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SCHAUM’S SOLVED PROBLEMS SERIES 3000 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS I Syed A. Nasar, Ph.D., Professor of Electrical Engineering ‘ar the University of Kentucky. Dr, Nasar has written many books, including two Schaum's Cutlines, ELEC ‘TRIC MACHINES AND ELECTROMECHANICS and BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING; a power-systems text for Macmillan; and = textbook for McGraw-Hill’ College Division, INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL EN- GINEERING Project supervision by The Total Book. Index by Hugh C. Maddocks, Ph. D. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, Nasar, S. A. Schaum's 3000 solved problems in electric circuits 1. Electric circuits—Problems, excrcises, ete I. Title. Il. Title: Schaum's three thousand solved problems in electric cireuits ‘TKAS4.N36 1988 621.319'2076 87-2974 ISBN O-07-O4SIS:-J (Formerly published under ISBN 0-07-045921-5.) 12.13 14.15 16 17 18 19 20 VFMVFM 5 4 Copyright © 1988 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright ‘Act of 196, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form ‘or by any means, or stored in adata base or retrieval system, without he prior waitten permission of the publisher. McGraw-Hill A Divison of Te MeGraw Hill Companies Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 " R B 4 1s 16 7 18 19 20 2 2 2B 24 CONTENTS UNITS AND BASIC CONCEPTS RESISTANCE AND OHM’S LAW SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS NETWORK THEOREMS CAPACITORS INDUCTORS AC SOURCES, WAVEFORMS, AND CIRCUIT RELATIONSHIPS COMPLEX NUMBERS AND PHASORS AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS RESONANCE FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND FILTERS THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS STEP, RAMP, AND IMPULSE FUNCTIONS. DUALS AND ANALOGS TRANSIENTS IN AC CIRCUITS CIRCUITS WITH MULTIFREQUENCY INPUTS CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD STATE VARIABLES METHOD TWO-PORT NETWORKS REVIEW PROBLEMS INDEX 16 n 116 19 137 14s 182 231 291 351 423 432 441 450 462 491 879 594 620 741 To the Student Think of it!—an expected score of 75% on any exam in Electric Circuits, with no other preparation! The reasoning is simple: There are only 4000 possible problems in the field (as you must know), and this book solves 3000 of them for you! Speaking seriously, you have here the most careful and complete anthology of examination-type problems fon the market today. In using the book, you should, of course, concentrate on the area of your maximum weakness—the Laplace transform or whatever. But do not neglect to work problems involving familiar ma- terial, too; you might well learn more efficient methods of handling them. The heuristic value of a clear circuit diagram need not be stressed: if a problem in this book should carry a diagram but doesn’t, be sure to sketch out one before undertaking the solution. May your success be electric. 12 13 14 1s 16 47 18 19 CHAPTER 1 Units and Basic Concepts Powers of 10 appear frequently with units of measurements. ‘These powers of 10 are written in abbreviated forms. If electric resistance is measured in ohms (0), express the following values in powers of 10 and write them in their abbreviated forms: 2000 and 3,000,000 0. 20002=2% 10" =2 kiloohm=2k 3,000,000 ~ 3 x 10° 2=3 megohm =2 MA Electric capacitance is measured in farads (F). However, this is rather a large unit. Express the following values in powers of 10 and write them in their abbreviated forms: 0.000005 F, 0.0005 F, and 0.000000001 F. ! 0.000005 F = 510° F = 5 microfarad = 5 0.0005 F = 0.5 x 10°? F = 0.5 millifarad = 0.5 mF = 500 uF 0.000000001 F = 1 x 10° F= 1.0 picofarad = 1 pF ‘The unit of electric inductance is henry (H). Express the following values in powers of 10 and write them in their abbreviated forms: 0.01 H and 0,003 4. F-00111 = 10% 10°? H= 10 millinenry =10mH— 0,003 H=3 10°" H=3 millihenry = 3mH Electric frequency is measured in hertz (H2). Express the following frequencies in powers of 10 and in their respective abbreviated forms: 1000 He, 5,000,000 Hz, and 100,000,000 Hz FH 10002=1% 10" Hz= 1 kilohertz=1 kHz 5,000,000 Hz= 5x 10° Hz=5 megaherta = 5 MHz 100,000,000 Fiz = 0.1 10” Hz = 0.1 gigahertz = 0.1 GHz Convert 2 minutes to milliseconds: 120107? 10” i 2min = 2x 60s=120s= 1.2 10° ms Convert 5 kilometers to centimeters: ' Skm=5% 10? m=5 x 10" x 10% em=5 x 10% em Convert 15 centimeters to millimeters: t 1Scm x 10° = 150mm 10° Electric current is measured in amperes (A). If an ampere is expressed as a flow of charge in coulombs per second (C/s), how many electrons pass a given point in 30s in a conductor carrying 8-A current. ‘The charge ‘on an electron is approximately 1.6 10 "°C. *30=240C 1.6% 10°" C correspond to 1 electron U Charge = As 240C correspond 10 (1x 240)/(1.6 x 10°") = 15 x 10 y"" electrons Find the current in a conductor through which 2.5 x 10* electrons pass in 8 if the charge on an electron is approximately 1.6 10"""C. ' = (00. 0f eletrons)(charge on eleetron, C) _ 2.5% X16%10"" A charge of 360 passes through @ conductor in 20s, What is the corresponding current in amperes? C_ 30 | ! = $= FP =a 2 112 413 Las 116 Lay 118 19 1.20 121 CHAPTER 1 ‘The current in an electric circuit rises exponent flowing through the circuit in 250 ms. lly as given by 7=10(1-e-*) A, Calculate the charge B ga fade [P1001 2%) ar 101+ 5) = 10002504 Je?” -0- 4) = 0.53266 A 75. bulb draws a 680-mA current. How much time will be required to pass a 30-C charge through the bulb? i charge, current, A ~ 68 = 441.17 $= 7.35 min A current of 6A flows in a resistor. How many conlombs of charge pass through the resistor in 2 min? ! = (current, A)(time, s)=6 «2% 60-=720€ ‘The unit of force is the newton (N) and work is measured in netwon-meters (N-m), which is also the unit of energy. Alternatively, energy is expressed in joules (J), where 1J=1N-m. Determine the work done in ‘moving a 50-C electri charge (Q) through a distance of SOem in the direction of a uniform electric field (E! of SOKV/m, if the force Fis given by f= OF. ' Force = (charge, C)(clectrie fell, Vim) = 50% 10°" > $0 x 10° 50% 10°? = 1.25N-m= 1.25) SN Work done ~ force * distance = 2 Power is defined as the rate of work done or the rate of energy conversion. Thus, the unit of power is the joule per second (1/s) which is equal to one watt (W). If the time taken to move the 50-yC charge of Prob. 1.14 through 50m is 10 ms, calculate the corresponding power. work done _ 1.25 ' Power= “time 10% 10 = 15W We observed in Prob. 1.14 that an electric charge experiences a force in an electric field. Electric potential difference (between two points) is measured in volts (V), and is defined as the work done in moving @ unit positive charge (from one point to the other). What is the potential difference between two points if it requires 220 uJ to move a 10-4C charge from one point 10 the other? + 220 x 10°" ' IV=1H/C or v= 2X From Prob. 1.16, V=J/C=(I/s)/(C/s)= W/A. Calculate the potential difference across a resistor dissipat- ing 30W of power while taking 2.5 A of current. Also, calculate the ohmic value of the resistance. ' wx» asx ‘An energy of 121 is expended in moving a 2-C charge from infinity to a point A. Assuming infinity to be at zero potential, determine the potential difference between point A and infinity (ic., the potential at A) work or energy.J 12 _ a v ciarye,c 2 “OY If an additional energy of 3 is required 10 move the 2-C charge of Prob, 1.18 from point A to another point B, calculate the potential difference between points A and B. Also determine the potential difference between point B and infinity, work or energy. J _ ; ' Vag Moe a Taisv 2 The potential difference between two conductors is 110 V. How much work is done in moving a 5-C charge from one conductor to the other? 1 Work = energy = 105 = 5503 Determine the charge that requires 1-kI energy to be moved from infinity t0 a point having a 12-V potential. 1 _ pote wial, V = 12. ~ 8838€ i Charge. 1.22 1.23 124 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.30 131 UNITS AND BASIC CONCEPTS J 3 A car battery supplies 48, of energy at 12 V over a certain period of time. Determine the charge moved during this period, Electric utilities employ as the unit of energy the kilowatt-hour (kWh). ‘The power consumed in a household over a 24:h period is as follows: 8a.M. to 2P.M.—1.5 KW; 2 P.M. to 6P.M.—0.5 kW; 6 P.M. to 11 P.M.—2.6 kW; and ILp.M. t0 8a.M—I.0 KW. What is the energy consumption in megajoules? SX6+05%4+2.6x5+1.0X9=33 kWh ' Total kWh = (power, kW)(time, h) = = 33 x 10° x 60 x 60 Ws = 118.8 x 10°J = 118.8 MI ‘An electric heater takes 1.2 kWh in 30 min at 120, What isthe current input to the heater? 1 Uit_1.2%1005 Vv 120 2A The heater of Prob. 1.24 has an efficiency of 99 percent. The heat energy required to boil a certain amount of, water is 99kJ. If the current taken by the heater is 20 at 120'V, find the time required to boil the water. . 99x 10" 1 Efficiency 99 or input U= "SS = 100% U _ 100 10° (= B= Tio ~4h678 What is the ohmic value of the resistance of the heating element of the heater of Probs. 1.24 and 1.25? V_ 120 1 0 17 20 ‘A 110 light bulb takes 0.9-A current and operates 12 h/day, At the rate of 7 cents/kWh, determine the cost to operate the bulb for 30 days t U = Pt= 1100.9 x 10 * x 12 x 30 = 35.64 kWh Cost of operation = 35.64 x $0.07 = $2.50. ‘The voltage and current in a circuit element are respectively given by v= 100V2sint Vand i=SV2sine A. Calculate the instantaneous power and the average power delivered to the circuit J nstantancous power _p = vi = (100VEsin (SVE int) = 1000 sn® 1 W= 1000 « 3 (1 ~ €0521) p= 500 ~ 500 cos 2r W ‘The cosine function averages to zero, so the average value of p, P,, = 500 W. A resistor draws a current i=8sin wt A at a voltage v=200sin wt V. Calculate the energy consumed by the resistor per cycle (or over one period of the current wave), Hence, determine the average power dissipated in the resistor, t ‘The energy capacity or rating of a battery is generally expressed in ampere-hour (Ah). A battery is required to supply 0.5.A continuously for three days. What must be the rating of the battery? 1 Ab= 1 Rofl te bo 1 t ‘ i ' 1 so \ nr) 1s 3a —+T,°c Fig. 1-1 ‘The capacity of a car battery depends on the current drawn (or discharge) from the battery, as shown in Fig, 1-2. ‘The battery is rated at 70 Ah at a discharge rate of 5A as shown. How long will the battery supply 20A of current? I From Fig. 1-2, at 20 the rating of the batery becomes $8 Ah, Hence, Ah _ 38 Time t= “= 2.9h=2h S4min If the rating of the battery with a discharge characteristic shown in Fig. 1-2 is not allowed to go below 64 Ah, for how long can the battery supply the rated current? I From Fig. 1-2 at 64 Ah, discharge rate = 12.A. Hence, An 45 20min Time a Combine the characteristics of Figs, I-1 and 1-2 battery is rated at 100 percent at 5A and at 25 obtain the rating of the battery at 17.A and at 10°C if the J From Fig, 12, rating at 17 A= 60 Ah which is considered as 100 percent at 25°C, From Fig. 1-1 rating 10°C =0.9 x 6054 Ah. The decay of charge in an electri circuit is given by = S0e%" wC. Determine the resulting current ! i= 42-50% 300% 107% 6 = — 156° mA 137 1.38 1.40 UNITS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 0 5 Juv leon 40 40 a Dhar, A Fig. 12 ' 15mA =H? 9.7468 mA, ° ~15e The voltage v and current i in an ac circuit are respectively given by uv =34sin3771V_ and i= 2sin 3771 60°) A. Determine the instantaneous and average powers delivered to the circuit. Bp =vi= B4sin 37702 sin (3771 — 60°)] = 68 sin 3774 sin (377 ~ 60°) (68% 4 [oos (3774 ~ 3774+ 60") — cos (3771 + 3774 ~ 60")] = 34 [cos 6" ~ cos (7542 — 60")] W P,, = 340s 60" = 17 W The voltage © and current i at the pair of terminals of an electric circuit are given by v= 100 sin ¢V and Ssint A. Evaluate the average power and state if the circuit absorbs or delivers power. 00 sin® + W » ‘The negative sign indicates that negative power is absorbed by the citcuit; ie., the cireuit delivers power. ' p= i= (100sin1)(—Ssin P,,=-S00x 4 (since the average value of sin” -250W The voltage v and current i in a circuit are given by v=l0sinr Vand i=2cost A, Determine the instantaneous and average powers, and explain your result 1 p= vi= (10sin 1)(2 cos) = 20ssin t cos ¢ = 10sin 2¢ W ‘The instantaneous power pulsates with twice the frequency of the voltage or current. P,,=0 W, since the average value of sin2¢=0. Zero average power indicates that the circuit is nondissipative or conservative. CHAPTER 2 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 24 22 2 25 26 27 2.8 A copper conductor of circular cross section 5 mm in diameter is 5 m long. Calculate its resistance at 20°C if the resistivity of copper at 20°C is. 1,72 10° Q-m. ' pao - (220 ")5 38 m0 A.40-m metallic conductor of cross-sectional area I min” has a resistance of 120. Calculate the conductivity of the metal, ' 33 MSim_ {Note that 1 siemens (S) = 1.0-'] A cube of an alloy of resistivity 1.12 +m is 2em on: side, Determine the resistance between any two faces of the cube. 1 pal ~ (l2x 10-10") (2x10 naa We have two cubes—one measuring /m on one side andl the other 2/'m, Find the ratio of conductivities of the ‘materials of the cubes so that the resistance between any two faces of one cube is the same as that for the ather cube ' Calculate the length of copper wire having a diameter of j5 in and resistance of 20, Conductivity of copper is 5.8 x 10" Sim. 1 in =f, X2.54 10? = 1.5875 10° m 1 0RA= 58410" 2% 7 (1.588107) = 229.6 A rectangular bus bar made of aluminum is 0.9 m long, 0.15 m wide, and 1.3¢m thick. If current in the bus bar flows along its length, and the conductivity of aluminum is 3.37% 10" S/m, calculate the bus bar resistance, 1 aw a RO GA Ga VO.isx1ax1oy | HM A transmission line cable consists of 19 strands of identical copper conductors, each 1.5mm in diameter. The Physical length of the cable is 2km. But, because of the twist of each strand, the actual lengths of the conductors are increased by 5 percent. What is the resistance of the cable? Resistivity of copper is 1,72 10-*Q-m, F Allowing for twist, 1,05)(2000) = 2100 m. Area of cross section of 19 strands = 19% /4)(1.5 x 10°) = 33.576 10°° m’ al N72 10°" 2100 _ A 33.576» 10°° dD Variation of resistance with temperature is expressed in terms of temperature coefficient a. Explicitly, the resistance R, at a temperature T°C is related to the sesistance at O°C by Ry = Ry(1+ aT) as graphically depicted in Fig. 2-1, where a, isthe temperature coefficient at 0°C. The figure also shows the inferred absolute zero for copper. Using Fig. 2-1, find the resistance of a copper wire at ~20°C if its resistance at 0°C is 20 FP From Fig. 2-1 we have BAS+ 7, 2345 ae Fig. 241 From the data (234.5 ~20)20 +0 18.290 2.9 Values of the temperature coefficient a for copper for different temperatures are plotted in Fig. 2-2, from which etyrc = 0.00393°C™, Ifthe resistance of a given wire is 20 1 at 20°C, what is its resistance at 60°C? = x 108 = 3 — 7% Fig. 22 R= RL + ay (Ts ~ ,)]= 20[1 + 0.003960 ~ 209] = 23.1449 2.10 212 243 2d 235 26 CHAPTER 2 A sample of copper wite has a resistance of 50 at 10°C. What is the maximum operating temperature if the resistance of the wire is to increase by at most 10 percent? 