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p(x)
where p(x), q(x)
qx
The general form of a linear equation in two vari- are polynomials and q(x) 6= 0, is called rational
ables x and y is
expression or rational algebraic expression
ax + by + c = 0, and here a 6= 0, b 6= 0
if p(x), q(x) and r(x) are the polynomial
Solution of Linear equations in two vari- and q(x) 6= 0, r(x) 6= 0 then
ables by the method of Determinants
p(x) r(x) p(x)
1.
=
Let us consider two equations
q(x) r(x) q(x)
ax + by = e . . . (1)
cx + dy = f . . . (2) then
p(x)
p(x)
p(x)
p(x)
=
=
=
2.
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)
Dy
Dx
x=
and y =
Addition & subtraction of two rational exD
D
pressions (Denominator are equal)
Here,
a b
p(x) r(x)
Let
&
be any two rational expression then:
D =
=adbc
c d
q(x) q(x)
e b
Dx =
f d
a e
Dy =
c f
1.
p(x)
r(x)
p(x) + r(x)
+
=
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)
2.
p(x) r(x)
p(x) r(x)
=
q(x) q(x)
q(x)
=edbf
=af ec
Addition & subtraction of two rational expressions (Denominator are not equal)
p(x) r(x)
Let
&
be any two rational expression then:
q(x) s(x)
1.
p(x)
r(x)
p(x) s(x) + r(x) q(x)
+
=
q(x)
s(x)
q(x) s(x)
2.
=
q(x) s(x)
q(x) s(x)
=
= p(x) q(x)
q(x) s(x)
q(x) r(x)
q(x) r(x)
m
n
Quadratic Equations
a 6= 0
n is the number of terms in an AP
sol. by perfect square method
Make sure the coefficent of variable with index 2
d is the common difference between the sucis 1 (eg. 5x2 4x 2 = 0, here the coefficent is 5
cessive terms of an AP
for x2 hence first we shall divide both side by 5)
Find the 3rd term with formula
Sum of the first n terms of an AP
2
1
Let a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . be an AP with total
Third term=
coefficent of x
2
n number of terms
Add third term on both the side
a denote first term,
tn denote last term of AP
sol. by formula method
d denotes the common diff.
Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation, Let us denote sum upto n terms by S , we have
n
n
where where a,b,c are real numbers and a 6= 0 then
Sn = (a + tn )
solution byformula method is given by
2
tn = a + (n 1)d
b b2 4ac
n
x=
Sn = [2a + (n 1)d]
2a
2
Case1: b2 4ac = 0 i.e b2 = 4ac
b
b
x = , x =
both roots are equal
2a
2a
Probability
2
Case2: b 4ac > 0 i.e b2 > 4ac then the
equation has
two distinct root
Probability of an event
b + b2 4ac
b b2 4ac
x=
, x=
probability of an even A,written as P(A), is defined
2a
2a
2
2
Case 3: b 4ac < 0 then b 4ac is not real as
Number of outcomes favourable to A
number and hence quadractic equation cannot have P(A)= Total number of possible outcomes
probability of an impossible event is 0
any real roots
probability of a sure event is 1. Probability of any
event will lie between 0 and 1, In general for any
Imp. Result
2
event A,we have
1
1
P(A)=1-P(A0 )
1. x2 + 2 = x +
2
x
x
P(A)+P(A0 )=1
2
P(A0 )=1-P(A)
1
1
2
2. x + 2 = x
+2
Here P(A0 )denotes probability of not happening of
x
x
an event A
Arthmetic Progressions(AP)
The general form of AP is
t, t + d, t + 2d, t + 3d, . . ., here t is the first term
and d is common difference,
The AP with first term 100 and common difference
50 is
100, 150, 200, 250, 300 . . .
Statistics
Mean of Raw Data
Mean of the values x1 , x2 , x3 . . . , xn is denoted by x
and is given by
n
x 1 , x 2 , x3 . . . , xn
1X
x =
=
xi
n
n i=1
n
X
d =
Similarity
fi di
i=1
n
X
& Mean = x = A + d
fi
i=1
Ratio of area of 40 s
Let A1 and A2 be the area, b1 , b2 be the bases and
h1 , h2 be the heights of any two 40 s Then the ratio
of there area is given as
fi xi
fi
i=1
1.
b1 h1
A1
=
A2
b2 h2
2.
A1
b1
= , if heights of two 40 s are equal
A2
b2
3.
A1
h1
= , if bases of two 40 s are equal
A2
h2
n
X
Remember d is calculated as d =
fi di
i=1
n
X
fi
i=1
Median
Formula for computing Median from grouped data
N
c.f.
h, where
Median=L + 2
f
L =Lower boundary of a median class
Trigonometry
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle
Sin
Cos
Tan
Cosec
Hypotenus
Opposite side of angle
Sec
Hypotenus
Adjacent side of angle
Cot
N =Total frequency
c.f =cumulative f requency of the class preceding the median class
f =f requency of the median class
h=Width of the median class
Mode
Formula for computing
Modefrom grouped data
fm f1
h
Mode = L +
2fm f1 f2
L =Lower boundary of a modal class
fm =Frequency of the modal class
f1 =Frequency of the class coming before the modal class
f2 =Frequency fo the class coming after the modal class
h=Width of the modal class
Instalments
x n = Pn 1 +
R n
100
sinAcosecA=1
1
sinA= cosecA
1
cosecA= sinA
cosAsecA=1
1
secA= cosA
1
cosA= secA
tanAcotA=1
1
tanA= cotA
1
cotA= tanA
sinA
tanA= cosA
cotA= cosA
sinA
Ratios of angle
M. of s
0
s
Ratios of
sin
0
cos
tan
cosec
sec
cot
1
0
ND
1
ND
30
45
1
2
3
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
1
90
3
2
1
2
60
2
3
2
1
3
0
ND
1
ND
0
Trigonometric Identities
1. sin2 + cos2 = 1
2. 1 + tan2 = sec2
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
5. Sphere r:radius
(a) Surface Area=4r2
(b) Volume= 43 r3
6. Hemisphere r:radius
(a) Surface Area=2r2
(b) Volume= 23 r3
Co-ordinate Geometry
3. 1 + cot = cosec
Distance formula
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary An- Let P (x , y ), Q(x , y ) be any two points
1 1
2 2p
gles
Distance formula= (x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2
The distance
1. sin(90 ) = cos
p of P (x, y) from origin O(0, 0) is given
by
OP
=
(x2 + y 2 )
2. cos(90 ) = sin
Section formula for internal division
points
A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ) externally
are given by
mx2 nx1
my2 ny1
,
mn
mn
Mid-point formula
x1 + x2
y1 + y2
,
2
2
Coordinates of Centroid
If A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ), C(x3 , y3 ) are the vertices of
4ABC,
G(x, y) is the centroid then
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
G
,
3
3
A(x
1 , y1 ),