collapse prediction, the
L-index gives fairly consistent results. The reason behind choosing FVSI index is that
FVSI index is capable to identify critical areas in a large power system, capable to
determine the point of voltage collapse, maximum permissible load, weak bus in the
system and the most critical line in an interconnected system. Due to the above
mentioned reasons, in this proposed work, FVSI and L-index approaches are used to
assess the power system stability and vulnerable line and bus are identified for the
placement of FACTS devices and it will be explained in further sections.

1.6 L -Index
A simple power system is considered [7], through which the useful index of the
voltage stability is derived. The line model is conceived as the simplest power system and
can also be treated analytically. It is given by Fig.1, where node 1 is assumed to supply
the load whose voltage behavior is of interest and node 2 is a generator.

Fig. 1: Single Generator and Load System.

The properties of node 1 can be described in terms of admittance matrix of the system as,
Y11V1 Y12V2 I 1

S1*
V1*
(1.1)

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The element Y11, Y12, Y21 and Y22 form the admittance matrix [Y].
where as S1 is the complex power.
S1 V1 I1*
Equation (1.1) can be written as,
Y11V1 Y12V2

S1*
V1*

Y11V12 Y12V2V1 S1*

S*
V12 Y12 V2V1* 1
Y11

Y11
V12 V0V1*

S1*
a jb
Y11

(1.2)
Where a and b are real and imaginary parts of the Equation (1.2) and V 0 is an equivalent
voltage which is given as,

V0

Y12

V
2

Y11

(1.3)

Taking complex conjugate of Equation (1.2)

V12 V0*

S1
a jb
Y11*

(1.4)
Multiplying Equation (1.2) and Equation (1.4),
V14 V12 (V0V1* V0*V1 ) V02V12 a 2 b 2

(1.5)
Adding Equations (1.2) and Equation (1.4)

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V0V1* V0*V1 2a 2V12

(1.6)
Now substituting Equation (1.6) in equation (1.5)
V14 V12 (2a 2V12 ) V02V12 a 2 b 2

(1.7)

Equation (1.7) is quadratic equation in terms of

V12

V12

. The solution of this equation is

V0
V04
a
aV02 b 2
2
4

(1.8)
Taking roots on both sides of the above equation, the solution for V1 is obtained.
V12

V0
V4
a 0 aV02 b 2
2
4

(1.9)
The voltage collapse occurs in the load bus i.e., bus 1, when,
V04
aV02 b 2 0
4

(1.10)
Substituting Equation (1.10) in Equation (1.9)
V02
V1
a
2

V12
ie.,

V02
a
2

(1.11)

From Equation (1.2)

a Re[V12 V0*V1

(1.12)
Substituting Equation (1.12) in Equation (1.11)
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V02
V
Re[V12 V0*V1 ]
2
2
1

V12

V02
V12 Re[V0*V1 ]
2

V02
Re[V0*V1 ]
2

On simplification
Re[V0*V1 ] 0.5

(1.13)
Now, from Equation (1.4)
V12 V0*V1

S1
Y11*

Y11*V12 V0*V1Y11* S1

V0*V1Y11*

V0V1*Y11

* 2
11 1

Y V

S
Y V

1
* 2
11 1

S1*

Y11V12 Y11V12

1 (V0 / V1 )

S1*
Y11V12
(1.14)

Substituting Equation (1.13) in Equation (1.14) the results at the time of voltage collapse
1 (V0 / V1 ) 1
(1.15)
This relation is used to define the indicator L for the assessment of voltage stability.

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S1*
L | 1 (V0 / V1 )
Y11V12
(1.16)
The range of L indicator is given as

R L / 0 L 1
The L index of the jth bus is given by
Lj 1

V0 j
Vj

S *j
Y jjV j2

(1.17)
where

S *j
= Complex power at jth bus.
Vj

= Voltage magnitude at jth bus.

Y jj

= Admittance from bus admittance matrix.

V0 j

= An equivalent generator voltage comprising the contribution from all

Generator.

1.7 V-Q Sensitivity

Various methods to assess steady-state voltage stability have been derived from the
Newton-Raphson power flow solution method given by [1]

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V Q

(1.18)

where P and Q are the vectors representing the change in real power and the change in
reactive power, respectively, is a vector representing the change in phase angle, and
V is the change in voltage magnitude is the Jacobian matrix of partial derivative terms.
Equation (1) can be written as

P J P
Q J

J PV
J QV V

(1.19)

where the partitioned Jacobian reflects a solved power flow condition and includes
enhanced device modeling. By letting P = 0, (1.19) can be written as
where
P 0 J P J PV V

J P1 J PV V

or

1
Q J QV J Q J PV
V J R V

(1.20)
where

J R J QV J Q J P1 J PV

Also,
1
V J RQV
Q

(1.21)
Where

J RQV

is the QV reduced Jacobian matrix of the system.