00409°C "= a,. Since R 34.45°C. I R,=500, R,=50+0.1%50=550. From Fe. 22. a at 10°C Ril} a(T,~ 7.) we obtain $5~ S01 +0,060% 7, —10)] or, ‘A metallic conductor has a resistance of 70 at 0°C, At 20°C the resistance becomes 7.80. Calculate the temperature coefficient of the metal at 20°C. ' Ry=Ri1+@(0-20)] or 7=7.8{1 + a,(-20)} wsi3 Hence, a, = temperature coefficient at 20°C For the metal of the conductor of Prob. 2.11, determine the temperature coefficient at 0°C. ' R,=R(I+a7) or 78=71+4j20) or ay = 0,00571°C Obtain a general relationship between a, and a, the respective temperature coefficients at 0°C and at T ! R,=R(+ aT) a Ry=By(1~ a7) @) Solving for a, from Eq. (2) yields @) Substituting R, from Eq, (1) into (3) gives = Rott or TR aT) TeaT a) Derive a general relationship between a, and a, the respective temperature coefficients at T, °C and at T,°C. I From Eq, (4) of Prob. 2.13 we obtain tet 1 ty i ‘rT Ths, deden and ta, +(7-7)) The temperature coefficient of carbon at 0°C is 0,000515°C~' and that of platinum is 0.00357 °C" at 40°C, A carbon coil has a resistance of 150 and a platinum coil has a resistance of 12.2 each at 20°C. At what temperature will the two coils fave the same resistance? Notice that the temperature coefficient for carbon is, negative, I From Eq. (4) of Prob, 2.13: Ta, 0.00357 on For platinum: = Tan xb tnasT 7 0.00416°C For the two resistances to be equal at a temperature TC, 12(1 + 0.004167} = 15(1 — 0.005157) or 1+ 0.00867 = 1.25 -O.0m6AI7ST or T= 52°C The two coils of Prob. 2.15 are connected in series and operate at 20°C, Calculate the “effective” temperature coefficient «, of the combination at 40°C 1 From Eg, (4) of Prob. 2.13, at 20C* For carbon: 0.000520°C 247 28 249 RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW [ 9 From the data of Prob. 2.15 R carson = 151 ~0.000520(40 ~ 20) At 20°C, we have (from Prob. 2.15): 0.00416 1 0.00416 «20 00384 For platinum: a= cmon = F2[1 + 0,00384(40- 20) AL 40°C: R, = 14.844 + 12.9216 = 27.7656. AL 20°C: R= 120+150=27.00 27.1656= 2711 + a,(40-20)] or a, = 0,001418°C~* The minimum current required for the operation of a relay coil is S00mA at 120V. If the current taken by the coil at 20°C is $30 mA (at 120 V) and the temperature coefficient of the resistor material is 0.00827 °C-' at °C, calculate the maximum temperature above which the relay will fail to operate 1 30 = T at2°c: 226.41 0 At TC (the maximum allowable temperature) mo ”* Sop x19 = 240.00 Since Ry = Ry(I-+ ay7) we have Ry _ Lt aT 240 __1+0.008277° Ry 12a, Real Teo xm «= «T= 35.26" The resistance of a 25-0 resistor increases by 10 percent when its operating temperature increases from 15 10 50°C. Calculate the mean temperature rise of the resistor from an ambient temperature of 20°C when its resistance is 30.0 and the temperature coefficient remains constant. ' Ry=25= R14 1Say) Ry =25+25=Ry(1 + 50a,) Solving for ay and Ry yields: aj, =0,002985°C"' and, = 23.9286.0 Ata temperature T°C we have: 30=23.92861(1 + 0.002857) or T= 85°C ‘Temperature rise = 85 ~ 20 = 65°C, “It has been experimentally found that the resistivity of conducting materials, such as copper and aluminum, varies linearly with temperature.” Depict this statement graphically and mathematically. fmt 10 2.20 221 2.2 2.23 2.24 CHAPTER 2 1 The statement is shown graphically in Fig. 2-3, from which we have: tan 8 = m= CE a a) and pee tm(Ts=1,)= [1+ rate ny] ® The resistance of a silver wire is 0.1.0 at 20°C. At what temperature will its resistance decrease by 25 percent if its temperature coefficient of resistance at 20°C 1s 0.0038 °C Fo RHR [4 aT,- 7] oF 0.75 0.1 = 0.11 +0.0038(7,-20)} or ~45.8°C The resistivity of iron at Q and 20°C is 8.68% 10 Q-m and 9.75x10-*Q+m respectively. Calculate its resistivity at 10°C. I From Eq. (1) of Prob. 2.19, 9.75 ~8.68)10-* 2-0 = 0.0835 10°* From Eq, (2) of Prob. 2.19, Pio Pan + Mi(10 ~ 20) = [9.75 + 0.0835(—10)] x 10°" = 215 x 107" Om A piece of wire of uniform cross section has a resistance of 0.8.0. If the length of the wire is doubled and its area of cross section is increased four times, what is its resistance? The temperature variation of resistance may be neglected, re 080 1 Original wire: R Wire with modified dimensions: ts _ p2t, 1 pb, 4," 44, "2A, R= = 4082049 ‘An electromagnet is wound with a copper coil having 150 turns and a mean length of 20cm per turn. The coil wire has a rectangular cross section 10% 2mm. Calculate the resistance of the coil at $5 °C and determine the power dissipated in the coll at $5°C ifthe coil current is 6A. The resistance of a I-m long wite of 1 mm cross section at 20°C is 0.00172 and a= (1/234.5)°C: ’ yy = st = 12S 1 Fay” T= 20/2343 ~ 345 AR _ 1 W'S x 0.0172 2x10 +m {14 65-20] = 1.96% 10° 1.72 16 14 55y5 (55 2 1.96 «10° Om € _ 1.96% 10°" «150 « 0.20 Res™ Ps 4 94x 1077 Power = /°R = 6%(2.94 x 10°) = 1.0584 W The power taken by a resistive coil made of copper wire is 220W at 110V and 20°C, Cal consumed by the coil at 110V and 120°C. The temperature coefficient at 20°C is 0.00393°C ve _ v2 10? ' Pome Ru Fe Py, 20 Ray = Ryo + eo( 120 ~ 20)] = S5{1 + 0.00393(100)} 50 Pao 5ggi5 = 157.93 A flat aluminum ring Smm thick has a negligible air gap. If the inner and outer radii of the ring are 0.2 and 0.25m respectively, determine the resistance of the ring at 20°C, At this temperature the resistivity of aluminum is 2.78 x 10° Q-m, 2.26 227 2.28 2.29 2.30 RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW J 11 1 Mean length !=27rmesn Fncan = H(fo #12) = 4(0.25 + 0.20) = 0.225 m r.225 = 1.4137 m Atea of cross section = $x 10°°(0.25 ~ 0,20) = 2.5 x 10 pl _ 2.78107" x 1.4137 A 25x10" 1572x100 Resistance R AA resistor made of aluminum wire dissipates 25 W of power at $0V at 20°C, Caleulate the current in a second resistor made of copper and having the same resistance asthe first resistor and consuming, four times the power Of the fist resistor. ve _ 50° y Pos 02=R, ER or = ViB=104 A resistive coil draws 2.0 A at 110 V after operating for a long time, If the temperature rise is 55°C above the ambient temperature of 20°C, calculate the external resistance which must be initially connected in series with the coil to limit the current t0 2.0.A. The temperature coefficient of the material of the coil is 0.0043°C"' at 20°C. ! Hot temperature = 20+ 55 110 Rig= P= 55O= Roll + a39(75 ~20)] = R, 15°C (1 +0.0083(75 ~20)] or Ry = 44.48 0 Rot RyRy or Ry = Ryy~ Ry = 55~ 44.48~ 1052.0 Conductor sizes (cross sections) in electric motors are chosen on the basis of current loadings expressed in A/m: In a particular machine, the allowable current rating is 3% 10°A/m? in 0.5-m-long copper conductors. Caleulate the conductor cross section ifthe loss in each conductor is not to exceed 1 W at 20°C. The resistivity cof copper at 20°C is 1.72% 10" +m, 1 Power P= PR~= (JAY oe ys Oe FApe where J =I/A= current density or current loading, or 1=(@x1'Y xL2%10KOSA or A=12.92mm* Wire of a certain material x and a given cross section has a resistance of 100 (2/km and a temperature coefficient of 0.0025 °C"'. Wire of another material y of a given cross section has a resistance of S0G/km and a temperature coefficient of 0.00075°C '. It is desired to make a coil having a 1000. resistance and a temperature coefficient of 0.001 by using suitable lengths of the two wires in series. Calculate their respective lengths I Let R, and R, be the respective resistances atthe given temperatures. Then at @ temperature change AT, the total series resistance becomes R,= (1+ 0.0025 AT) + R,(1 + 0.00075 AT) a Since 0.001 is the temperature coefficient of the combination, we also have R,=(R, + R,)(1+ 0.00187) @ Combining Eqs. (1) and (2) yields: R,(1 + 0,0025 AT) + R, (1 + 0.00075 AT) = (R, + R,)(1 + 0.001 AT) or R,(0.0015 AT) ~ R, (0.00025 AT) Thus, R,= BR,=3R,, but R,+R,~ 10000, Consequently, R, ~ 6250 and R, = 3750. The respective lengths are km 1kM yo oe Tio 8250=625km = ENT ITS A=7.5km It is desired to maintain a S-A constant current in a resistor made of copper wire through a temperature rise of 55°C from 20°C ambient temperature, ‘The value of resistance at 20°C is 40.0 and the temperature coefficient js 0.00428 °C"' at 0°C. Determine the minimum and maximum voltage that must be available from the power supply to maintain the desired current. 12 0 CHAPTER 2 t Vain (at 20°C) = Kyl = 40 x 5-=200V Ryy_ 14 75%0.00428 R, 1+20%0.0008 «(Rs = 1.21740 Vinge (at 75°C) = Ryyl * 48.67 x 5 = 283.35 V 2.31 Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor of Prob. 2.30 at 20 and at 75°C. I Since the current is 5 A at both temperatures, Py =PRy = *40=1KW P= PR,. = 5? 48.67 = 1.21675 kW 2.32 Determine the current through and the voltage actos: -he resistor of Prob. 2.30 dissipated at 75°C is the same as that at 20°C and 200 V. it is required that the power Vin 200° _ Vi, V3 Zi Pros Poo Re GQ Ree 7 BT or Vy, = VIO =220.61V and 1, = 2061 4 533.4 48.67 2.33 Determine the ratio of powers dissipated in two resistors, each having the same length and each made of copper wire of circular cross section, but one having a diametcr twice that of the other, and each being connected across the same voltage, ' Similarly, If D,=2D,, then 2.34 Find the ratio of powers in the two resistors of Prob. 2.33 when the resistors carry the same current 1 Similarly, If D,=2D,. then 2.38 A 100-W 110-V light bulb has a filament made of an alloy having a temperature coefficient of 0.0055 °C~' at 0°C, The normal operating temperature ofthe bulb is 2000°C, How much current wl the bulb draw atthe instant itis tumed on when the room temperature is 20°C? From your result verify that burnout of bulbs is more frequent atthe instant they are turned on. FF The ratio of resistances atthe two temperatures is given by Ruy 14200 120 0.0085 wa 120000, ~ 1 20004 0.0055 ve 0 aon Bh 121 x9.25% 10" 25x10 At 2000% R, =1219 At 20°C: 1.20 and 982A Compare with son ™ =0.91A 2.36 The current loading of the heating element of a 110-\' 750-W electric heater is not to exceed 2600 A lin? (ef, Prob, 2.28). The resistivity ofthe wite material is 12% 10-"A1"m, “Calculate the length and the area of cross seaion of the beating element P7250 y “To = 6818 A 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 241 RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW 0 13 Since . 16.13 0= Af = 2x10" 750 A 1.69x 10° or = 1613 1.6910" aor 6m 1x10 Heat energy is often measured in calories and 1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 joule (J), It is desired to design a heating element to boil a certain amount of water in 2min requiring 40 kcal heat energy. If the heating element is to operate at 110V, calculate its current and power ratings. 1 Leal The heat energy required is 184 ky = 4.184 KW-s= 4184 Ws Q = 40 keal = 40 x 4184 = 167,360 W-s Let P be the power required, Then, BSW OT For the data of Prob. 2.37, determine the resistance of the heating element ifthe same amount of water is required to boil in 305 J The same amount of energy must be delivered in one-fourth the time; so the power is now 5580 v_ 110 T =S07A | R= = P=4(1395)=5580W= VI or 2179 [As the temperature of a heating element changes, its resistance also changes, and so does the temperature coefficient. In a certain case, the temperature varies linearly with time and is given by T°C=(20-+ 101), where 1 is time in seconds. The temperature coefficient of the material is 0.0065°C"' at O°C. Ifthe intial resistance of the heating element is 20, find its resistance after 10s. F ace=o T=2°C and Ryy=20 Atr= 105: T=20 +10 10= 120°C Ruay = Roll + @39(120 20) From Eq, (4) of Prob. 2.13, ee 0.0065 VF ado ~ 10.0065 20 R= 21 + 0.00575(120 ~ 20)] = 3.15 0 (00575 For the heating element of Prob. 2.39, express the resistance as a function of time I Resistance at a temperature Tis given by R,= R(t aT) = RO From the dat Ro= Ril + ay(0~ 20°)] = (120% 0.00575) = 1.77 T= 20+ 104 Hence R(t) = 1.77[1 + 0.0065(20 + 102)]= (2 +0.1154) @ If the heating element of Prob. 2.39 or 2.40 is connected across a 10-V source, calculate the initial and final powers I oatreo) 14 0 CHAPTER 2 2.42 For Probs. 2.39 through 2.41 determine the energy dissipated in the heating element over the 10-s period. ve 110° a RG trom dt 110° 10 or ya t10 {A = IE tn (2+ 0.1180 = 47.795 kd = 0.0133 kWh 2.43. A block of iron is heated directly by dissipating power in the internal resistance of the block. Because of the temperature rise, the resistance increases exponentially with time and is given by R(#)=0.Se" 0, where ris in seconds. The block is connected across a L10:V source and dissipates 1827 cal heat energy over a certain period of time. Calculate this period of time. FH Let rbe the required time. Then energy dissipcted is er Jo RO Ws O57 ho ree HOT (ema to—e*)s Now 1877 cal= 1827 x 4.184 = 76445 = U ‘Thus l-e%™ 632 or e%20M8 or -20ine= n0.368 or —20==1 Hence, Ss 2.44 A light bulb, having a tungsten filament, draws 0.5 A at 110 V._ The cold resistance of the filament is 20.0 at 20°C. At this temperature the temperature coefficiznt of resistance (for tungsten) is 0.005°C-'. Determine the operating temperature of the bulb. I Resistance at the operating temperature T'°C is v_ ito 71” 05 Solving for T yields T= 2020 R =200 [4 T ~ 20)] = 20|1 + 0.008(7 - 20)] 248 The operating temperature of a tungsten-filament 110-V 40-W bulb is 2020°C (ef. Prob. 2.44). The filament is made of a 0.01-mm-diameter wire having a resistivity of 5.5310 *Q-+m at 20°C and a temperature coefficient of 0.005°C"', Calculate the length of the filament wire. Barr: Ryan MD eansne aalt + 0018208 - 29] _ 302.5 Prof 5.55% 107% on = Y= 27.50 A /A{(O.01¥ x 10-°) mXxUSx10* Hence 4x5 55 ~3:89em 2.46 A 60-mm-thick electrode is cut from a solid 70-mm-radius hemisphere made of copper, as shown in Fig. 2-4, Calculate the current through the electrode if 6V is applied across it. Resistivity’ of copper is 1.72% 10° Q-m. F Let Re the resistance ofthe electrode, Then, forthe infinitesimal disk shown in Fig. 24, _ pdt _pie__pax o[_& bps 3\' a ele or Sr = (tanh © ~ tanh") = 2 tanh! 2 RIZEIO" 5 6 ayy age = 2 (nh? | Consequently, the power ratio at 60°C is Ry (1+ ay) _ (1+ 10a, )(1 + 6045) R, Ry(l + @a,) (14 10a, (1+ 60a,) Substituting the numerical values of er, and a, yields the value 0.963. ‘A.200V source is connected across the circuit shown in Fig. 3-2. Calculate the voltage across the 8-0 resistor. I From Prob. 3.21, Ry, =200. Thus, ta) WA Vg=Ryl=16X10=160V—V,, = Vgq = V~ Vy, =200~ 160 = 40.V In Prob. 3.25, determine the power dissipated in the 1-0 and 8-00 resistors. I From Prob. 3.21, Veu=40V Ion 104 A Pea 200 w From Prob. 3 ho leg =W-S=SA Py g = (5 1=25W Find the ratio of the currents J,//, at 60°C in the resistors of Prob. 3.24 ERJIPR,. we have Rot R, ” 0968 I From Prob. 3.24, R,/R,=0.963~ P,/P,. Since P./P, BR ROMO ER, = 1.0384 Notice that this result also follows from 1,R, since the two resistors are in parallel ‘A battery has internal resistance R, and terminal voltage V,. Show that the power supplied to a resistive load cannot exceed V2/2R, F Let R, be the load resistance. Then and power taken by the CHAPTER 3 For maximum power, @P,/@R, =0, which requires that (R, + RY ~ RAR, +R) Oo R= Hence, (P; )ma = Vi/2R, 3.29 For the battery of Prob. 3.28, V,=96V and R,=50mM. Discrete loads of 150, 100, 50, 30, and 20m are connected, one at a time, across the battery. Plot the curve of power supplied versus the ohmic value of the load, Hence verify that the maximum power transfer occurs when R, = Ry. = 50 m0. 1 Pie, Substituting the given numerical values yields Pi 96 Gays gg = MSOHW Pn ell a0 s88W P= 96 Y= 46.08 kW 50 96° (50+ 50 which is plotted in Fig. 3-3 showing that (P,.)q,.. occurs at Ry Oma. 50 = z * 40; Rs Snr 38) | | | | + 0 _ eR ma Fig. 33 3.30, A battery has an internal resistance of 0.5, and has an open-circuit voltage of 20, ‘The battery supplies a 2 load, Determine the power lost within the bat:ery and the terminal voltage on load, 20 : ' [aR BA YAIR, =8<2516V Pug = PR,“ 80.5) = 32 3.31 A resistor made of silver and another made of nickel, having temperature coefficients of resistance at 20°C of, 00038 *C~? and 0.006°C~*, carry equal currents at 20°C when connected across a voltage source. How will the total current be distributed if the temperature is raised to 150°C? SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS 0 21 TF arisorc, Raveer ™ (Raives)aol + 0,0038(150 ~ 20)) = 1.494(R, Rosceer = (Rascues)20l1 + 0.006(150 ~ 20)] = 1.78(Rysexer)20 Since the currents are equal at 20°C, (Ryjyer)s0 = (Ror 3,5) at 150°C, twee )20 Therefore, by current division (see Prob. 178K THER rag OSB or 54.37% 1494 aan imap 048637 or 45.63% 3.32 Convert the delta-connected resistor bank of Fig. 3-4 into an equivalent wye-connected resistor bank ‘ Fig. 34 FF For equivalence, the resistance between any two terminals (say, ab) for both the wye and the delta connections must be the same, Thus, equating them we get Hence, Ry = 3Ry 3.33. Three unequal resistors are connected in wye as shown in Fig. 3-5, Obtain an equivalent delta-connected I From Fig. 35 it follows that R(Rn + Re) R= Rit Ro RR TR ay RAR, + Ro) @) VR mace Solving R,, Ry, and Re yields: 1 1 Ry mR (RR, RRS + RAR,) Ry = Re (RAR: + RRs * RRs) 6 Fig. 35 22 3M 3.38 3.36 337 CHAPTER 3 Suppose three resistors R,, R, and Re are connected in delta as shown in Fig. 3-5. Obtain an equivalent wwye-connected resistor bank. Fin this case also Eqs. (1), 2), and (3) of Prob, 3.33 are valid, Therefore, we solve for Ry, R., and R, to obtain —RRe R,+R, +R RyRe RIF Rt Re RARy RO RER, Convert the pi-connected resistors of Fig. 3-6a to ar equivalent tee-connected set (Fig. 3-66). # Notice that pi- and tee-connections are, respectively, the same as deta- and wye-connections. Thus, using the results of Prob. 3.34, we obiain 9x3 RoR 6x3) Bo" RR, +R. 94643 10% Sx 6 L300 oO Fig. 36 Verify that the converse of Prob. 3.35 is true; that is, show that if R,=1.59, R,=100, and R,=3.00 are connected in wye, its equivalent delta will have the values shown in Fig. 3-64 F Since R,R, + RyRy + RR, =1SX141%3+3%1.5=9, from the results of Prob. 3.33 we have Ro=3=30 © 4 Sa. 5 6 ow Wa rptin rw Se et m “) (©) Fig. 37 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS J 23 I First, we convert the upper delta to a wye to obtain the interconnection shown in Fig. 3-7 which reduces to that given in Fig. 7c, Finally, R,,=2+(6%4)/(6+4)=440. 