Op amp output

Electronics
Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers
Terry Sturtevant
Wilfrid Laurier University

July 29, 2013

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

The equation for the output of an op amp is always true as long as

the output is not saturated
V+
Vo
V

Vo = A (V+ V )

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

Op amp output

For negative feedback, make the voltage at V be some

portion of Vo .
This ratio of V to Vo is called the feedback factor, .


Vo

V+

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

For instance, with just a wire from V to Vo , the feedabck

factor is 1.
This is the case for a voltage follower.

 =1

Vo

V+

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

For feedback
V = Vo
where
[0, 1]
So the op amp equation
Vo = A (V+ V )
becomes
Vo = A (V+ Vo )
Vo = AV + AVo

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

Op amp output

Vo + AVo = AV+

Vo (1 + A) = AV+

Vo (1 + A) = AV+
Vo = V+

A
1 + A

Vo = V+

1
+

Terry Sturtevant

1
A

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

If the gain, A, is much greater than 1, then

A
and so

1

A

Vo = V+
thus

1


A +

 

Vo V+
so Vo only depends on .

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

 

Vo V+

So for a voltage follower, where = 1,

Vo V+
as expected.

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

Non-inverting amplifier

Rf
V

V+

Vo

Ri

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Rf
V
V+

Vo
Ri

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Rf
V
V+

Vo
Ri

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

Rf and Ri form a voltage divider, so the voltage at V is a

fraction of Vo
By definition, this is the feedback factor, .
Thus
=

Ri
Rf +Ri

so
gain =

Rf +Ri
Ri

as expected

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Rf
VB
 VA

Vi

Ri Vo

R
@

Vo
Vi

VA
VB

=1+

Rf
Ri

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

If Ri is not grounded, then it looks like this.

Rf

VB
Vi

 VA

Ri

Vo

R
@

VC
V0 is VA - VC
Vi is VB - VC
so

Vo
Vi

VA VC
VB VC

=1+

Rf
Ri

Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

Op amp output

We can redraw the circuit slightly differently.

Rf
VC
Ri
VB

Since

VA VC
VB VC

=1+

VA

Rf
Ri

This can be rewritten VA 1 +

Terry Sturtevant

Rf
Ri

VB = RRfi VC

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

Op amp output

The derivation goes like this:

VA VC
Rf
=1+
VB VC
Ri
Rf
Ri

VA VC = 1 +

VA 
V
C =

Rf
1+
Ri

Rf
VA 1 +
Ri


Terry Sturtevant

(VB VC )

VB 
V
C

VB =

Rf
VC
Ri

Rf
VC
Ri

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Op amp output

Op amp output with negative feedback

Example: non-inverting amplifier

Finally, we can set VB to ground.

Rf
VC
Ri

VA

VB = 0

So if VA 1 +

Rf
Ri

VB = RRfi VC

and VB = 0
Then VA = RRfi VC which is an inverting amplifier!
So the feedback factor, , is the same as for a non-inverting
amplifier.
Terry Sturtevant

Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers