Quick Reference, STD: X

Linear Equations in Two Variables

p(x)
where p(x), q(x)
qx
The general form of a linear equation in two vari- are polynomials and q(x) 6= 0, is called rational
ables x and y is
expression or rational algebraic expression
ax + by + c = 0, and here a 6= 0, b 6= 0
if p(x), q(x) and r(x) are the polynomial
Solution of Linear equations in two vari- and q(x) 6= 0, r(x) 6= 0 then
ables by the method of Determinants
p(x) r(x) p(x)
1.
=
Let us consider two equations
q(x) r(x) q(x)
ax + by = e . . . (1)


cx + dy = f . . . (2) then
p(x)
p(x)
p(x)
p(x)
=
=
=
2.
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)
Dy
Dx
x=
and y =
Addition & subtraction of two rational exD
D
pressions (Denominator are equal)
Here,

 a b 
p(x) r(x)

Let
&
be any two rational expression then:
D = 
=adbc

c d
q(x) q(x)

 e b
Dx = 
f d


 a e
Dy = 
c f

An expression of the form

1.

p(x)
r(x)
p(x) + r(x)
+
=
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)

2.

p(x) r(x)
p(x) r(x)
=
q(x) q(x)
q(x)

=edbf

=af ec

HCF and LCM of Polynomials

An algebric expression of the type a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 +
+ an1 xn1 + an xn is called a polynomial if
(i) a0 , a1 , a2 an1 , an are real numbers
(ii) n is an integer which 0

Addition & subtraction of two rational expressions (Denominator are not equal)
p(x) r(x)
Let
&
be any two rational expression then:
q(x) s(x)
1.

p(x)
r(x)
p(x) s(x) + r(x) q(x)
+
=
q(x)
s(x)
q(x) s(x)

2.

p(x) s(x) r(x) q(x)

p(x) r(x)

=
q(x) s(x)
q(x) s(x)

Multipication of Rational Expressions

Test for divisiblity
If ab and dc are two rational numbers, then we we
Test for (x 1):(x 1) is a factor of polynomial know that their product is given by ab dc = ac
bd
in x if sum (additon) of all the coefficent of the
p(x) r(x)
similarly, if
&
are the two rational exprespolynomial is zero
q(x) s(x)
sion there product is given by
Test for (x + 1):(x + 1) is a factor of polynop(x) r(x)
p(x) r(x)
mial in x if sum (additon) of all the coefficent in q(x) s(x) = q(x) s(x)
even power of x is equal to sum (additon) of all
Division of Rational Expression
the coefficent in odd power of x
p(x)
r(x)
Let
&
be the two rational expression such
q(x)
s(x)
Relationship between HCF & LCM if there
that r(x) 6= is non-zero rational expression then we
are two polynomial say p(x) and q(x) then
LCM of { p(x) and q(x)} HCF of { p(x) and q(x)} have
p(x) r(x)
p(x) s(x)
p(x) s(x)

=
= p(x) q(x)
q(x) s(x)
q(x) r(x)
q(x) r(x)

Rational Algebraic Expressions

we know that a number of the form
is called a rational number.

m
n

Quadratic Equations

where n 6= 0 The general form of a quadratic equation is

ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a,b,c are real number and

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Quick Reference, STD: X

a 6= 0
 n is the number of terms in an AP
sol. by perfect square method
Make sure the coefficent of variable with index 2
 d is the common difference between the sucis 1 (eg. 5x2 4x 2 = 0, here the coefficent is 5
cessive terms of an AP
for x2 hence first we shall divide both side by 5)
Find the 3rd term with formula 
Sum of the first n terms of an AP
2
1
Let a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . be an AP with total
Third term=
coefficent of x
2
n number of terms
Add third term on both the side
a denote first term,
tn denote last term of AP
sol. by formula method
d denotes the common diff.
Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation, Let us denote sum upto n terms by S , we have
n
n
where where a,b,c are real numbers and a 6= 0 then
Sn = (a + tn )
solution byformula method is given by
2
tn = a + (n 1)d
b b2 4ac
n
x=
Sn = [2a + (n 1)d]
2a
2
Case1: b2 4ac = 0 i.e b2 = 4ac
b
b
x = , x =
both roots are equal
2a
2a
Probability
2
Case2: b 4ac > 0 i.e b2 > 4ac then the
equation has
two distinct root
Probability of an event
b + b2 4ac
b b2 4ac
x=
, x=
probability of an even A,written as P(A), is defined
2a
2a
2
2
Case 3: b 4ac < 0 then b 4ac is not real as
Number of outcomes favourable to A
number and hence quadractic equation cannot have  P(A)= Total number of possible outcomes
 probability of an impossible event is 0
any real roots
 probability of a sure event is 1. Probability of any
event will lie between 0 and 1, In general for any
Imp. Result

2
event A,we have
1
1
P(A)=1-P(A0 )
1. x2 + 2 = x +
2
x
x
P(A)+P(A0 )=1

2
P(A0 )=1-P(A)
1
1
2
2. x + 2 = x
+2
Here P(A0 )denotes probability of not happening of
x
x
an event A

Arthmetic Progressions(AP)
The general form of AP is
t, t + d, t + 2d, t + 3d, . . ., here t is the first term
and d is common difference,
The AP with first term 100 and common difference
50 is
100, 150, 200, 250, 300 . . .

Statistics
Mean of Raw Data
Mean of the values x1 , x2 , x3 . . . , xn is denoted by x
and is given by
n
x 1 , x 2 , x3 . . . , xn
1X
x =
=
xi
n
n i=1

nth (or the general) term of an AP, nth of an

arthemetic progression t, t + d, t + 2d, t + 3d, . . . Assumed Mean Method for Calculating
the Mean
is given by
A=an arbitary constant(usually A is chosen some
where in the middle part of the given value) A is
tn = t + (n 1)d , here
also called assumed mean
 tn is the nth term
di =The reduced value, di = xi A and is called
 t is the first term
deviation of xi from A
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Quick Reference, STD: X

n
X

d =

Similarity

fi di

i=1
n
X

& Mean = x = A + d
fi

Two 4 0 s are said to be similar if

1. Their corresponding angles are equal

i=1

2. Their corresponding sides are in the same ratio

(i.e sides are propotional)

Mean of Grouped Data

n
X

Ratio of area of 40 s
Let A1 and A2 be the area, b1 , b2 be the bases and
h1 , h2 be the heights of any two 40 s Then the ratio
of there area is given as

fi xi

1. Direct method x = i=1

n
X

fi

i=1

2. Assumed mean method x = A + d

1.

b1 h1
A1
=
A2
b2 h2

3. Step-deviation method x = A + h.d

(h is the width of the class intervals)

2.

A1
b1
= , if heights of two 40 s are equal
A2
b2

3.

A1
h1
= , if bases of two 40 s are equal
A2
h2

n
X

Remember d is calculated as d =

fi di

i=1
n
X

fi

i=1

Median
Formula for computing Median from grouped data
N
c.f.
h, where
Median=L + 2
f
L =Lower boundary of a median class

Trigonometry
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle

Sin

Opposite side of angle

Hypothenuse

Cos

Adjacent side of angle

Hypothenuse

Tan

Opposite side of angle

Adjacent side of angle

Cosec

Hypotenus
Opposite side of angle

Sec

Hypotenus
Adjacent side of angle

Cot

Adjacent side of angle

Opposite side of angle

N =Total frequency
c.f =cumulative f requency of the class preceding the median class
f =f requency of the median class
h=Width of the median class

Mode
Formula for computing
Modefrom grouped data

fm f1
h
Mode = L +
2fm f1 f2
L =Lower boundary of a modal class
fm =Frequency of the modal class
f1 =Frequency of the class coming before the modal class
f2 =Frequency fo the class coming after the modal class
h=Width of the modal class

Instalments
x n = Pn 1 +

R n
100

Pn = Amount of nth instalment.

P =Amount borrowed,cash price.
R=Rate of interest
A=Principle + interest=Amount due
x=Amount of installment

Relationship between the trignometric ratios

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Quick Reference, STD: X

sinAcosecA=1

1
sinA= cosecA

1
cosecA= sinA

cosAsecA=1

1
secA= cosA

1
cosA= secA

tanAcotA=1

1
tanA= cotA

1
cotA= tanA

sinA
tanA= cosA

cotA= cosA
sinA

Ratios of angle
M. of s
0
s
Ratios of
sin
0
cos
tan
cosec
sec
cot

1
0
ND
1
ND

3. Right circular cylinder

r:radius of the base, h:height
(a) Curved Surface Area=2rh
(b) Total Surface Area=2r(h + r)
(c) Volume=r2 h
4. Cone r:radius of the base
h:height, l:slant height

30

45

1
2
3
2
1
3

1
2
1
2

2
2

3
3

2
1

90

3
2
1
2

60

2
3

2
1
3

0
ND
1
ND
0

Trigonometric Identities
1. sin2 + cos2 = 1
2. 1 + tan2 = sec2
2

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Curved Surface Area=rl

Total Surface Area=2r(l + r)
Volume= 13 r2 h
By pythagoras theorem:l2 = h2 + r2

5. Sphere r:radius
(a) Surface Area=4r2
(b) Volume= 43 r3
6. Hemisphere r:radius
(a) Surface Area=2r2
(b) Volume= 23 r3

Co-ordinate Geometry

3. 1 + cot = cosec
Distance formula
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary An- Let P (x , y ), Q(x , y ) be any two points
1 1
2 2p
gles
Distance formula= (x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2
The distance
1. sin(90 ) = cos
p of P (x, y) from origin O(0, 0) is given
by
OP
=
(x2 + y 2 )
2. cos(90 ) = sin
Section formula for internal division

coordinates of the point P (x, y) which divides a line3. tan(90 ) = cot

segment joining the point A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ) inter4. cot(90 ) = tan
nallyin a given ratio m : n are given
by

mx2 + nx1
my2 + ny1
5. cosec(90 ) = sec
P
,
m+n
m+n
6. sec(90 ) = cosec
Section formula for external division
Coordinates of the point P (x, y) dividing the seg.joining

Surface Areas & Volumes

1. Cuboid l:length, b:breadth, h:heigth
(a) Curved Surface Area=2h(l + b)
(b) Total Surface Area=2(lb + bh + hl)
(c) Volume=lbh
2. Cube a: side of the cube
(a) Curved Surface Area=4a2
(b) Total Surface Area=6a2
(c) Volume=a3

points
A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ) externally
are given by



mx2 nx1
my2 ny1
,
mn
mn
Mid-point formula

Point P (x, y) is the midpoint of segment joining points

B(x2 , y2 ) its coordinates are given by P

x1 + x2
y1 + y2
,
2
2
Coordinates of Centroid
If A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ), C(x3 , y3 ) are the vertices of
4ABC,
 G(x, y) is the centroid then

x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
G
,
3
3
A(x
 1 , y1 ),

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