3.38 What is the resistance across the terminals ab of the network shown in Fig. 3-84? F By converting the delta-connected resistors to an equivalent wye we obtain the interconnection shown in Fig, 3:8b. Next combining the 3-f2 and 6-02 resistors in parallel leads to the circuit shown in Fig, 38c. Hence. R,-242-40 La 2a ce Fig. 38 3.39 For the network shown in Fig. 3-84, calculate the voltage across the terminals ac if a 36-V battery is connected across the terminals ab. Fin this case, we convert the 6-0 wye-comnected resistors into an equivalent delta to obtain the circuit of Fig, 39a, Combining the 9-11 and 18-0 resistors in parallel gives the circuit of Fig. 3b from which we obtain the currents as follows 3ev 3.40 Calculate the power dissipated in the 9-0 resistor connected across ab and in the 9-01 resistor connected across be of the network of Fig. 3-8a when a 36-V source is connected across ab. ones = Van! Ra From Problem 3.39, V,, = 18. Hence I From Fig. 39a we have, P, 36/9 = 144 W. Vic=36-I8=18V Prose = 3.41 For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-10a, determine R so that the power going into the terminals ab is maximum, Also calculate the maximum power. 24 0 CHAPTER 3 1 The sequence of network reduction is shown in Figs 3+10b-e, From Fig, 3-10e the current drawn from the source is given by 2 is0sr“ and power is semy MOS) O88) = Te OSRe For maximum power, @P/4R=0 requires that 0.5(1+0.5R)'—O.SRx2(1+0.SR)0.S5=0 or R=20. Thus, 2 2 GA and — Pay = 6°(0.5X 2)=36W = Ty0usxa” ray osen Fig. 3:40 3.42. For the circuit in Fig. 3-10a show by changiny the delta-connected resistors to an equivalent wye that the maximum power entering the terminals ab is 36 W. F The network reduction is shown in Fig. S-Lla-c. Notice that Fig. $1ic is identical to Fig. 30¢ Therefore, from the results of Prob. 3.41, we have R=20 [=6A and P,,.=36W SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS 0 25 ea a Nes + # { 4 4 L___# ___ (ay 1m oT a ose > ©) Fig. 341 3.43 Four 60-W 110:V bulbs are to be operated from a 230-V source. Determine the value of the resistance connected in series with the line so that the voltage across the bulbs does not exceed 110 V. Axborzs0w 230v ev 2 a Fig. 3.12 I For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-12 we have total power drawn from the source, P_ 240 P=4%60=240W Input current I= f= M0 = 2.1818 A Voltage across the series resistor, V,__120 Vq=230~110=120V= IR or te = N= 550 3.44 An alternate way of operating the bulbs of Prob. 3.43 is to connect them as shown in Fig. 3-13 with a series resistor. Calculate the value of the series resistance and state, giving reasons, which of the two methods is preferable. ar oe 20 220) ce Ee Fig. 3-13 26 3.48: 3.46 347 3.48 3.49 CHAPTER 3 Fin this case. 240 oe Se TET pT HOA Vq= 230-220 10V= RI aw 7.0005 FR loss in method of Prob. 3.43= 120°/55=261 82W. FR loss in method of the present problem = 107/9,167 = 10.9 W. Second method is more efficient but, if one bulb burns out, only two will function, ‘Thus = 9.1670 A 12N battery is made of 36 cells each rated at 2.V snd 1.5A for a given duty cycle. What is the line current ‘and power that may be drawn from the battery? F Since the battery is rated at 12V and each cell a: 2V, ces connected in series parallel paths= #=6, Rating for one parallel pa:h = 1.5 A (given) X1S=9A — Power=V/=12%9= 108W (Otherwise, power 36x 2% 1.5= 108 W.) 6 cells. Number of Line current = For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-14, calculate R such that the power dissipated in the 3-1 resistor is 300 W. ba. -_] Fig. 3:14 ' Pos Z=MOW or Yy=30V Vs _ 30 her Zaz TWA ha = EASA 1=10+5=15A an Ro VRHS+ISR=90V or R=* T¥R46x3) (643) 5+R % VA or Rs 730 For the value of R determined in Prob. 3.46, calculate the power absorbed by each resistor. Verify that the total power thus obtained is the same as that supplied by the source. 1 Total power absorbe: 15 1350 W. 15* 1+ 15? x3-+304/3 + 30°16 = 1350 W. Power supplied by the source = 90 x Calculate the voltage that must be connected across the terminals ab such that the voltage across the 2-0 resistor is 10 V (Fig. 3-15) # Input current to the circuit, 1 6x12 Fysats 4M Rag h2ALEERTO Ve Rail = 7X5235 Lee a2 te | a ao v Lage J a ig ss > Refer to Fig. 3-15. Determine the voltage across the 6-2 resistor. Hence determine the currents /, and J, and verify that I= J, + 1, ! Vow =¥— Vey ~¥yq=35-10-5=20V P 10, 10 _ 20410 PA Lth= zt pee asanr 3.50 351 3.82 3.83 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS 27 Find the current in the 5-0 resistor in the interconnection of resistors shown in Fig. 3-16a. I By changing the delta-connected 3.01 resistors into an equivalent wye we obtain the circuit of Fig. 3166, which is reduced to the circuit of Fig. 316c. Thus, V_ 36 T= RATT A Mio (Fig. 3166)= RI=1x12=12V Vena =¥—Vig =36- 12=24V 4 oS Thus, Ia= Teg 74a r - Vesey + o By adding the powers absorbed by the resistors of Fig. 3-16c, verify that the sum is equal to the power supplied by the 36-V source. I From the results of Prob. 3.50, and Ipg=8A and Vjq=8X2=16V Thus, Vig eax Also the voltages across the top and bottom of the 3-0 resistors become 16 and 20 V respectively as shown. ‘The respective currents in these resistors are A and ¥ A. Hence the current I (Fig. 3-16a) in the vertically drawn 3-0 resistor between be becomes /= ¥-4= 4A, Verification: amit Prous = (BY X3 + (4) X54 (BY 3+ (8) X24 4X3 42W P,=36x 12-432 Find the resistance between the terminals ad for the interconnected resistors shown in Fig. 36a FF Using wye-delta transformations shown in Fig. 3-166 we obtain the circuit of Fig. 316d. A shunt is sed to extend the range of an ammeter by connecting it across the ammeter as shown in Fig. 317 The ammeter has a resistance of 0.1. and gives a full-scale deflection of 2.5. Calculate the value of the shunt resistance to extend the range of the ammeter to 50 A. 28 0 CHAPTER 3 I Refer to Fig. 3:17: Hence, Brmeten Fig. 341 3.54 The multiplying power of a shunt is defined as the ratio of the line current to the current through the ammeter, Obtain a general expression for the multiplying power. I From Fig, 3-17 we have: LR,=(-1,)R, or 1,(R,+R,)= IR, or Multiplying power = 3.55 The resistance of a coil is measured experimentally by the voltmeter-ammeter method. Two possible arrangements of the meters are shown in Fig. 3-18. ‘The resistance of the voltmeter is 10kQ. and that of the ammeter is 0.12. For the setup of Fig. 3-184 the voltracter reads 5 V and the ammeter reading is 25 A. What is the value of the resistance? I) For Fig. 3180 from Ohm's law: $=25(0.14+R) a7 «a a) Fig. 3:18 3.86 If the ammeter reading in Fig. 3-18b is 25 A and the values of various resistances are the same as in Prob. 3.55, determine the voltmeter reading. I By the rule of current division we have: 04 aT + 10,00 74) Nolet ding = Ru, (6) Pa a5)=25 1, R RFR, 3.57 Based on the results of Probs. 3.55 and 3.56, if the resistance is measured as the ratio of the voltmeter-to- ammeter readings, state which of the two connections of Fig. +18 is preferred for the measurement of (a) a low resistance and (b) a high resistance vos I From Prob. 3.55: Fa r020 From Prob. 3.56 Clearly, Fig. 3-18 is suitable for the measurement of a low resistance and Fig. 3-18a is preferred for measuring a high resistance. 3.58 3.59 3.60 3.61 3.62 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS 2 29 Calculate the value of the shunt resistance to be used with a galvanometer having a resistance of 100 if the current through the galvanometer is not to exceed 5 percent of the total current. I From Prob. 3.54 we have: R a RO 05> Hence, R, = % = 0.5260 ‘An ammeter rated to read up to 5 A, having a resistance of 0.5.0, is to be converted into a 150-V voltmeter by ‘connecting a resistor in series with the ammeter. Calculate the value of this resistance. I Let R be the value of the series resistance. Then by Ohm’s law, V=/(R+R,), where R, is the ammeter resistance. Substituting numerical values yields: 150=5(R +05) or R= P-0.5=29.50 A.300-V voltmeter draws 2mA current for full-scale deflection. This voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across a 50-kO resistor connected in series with a 25-k0 resistor, the combination of the resistors being connected across a 150-V source. What is the voltmeter reading? I The voltmeter resistance R, = 300/(2 x 10°) = 150kQ. From the circuit of Fig. 3-19, the total resistance ‘across the 1SO-V source is R= 25 + (150 x 50)/(150 + 50) = 62.5 kA. 150 sxe AmA By current division rule, 50x 10? x 2.4 10-* (150+ 50) x 10° 0.6 x 10"? x 150 x 10° = 90. =0.6mA ‘Thus the voltmeter reading is /,R, v L I 25 kn 50 Ka + ou - Fig. 319 If the voltmeter of Prob. 3.60 is now connected across the 25-01 resistor, what is the voltage across the 50-kQ. resistor? I When the voltmeter is connected across the 25-kO resistor, the value of the combined parallel resistance becomes R, = (25 x 150) /(25+ 150) = 21.428k. Or the total circuit resistance is $0 + 21.428 = 71.428 kO. 150 : Fagg x10 Voltage across 50k = 50 x 10” X 2.1 107" = 105 V Gireuit current = =21mA A high-voltage de transmission line supplies 900 MW of power over a distance of 800km. This power is delivered at 600 kV. If the loop resistance of the line is 2m/km, determine the sending-end voltage I The line is schematically represented in Fig. 3-20. Subscripts R and S are, respectively, used for receiving and sending-end quantities. Then, P,= 900 MW (given) 900 x 10° 00 «10 OOKV (given) R=800x2« 10-7 = 1.6.0 SkA y, 1, = Vq + IR = 600 x 10° + 1.5 10" x 1.6 = 602.4 KV 30 0 CHAPTER 3 rR oe v, Vy | Lend -. Fig. 3-20 3.63 Defining efficiency of wransmission as the ratio ofthe power atthe receiving end to the power atthe sending end, calculate the efficiency of transmission of the line of Prob. 3.62. Verify that the same result is obtained by line-1oss caleulation. 4, =900MW (given) Py = VJ = 602.4 x 10" x 1.5 x 10° = 903.6MW Efficiency of transmission is Py/P, © 900/903.6 = 9.6%, Line loss is °R=(1.5 x 10°) 1.6 = 3.6 MW. = Py + line loss = (900 + 3.6) x 10° =903.6MW, which is the same as previously calculated 3.64 A de generator has an open-circuit voltage of 123 V, When connected across a 4-02 resistor the generator delivers 3.6kW of power. Calculate the internal power loss within the generator. 3.6 10" 123 123 - 120 1 ~ or IsWAR TE oor ee) Hence: Pu = FR, = 0° X0.1=90W 3.65 A de generator may be characterized by an ideal voltage source in series with a resistor. At the terminals of the generator, voltage and current measurements for two different operating conditions are V,=115V at T=10A and V,=105A at I= 15A. Model the generator by a voltage source in series with a resistor. Fig. 3:21 1 With the circuit model of the generator shown in Fig. 321, with the symbols defined, we have (for the two sets of data) VitIR, or V,=UIS+10R, and V,=105+15R, Solving for V, and R, yields V,=135V and k,= 200. 3.66 A dependent voltage source is shown in Fig. 3-22. For the data given determine the power supplied by the 12V-source and that by the 3/-dependent voltage source Tan | + + Ge) % LL 7 J From Ohm's law, 12=9/+31 or T= 1.04, Power delivered by the 12:V source is 12x 1 = 12W, Power delivered by the 3/-dependent voltage source is. —1,0X3x 1.0=~3W. Negative sign is used since the current is going into the source. Thus the dependent source is absorbing (rather than delivering) power SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS J 31 3.67 A 500-01 resistor is connected in parallel with a 250-0 resistor and the combination is fed by a 25-A current source. Caleulate the power absorbed by each resistor. 1 The circuit is shown in Fig. 323. By current-division rule we have, 500 250 = p50+500 5-16-6781 350 500 25=8.3A Respective power losies are (250) =69.872kW and 15(500) = 34.695 asa 500-2 Fig. 3:23, 3.68 Determine the voltage across the resistors of Fig. 3-23. Verify that the power supplied by the source is the same as the total power dissipated in the resistors 1675V. Power P= V(I, + 1,) = VI= 4167.5 x25 = 108.166 kW. I Voltage v= 1,(250)= 1,(500) = 16.67 x250 108.187 KW. Power dissipated is 69.472 +3469. 3.69 Figure 3-24 shows a circuit containing a 25-A independent current source and a S-V dependent current source. Calculate V and R. Ho 1=25=5V. Ths, V Vo Also, V= (25), or R=0.20. asa BV Depend cred Serta. Fig. 3.24 3.70 For the circuit of Fig. 3-24, determine the power absorbed by R. vos R02 1 P= 25 W 3.71 If the power supplied by the 25-A source of Fig. $24 is 150W and the dependent source absorbs power, calculate the voltages across the 25-A source and 5-V dependent current source Pasa 190 Paw _ 180125 Tan Tey by ' Visa 6V Vive v 3.72 For the circuit in Fig. 3-25 the elements shown on the right are connected one at a time to the terminals ab. ‘The control for the dependent sources is J,. Determine the dependent parameter in each case. + VE 8a c BV Va 2a vy 4 kt wy kh cy © @ @ © Fig. 325 R ) 32 0 373 34 378 3.76 CHAPTER 3 I Since the voltage across the 18-0 resistor is 36, the current J, must be 2A. ‘Then V,, +(2)(2)— 75+ 36=0 oF Va =35V (@ V,=35V (@) k=- kent () a tn2A (©) V=4R=38V R=1750 (©) KL=3V k=1750 [A generator generating a ramp voltage, uv =61'V, i connected across a 25-0 resistor. Determine the energy dissipated by the resistor during the interval 0:5 ¢ 5s, F Instantaneous power p= v'IR = 361125 W. Energy is 36 (8 )* Esa alia A resistor supplied by a ramp generator producing « voltage v= 10rV_ is used as a heating element to boil a certain amount of water. It takes 2kcal of heat energy to boil the water in 30s. Calculate the value of the resistance. (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ.) We], pdr= I Proceeding as in Prob. 3.73, W= 2keal = 2 x 4184 = 8368 190530" ons or R 368 For the data of Prob. 3.74, if v= 10V (constant), determine the value of the resistance. Tin this case, 10° | 3000 3000 Wa en6g t= [op drs PP Ra Ee = 0.35850 For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-26a determine the current drawn from the 15:V battery. I First, we show the circuit reduction to a single equivalent resistor in Fig. 3:266 through d. Then, from Fig. 326d, sv ES @ (> @ Fig. 3-26 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS J 33 3.77 Refer to Fig. 3-26a and calculate the power absorbed by the 2-0) resistor. J From Prob. 3.76, we have =6A. Now, applying the curent division rule tothe circuit of Fig. 3.26b, we obtain 1,=[2/(2+6)]6=1.5A. Thus, Pry =32)=(1.5)2=4.5W, 3.78 What are the powers absorbed by the resistors of Fig. 3-26a? Verify that the sum of these powers equals the power drawn from the battery. I From Fig. 3-266 and from Prob, 3.76 we have 1, = [6/(2+6)]6=4.5 A, and from Fig, 3-26a we obtain 6 4 ASH3A +6 From Prob. 3.77, = 1.5A. Since P=J'R, we have Pig =(61=36W Pz =(1.5)" Pig =(15)4=9W =VI=15x6=90W Check: P, 3.79 Ifthe 3-0 resistor in the circuit of Fig. 3-26a is short-circuited, how much power will now be drawn from the battery? Also, determine the voltage across the 2-2 resistor. I From Fig, 3260 it follows that short-ctcuiting the 3-0 resistor short-cireuits the 6-0 resistor as well a the series combination of the 2-0 and 40 resistors, Hence, Vsq=0V. The current is limited by the 1-0 resistor, and we have ISA, Power drawn from the battery is VI= 15 x 15 = 225 W, 3.80 How much power is drawn from the battery if the 6-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 3-26a is open-circuited? © In this case the equivalent resistance 21430449 rea Rat FeERa30 thus I= R= 3 Power drawn from the battery is 15 x5=75W. A resistive circuit is shown in Fig. 3-274. Determine the equivalent resistance . I The circuit reductions are shown in Fig. 3-276 through d, from which R= 1+2=3Q. ean I I, 7, bn. 142230 (@ © an sia 1 1 1 Re 1 1a aes Be $6 aa Re 04> bh (d) Fig. 3:27 34 0 CHAPTER 3 3.82 Calculate the current through the 3-02 resistor and the voltage across the 1-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 3-274 when 120V direct current is applied across the terminals of the circuit, 1 From 3204 ¥ 12 og Fiom Fg 326 ghz 0-2607 Thus, = 1,(1) = 26.67 1=26.67V zee hore From Fig. 327a ae TN 3.83 From the data of Prob. 3.82 verify that the voltage across the terminals ab is the sum of the voltages across the terminals ac and cb. I From Prob. 3.82, 1, =40- 26672 13.338 Vy, = 1(6)= 13.33 x6=79.98V 1,=2667A 6.67 1=11778 17.77 3=5331V Thus, Vac + Veg = 26.67 ~ 53.31= 79.98V= Vi, 3.84 For the circuit of Fig, 3-274 determine /,, Thus calculate the power loss in each resistor. Verify that the sum of the power losses is the same as the power delivered by the source. (If the two results are not identical, determine the percent round-off error.) 