J RQV

directly relates

to the bus voltage magnitude and the bus reactive power injection.
The V-Q sensitivity at the bus represents the slope of the Q-V curve at the given
operating point. A positive VQ sensitivity is indicative of stable operation; the smaller the
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sensitivity the more stable the system. As stability decreases, the magnitude of sensitivity
increases, becoming infinite at the stability limit. Conversely, a negative VQ sensitivity
represents a very unstable operation. Because of the non-linear nature of the VQ
relationships, the magnitude of the sensitivities of the different system conditions do not
provide a direct measure of the relative degree of stability.
Similarly, by letting Q = 0, (1.19) can be written as
Q 0 J Q J QV V

J Q1 J QV V

Or

'
P J PV J P J Q1 J QV V J RPV
V

(1.22)
Where
'
J RPV
J PV J P J Q1 J QV

(1.23)
Also,
' 1
J RPV
P

(1.24)
where

'

J RPV

is PV reduced Jacobian matrix of the system.

'

J RPV

directly relates to

the change in the bus voltage phase angles and to the change in the bus real power
injections. Equations (1.19) and (1.21) are the most common mathematical forms used in
the various steady-state voltage stability analysis approaches, as described in the
following.

1.8 Modal Analysis:

Voltage stability characteristics [2] of the system can be identified by computing the

eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the reduced Jacobian matrix

JR

defined by the equation

is given by
.

x f ( x, v )
(1.25)
Let

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J R

(1.26)
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Where

=right eigenvector matrix of

JR

= Diagonal eigenvalues of the matrix

JR
= Left eigenvector matrix of .

JR

From equation (1.26)

J R1 1

(1.27)

Substituting the equation (1.27) in equation (1.21) gives

V 1Q
(1.28)
Or this can be written as
V
i

i i Q
i

(1.29)
JR
i
i
where is the
column right eigenvector and is the
row left eigenvector of .
i
i
i
Each eigenvalue
and the corresponding left and right eigenvectors and define the

i th

th

th

mode of Q-V response.

1
The eqn. (1.28) may be written as
V 1Q
or
1
v q
(1.30)

Where

v V

q Q

is the vector of modal voltage variations and

is the vector of modal reactive power variations.

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The difference between the eqn. (1.21) & (1.30) is that

Where as

J R1

is a diagonal matrix.

in general, is non-diagonal. Eqn. (1.30) represents uncoupled first order

equations. Thus, for

i th

mode we have
1
vi q i
i
(1.31)

i 0 i th
i th
If
, modal voltage and the modal reactive power variations are along the
same direction indicating the system is voltage stable.
i 0 i th
i th
If
,
modal voltage and the modal reactive power variations are along the
opposite direction indicating the system is voltage unstable.

The magnitude of the each modal voltage variation equals the inverse of the

times

the magnitude of the modal reactive power variation. In thus sense the magnitude of

i th

determines the degree stability of the

i
positive

, the closer the

i th

modal voltage. The smaller magnitude of

i
modal voltage is to being unstable. When

=0, the

i th

modal voltage collapse because any change in that modal reactive power cause
infinite change in the modal voltage.
Let us now examine the relationship between bus V-Q sensitivities and eigenvalues of
JR. In equation (1.29), let AQ=ek where ek has all zero elements except for the t th element
which equal to 1. Then
V
i

ik
where

ik i
i

th

is the k element of

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. The V-Q sensitivity at the bus K is given by

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V
ki ik
Q i i
(1.32)
We see from the above equation that the V-Q sensitivities cannot identify individual
voltage collapse modes; instead they provide information regarding the combined effects
of all modes of voltage-reactive power variations.
If the transmission network resistances are neglected and the node admittance matrix
YN is symmetrical, the reduced Jacobian matrix JR is also symmetrical. Then the
eigenvalues and eigenvectors of JR are real. In addition, the right eigenvector and the left
eigenvector of an eigenvalue of JR are equal. With phase-shifting transformers (which
make the matrix VN unsymmetrical) and line resistances, JR is only nearly symmetrical;
the eigenvalues of JR for all practical purposes are real.

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[2]

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[5]

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benefits, Electric Power Systems Research, 2004.

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