3 3 ! N= Fog La ag OTH BAIA © Pag = (20)°2 + (20)%2 + (13,33)°6 + (26.67)1 + (17.77)'3 + (8.89)°6= 4798.93 W 4800 - 4798.93 Princes = 120% 40= 4800 % error = SOOT FEES? 5 sep = 0.022% 3.85 Figure 3-28a shows a ladder network. From the data, determine the voltage V, and the current J, I The circuit reduction is shown in Fig, 3286 through From Fig. 3-28 From Fig. 3-28¢: From Fig, 3-286: From Fig. 3-28a: V, = 1,3) = 0.6673 =2.0V I4e niuse hh qi) ny ce 2 & 401 1 o ee © SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS J 35 3.86 Solve Prob. 3.85 without resorting to network reduction. 1 From Fig, 3280 we have: v, nap oo yah, 1+1=2, v, =o, = 4! 1a) + V, =31,(4) + 61, = 181, or, 1,3) =3 0.667 =20 3.87 Polarities of voltages across three resistors in series are shown in Fig, 3-29. Determine the potentials at the points a, b, c, and d. a wb wy 8 yd © Ma en! I" a J Grrl Fig. 3.29 -10Vv,=0V 2V — V,=(30+20)= +50V ‘The conditions which determine the base bias of a transistor in an amplifier circuit are shown in Fig. 3-30. the potentials at points B, C, and E with respect to ground? What is the value of the base-to-emitter Fig. 3.30 1 The potential at point Bis Vp Eis ¥, 2.2V-15V 2.2V._ ‘The potential at point Cis V.=+10V. The potential at point Veg = +10V-85V=+1.5V. The base-to-emitter voltage Vjz is Ver =Vpo + Vor 0. 3.89 From the transistor amplifier circuit in Fig. 3-31 determine: (a) The voltage at the collector with respect to the emitter, Veg; (B) the voltage atthe base with respect to the emitter, Vjgiand(c) the voltage atthe base with respect t0 the collector, Vac +Rv Coltecton +5-1V shay emren thay Fig. 3:31 36 CHAPTER 3 I From Fig. 331, Veg =ST-122445V Vyp=1b-12=402V Vem 14 T= -43V 3.90 A three-wire power line feeding a house is shown in Fig. 332. The loads on the line are as follows: P,=12kW, P,=3.6KkW, and P,=9.6KW. Calculate the currents /,, /,. and J, Fig. 3.32 9.610" | = 540 3.91 A three-wire de line supplying a resistive bank of loads is shown in Fig, 3.33, If the voltage between the terminals a and c is 240 V, determine the voltage berween a and b, F Combining the resistors actoss ac as an equivalent resistance, we have: 1) +20)60 Ry 18+ to gpygg 122-24 240 Thus La SPA By current division 1= greg = 567A Voltage drop across 1.8-0 resistor is_1.8 10 = 18 ¥._ Voltage drop across 10-9 resistor is 10 x 6.67 = 66.7 V. Voltage across ab is 18+ 66,7 = 84.7, Fig. 3-33 3.92 Refer to the circuit of Fig, 3-33, If 240 V is now applied across the lines ab, what is the voltage across be? Fn this case, the equivalent resistance Ry, becoraes 10(60+20) | 9 20, Ru A184 eager ag Th0= 1.690 1-7 cass By current division: b= ao 20.53 =2.28A i080 Voltage across 20-0 resistor is 2.28 x 20 = 45.60V. Voltage across 1.0-0 resistor is 20.53 x 1 = 20,53 V, Voltage across he is -(45.6 + 20.53) = ~66.13V. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS 0 37 3.93 In the circuit of Fig. 3-33, with line @ open, determine the resistance between the terminals be. ! nycio+ Ges 0% tar 60+20 +7? 18.7560 3:94 A 12. battery is used to supply resistive loads at 12, 9, and 6 V, the respective currents being 4, 2, and 1A. Design a suitable voltage divider. I The voltage divider circuit is shown in Fig. 3-34, ‘The total current supplied by the divider is I, 241=3A. Let 1, be 20 percent of the total divider current. Thus, 02x3=06A I, O6+1=16A =I, +1,=16+2=36A From Fig. 3.34, 6 or Ry= p= 100 3 or Ry= pg = 1.8750 R= =0.83330 or R36 VatTage Lend divives Fig. 3.34 3.95 Calculate the total power dissipated in the voltage divider when supplying the load shown in Fig, 3-34 I From Prob. 3.98, [= 1, + 1,=3.6+4=7.6.A. Power supplied from the battery is Py = VI = 127.6= 91.2W. E output power is 121, +91, +6/,=12x4+9x2+6x1=72W. Pua is 915-72=19.2W. 3.96 Verify the result of Prob. 3.95 by adding the losses in the resistors R,, R,, and R, of the voltage divider of Fig m 1 From Prob. 3.94, ER, = (3.608333 108W ER, =(1.6)'1.875=4.8W ER, = (0.6) 10=3.6W SPR=P,,,. = 10.8+4.8+3.6=19.2W which is the same as in Prob. 3.95. 3.97 For the voltage divider of Fig. 3-34, choose J, to be 60 percent of the total divider current and calculate the power loss in the voltage divider. Compare the result with that of Prob. 3.96. I Proceeding as in Prob. 3.94, WHO6X3-18A Lahthn18t1=28A Lah + k=28+ 6 3 Ter 38BO R= Ty Pug = (4.890.625 + (2.8)°1.071 + (1.8)°3.333 which is much higher than the loss when /, 48a R ona R, 0.6250 6W 20 percent of the divider current. 38 0 3.98 3.99 3.100 3.101 3.102 CHAPTER 3 For the switch open in Fig. 3-34, for the given values of R,, Ry, and R, as in Prob. 3.94, and for the respective calculated values of R,, R,, and R,, find the voltage across Ry. I From the ta of Prob. 3.94, Ry=8 peasQ RB, R,= 083330 -R,= 1.8750 and With § open, the total resistance across the battery becomes RAR, + [RAR + RyI](Rs + 2 = I= Tyg 626A 926 = 4 = 2.926 A By current division, R > 4s SR, 72-26 Taree tors = OBA and I,R, = 0,804 x 10 = 8.04.V With R,=30, R,=450, and R,= 60 in Fig, 334, find the voltage across Ry with S open for the values of Ry, Ry, and Ry calevlated in Prob. 3.97 FF Proceeding as in Prob. 3.98, we have = 0.625 + [4.5(1.071 + 3.333)]/(4.5 + L071 + 3.333)} Re® 350.654 [8SCLON 4 5383)]/(45+ L071 3.333) 4610 R ie Bon821a 1, 21-4= 421A By current division, 45 L 42421 =2ITA Vy ase00 338 Ry = 3.333 x 2.127 = 7.09.V Define: 10-load voltage) ~ (voltage on load) Voltage regulation = voltage on load Calculate the voltage regulation from the results 0” Probs. 3.98 and 3.99. I From the results of Prob. 3.98: Yotageratatin = 84252 «034 or 3% From the results of Prob. 3.99: Voltage regulatio )182 oF 18.2% 60 Summarize the results of Probs. 3.94 through 3.100. What conclusions may be drawn from these results? Dleeder current /,, % | loss, W joltage regulation, % 20 2 34.0 o 33.6 18.2 Conclusion: Low bleeder current results in a low loss but a high voltage regulation whereas a high bleeder current results in a low voltage regulation but a high loss. For the operation of a transistor amplifier, a power supply with a vol Calculate the values of R,, R,, and R,. ¢ divider shown in Fig. 3-35 is used. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS 39 aay boy 2A Tasv Lead Fig. 3.35 I From Fig. 3.35, v,=25V and V,=60~(25+25)=10V Let J, be 10 percent of the maximum load current, which is 2A. Therefore, L=01X2=02A [= 1,+1,=02+2=22A LY . 25 _y Ryn Pa 5g 745i Pay 7208330 3.103 A transistor base bias circuit and its equivalent are respectively shown in Fig, 3-36a and b. For the values shown in Fig. 3-36, determine R, @ @ Fig. 3-36 BLT +200= 931.7 nA, 9.4 = a 931.7 x 10 ae 3.104 A de generator having an internal resistance of 1 supplies a resistive load shown in Fig. 3-37a, For what value of R, will the load draw the maximum power from the generator? I First we convert the delta-connected resistors to an equivalent wye, shown in Fig. 3376, which is finally reduced to the circuit of Fig. 337c. Therefore, p= HOR , 10k toe Rae TOR, * TOE R, sfer (see Prob. 3-28), R, For maximum power CHAPTER 3 Hence, 3.405 For the three cases R,=0, #0, and ®, calculate the power absorbed by the load of Fig, 3-37a. The voltage across the load is 120V. F For R, For R, For R. ‘Thus, in the absence of 2 lo = [20(10/19)]/(10 + 10/1)= 19. Thus, P, R/= WO and Py = 120°/20= 720W. 1207/1 = 14.4 kW, 3.106 A wattmeter measures power by measuring the product of the current through and the voltage across a circuit. ‘Two possible connections are shown in Fig. 3-38a and 6; find the power measured in each case. ‘The voltage coil of the wattmeter has a resistance of 9k? and the resistance of the current coil is 6.2. I For connection shown in Fig. 3-3: 150 va1s0Vv 5+ 150 For connection of Fig. 3-38b: PaO V=150-0.9769x6=144.14V P= VI= 140.81 W 150 1s. @ Fig. 3-38 3.107 What isthe actual power disipated in the 150401 resstor for the two connections shown in Fig. -38a and b? Wo Fig. 3:38: Prog = PR=(0.3615)150= 138.68 W VP (us4.tg R 150 For Fig. 3-386: Pron = 138.51 W SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS 4 3.108 How much power is absorbed by the wattmeter in the two connections of Fig. 3:38? I For Fig. 3380 P= PR, = (0.9615)'6= 5.547 W 547 +2.5= 8,087 W For Fig. 3-38: aay P, = (0.9769)" =5.726W P, Boa = 230BW P= 5.726 + 2.308 = 8.034 W 3.109 For the interconnected resistors shown in Fig. 3-39a find the net resistance between the terminals 1 and 3. oo e o én 2a. TON eR ‘ 3 @ w Fig. 3.39 I First, we convert the two delta-connested resistors to equivalent wyes, as shown in Fig. 3396. Subsequent reduction steps are shown in Fig. 3-39¢ through g. Finally, Ry , = 80. 3.110 Find the total resistance between points 1 and 2 shown in Fig. 3-40a. 42 0 CHAPTER 3 @ @ Fig. 3-40 I Notice that the 50-0 resistor is short-circuited an the 20-1 and 40-1 resistors are in parallel so the network reduces to that of Fig. 340B, Subsequent reduction steps are shown in Fig. 3-40c and a from which 13.3337.64 ipa3ya7.e4 S440 Ria 4a 42 43 44 CHAPTER 4 Kirchhoff’s Laws Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop of a circuit is zero. Apply this law to the circuit shown in Fig. 4-1. The direction of current / is arbitrarily chosen as indicated in Fig. 4-1. The voltage across each resistor is assigned a polarity; it is understood that Ohm’s law yields V=ZR if I enters the positive terminal of a resistor, and V=—IR otherwise. Application of KVL to Fig. 41 leads to. V,+¥,+V,—V=0, where Ry, V,=IR,, and Vy IR, oe + Ri : ® wSa * x t : Roy . : ”% Tos Fig. 41 Fig. 42 Write the Kirchhoff’s voltage equations for the two indicated loops of the network of Fig. 4-2. Assume Polarities as marked, Also, express Vin terms of fs, and Ry F Loop 1: -V,4¥,4 4, -0 Loop 2: —¥,— V+ 4V4¥,-0 Voltage across Ry: Vy = (I,—1,)R, Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of all currents leaving or of all currents entering any node of a circuit is zero. A node of a network is shown in Fig. 4-3, with currents flowing in the directions shown. Apply KCL to find the magnitude and direction of 1. Fig. 43 4 Assume the indicated direction for J: —1—-1+3+5-4—2-6=0. Hence, [=-5A; i.e, 5A into the node. Apply KVL to obtain an expression for the equivalent resistance formed by n resistances Ry, Ry, connected in series. F Let V be the voltage across the series circuit combination, / the current through it, and R,, the equivalent resistance, Then, from Ohm’s law, VaIR,+Re++R)=IR, whence R= SR, 43 44 45 46 47 48 CHAPTER 4 Resistances Ry, Ry... .,R, are connected in pacsllel. Obtain an expression for the equivalent resistance by using KCL. F Let 1 be the total current into the parallel conibina resistance. Then, from KCL, mn, V the voltage across it, and R,, the equivalent wo pad Ry a Ry If the voltages, currents, and resistances in a series circuit can be respectively transformed to currents, voltages, and conductances of a parallel circuit, such that the KVL equations of the series circuit go over into the KCL ‘equations of the parallel circuit, then the circuits are said to be duals of each other. Construct the dual network for three resistors, R,, R;, and R,, connected in scries with a voltage source V. I The network is shown in Fig. 4-4a. We draw the dual network, Fig. 4-4b, by replacing the series elements by parallel elements. The equations for the wo ne\works are: =V VV eves (@) VaR +IR+IR, (0) I= Ret Rt A VGTVG,+ VG, Where conductances G,, G,, and G, are the reciprocals of the respective re R, R R + In Frstsery o) Fig, 4-4 Fig. 45 A bridge circuit is shown in Fig. 4-5. With the currents as marked, write (a) Kirchhoff's current la four nodes and (6) Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the loops abda, bedb, and adca. the F(a) Node a: iti, Nodee: = 1+i, Node b: iti, Noded: =i, 41,41, (6) Loopabda: Ry +iR.=i,R, Loop adea: —i,R,~i,R.= E Loop bedb: sR, =i,R.+i,Ry For the circuit of Prob. 4.5, consider the special case of the balanced bridge (/,=0). (a) If R,=100, R,=200, and R,=300, determine Rj. (b) If E=45V, calculate the current supplied’ by the battery. (a) Since i, wehave i,=i, and i, 4. Also, nodes b and d are at the same potential. Thus, Ry= ~igRe= by Ry AR=ER, OR From the above we obtain RIP (20)(30) 10 PIP =000 49 4.10 4a KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS. 45 (b) The effective resistance R, across the battery becomes (10+ 20)(30 + 60) E45 = 0+ 20430 60 “225% and Ioswery R= BE 2OA wa sv 20 om 4 4 ot i 4 20 ® @ @ 30 7 sa 4 Fig. 46 Determine the currents i, and i, in the network shown in Fig. 46, 1 on the basis of KCL, the current 46, By KVL for meshes 1, 2, and 3, 00= 10%, +54, 50=2i,i,)-24,-5i, 50=3G, Solving these simultaneous equations yields i,=~3.87, i, =0.51A. ‘The negative sign on i, implies that the actual current lows in the direction opposite to that given in Fig. 46. the remaining branches are also marked in i+ i,)+2i, This problem relates to the concept of source transformation. Replace the voltage source v and its internal (series) resistance R, in Fig. 4-7a by a current source i with internal (shunt) resistance R, in Fig, 4-7b, such that the current through R remains unchanged. Ry ie in 5 2 Rot R R @ o Fig 47 1 From Fig. 47a: From Fig. 476: Then, for equivalence ER" ROR which will hold if we take f= v/R, and R, Find the current in, and the voltage across, the 2-0 resistor in Fig. 4-8a. FF Using the results of Prob. 4.10, we transform the 5-A current source to a voltage source; the circuit then becomes as shown in Fig. 4-86. For the two loops, KVL gives 25~ 181, ~10+3/,~31, 20-31, +3, -21,=0 which when solved yield 1,=SA and Vj, = (5)(2) = 10V. 46 9 CHAPTER 4 «oa “ e Dp : 7 — 4 DV ’ @ wv sa oa 4 ° 4.42 Determine J of Fig. 4-9 by mesh analysis, Fig, 49 Fin terms of the three mesh currents f,,,, and 1, (=1) indicated in Fig, 49, we have Mba -1,46h-3h=0 -3+131,=-20 Solving for J, yields 1, = 1=~1.68 4.13 Evaluate J of Fig, 49 by nodal analysis, Figure 4.9 can be redrawn so thatthe two principal nodes labeled Ocoincide. Choosing ths single node 0as the reference, we have the nodal equations wW-v, YW Maw ¢ 1 3 from which V,=3.2V. Hence, 1.68.4 4.14 A resistive network with voltage and current sources is shown in Fig. 4-102, Determine the currents J, and [, by mesh analysis. 1 To apply mesh analysis, we frst transform the 10-A current source in parallel with the 5 resistor to a 10x 5=50V_ voltage source in series with a 5-Q resistor. Thus, we obtain the network of Fig. 4-10b, for which mesh equations are 351, -201,=50 -201, + S01, = —100 Solving, 1,=0.37A and 1,=-1.85A. 4.18 Solve for J, and J, of the network of Fig. 4-10a by nodal analysis. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 0 47 1 2 4 2, 30 sa, 0, MA wal ) Fig. 4.10 I For nodal analysis, define the node voltages V, and V, as shown in Fig. 410a. At nodes 1 and 2, respectively, KCL gives which have the solution 100-30 BD Fas A Thus, he 4.16 For the network of Fig. 4-10a, calculate the power supplied by the current source and by the voltage source. Verify that the sum of the powers from the two sources is the total power dissipated in all the resistances. 1 Power saplied by the 1-4 source 10> ¥, = 12020 4 ssw Powe upped by th 1004” source = 104-1) = (1001.85) = 185W Total power supped by the sw sous 48148 +15 = 6568 W _Vi_ 1/1300)" Power dispted inthe 5.0 esitanee = Zi = (120)' snes Power dissipated in the 10-0 resistance = [7 x 10 = (0.37)"(10) = 1.37 W fod Ponerdispted inthe 2.0 resistance= YE = (2) og 36 Power dissipated in the 30-2 resistance = 12 x 30 = (1.85)#(30) = 102.67 W Total power dsiated = 46.65» 1.37 + 98.16 + 102.67 = 6645 W 4.17 Determine the current I shown in Fig. 4-11 FF Without the values of the resistors, it is not possible to calculate the branch currents. However, the network within the shaded area may be viewed as a single node, at which KCL gives 23-14-00 or T= -SA Fig. 4-11 48 4.18 419 4.20 CHAPTER 4 For the ladder network shown in Fig. 4-12, find the source voltage V, which results in a current of 7.5 mA in the 3-0 resistor. FA curent of 1A willbe assumed. The voltage necessary to produce 1 A i to 7.5mA because of the linearity of the network. V,=1d4342)-6V 1,= 951A in the same ratio to 1 A as V, is Then, by KCL, Le=141=2A oye 4) +6=14V ‘Again from KCL, +2=4A and —V,,=4(8)+14+4(12) = 94V Now, scaling down, whence V, =0.705V r Be 4 on Fig. 4.13 Determine the readings of an ideal voltmeter connected in Fig. 4-13 to (a) terminals a and b and (b) terminals c and g. The average power in the 5-12 resistor is 20 W. ' ‘The direction of 1 through the 5-0 resistor is deterrmned by noting that the polarity of the 90-V source requires that the current pass from d to c. Thus d is positive with respect to ¢ and V,, =(2)(5) = 10V. (@) An ideal voltmeter indicates the voltage without drawing any current. It may be considered as having an infinite resistance. KVL applied to the closed-loop acdba results in Vict Veg +Vin +Vpe=0 9-10+0-VM = vM = -10V If the meter is of the digital type, it will indicate -10V. A moving-coil galvanometer will try t0 go downscale, with the pointer stopping at the pin. If the leads are reversed, it will indicate 10V. (And with its + lead at point b, it is known that 5 is 10V positive with respect to a.) (b) KVL applied to the path cefge gives Vi.4 Vis +Vig + Ve =0 — 2(17)- 904266) + VM=0 VM =44V In this connection, the meter reads positive 44 V, indicating that point g is 44’V above point c. Determine the current supplied by the 100-V battery in the circuit of Fig. 4-14. FF With the currents marked in Fig. 4-14, the requited current is. 1, +. Writing the loop currents, for the loop 1241 we have 50-10/, ~ 107, + 101, =0 a For the loop 2342 we have: 101, ~ ,) +504 10(1, +) + 101,=0 @) KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS For the loop 1431 (containing the 100-V battery) we get: 10L, ~ 10(1, +) + 100 10(2, + 1.) =0 Solving for Z, and /, in Eq. (3) yields Hence, Fig. 4-14 4.21 How much power is consumed in the 10-0 resistor across the terminals 2 and 4 in Fig. 4-14? I Power = 1%(10)W. From Eqs. (1) and (2) of Prob. 4.20 we have: L-b+l, and ,-1,-3,=5 Thus, ,=0 and power=0. 4.22 Determine the current I supplied by the battery to the resistive network shown in Fig. 4-15. Ill, oe Tr Fig. 4-15 I We apply KVL to the following loops: Loop 1231: —10/, ~ 304, + S01, =0 Loop 2342: —301, ~ 10(/, + f,) + S0(J, ~ )=0 Loop 1241: —101,~S0(J, ~ 4) + 10-10(f, + ,)=0 Rewriting the above equations yields -1+5L,-34=0 S-h- T= 1,+Sl==1 Solving for the currents we obtain L=1A aha and Hence, 49 QB) 50 CHAPTER 4 4.23 For the network shown in Fig. 4-16, calculate the power supplied (or absorbed) by each voltage source I Applying KVL to the loops, forthe assumed directions of current flow we obtain 5i,—100+50~1,-0 -200+ 10(1, + ) +51, ~ 100-0 or sh 0151, +107, = 300 ‘Thus T= 12307 A Ls LSA 1, +L, =23.8457A Pygo y= fy(100) = 12.3077 >: 100 = 1230.77 W (supplied) Pxyy = 1,(50) = 11.538 «50 = 576.9 W (supplied) Pago y= (+ f)200= 23.8457 x 200= 4769.14 W (supplied) fea Fig, 416 4.24 Determine the power absorbed by each resistor of the network of Fig. 4-16. Verify that the sum of the powers absorbed by the resistors is equal to the total power supplied by the sources. 1 Prog = (I, +L) 10 = 23.8457 x 10 = 5686.17 W P= FS) = 12.307? x5 =757.40W P, (1) = 11.838" 1 = 133.12 © Praca = 6576.70 W From Prob. 4.23, © Pappea 6576.81 W. 4.25 Solve for the current in the 2- resistor of the network of Fig. 4-17 by mesh analysis. I There are three meshes, and we define J, asthe current flowing in mesh k (k = 2.3). ‘Then, KVL gives 6h +4U,—1)=20 51,+30,-1)+4,—1)=0 2 +301) =10 1-298 A Solving for J,, the current in the 2-0 resistor, we ge « 6a vi sa 8 Fig. 417 4.26 By nodal analysis, obtain the current in the 2-0 resistor of the network of Fig. 4-17 427 428 4.29 KIRCHHOFF's Laws 0 51 FT inFig define the voltages of nodes 1 and 2 with respect to node 0: Vig V;, Land 2 to obtain 17 we identify the principal nodes 0, 1, and 2, and choose node 0 as the reference node. Next, we ‘We now apply KCL at nodes 20-% v, Solving for V,, we get V,=~4.046V, Hence, the current in the 2-9 resistor is Vs+10 _ —4.046 +10 z 2 agreement with that of Prob. 4.25. 2.98.4, and is rected from node 2 to node B. is result is i Using mesh analysis, find the currents J, and J, in the network of Fig. 4-184. FF Transforming the current sources to voltage sources yields the circuit of Fig, 4-186, for which the mesh equations become 100-41, - 101,21, -,)-40=0 40-20, - 10, -1,)=0 20-101, =0 These equations simplify to 16h,-2,=60 — ~2h,+13/,-10,=40 -10/, + 101, =-20 Solving for I, and I, yields 1,=5A and [,=10A. J en wm Ty, Ty 1s 4a Parser ng Fig. 4.18 Apply nodal analysis to the network of Fig. 4-186 and solve for the currents J, and J, F Let ¥, be the voltage shown at node 1. At this node, we have Thus, 2V,= 660 or 100-V, _ 100-30 i4 1 Calculate the power supplied by each source to the entire network of Fig. 4-184. Determine if all sources supply power. 52 CHAPTER 4 I Since 1, =5A (Grom Prob. 4.27), from Fig. +182, 2 htlestl or 1-204 OV Pay, = 25% 80= 2000 W 20%4 SA. 600 Ww Similarly, =1,-h+h=1-S+0 oF Vyq=1SX2=30V Pro = 30x24 and or ,+10-2=0 or T= -BA Puy 8X 20=-10W So the 20-V source absorbs power and the other sources supply power. 4.30 Calculate the power absorbed by each resistor of the network of Fig. 4-I8a and determine the total power absorbed by all the resistors. From the results of Probs. 4.28 and 4.29, Pao. = (L,)°4= (20)°4 = 1600 W (1, 72= (15)72 (LP1= (071 100W (20)° Poa= T= ow DP=240W 4.31 Using the result of Prob. 4.29, verify the result of Prob. 4.30. DY Pres =D Paruenes= DP OF Prsqt Py + Puy = Por 2000+ 600 160=2440= 5 P which is the same as in Prob. 4.30. 4.32 Solve for the current in the 5-0 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-190, I Writing the mesh equations, we have 9-81,-8,-1,)=0 41, +8(,~4)+8(,-L)=0 61, +51, +80, fy ‘These equations simplify to 8h ~4i -21,4+5h,-2=0 8h, + 191,-0 Solving for 1, yields 1,=1.5 A an on 3.2. ba. 82. 42 4 (6) on a 8 8x8 we ers b © Fig. 4-19 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS J 53 4.33 In the circuit of Fig. 4-19a find the voltage across ab if the 5-0 resistor is removed and the terminals ab are open-circuited. I Writing the mesh equations we obtain 90-81,-8(1,-1,)=0 and 81, +41, +8(1,- 1, or 161,-81,=90 -81, +201, =0 ‘Thus, L=28125A and Vi, = f(8)=2.8125 x8 2.5 V 4.64 With the 5-9 resistor removed from the circuit of Fig. 4-194, the 90-V source is short-ireuited, Determine the resistance that will be measured across ab I With the voltage source short-circuited, the network reduction is shown in Fig. 4-196 through e. Hence, R= 102. 438 Refer to the results of Probs. 4.33 and 4.34, Using the open-circuit voltage V,, of Prob. 4,33 in series with the short-circuit resistance R,, of Prob. 4.34, connect the 5-0 resistor across ab as shown in Fig. 4-20. Find the ‘current in the 5-M resistor. Verify that the result agrees with that of Prob. 4.32. 2.5 10+5 4B From Fig. 421 1 =15A which is the same as in Prob. 4.32. ‘The network to the left of ab is known as the Thévenin equivalent circuit (see Chap. 5). ig. 4-20 Fig. 4.21 4.36 Calculate the current in the 2-0 resistor of the network shown in Fig. 4-214 I First we transform the delta-connected resistors to an equivalent wye to obtain the network of Fig. 4.216. ‘Writing the mesh equations, we get 61, -1.51,-0.51,=20 -1.51,+7.8751,-0.3751,=30 -0.51, ~ 0.375h, +2.8751,= 10 Solving for 1,, which is the current in the 2-0 resistor, yields J, =5 A. 54 437 438 4.40 CHAPTER 4 Determine the power delivered by the 30-V source in the network of Fig. 4214. ' Puy = OL W Solving for /, from the mesh equations of Prob. 4.36, we obtain I,=SA. Thus, Py =30%5= 150 w. How much current flows through the 1-0 resistor of the network of Fig. 4-214? 1 From Fig. 42a, Vig t¥yg= 10 or Vyq= 1O~ Vg =10-Sx2=0 or ig=OA Find the value of R in Fig. 4-22 such that the power supplied by the 100-V source to the network is the same as the power supplied by the 5-A source. FA node 1: Q . v~100 , , _ 100 ‘At node 2: Fe ne Pes @ For equal power 10¢1,=57 @) From Eqs. (1) and (2) we obtain: yyy Rots “ v a ns 6) v Ths, Lk 6) Finally, Eqs. (3) and (6) yield wor SETS or R=200 Find the current in the 10-0 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig, 4-234. I By source transformation we obtain the circuit of Fig. 4-235 for which we have 50=301,- 301, -100= -30/,+80/, or -S0=50/, Hence, [y= Inq = "1A. Tot wa 4a 4a 443 444 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS J 55 Solve Prob. 4.40 by using nodal analysis only. 1 With the vottages V, and Vj and the current defined in Fig. 4-23a, for node 1 we have I= 0, 07 301 = 2S or s01+3v,=200 « For node 2 we have 50-V, a or 3V,-¥,=200 ° Finally, for node 3 we obtain Ms = Hbas+ Bor %-2%=10 6) Solving for V, from Eqs. (2) and (3) yields V, = 60V. 50-V,_ 50-60 Hence, Ioa= 077 0 =-1A In the circuit of Fig. 4-23a calculate the current through the 0-V voltage source and the voltage across the S-A current source. I From Eq. (1) of Prob. 4.41, we have = $)(200~3V,)= (200-3 60)= 3 A=current through the 50:V voltage source. From Eq. (3) 2V,=V,~100=60~100=-40 or V,=-20V. Voltage across the 5-A source = V, ~V, = 60 ~ (-20) For the circuit of Fig, 4-23a verify that the total power dissipated in the resistors equals the total power supplied by the two sources. ' Pappina= Pao + Pox =50% 345% 80= 433.33 W (30 yyy 4 2D", CO - Prreigaea = So + (0) 10+ FE + SO 495.33 W = Props the power dissipated in the 20-00 resistor ofthe circuit of Fig. 424a by using nodal analysis. I To use nodal analysis we convert to the 10-V voltage source to an equivalent current source to obtain the circuit of Fig. 4245, "Defining the node voltages V, and V, a8 shown, we obtain: wiM SM we v-¥% 30 For node 1, For node 2, Solving for V, and V, yields V,=1.11V and V,=-1L.11¥. Ll = (711.11) al =0611A and = (0.611)'20= 7.466 W ten Be sa Fig. 424 56 0 CHAPTER 4 4.45 By applying only mesh equations to the circuit of Fig, 424a find the power dissipated in the 20-0 resistor. FF Wrting the mesh equations for the currents J, and fs in Fig. 4-24a, we obtain 10=14/,-41, = ~41, +324, ~2(8) Solving for /, yields L=BA or Pang =(33) 20=7.469W 4.46 Solve for the power supplied by the 12:V source shown in Fig. 4-25a by network reduction, source transformation, and finally using KVL and KCL. I The network reduction is shown in Fig. 425b and c and the source transformation in Fig. 425d. From KVL, for the mesh current ! we have 12-1) +2 (0.8) = 1(1.6)-110.8)=0 or and Pizy = 12 = 12x 3.88= 46.56W Fig, 4-25 4.47 Solve for the power supplied by the 12-V source of Fig. 425a using the following steps: First convert the two current sources to voltage sources. Then use network reduction and, finally, obtain the power by applying KVL and KCL. Verify that the result is the same as in Prob. 4.46. I The source transformations and the network reduction are shown in Fig. 4-26a. Thus we obtain the circuit, shown in Fig. 4-266, The mesh equations become ~6=151,-21, 12" 4671,-21,-2, 4-41-21, Solving for I, gives 1,==3.88A or P,,y= 12% 3.88=46.56W. 4.88 4.49 4.0 451 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 0 57 Fig. 4-26 Without using network reduction and source transformation, solve Prob. 4-46 by using only mesh equations. I First, we redraw the circuit (Fig. 427), identify the mesh currents, and write the corresponding equations. Notice from Fig. 4-27 that J,=-1A. and 1,=2A. For the remaining currents, we have --1)+181,-61,=0 or 3h, @ 6h, 4 121,-4,=0 or 31, +61,~2/,=0 2 =41,+61,-21,=12 or -21, +31, -1,=6 @) 21,4 41,=22) or =I, +2h, “a Solving for I, yields 1,= 98 =3.882A and Py, y= 123.882 = 46.59 W. Find the power delivered (or absorbed) by each source shown in Fig, 4-27. FF Solving for £, and 1, from Eqs. (1) through (4) of Prob. 4-48, we obtain Voltage across the IA source =(1+0.117)6=6.702V. P, across “the 2-A_ source=(2—2.94)2= ~L88V. P., Prrypias (Calculated earlier) sappiea. Voltage Pry = 45.59 W= For the circuit of Fig. 4-27, verify that the net power supplied from the sources equals the total power dissipated in the resistors. (,— 1Y°6 + 156) + (ly L)'6 + BQ) +(e YA Ue LY 2+ (e~ h)°2 = (0.117 + 1)°6 + 6(0.117) + (1.35 ~0.117)°6 + (1.35)°2 + 3.88 — 1.35)"4 + (2.94 3.88)°2 + (2.94-2)'2=49.47W = 45,59 + 6.702-3.76= 48.53 W; error =0.94W due to roundoff. P, ‘A network excited only by current sources is shown in Fig, 428. Determine the current through the 2-0 resistor I Defining the node voltages V, and V, a8 shown, we have: ¥,-¥, For node 1: w= 4+5s4% or BV, -2¥, 2» a 452 453 4.54 For node 2: CHAPTER 4 Solving for V, and V, yields ¥,=22353 Y-¥ ‘Verify the power balance for the network of Fig. 4.28. I Power balance implies that P, P, 10x 22,353 = 223.53 W Py, 10V, v, 1.x = V_~ V, = 23.529 ~ 22.353 = 1.176 Py, = 5Ve 425% 1.176 = 5.88 W D Ponies = 223.53 + 5.88 =229.41W 8V, + LIV, = 80 @ V,=23.529V 353 ~ 23.529 0.588. A ton Fig. 4.28 92.359) = 124.9141 W + Pag = FQ) (0.588)'2 = 0.6915 W V3 _ (23.529y° Pon ie 7 60 W © Prrnrnes = 229-41 W= 3 Prappies For the network shown in Fig. 4-29, write a set of mesh equations to solve for the currents J,, Z,, and 1, FF The mesh equations are: Vy =(R, + Ry + Rs, ~ Rob > Rely Rl, + (R, + Ry + Rela Roly Rul, ~ Rule + (Ry + Ry + Rely Fig. 4.29 In Fig. 4-29 if all the voltages are equal, each being 0 V, and if all the resistances are also equal, each being 5, find the curremts 1,, 1,, and Iy 1 From symmetry we have, = 1,=1=1 Thus, we may use only one of the three mesh equations of Prob. 4.53. or 10=51, or [= %=2A Hence, V=3RI-RI- RI=Rl, KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS I 59 4.85 In Fig. 429, let the resistors R, and R, be short-circuited, R;= ‘What is the current in R,? =50, R,=100, and V,=2V,=10V. I Since R, and R, are short-icuited, the circuit reduces fo that shown in Fig, 430. So, we use only the last two of the mesh equations of Prob. 4.53. With the given numerical values we obtain 10=(5+10)f,~10/,= 151,101, 5=-10/,+(5+10)L,=-10, +151, or L=$A and I, 1A Fig. 4:30 Fig. 431 4.56 The two ideal ammeters in the circuit of Fig. 4-31 read a cutent of 8A each. The power absorbed by the resistors is 3200 W. Determine V. R,, and R, I Writing the nodal equation gives Vivi Wt Gt has or r=s8=16a Now, since P= VI=E PR, we have 20=V(+8) or V=2m0V L=8A or Finally, v viv ae ee B8-mome oo -B-Ba2A or = 1000 4.57 Find the ratio {1 for the circuit shown in Fig, 432. I Waiting the nodal and mesh equations, we obtain, respectively, v reprn 1R,=Va+w) « Q) Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) yields 1 4 _(+wR, totleain lo Roma, Fig. 432 Fig. 433 60 0 CHAPTER 4 4.88 Determine the total power dissipated in the two resistors of the circuit of Fig. 4-33. I Since the voltage across the 5-0 resistor is Vey a Now writing the mesh equation we have 100 = SO0(1~ 1) + Vg ~5¥ @ Substituting, Eq. (1) into Eq. (2) yields 500+ 100= 5008 +¥_-3V_ or Vy=9=625V and 1= 22 = 1.250 Paog = (I~ 1)°500 = (1.25 ~ 1)*500= 31.25 W Total power dissipated = 39.0625 W. 4.59 Verify that the power calculated in Prob. 4.58 is the same as the total power supplied by the two sources. 1 Vy = (C14 1)S00= (1.254 1)500= -125V Py, = SV4(I) = 5 6.25 x 1.25 = 39.0625 W Pa V,a(1) = (C125) = -125 W Pygyy = 100(L) = 100 1.25 = 125 W E Puppies = ~125 + 39.0625 + 125 = 39.0625 W, which is the same as in Problem 4.58. Notice that the 1-A current source absorbs power. 4.60 If the power dissipated in the 12-0 resistor of Fig. 4-24 is 147 W, what is the value of the source voltage V,? F Since Pyyq = 147W= F(2), 1= VE =35A. Combining the 16-0 and 4-0 resistors in parallel and solving for 1, yields 16x4 y, BBV, vix(sa+ 124), of ne % ant v= n0s = 88% With 135A. (calculated above), we apply nol analysis to node 1 to obtain v1 sey, Fyasse hough oa, Finally, forthe mesh contsiing the 12-0 resistor, we have ¥, ne2+2+58+14)~ Ys 4-0 or or ¥,=100V a ip, 484 4.61 In the circuit of Fig. 4-34, calculate the current tarough the voltage source and the voltage across the controlled-current source. IAs determined in Prob. 4.60, the current through the voltage source is y, ae “2 The volage srs the controedcuent sone i fi VerVont Mune 2s + 14(% 1) (0a) 1049, A) 0x0 1M + W404 4100-35) =191¥ 4.62 Verity that the total power supplied by the two sources in Fig. 4-34 equals the total power absorbed by the resistors, foe en + Tes \ iort TS a et - _fesee e Fig. 4.35 1 From the results of Prob. 4.60 and 4.61, Fj = 100% 8.33.4 191 x 0.1 100 = 2743 W To determine the power absorbed by the resistors we reduce the network shown in Fig. 4-35a and b, Since 100V and V,/73=0.1V,=10A, Prropnea =Vshh +V, D+ (10)°(10+ 9.1) = 2743 W Which is the same as the power supplied. 4.63 Determine the power supplied (or absorbed) by the controlled-voltage source in the network of Fig. 436. I Defining the node voltage V, (Fig. 4-36), the nodal equation becomes: -3y, Meg and Vea Vi-4 Solving for V, yields V, 3ha= Vs _ WY 4)-¥, nn 24-4=-28V Py, = Vl = AV, ~ 4) = 3(-24 ~ 4)(~12) = 1008 W -RA 3(-24= 4) ~ (28) t 3 Ve 4.64 Solve Prob. 4.63 by using mesh analysis I Let the mesh current be /,. Then, the corresponding mesh equation becomes 44V_~S5h~3Vg=0 or S=4-2Vy but Vg = ~2(I, +2) Thus, Sh=444(,+2) or 1=12=-1 Hence, 1=-12A =2(12+2)=-28V and Py, = 3(-28)(-12)= 1008 W 4.65 Determine the open-circuit voltage (across the terminals ab) with the polarities as marked in the circuit of Fig. 437. I For the mesh we have 1=3A, Vig=4/=12V, and Vig 10 — Vi q=20-12=8V, als i ol enngee Fig. 4-37 62 0 CHAPTER 4 4.66 What is the voltage across the 3-A current source in Fig, 4-37? ' “Van Vea ~3x ‘ay “16 or Y= 16V 4.67 In the circuit of Fig. 437 if the terminals ab are short-circuited, determine the current through the short circuit, I With the short circuit, we write the nodal equation as w-V_4,¥ 3 ae Gondor Ve EV and Iasmenean™ b= Fag OBA 4.68 Solve forthe current I, shown in the network of Fig. 4380. Ege t oLt) (sel na OPED ee ® © Fig. 438 First, we change the current source toa voltage source and transform the 6-0 delta-connected resistors to an equivalent wye, shown in Fig. 4380, which is then reduced to the network of Fig, 4-38c. For this network, the rmesh equations become 12-61, - 141, +14,-24=0 or -12=201,- 141, a and 2-14-14, +14, =0 or 24=—141, +287, @ From Eqs. (1) and (2), 1,=0A. 4.69 The circuit of Fig, 4-380 is redrawn in Fig, 4-39, Using only nodal equations, find the current J, I At node 1 or 1V,-2¥,-2V,=36 a At node 2: or 2V,~5¥,+2¥,=0 2 vy At node 3: Fo HY, 2, + 5V,= 24 ° Solving for V; from Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) yields V, = V, Hence, n__6 mx77 7" 470 an 4n KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS. 63 Fig. 439 Determine the total power dissipated by all the resistors of Fig. 439 and show that the entire power is supplied by the 2-A current source. I From Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) of Prob. 4.69 we have V=RV V=FV and V=9V L=0A, Pi =O. the remaining seven resistors becomes: Wy, mt = §(I2— FY +12 FY + FF) FY + RCP = 27.428 W Voltage across the 2-A source, = HY, - VAY + -V) + (VAT Y=FV P= x2=27.428W Pyy=l2x l= which is the same as the total dissipated power, Since 1, Since 1, in Fig. 439 is zero, the 12V source may be disconnected (by open-circuiting). Verify by network reduction that 1,=§ A. Lars Iie oy 4% at) \gne an “w (b) Fig. 4.40 FF Network reduction is shown in Fig, 44a and b, With the node voltage defined in Fig. 4-400, we have or =9V Hence, Using nodal analysis, find the voltage across the 10-A current source in the circuit of Fig. 4-41 I Let the node voltages be ¥,, Vs, and Vs, as shown in Fig, 441. At the three respective nodes we have w-¥, Vin, Wmv “TD 0 or 4V,-V,-Yy=20 ao 64 0 CHAPTER 4 -v, or Y-3¥, + Y= 0 @ Baw ov +%y~4y,=100 @ Solving for V, from Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) gives V, =~ V, which is the required voltage ton. ben “fh an I ies Fig. 4-41 4.73 In the circuit of Fig, 4-41, transform the 10-V source to a current source and the wye-connected 10-0 resistors to an equivalent delta. Thus calculate the voltage across the 10-A. source. tor yen. YW Bay ta i é Fie 442 1 The source transformation and the equivalent circuits are shown in Fig, 442a and b. From Fig. 442 we obiain For node 1 or 60=11¥,-4%, ¥ For node 2 Ages a7 t10 or -300=-4¥, + 11% Solving for V, yields V, 2% V, which is consistent with the result obtained earlier. 4.74 For the circuit of Fig, 4-41, verify that the total power absorbed by all the resistors is the same as the net power supplied by the two sourees. # From the results of Prob. 4.72, we have Ya-9V ve PV ZPsomae 10 (36/79), [-36/7 = (208/77 sovorbed by restr z if (36/7 ~ (80/7), (8007) , [80/7 = (=208/7)F | (=20477)* _ + io oF 0 +E enw © Prpties vy surees™ Pro a * Pray = 10% = n= 36/7) 36) 391.1 475 Find the current in each of the resistors of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-43. Wire Wy Maye I For node 1 or 19¥, ~15V, = 500 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS J 65 22_Y, For node 2: EH oor 15¥,-170, = 240 Solving for V, and V, yields V, SOV, ¥,=30V, Hence, ¥,_ 50 Vi-Vi=32_ 50-30-32 _ ne B-Dewa 4- Be BS PB 6g MMM sq and ee = M3 ale 1s dy ei * fore _ Gx) 4 + + fo t) 4a Fig. 443 Fig. 448 4.76 Transform the two current sources in the circuit of Fig. 4-43 to voltage sources and find the current in the 4-0 resistor. I The transformed circuit is shown in Fig, 4-44, for which we have 45-32-40-17-2/, of -27=171,-2, and 32 = -21, + 61, Solving for , yields 1, =5.A 4.77 tn the circuit of Fig. 4-45, determine the node voltages ¥,, V;, and ¥, FF ‘The node equations yield 170 “Ts Solving for the node voltages V,, V,, and V, yields Y=s0V v, ia Tey, 4,78 Solve for the power balance in the network of Fig. 4-85, With the currents marked in Fig, 445 and using the results of Prob. 4-77, we have: vy 50 60-50 5-32. A A = S01)? + 1(40)° + 15(4)? + 20(3)° + 2(17)? +-47(2)" + 4(19)? = 2780 W 10(1,) + 9(-V,) = 170. 19 - 9 x 50= 2780 W Notice that the 9-A. current source absorbs power. 66 4.79 4.80 481 4.82 CHAPTER 4 Calculate the current in each resistor of the network of Fig. 4-46 20-10 a — hark oa Fig. 4-46 Determine the currents through each voltage source of the circuit of Fig. 4-46. ' Which of the sources supply power and which absoro power in the circuit of Fig. 4-46? Determine the total power absorbed by the resistors Fay = 20(1,) =20(1) =20.W (Gupplied) Pay = SO(—1,) =50(2)= 100 W (oupplied) P,,= cL) = 9-1) = -9 W (absorbed) Pay = 10(T,) = 10(8) = 80 W (supplied) Total power absorbed by the resistors =20-+ 1009+ 80 = 191 W. ‘An operational amplifier is schematically represented in Fig. 4-47a, and Fig, 4-47b shows the corresponding equivalent circuit. For the ideal model assume, = [= 0 and V,=V_. Draw the equivalent circuit of the inverting operational amplifier shown in Fig. 4-47. Fig. 447 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 67 I For the circuit of Fig. 447¢ we have it o Bee @ Now V_=V,=0 (ince V, is grounded). Thus Eq. (1) becomes YM ROR Hence, we obiain the equivalent circuit of Fig. 4-474. ¢ R > (4% WV, B/S (@) (6) Fig. 4-48 4.83 Draw the equivalent circuit of the ideal noninverting operational amplifier shown in Fig. 4-48a, FF Since V_ , and 1. =0, we have Solving for Vy yields V,=(1+ R,/R,)V,. Hence, we obtain the equivalent circuit of Fig. 4-480. 4.84 The circuit shown in Fig. 4-49 responds to the difference of two input signals. Find an expression for V, and, hence, show that this circuit is a differential amplifier. I Since the operational amplifier is ideal, we have LR, and, by voltage division, By, but VV, R+R, 2 tM EY Thus, ¥.—R, vy, URRY Solving for Vy yields Vy = (R,/R,)(V~ 4.85 For the operational amplifier circuit of Fig. 4-50 determine V,, All voltages shown are with respect to ground. 68 4.86 487 O CHAPTER 4 v We . t . Fig. 4.50 F Since 1.=0 and V_=V,=0, the nodal equation becomes Wie, M RRR, or e-(Ry By, R RM) ‘The equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier circuit is shown in Fig. 4-51. Determine its input resistance. Ay, Fig. 451 IT Writing the loop equations we have: Via V+ RL 1)=(R,+ RM, ~ Ril R-AR or ~ AV, = ~AR,I, =—Ryl, + (Ry + Ry + Roly RtR+ Rk, or the input resistance is

Fig. 5-3 I The Thévenin voltage is the open-circuit voltage appearing across the terminals ab, which isthe same as the voltage across cd. For this open-ireuted network we need not consider the 6-0 resistor. The equivalent resistance seen by the 90V is given by werd R,=8+ FO 280 ‘The current /, shown in Fig. 5-35, becomes 90 eT 703A Thus, the voltage ~ 7.0318) = 33.75 V Current and [.,=7.03-4,22=2.81 A, Hence, Vyy = 2.81% 8= 22.48 To find the Thévenin resistance, we refer to Fig. 5.3¢ from which we obtain (44498 R 44448 Ryy= Ray = 64 =100 74 9 CHAPTER 5 $3 Reduce the delta-connected re resistance for the modified circuit tors of Fig. 5-3u to an equivalent wye. Find the Thévenin voltage and Verify that the results agree with those of Prob. 5.2 sr. en ak aa ba @ wa 3 Ba ga + = b&b * Fig. 5-4 I ‘The network reduction is shown in Fig. -4a, ‘The Thévenin voltage is across cn, which fs the voltage across the 16/50 resistor and is given by 16 _ Vou Srigisters 5 ~ 4 ~725V ‘The cireuit for the Thévenin resistance is shown in Fig. S-4b from which (8+8i5)16/5 , 8 Bow oie * 5 167100 Ven= 5.4 Determine the current i, in the 5-0 resistor of the cireuit shown in Fig. 4-6, by using Thévenin’s theorem. I) The circuit to determine the Thévenin voltage is shown in Fig. 5-Sa, from which we have (for the two meshes) 100+ 50=141,- 21, S0= 24 +54, Solving for J, yields 1, = 12.884. 100 ~ 1(10) = 100 ~ 12.88(10) = ~28.8V Figure 5-5 shows the circuit to determine the Thévenin resistance. ‘Therefore, Thus, Ven 10+2+12 Vay 228.8 Hence, ho glts* Tapes 7 387A & Fig. Fig. $6 5.§ For the circuit shown in Fig. 45, we have R,= 100, R,=200, R,=300, and R,=600. Using the ‘Thévenin equivalent circuit show that the current in R, is zero and is independent of the values of the battery voltage E and Ry 56 ST NETWORK THEOREMS 0 75 I The circuit, shown in Fig. 5-6, is drawn to determine the Thévenin voltage, ‘Thus, we obtain EE 10+20 fy Vio a Yoon (10) ~ 130) = $ (10) ~ & (30) = ov L A ‘And IL +0 Hence the current in, Sim > > Using Thévenin’s theorem, determine the current in the 2-2 resistor of the network shown in Fig. 4-8a Spt lov Fig. 5-7 I First, we change the 5-A current source to an equivalent voltage source. Consequently, we have the ‘Thévenin equivalent citeuit to determine Vj, as shovin in Fig. 5-7a. Writing the mesh equation yields Iss as-io=(s+ +3 or ea Sa a-3(5 none Hence, n=-3(3)4¥q of Vqn20+25=28¥ The circuit to determine R,,, is shown in Fig. $-7b from which (0+5)3 10+54+3 aw Thus, hat Find the current / in the 10-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig, 4-9. Use Thévenin’s theorem. Liga 2n Fig. 58 76 0 CHAPTER 5 I ‘The circuit to determine the Thévenin voltage is shown in Fig, -8a, from which arertery “MOA By current division, 1= (1.46) = 02448 Thos, Vin=30.24)=0.732V and Vyy=~20++0.732~ 19.268 From Fig. 5-86, 46.0 Finally, Ry, 2107 idea rig ~~ EA 5:8 By applying Thévenin’s theorem to the circuit of Fig. 4-10a determine the curent /, in the 102 resistor. I After converting the current source to a voltage source, the Thévenin equivalent circuits to determine V,,, and Ry, are shown in Fig. 5-9a and b, respectively. ly ott ie, ee ans (t Gd dot 4 L “{ et @) ® Fig. 59 From Fig, 5-94 we obtain 100 1 70+m~ Also, 50= Vy, +Viy=Vin $40 or Vy =50-40=10V A and Vay =2(20)=40V From Fig. 5-95 we have . 30x20 _ + 3029 7170 10 Hence, tm gta TOA 59 Find the current in the 30-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-10a by Thévenin’s theorem sa ee Tee 20n @ “ Fig. 5:10 I From the circuit of the Fig. 5102 we have Fra 100+ V,, = 20(1.43) or Vy = “71.43 V NETWORK THEOREMS { 77 From Fig. $-10b, 20(5 + 10) 2045410 1 Vn, =7.8 8 303 Ry” FBT =8570 Hence 1.85.4, 8.10 Determine the current supplied by the 100-V source to the circuit of Fig. 4-14 by applying Thévenin’s theorem. ™! © oy Fig. Salt I The Thévenin equivalent circuits are drawn in Fig, S-I1a and b. From Fig. 5-I1a, for the two meshes we obtain 50=30/,-101, and 50=-10/, + 301, Hence, L=h=25A For the mesh containing V,,, we have 100-V,,+10(%,) +10) =0 or Vz, = 100+ 10(2.5) + 10(2.5) = 150V From Fig. 5-11b we get ‘Therefore the required current is hoe" RTT" S.11 By applying Thévenin’s theorem, determine the current supplied by the battery of the circuit of Fig. 4-15 nae lene eae “nm Ry soe Bon tev a [ So Su} oe @) cc n ene A 7 > © Fig. 5-12 78 J CHAPTER 5 I ‘The Thévenin equivalent circuits are drawn in Fig. S-12a and b From Fig. 5-120 itis clear that no current flows through the resistors. Therefore, Vin =10V. To obtain Ry, we reduce the circuit of Fig. 5-126 10 that shown in Fig. 5-12c from which 50, (10-+50/33(S0+ 10/3) 100 R, m= 9 + 1045073 $504 1073 ~ 3 10 Hence, 034 100 5.12 Using Thévenin's theorem find the current in the 1-2 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-16, @ Fig. 513 I From the corresponding Thévenin equivalent circuits drawn in Fig. 5-13a and b we have 10x5 _ 10 me 045" 3 Vn, 50 _ 1st Ratt” 3st 1B Vy =50V and, a Hence, No = 11.5384, 5.13 Solve for the current in the 2-0 resistor of the network of Fig. 4-17, by Thévenin’s theorem. eee mee Ea ang D ; yang Be | “eon | , two My ay (a) ® Fig. $-1 I The Thévenin’s equivalent circuits are shown in Fig. 5-14a and b. Thus, we obtain ee fence ne or. nega Yond(ig)=aa¥ 20 _ 16x46 4)]+5)3 ce Bensiy ry= LEO a ath het RUS Tard 2A S.14 Find the current in the 1-02 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-184 by Thévenin’s theorem, NETWORK THEOREMS. 79 ton a | 4 Qe Jone. @ ) Fig. 5:15 First, we transform the current sources to voltage sources a shown in Fig, 4186. Then, we define Vi, and Ryy shown in Fig. 55a and b, respectively From Fig. 5-154, 100-40 _ 15 joras3 "4 From Fig. 5-156, 1 A Voge 00-1108) =20-100- 18 (4) (o+42 7 iorava a” Ry Vy _ 35/2 THR, 1474 =10A Hence, By Thévenin’s theorem, determine the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-186, wor pin fe 1s . Sn aw) | © l m nee (20v) @ From Fig. 5-166, 4 2) 2 Wrai=3e Voy _ 22013 TER,” 443213 Hence len S16 In Fig. 4-22, given R y a po we Q, find the current in the 20-0 resistor by Thévenin’s theorem. Fig. 5:17 I From Fig. 5-17a and 6 we have Vy = 100V and Ry, = 0.0 80 J CHAPTERS vy 100 Hence, faa" 34, B40 54 Calculate the current in the 10-0 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-23a by Thévenin’s theorem. —+ & bands “9. Ihe “ es _I aa 7 7 «w b Fig. 5-18 I From Fig. 5-18a, Vyq25X2001KY 50-Vp,—100=0 Or Vy, = -50V From Fig. 5-186, Ry = 20+ 20= 400 v -30 ee hon™ THR, Tora 1A Find the current in the 20-0 resistor of the citcuit of Fig. 4-24a by Thévenin’s theorem. Le ey = 5 Jose sn EV, @ - I From Fig. 5194 Ven =2X8=16V (with polarities as shown) 10 20 Voom peg @= FY and Ven Vin + Ven 20 Ths, n= Bates By From Fig. 5-196, Rip Hens toa= gn = ge ona 5.19 Find the current in the 20-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-24 by Thévenin’s theorem. Fig. 5-20 5.20 8.21 $22 NETWORK THEOREMS J 81 I From Fig. 520a solving for V, and Y, yields 20 o = 2v ond or F=Vyt16=0 oF x4, 16 Ryn Wt 2 Bo Vy 1327132 Hence, hyo SULA 20+ R,, 20+ 7617 ~ 216 Determine the current through the 12-V source of Fig. 4-25a by applying Thévenin’s theorem and nodal analysis ® Fig. 5-21 I From Fig. 5210 we have Thus and From Fig. 5-21, fave Ree Repeat Prob. 5.20 using the circuit of Fig. 4-25d. In this ease, by inspection, we have Vpy=1242=1(08)=13.2V Ry =1+08416=3.40 B2 Hence faye Fa TBA Find the current in the 2-0. resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-28 by Thévenin’s theorem, 62 7) CHAPTERS Ae 9 SE Fig. $22 5(16)(8) 16+8 v From Fig, $-22b, 5.23 In Fig. 430, given R, theorem. @ @ Fig. 5-23 I From Fig. 5-23a and b we obtain S+10=(5+5) or Ths, Ve 5~S(LS)=-25V and Vin Hence Ine TOHR,, ~ W 8.24 Determine the current in the 5-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-33, by Thévenin’s theorem. 2 See oy ” 4 an 7 el “@ Fig. 5:24 J From Fig. 5-240, V,=1(500)=S00V and 100+500-V,,=0 or Vz, = 600V Also, Ry, = 5000 NETWORK THEOREMS J 83 From Fig. $-24b, y, Z)+%y-5%q oe 62s SP = 1258 Thus, 600 = 5.25 Determine the current through the short-circuited terminals ab in the circuit of Fig. 4-37 by Thévenin’s theorem. I By opemcircuiting ab in Fig. 437, we obtain Also from Fig. 4-37, Thus, $8.26 Find the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit shown i Use Thévenin’s theorem, ne Fig. 5-25 F To determine Vp, we redraw the citeuit as shown in Fig. 5:25 from which we obtain -% W-% view % or6 676 Or Thus, % 2 and V=V,—6)= > - 5(6)=12V Hence, “Vyp=I2-Vy=0V and yg OA 5.27 By applying Thévenin’s theorem to the circuit of connected to node 2, ig, 4-38b determine the current 7 in the 12-0 resistor _ ne a co meee tte Tee ie | an : Y & Mr a, a 7 —_ @ @o Fig. 5-26 I From Fig. 5-26a we have maw 3 peasaea 54 ea 0 5.28 5.29 CHAPTER 5 Thus, From Fig. 5-266, _¥ Tis _ 6 2-233 "7 Hence T= hia Find the current J in the 5-01 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-41 by Thévenin’s theorem. ne we se [| CO + Lig pa) yl hat ©) vi )leek ssn Ry Y2pece Mt foo Lot L __J (a) “@ poe Bon nv sng EO Sa0n 2, —! © @) Fig. 5.27 I From Fig. 5.274 we have Solving for Vi, yields 1020 a Now, referring to Fig. 5276, we transform it to an equivalent delta shown in Fig. 5-27, which may be reduced to that shown in Fig. $-27c, ‘Therefore. ftom Fig, 5-27d we obtain (165/14)30 _ 110 +30 ~ 13 Vy, _ (1020/13) __ 204 SFR, 5+ (t0713) R Hence, hea Find the current in the 5-00 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-43 by Thévenin’s theorem, NETWORK THEOREMS 7 85 Ne ea rh Orr a wig un oe ar on 2 tn. tt © “o Fig, 5.28 I From Fig, 5-28a we obtain 2 ve 2 10 ~ or and 15Vp,~17¥, =240 = 0 Hence, Vn= a V From Fig. 5.280, (Q) 34 im WOH 3 49013 Thus, ho 55 Ry 7 343s OA 5.30 Determine the current in the 2-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig, 4-43, by Thévenin’s theorem. aH b Fig. 5.29 v, ¥ and Thus, i - 830 _ 810 _ Since, WAV +82=¥, Vey = 880-810 (O+5)4 _ 60 _ Vin =S88/19 Worsta 19% = ba= FER > Teer ~ OA 5.31 Evaluate the current in the 50-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-45 by Thévenin's theorem. wie vat hy ee a aa vie + Re “ meat FG) in @ & Fig. 5.30 86 J CHAPTER 5 J From Fig. 5300 we have or ~37V, +30V, = 540 or ~94¥, + 145V, 1990, Solving for V. yields 8.2 = 6342-9 = 54.42 Hence, From Fig. 5-30b we obtain 4.42.0 Vy 54.82 +R, 304442 Thus, OA . oa $.32 Calculate the current /, in the circuit of Fig. 4-46 by Thévenin’s theorem. Fig. 531 I From the Thévenin equivalent circuits of Fig. 5 31a and we have Yq + 50-204 10=0 a HV Ry =00 40 ee N= a0=R, ~~ 20407 2A 3.33 Find the current J, in Fig. 446 by Thévenin’s theorem, 1 By inspection, 20~ Vy -9~ 10=0 or V2 1¥ Hence 8.34 Find the current in the 3-9 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-55 by Thévenin’s theorem. # The Thévenin equivalent circuits are shown in Fig. 532a and b. From Fig. 5-324, bg 2 0A or v,=10x2=207 Abo, Ma or v= vy 7 NETWORK THEOREMS JU 87 @) wo Fig. 5-32 Finally, or From Fig. 5-326, S4+$4+2=90 Vow 3807 Hence, ha-3eR, ~ 345577 94 5.38 By Thévenin’s theorem, calculate the current through the galvanometer, having a resistance of 200, in the Wheatstone bridge shown in Fig. 5-334. los, we 300 4on @ Fig. 6.33 I) From Fig. 5.330 we have =044 0.4%40= 16 Also, oa = 16-9=7V From Fig. 5-33¢, 10x30 , 40x50 10730 * 40+ 50 ~79720 7 eee +R, Wr OA 5.36 Determine the current in the 10-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-344. I From Fig. 5344, ee oer oo WOOF B)]TSOIOF BW ~ 6S 18 Ba h A fat as 0 CHAPTER 5 Bon. 30, ay'm RR, 200 aon\ i mG Te nt 400.\2| / son ‘BON Bev t— @ ® Fig. 534 And Vax ~ Van + Von) = 9 rs Vays 120) + (40) = 2S x 20+ 38 (40) = 22 y or ¥, From Fig, 5-34, R= Ba 3B 360/13 _ 360 Hence 4 wo" TOF RK, 10+ 228713 ~ 358 7 LOA 5.37 Find the current in the 3-0. resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-35a by Thévenin’s theorem, rn bn i Pea Oo al h + 2 Z6n 6 on Sen % R. 2 | | @ © Fig. 8.35, I From Fig. 5356 we have Vay 36, Von +42 or DR é From Fig, 5-35¢ we obtain Hence, 5.38 By Thévenin’s theorem, find the current in the 19.2-2 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig, $-36a. NETWORK THEOREMS [ 89 19.22 wa conn o.oo aon ote booms eee Ry Ry smn mm wn fom an an. © @) Fig. 5-36 I From Fig. 5-366, 5.961, -0.1=120 0.11, +981, = 120 or 1,=2034A and 245A Hence, Vo = 9.61, + 5.16, = 9.6% 12.45 + 5.16 x 20.34 = 236.7 From Fig. 5:36¢ and d (0.098 + 5.16)(0.001 + 0.1) 2367 _ Ray = 0.098 + (0.098 + 5.76 + 0,001 + 0.1 ee 1928 19.2+0.197 ee $.39 Find the current in the 9-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-37a by Thévenin’s theorem. po Me re be Ney aca @ ) @ @ -& an on VI, Coy @ Fig. $37 F Since the circuit contains a dependent voltage source, we obtain Ry, = VaclTycy where Voc and lye &Fe, respectively, defined in Fig. 5-376 and c From Fig 5376, 2+61,=41,+61, oF =5x6=30V 90 5.40 Sal CHAPTER 5 From Fig. 5-37¢, W=4ge OF ye = SA. Yoo _ 30 _ Hence, Raa T= FA 60 and Find the current in the 10-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-384. ©) de oA (@ Fig. $38 FF Proceeding as in Prob. 5.38, from Fig. 5-38b we have 100- Ye + 10¥, From Fig. 538¢ we obtain ¥,20 and V,=10x5=50V or Vic= n= 550V 100+ 10¥,-V,=C or Also, Ie t10=- 102 gy Thus, =-450 Hence, loa > =I 10-45 Calculate the current in the 6-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig, 5-394 by Thévenin’s theorem in + wn (ey Fig. 5-39 NETWORK THEOREMS J 91 I First, we calculate Voc from Fig. 5-39. Thus, 18+ V, #2V, ~ Voc But V,=3K1=3V or Vac From Fig. 5-39, 18+V,+2V,=0 or 18+3¥,=0 But Thus, Hence 5.42 Determine the current in the 2-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-55 by Thévenin’s theorem. in Ge. Gn, 6 ECan 1 iw ¥ sn | o Fig. 5-40 I From Fig. 5-402, 404+ 1,461 Vig = 6x5=30V From Fig. 5406, 6x1_@ Ve ReaSt3t p= 70 be aR, 24a 8.43 Find the current in the 24-01 resistor of the circuit of Fig. S-#1a by Thévenin’s theorem. I To determine Vp, we remove the 24-0 resistor. Then, Vin = Vay = ~101,(12) = ~1201, 8 48-3V,_ 48-3V, ut 1000 1000 -3y, Thus, Vi,= -120 SB) Vag=-OV= Voc 1000 To determine R,, we short-circuit the terminals ab. The circuit reduces to that shown in Fig. 5-410, since 92 0 8.44 5.48 CHAPTER 5 ® Te tka Pio dna Vlog ) Vi=0. Thus, 8 _ feo tol, and 1,478 oe = 08 o Hence, 2 5218750 2 - Finally, hea 5p og7e OMA Find the current in the 14-0 resistor of the circuit 0° Fig. 5-42 by Thévenin’s theorem. $42 I To find Vz, = Vacs We open-circuit ab. Thus, Vo = Vix = 10 ~(-0.1V,)5 = 10+ 0.5Voe or Vac =20V = Voy Next we short-circuit ab resulting in V, =O and 0.1V, =0. Thus, 1 _10 Yoo, 20 20 hes sega of Rm TE 7073 = 76% and Ian = FEE IG = OSA Determine the current in the 16-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-43 by Thévenin's theorem, I Open-circuiting ab in Fig. $-43 yields Voc=Va=40V since 1, Short-cicting ab implies that ne = 1. And 40- Toc + 0.8 lc ua 10 5.46 S47 5.48 NETWORK THEOREMS But _4 Therefore, ben BA Hence, pee oh aan rb z os, gun #a(t) ja) oer, lon Fig. 5-43 4 Fig. 5-44 Repeat Prob. 5.45 by converting the 40 voltage source to an equivalent current source. I The new circuit is shown in Fig. 5-44 from which the open-circuit voltage is = 10K4=40V= Va, To find Ise, we short-circuit ab and use the nodal equation to obtain v +081,+1, and 10 40 Hence, how 5g A which is identical to the result of Prob. 5.45. Determine the current in the 8-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-54, for k=2, by Thévenin’s theorem I By inspection, with the 8-0 resistor removed, Voc = Vy = 16V ‘When the 8-1 resistor is short-circuited, Ig = © and 16 Thus, 09 y= = 204 ha = 94g =? Find the current J in the circuit of Fig. 4-56 by Thévenin’s theorem. Fig. 545 I First, we remove the 4-0 resistor to obtain the circuit shown in Fig, 5-45 to determine Vac. Thus, /=0 and V,=5x3=15V and 124+¥ye-Vj=0 or Voc = 1S~12=3V. To find i. we short-circuit ab through which I... = I flows. Then, , MeV) and 94 0 CHAPTER 5 5.49 Obtain the Thévenin equivalent circuit at the terminals ab of the circuit shown in Fig. $.46a, an at 7 on aw 40. - ce : @ . ® Fig. 5-46 I Note that this circuit does not contain any independent sources. To obtain the Thévenin equivalent we apply a voltage source of 1 V at ab. Therefore. or I=tA and ‘The Thévenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 5-466. 5.80 The equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier is shown in Fig. 5-47. Find the Thévenin equivalent resistance at the output terminals. Assume R, Fig, 5.58 I Short-circuiting the 10- resistor results in the circuit of Fig. 5-58a, from which s0-¥, , 100 800 5 0 o 7 NETWORK THEOREMS { 99 _ 50~ (800/17) _ ‘And ae 7 Removing the short-circuit and the sources yields 3020 Ry 30+20 ‘Thus we obtain the Norton circuit of Fig. 5-586 which yields YY ¥, B-8+8 oo and Ing B= ah 5.61 Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit shown in Fig. 5-59 Fig. 5-59 “RAR AscRy ~ Vi ‘The Norton equivalent becomes as shown in Fig. 5-59c, where 5.62 The circuit of Fig. 5-602 contains only a dependent source. Obtain its Norton equivalent, 40 4n a i ; [4 ffs i toe “| Vv 20 BR 5 -| @ ‘ 1 4 - to. a) = 30 oe @ Fig. 5-60 I First we shortcircuit AB as shown in Fig. 5-60b, from which or x or V=0 and he =0 To find R,, we refer to Fig. 5-60¢ where 100 J CHAPTER 5 vo ¥ A note 2 Me Men~V_ Ve, Me ah eles BVM Me ome teson Hence we obtain the Norton circuit of Fig. 5-60d. $.63 Find the current in the 5-0 resistor of the cireuit of Fig. 5-61 by Norton’s theorem. Fig. 5-61 Hence no current will flow through the 5-0 resistor, Is q=0. 5.64 Determine the Norton equivalent of the circuit of Fig. 5-61. Bn an Ad. an 7 3 2 @ . ® I From Prob. 5.63, Igg = 120 To find Ry we use the circuit of Fig. 5-62a from which VV, VotViI2 3 Ys hep Tog oo OT Thus we obtain the Norton circuit of Fig. 5-626. 5.68 Find the current in the 1-0. resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-63a by Norton's theorem. sa In @ ® Fig, 5-63 FF Shortcircuiting the 1-9 resistor yields 20-1 54 Igo~ By inspection, NETWORK THEOREMS J 101 Hence we obtain the Norton circuit of Fig. $-63b from which fetes oF vat aaa @725V and 8.66 Two networks are shown in Fig. 5-64; the ammeters in both circuits have negligible resistances. Calculate the ammeter readings in the two networks and comment on the results. Note that in the two networks the positions of the ammeter and the voltage source are interchanged. wa sar wn say sa sa @ Fig. 5.64 Fin Fig. 5-64a, the resistance seen by the voltage source is 1 25 4 (10+ 5)(30) RES T5430 so that Hence, by current division, Ammeter reading. Similarly, for Fig. 5-64b, , GOL) _ 135 3045 ° 7 1s and By current division, Ammetr reading = 1, ~ 2 (#4) = The equality of the ammeter readings constitutes a special case of the reciprocity theorem: In a linear bilateral network, if a voltage V in some branch produces a current J in some other branch, then the same voltage V in the second branch will produce the same current J in the first branch, 8.67 Solve for the current J of Fig. 5-65a by applying the superposition theorem. on an ‘ wv oa 20 oa 20 4 » ove 10 aa 19 30 or wa my @ © Fig. 5.65 102 0 CHAPTER 5 I According to the superposition theorem, we deicrmine the current due to each source (in the absence ofall other sources). The net current is the sum of all these currents. So let us eliminate the 20-V source by replacing it by a short circuit. The network of Fig. 5-65a then becomes as shown in Fig. 5:65b. Combining resistances asin Prob. 5.2, we find 1, =0.0636 A. Next, we eliminate the 10-V source to obtain the circuit of Fig. 565c. Proceeding 2: before, we determine 1, = 1.744. Consequently, T= 1, + 1,= 0.0636 ~ 1.744 = -1.68.4 5.68 Determine the current /, in the circuit of Fig. 4-10a by superposition epee Ton 0 1, oh S50 2nd Fon Ssn ae (a ag) Fig, 5-66 1 For superposition, we frst excite the circuit by the surrent source only as shown in Fig, 5-66a from which we abserve thatthe 10-A current from the source is divided into a 50 resistor and a "10+ {(20% 30)/(20 + 30)] = 2-0 resistor. Hence, by currem division, T= 10 355) =1.852.4 Nest, removing the current source and keeping only the voltage source, from Fig, 5655 we obtain L, ———— 593A 2 505 (ROTO = SIND TOS By curent division, 2593 tng = 181A Hence, In 1h~ 1a 1852~ 1.481 = 037 5.69 Calculate the current / in the circuit of Fig. 4-16 by superposition. 5h oy Fig. 5-67 F We use one source ata time as shown in the circuits of Fig. 5.674 to c. From Figure 5-67a we have . 209 WHSxiVSrH = 18468 Fig. 5-67b yields 100 4 5+ [Gx 10+ 1] = Similarly, from Fig. 5-67e we obtain 50 “TF[Sx i Ss io SA and Hence T= 414 Ps 18.46 + 1.544 3.85 = 23.85 A 5.70 Find the current in the 2-01 resistor of the circwt of Fig, 4-17 by superposition, NETWORK THEOREMS {) 103 on sag, r 2A @ o Fig. 5-68 I From Fig. 5-682, with the 20-V source removed, we obtain 10 TF GSFOXHNSs HGS WOXHAS HH From Fig. 5.680 we have =2R2A 20 6+ (45 +13 x 2) + 2) 4 +54 [3%2)/342)) 4 93.0, 5.71 Find an expression for the output (v,) of the amplifier circuit of Fig. 5-69. Assume an ideal basic op amp. What mathematical operation does the cireuit perform? 1 The principle of superposition i applicable to this linear circuit, With vg, =0 (shorted), the voltage appearing atthe noninverting terminalis found by voltage division to be Let v,, be the value of v, with us; =0. Similarly, with v,, =0, By superposition, the total output is ‘The circuit is seen to be a noninverting adder. R a ot—? ww L R R Fig. 5-69 Fig. 5-70 104 0 CHAPTERS 5.72 Calculate the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-70 by superposition. I Assuming that all currents in the 40 resistor are in clockwise direction, with the 6-A and 6-V sources removed, due to the 12-V source we get r ag hoa With the 6-A and 12:V sources removed, for the 6-V source we have 0.54 Finally, with the two voltage sources, we obtain for the 6-A souree, by current division: a rads y+ 1+ I= 10-05-40 ASA Hence, leo $.73 Calculate the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-71a by superposition. a 30. & © ——w. aoa fod Tie ce} 2" ra 348 @) 20 440 oa hr" fan © @ an 12 32 aagt (A Fig. 5-71 NETWORK THEOREMS {) 105 I Considering one source at a time, from Fig. 5-T1b we note that the 2-9 and the 4-0 resistors are in parallel, $0 that the circuit may be redrawn in Fig. 5-7le. By current division we have 1 so 2 N=-Sppaaaxayrer ay OSA and I= -0.9375 yry = 03125 A Similarly, we redraw the circuit of Fig. 5-7Id as that in Fig. $-7le, from which 3 2. Im = Ws ppEEH GTA] OSA and 5625 525 = -1875A or I= 18TSA Finally, from Fig. 5-71f we obtain 20 P= Fas ayesieay 8784 Hence, T= 414 I= -0.3125 + 1.875 +3.75= 5.31258 5.74 Determine the indicated voltage V,, in the circuit of Fig. 5-72 by superposi Ly ign Fig. 5-72 Instead of redrawing the circuit, we remove the voltage sources by closing S, or S,. Let S, be open and S, closed. Then, 2513 __ 25 20-V, _ 20-25/3 4 °° 2 6, 1)=- $05 139)--18v or fat Vi, =30-15=15V 8.75 Find the current through the dependent voltage source, 2V,, of the circuit shown in Fig. 5-73 by superpos Fig. 5-73 I First we remove the 3-A current source. Then, 2-2F+2¥,44%,=0 and 106 0 5.76 S77 5.78 CHAPTER 5 4 aA Next, we remove the 24. voltage souree. Then. from nodal analysis, Thus, r Hence, For the operational amplifier circuit of Fig. 5-74, find V, by superposition. Note that V, = 0, Fig. 5-74 Similarly, and Vg=~ Ry Re Hence, Rit RY Find V, for the operational amplifier circuit shown in Fig. 5-75 by superposition. Given 1, % R, 4 tig. 525 IF Removing V, and applying V, we have op yen Be Hence, YonVirVin RWW) By superposition, calculate the current J in the circuit shown in Fig. 5-76a. FF First, we remove the 70-V source to obtain the cireuit of Fig. 5-76b, We combine the 2-9 and 20-0 resistors in parallel and then write the mesh equations as (2 1, = 50421, NETWORK THEOREMS { 107 Tae an © Fig, 5-76 Solving for 1° yields V=4515A Next, with the S0:V source removed, the mesh equations for the circuit of Fig. 5-76c become 221-20" 201; = 702M" 21,=2N} 24-201, = -217 Solving for J” gives 3.425 A Hence, T= [+ 1° = 4,515 +3.425= 8.0 5.79 Determine the Thévenin voltage at the terminals ab of the network shown in Fig, 5-77 by superposition @ o Fig. 5-77 I To obtain the Thévenin voltage Vz,, we opemcircut ab, convert the deltaconnected resistors to an equivalent wye, and transform the 2-A current source to a voltage source. Hence we obtain the circuit shown im Fig. 5-26a, which is redrawn in Fig. 577 Now, with the 12-V source removed, we have 5.80 581 CHAPTER 5 Similarly, with the 24-V source removed, we obtain Hence. = 0.612 +2)=15.6V Verification: eaeara 068 Find the Thévenin voltage V;,, shown in the circuit of Fig. 5-274 by superposi Removing the 10-V source, converting the 10-(2 wye-connected resistors, and combining the series-parallel resistors yields the circuit of Fig. 5-78a. See also Fig, 5-27¢ and d. 1 tsa 7 Joe 30R @ tO} Fig. 5-78 1 From Fig. 5.780 we obtain ! Sang) “282A Next, we remove the 10-A source and insert the 10. source in series with the 5-0 resistor to obtain the circuit of Fig, 5-78. Then, 0 SE ROTS TBD T Ts sa” OMISA And 0.205 ~ 2.82 = -2.615 A = 2.615 x x 78.45 V @ Fig. 5-79 I With the notation of Fig, 5-280, we have Vy 2 ¥, Therefore, to find Vy, we must determine V, and V, which requires the calculation of the currents in the 2-0 and 10.0 resistors. ‘We apply one source at a time as shown in Fig, 5-794 toc. From Fig. 5-794, i aR PA From Fig. 5-79, 5.82 5-83 NETWORK THEOREMS { 109 From Fig. 5-79c, If=4A IT=0A Thus, +90H4=1BA 1, 3(10) = 130V Vy Hence, 24+ V,~ Vi = 32+ 130+ $= 163.33V Obtain the Thévenin voltage shown in the circuit of Fig. 5-294 by superposition “0. - an we a he Hz lone sh an ® @ © Fig. 5-80 1 From Fig. 5.292, 324Vq+Vi-¥, <0 where and Irn 10) From Fig. 580, 1-0 From Fig. 5-806, 237A " + 6.64211 = 874A or Vi=874XS=43.7V Tyyq = 042.37 $1.89 4.26 or V,=4.26%10= 42.6 Finally, V2 Vi~ Vi~ 32= 43.7 -426-32=-309 V Determine the Vj, of the circuit of Fig. 5-32a by superposition. Fig. 5-81 110 0 CHAPTER 5 I From Fig. 5320, Van —Vsn M+ %oq Von =0 To find the voltages across various resistors we must determine the currents through them. For superposition we draw the circuits of Figs. $-81a to c each having one source, others being removed. From Fig. 5, no ®a From Fig. 5-816, ne From Fig, 5-814, From Fig. 5-810, From Fig. S-81¢, I From Fig. 5-81a and , From Fig. 5-81¢, WA Vian tya(®"10x2=20 ene, Vg 25-104 802000 or Ye S828V 5.84 Determine the current through the 10-9 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-38a by superposition, OR Ay Ce fort on 3k 10K i- wo Fig. 5-82 I We remove the current source to obtain the circuit of Fig. 5.820. ‘Thus, 100 = 107" -19V, +51" V,=51" 100 BA Thus, 100= 101" = S0r"+5!" or Next, from Fig. 5-825, where we have removed the voltage source, we obtain oy, lor=0 5.85 Find the current in the 6-0 resistor of the cireuit of Fig. 5-39a by superposition. m @ ® Fig. 5-83 5.86 5.87 NETWORK THEOREMS J 111 I Retaining one source at a time we obtain the circuits of Fig. 5-83a and b. From e+, +2¥, ver ig. 5.830, From Fig. 5-835, Or ver Hence, aa 2+1S3A Find the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-84a by superposition. mt Nv 4r Ge) AC Vn @ Fig. 5-84 I From Fig. 5:84 we have or V=135V And [yg 2 MU += Verify, by nodal analysis, that the current / is one-fourth the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-84a, I From Fig. 584, b-v or V=12-1 112 0 5.89 5.90 5.91 5.92 CHAPTER 5 and I+ if v Star or 145 +40 or BI#1S=12-14121 oF T= = flee Find the current in the 3-0 resistor of Fig. 5-844, by superposition I From Fig, 5.840, $A (Grom Prob. 5.86) From Fig. 5-846, Ko nap =5-31"=5~3(8)=-4A (from Prob. 5.86) Iya Vat Vin = b= 8 = B= 3 875A Apply superposition to the network of Fig. 58Sa to find the current in the 1-0 resistor. 20a 1m 7, 3a 4 36a eo Fig. 5.85 I From Fig, 5-856, From Fig. 5-85c, Hence, Find the voltage across the 2-0 resistor of the citcut of Fig. $850 by superposition. I From Fig. 5-856, 10A (from Prob. 5.89) peony From Fig. $.85¢ ty) - Fa Ia eo A Vegeta Baeaaay Ina linear resistive circuit, whereas superpositior of currents is valid, show that superposition of powers is not valid J Let currents 1” and 1" flow through a resistance R due to one source ata time in the network (with afl other sources removed). Then the total current = 7°+/° (assuming two sources only for simplicity). Power dissipated in R is P= PR=(I' + 'VR= (CYR + (CYR +ALMCYR* CYR + (FR Refer to the circuit of Fig. 4-5. Given R, = 20, R, = 30, R, = 20, R, = 6M, and R, = 10. If £= LV, calculate the current /, . Then, apply suzcrposition and reciprocity to calculate the current through Ei a 2-V source is connected in series with R,, with the negative polarity connected to b. I To calculate 1, we redraw the circuit in Fig. 5.862. For the three mesh currents we have “2, - 61, +81, =1 NETWORK THEOREMS J 113 @ Fig. 5-86 Solving for 1,, J,, and 1, yields T,=017STA 1, =0.2162A 1,=1,~[,= 0.0405 and 1, = 0.331 = current through E Now, by reciprocity, if the I-V source is transferred to the branch bd as shown in Fig, 5-86b, then the current 1,= 0.0405 A will flow through cfa. By superposition, a 2-V source will produce —2 x 0,0405 = ~0,081-A current through efi Hence, the new current through cfa with a 2-V source in the network is Tyg = 0.331 ~ 0.081 = 0.25. A 5.93 Refer to Fig. 5-86, By mesh analysis verify the result of Prob. 5.92. I For the three mesh currents we obtain Wh=2 —-h+10l,-6l,=-2 — -2- OL, +84=1 Solving for the three currents yields 1,=05A 1,=0A 1,=025A 5.94 For the cireuit of Fig. 5-86 show by superposition that no current flows through the 3-0 resistor. an 4 Den 10 Z 2v Co) ® Fig. 5.87 I The circuits to which we apply superposition are shown in Fig. 5-87a and b. From Fig. 5-874, = Fyyexonasertexsversy 37% "37 (gay) -O2@a In Fig. 5-876 we show the abd delta-connected resistors (with the voltage source removed) transformed to an equivalent wye. Then 1 . . 6+04 Bt [GFOAG TOA PH OAFErOa OMIA POS Togo roa T= 0.2162 -0.2162=0 = 0.21024, Hence, ha 5.95 5.96 5.97 CHAPTER 5 By superposition, find the current in the 1-0 resistor of the current-excited bridge circuit shown in Fig, 5-88, With the 5-A current source removed, naa and feo With the 10-A current source removed, 643 a 6+341 =4SA 0 T= I= 1,=45-6 Ton, Fig. §-88, Fig. 5-89 Cateulate the current in the 3-02 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-89. From this result, by reciprocity theorem, determine the current in the 2-01 resistor if the 24.V source is removed and a 6-V source is connected in series with the 3-0 resistor, with the positive polarity connected to a. I From Fig. 5-89, 24 6 THEO TE) OA P= 6555 Thus, a 24-V source in series with the 2-0 resistor produces a 4A current inthe 3-9 resistor. By reciprocity, a 2A-V source in series with the 3-0 resistor will produce a 4-A current in the 2-0 resistor, By linearity. a 6 source will produce 1-A current in the 2-1 resistor. Because of the specified polarity, the current will low from right to left. 4a Calculate the current I, in the circuit of Fig. 4-21@ by superposition, © 4 From Fig. 5-90a, 20 ‘ A[(6 * 3) / (6 + 3) 4 Fs [6x 9/6 H+12* D/A +O) 5.98 5.99 NETWORK THEOREMS J 115 From Fig. 5-906, 30 255 GF1BBX3)IGBF3] ~ G —POTEA 1 3), 3 (somm6 55) ~1071a Finally from Fig. 5-90¢, sia ry} [ssr(ches)]-oss7a 0A 10 _ 90 “Te MGs2AF2+D) ~ 14 Hence, Lene ee 3.571 + 1.071 + 0.35 Find the Thévenin voltage V,, shown in the circuit of Fig. 5-91 by superposition. I From Fig. 5-91, Van = Vin = 12) V With the 6-A source removed, With the 10-A source removed, 7: =—)= or Hn asaea)-3A or Verify the result of Prob. 5.98 by nodal analysis. 3-167=1.33A or Vy, = 1.332) =2.67V I For node 1. or 48=4V,~3¥,, For node 2, Solving for Vi, yields 591 Fig. 5-92 5.100 Transform the current sources of the circuit of Fig. 5-91 to equivalent voltage sources, and hence obtain the voltage Vr. The new circuit is shown in Fig, 5-92 from which 18-10 _8 34142 CHAPTER 6 Capacitors 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 116 ‘The circuit element C, measured in farads (F) ancl shown in Fig. 6-1, is called the capacitor for which the voltage-current relationships are dv Pa veh fisera 1 ' CB = 50% 10-*(100 x 200 e0s 2001)= 2082001 A Since current is defined as the rate of change of charge, we may write i= dgldt, where q is the charge in coulombs (C). From the data of Prob. 6.1, find an expression for the charge on the capacitor, 10 10 ® x 100sin 200 = S000sin 2007 aC I Since and or A-current i= 10cos3771 Ais switched through = 100-F capacitor at across the capacitor. 0. Determine the rms voltage wWsin 3770 10052377 x 10 1 Gia ato f weossma ass2ssns77¥ 100 10 Find the charge associated with the capacitor and the current of Prob. 6:3. “ “ 10 1 a= [iar=10f cossr7edr= 2G sin 377 = 26525 sin 37% ac Determine the instantaneous and average powers in the capacitor of Prob. 6.3, srryveoxsrm = #28 [rao Obtain an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor C (F) charged to voltage V (V).. ' pe vi= (265.25 2x 3771 = 1326.25 sin 7540 W With = (1/60) the period of the current wave, Ina time at, energy dW is given by or dr Determine the energy stored in the capacitor of Prob. 6.1 I Since W=4CV*, we have, from Prob. 6.1, [u(OJ? = § 50% 10°*(100 sin 2002)? = $ x 50 10-"( 100)" sin? 2000 5 x 10-* x H(1 = €082 x 2001) = 125(1 = eos 4002) my w(0 What are the time-average and peak values of the cnergy stored in the capacitor of Probs. 6.1 and 6.77 CAPACITORS 0 117 I From Prob. 6.7, 25 ~ 125 cos 4001 mI The time-average value of the second term is zero. Hence (04, = 125 md The peak energy occurs at 400¢= 9. Or, at 1=(ar/400)s, we obtain W(ODlaax = 125+ 125 = 250 mI wo 6.9 A voltage pulse given by 0 150 vQ=]20V 05152 4eOPV 154 is applied across a 10-4F capacitor. Sketch the voltage across and the current through the capacitor. ' =c#n~0 1<0 10x 10-*(2)=20wA < A 9926-9) = 200 net 20 LG = 200x107? Fe” — 26) = 200 x 10" x2(—e + 26) = 200 107? x 2(-e"! + 2e°*) = 38.87 mV £200 107(2e"" = 20°)? = 4 x 200 10°? x 4(e-# + eH = 20) We $x 200% 10°* x 4(e-? + et = 26-8) = 21.63 mI ‘Three inductors are connected as shown in Fig. 7-5 equivalent inductance is 0.7 H. Given L,=2L,, find L, and L, such that the 132 0 CHAPTER 7 1 From Fig. 7-5, Ly 205+ 7 Tai) Hence L,=03H L,=06H 7.AS Three inductances, 0.6mH, 0.12 mH, and LmH, are connected in parallel. Find L for the equivalent inductance to be maximum. What is the maximum value of the equivalent inductance? I The 0.6-mH and 0.12-mH inductances in parsillel yield 0.12 4, = Jerorg ~OL me LL, OL On Thus, bea" TFL, 1 TFO.NE) which is maximum as L—>%, and the maximum L,,, = 0.1 mH. 7.16 A current of the waveform shown in Fig. 7-6a passes through a 2-H inductor. Sketch the corresponding voltage waveform, ia 4s oF eats a di ! feo osrcrs 2Qaress S Vouly$ £08 ((wt— t+ 8) ~ cos (wt + wt~ 8)) = Wplg{60s & ~ 60s (201 ~ 4)] Determine the average power for the circuit of Prob. 8.33, in terms of rms values of voltage and current I Since the time-average value of 0s 2w1~ 4) is zero, from the result of Prob. 8.33 we have = P= V1, Cos b Pow InIV2. Hence, Ps=Vicos , where cos & is known as the power factor. Now V=V,/V2 and 1 An ac circuit is purely resistive, having an equivalent resistance of 15 at the terminals. A 110-V 60-Hz ac source is connected across the terminals. Determne the input current, power, and power factor. ! PR = (7.33)°15 = $06.67W = VI cos & 806.67 “T1073 Otherwise, since the current through and the voltage across a resistor are in phase, its power factor is cos "= 1.0 Hence, cos 6 1.0 How much power is dissipated in the circuit element of Prob. 8.32 and what is its power factor? 8.37 8.38 8.39 8.40 8.41 8.42 8.43 844 8.45 AC SOURCES, WAVEFORMS, AND CIRCUIT RELATIONSHIPS [) 143 I Power factor, cos d= cos "=0 (leading, since the current leads the voltage. This is a convention ) Power = Vi cos 0° = 0 W Repeat Prob. 8.36 for the dats of Prob. 8.30. I Power factor, cos 4 =00s90°=0 (lagging since the current lags the voltage): Power = V1 0390" = 0W ‘An ac circuit draws 5-A current at 220V and consumes 1000W power. What is its power factor? F Since P=Vicos ¢, where P is the power in watts, we have _ P1000 08 O17 5x 220 091 ‘The voltage and the current in an ac circuit are 10 = 200 sin (3774+ 30°) f= 10sin (3771 + 60") Determine the average power. F From the data, V=200/V2V, 1=10/V2A, and ¢ =60°~30°=30°. Hence, 0) 10 ans 456 ‘Average power = ‘The voltage and current in ac circuit are b= 100sin (3771-30) Vi sin (377430) A What is the power factor? Is it leading or lagging? ' $=30-(-30)=60" cos g = cos OP = 05 leading A circuit draws 3.A current at 50'V and consumes 150 W power. Determine the power factor and the nature of, the circuit P__ 150 ' cos d= 5 vi Gow! ‘The circuit is resistive. A 5.01 resistor, a 100-4F capacitor, and a 100-mH inductor are connected in parallel across a 100-V 60-Hz source. Determine the average power drawn by the circuit, I Since the capacitor and the inductor do not draw any power (Probs 8.36 and 8.37), the power is disipated only in the resistor, Hence. Ye _ 400)" POR 3 kw What is the reactance of $0-mH inductor at (a) de and (6) 60 Hz ac? F (a) Atde, X,=eL=(0)(50% 10°) =0M. Thus, an inductor acts as short circuit across de. (6) At 60 Hz, wo =2nf=In x OO=37I rad/s X, = wl =377 50x 107 = 18.85.0. Determine the inductance of a coil having a 50-1 reactance at 60 Hz 1 aoe ay = 132.63 mH Determine the frequency at which a S0-mH inductor has a 50-0 reactance, ' —o 50x10 z = 1000rad/s=2nf 144 8.46 8.47 8.48, 8.49 8.50 CHAPTER 8 Thus, 159.15 Hz What is the reactance of a 500-aF capacitor at (a) di: and (b) 100 Hz? T@ Ata Krag a (@ Arde ac" Thus, a capacitor acts as an open circuit across de. () At 100 He Taxi 318.0 Determine the capacitance of a capacitor having :t SI-@ reactance at 60 Hz. 1 1 ' afk. ~ Te ROOXSO = 53.05 pF ‘At what frequency will a 100-F capacitor have a 1X0 reactance? 1 1 = = oe ay 7 Mads = 2m ' CX ~ TOOK TOTO = 1rd = PF 100 Thus, f 15.9H2 The power factor of a circuit is 0.866 lagging. I the 10°) V, what is the instantaneous current? ut powers 600 W ata voltage v= Vx 110 sin (3771+ B Giver: 0s # = 0.866 lagging or 6 = cos" (0.866) = 30° lagging P=Vicos 01 600 = (110)1(0.866) or ON nO3A and I =6.3V3=89. 110(0.866) ~ ” Now $=30° lagging implies that / lags v by 30°. Hence = 8.9sin (3771 ~ 20°) A, Determine the power factor and the input power for a sireuit with v = 50 sin (eI ) Vand i= 2sin (r+ 20°) A. ' Power factor angle, $=20- 10-10" cos 6 =cos 10° = 0.9848 leading rower=( 3 (Genie 200 941 92 9.3 CHAPTER 9 Complex Numbers and Phasors ‘A complex number represents a point on a plane with reference to two perpendicular axes. The horizontal axis is called the real axis and the vertical axis the imaginary axis. ‘The symbol jis used to denote the unit along the imaginary axis. Locate the following complex numbers in a complex plane: Aa3tia iS C=~6-j6 D=4~j5 I The locations ofthese points are shown in Fig 9-1. If we join these points to the origin, with arrowheads directed toward the points, we obtain directed line segments such as OA, OB. ete.. which are called phasors Im oneis Joon B= 1L2e Fig. 9-1 Fig. 9.2 With the definition of a phasor just given, locate the following phasors: A=2/48 B=1/100 C=3/-30 1 The locations of the phasors are shown in Fig. 9-2. This form of representation is known as polar form, in contrast t0 the form shown in Fig. 9-1, which is known as the rectangular form Diagrams such as those of Figs. 9-1 and 9-2 are known as phasor diagrams. By means of a general phasor diagram obtain the relationships to convert polar forms to rectangular forms, and vice versa. Tm axes cele ' Fig. 93 I Consider the phasor OC (or ©) shown in Fig. 93. In rectangular form we may write caati Or lel|=Va"+ 6 a 145

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