\mcm-bWKpcp-hns

Btm-]-tZi-i-XIw

a\-\m-hn-jvmcw

kzman kp[n

ONE-WORLD
Publishing House
Ernakulam-682315

Malayalam Language

ATMOPADESA SATAKAM
(A Philosophical Work of Narayana Guru)

Contemplative Outpouring
SWAMI SUDHI
Published By

ONE-WORLD
Publishing House
Chethikode. P.O
Ernakulam- 682315.
Phone : 9447968014, 0484-2778515, 5502401
email : oneworldcommunion@gmail.com

Cover : Bipin, Perumbavoor

Type :Nitya Chetana
Proof : Sabari, Niranjana, Akshaya
Printed at : Gurudev Off-Set, Ernakulam
Second Edition : July, 2006
Copies : 1000
Rights Reserved

Rs. 90

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1967 Xriq Pn-bnse Ip-en-bq-cn P\n-p.
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kvIqfn ]Tn-p-tm hoSp-hn-p-t]m-hp-Ibpw Hcp
kXym-t\z-jn-sb-tmse Ae-bp-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-p.
km-c
- n-\n-Sb
- nepw ]T\w XpSp.
km-n-Ii
- m-{k-n _ncp-Zhpw
BwK-te-bk
- m-ln-Xy-n _ncp-Zm-\
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Ign-p. tPW-en-k
- n ]n.Pn Untma t\Sn.
Ipd-p-Imew ]{X-{]-h-I\
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Atm-tgpw Kpcp-kh
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XrjvW AZ-ay-am-bn. AXn-\m tPmenbpw
Kmln-IX
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Kpcp-hns \nt-i{- ]-Imcw 1993
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B IY Rm \n-tfmSp ]d-bp-Ib
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\mfpw \n [cn-n-cp s]mbvap-J
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Dw XpSn-p-t]m-Ipw. C\n IY ]d-bs
- ........
Hcn- Hcp knwl- pv hpP\nbv m\n- S - h - Xv Hcp
Bn]--n-\n-S-bnem-bn-cp-p. X-knwlw Cc-]n-Sn-m-\mbn Hcp
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Dm-bn-cp-n-. A{Xbpw sNdnb knwl-p-m-bn-cp-p. Bnq-nse X-bm-Sp-If
- psS ape IpSnv B knwl-pv hfp hepXm-bn. BSp-I B knw-ls X-sf-tmse Icp-Xn. BSp-I Icbp-X
- p-t]mse knwlhpw Ic-bpw. BSp-I ]pp Xnp-X
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B knwlhpw ]pp-Xnpw. Ah Hcp-anp Ifnp ckn-pw. knwlns BIm-cs
- -p-dnv BSp-Itm, BSp-If
- psS BIm-ct- `-Zs
- p-dnp knwl-nt\m Hcp kwi-bhpw Dm-bn-cp-n-. As\ Ime Hcp-]mSp Ign-p-t]m-bn.
Hcn- Hcp hr-\mb knwlw Bn]-
- f
- psS ASp-p-IqsS
IS-p-t]m-Im CS-bm-bn. Atm Bnq--n-\n-S-bn Hcp
knwlw Ifn-p-ck
- n-p-X
- p-Iv hr-\mb knwlw ApXw Iqdn.
B knwls Atm Ap-X-s-Sp-n-b-Xv, Bnq--nse
knwlw BSn-s\-tmse Ic-bp-X
- m-Wv. AXp ]pv Nh-p-Xn-p-Ibpw
sNp-p. hr-\mb knwls I-tm ap BSp-I t]Sn-tmSm XpS-n. Atm Bn]--nse knwlhpw `b-p-hn-dp
HmSm XpS-n. CXp I-tm hr-\mb knwl-n\p ebpw
tcmjhpw Hcp-anp hp. Xs Ipe-n\pXs am\-lm\n hcp-nh-bvp--Xm-Wtm Cu {]hrn Fp B knwlw Hmp. hr\mb B knwlw BnIq-
- ns IqsS Hm-Sn-tm-Ip knwl-sn-Snv _e-ambn Hcp XSm-I
- c
- b
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p. Fm hr-\mb knwlw, Xs h-n\p

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- m-Zmyw ]q knwls sImp-t]mbn \ndpn.
Fnp Kn-p-sImp ]dp: FSm hnUvVn! \o Fs apJt-smp t\mq; Fnv B XSm-I
- nse Pe-n \ns {]Xnm-b Hp ImWq.
XSm-I-nse Pe-n sXfn apJw I-tm s]s-mbn-cpp ]qn-I-amb Xs kzXz-ns \nbw Hcp shfn-]m-Spt]mse B knwl-n P\n-X
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Dn\npw Atm Hcp K\w AW-s]m-n. B K\w ZnK-sf apg-p Hm-bn-cp-p. AXp hopw hopw Kn-p.
B knwlw Xs kzcq-]s Xncn-d
- n-p. AXns ]qnIamb
kvac-W-I DWp-h-p. hr-\mb knwlw CsXmw Ip
\np-Ib
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- n-s-IqsS ]pp-Xnp Xpe-p-If
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sImp-t]m-bn.
\psS Pohn-Xhpw CtX-t]m-se-bm-Wv. \mw \psS B-kzXzs ad-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. ]e ]e XmZm-y-f
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IpSpw_ambn Pohn-p-t]m-cp \mw ]e-X-c-n-ep kmaq-ln-Ihpw
cmjv{So-bhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb _--fmepw _-\--fmepw kzXkn--amb \psS kzcq]w ad-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-p. B kzcq-]-ns
aln-am-Xn-ibw a\-n-em-msX sImp-sIm-p- Xp-cp-p-If
- n kzmamb PohnXw \bn-p-h
- c
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Iptd-mew As\ Pohn-tnh Cubp-h
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\nc-Xn-ib
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- mWv
Kpcp \nXy-ssN-X\
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A`n-ej
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\nd lrZ-b-tmsS

kzman kp[n

Fpw hmbn-p--Xn-\p- apv

Btm-]-tZ-iiXIw Hcp imkv{X-am-Wv. Cu imkv{Xw B[p\n-Ii
- mkv{Xw t]msebp Hcp imkv{X-a
- . B\p-`q-Xn-I
m-\a
- p
Hcp Ejn-bpsS lrm-cn hnf AssZz-X-a-I-c-w-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.
Atm CXns\mcp ka-{KXbp-v. ka-{K-sap ]d-bm ImcWw,
CXns ]cn-[n-bn hcm Hpw-X-s-bn Fp-f-f-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.
KW-\-bns]-Sp-Xpw KW-\-bn\np Ihn-Xpw Dsm-m
t]mcp A\--hn-im-e-XbmWv Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-ns\ ka-{Kam-p--Xv. ]qm--I ]d-p-\-S-p--Xp-Iv IuXp-I-aq-dp Hcp
sImp-Ip-ns t_m[Xehpw, \nhm-W
- ns [ym\-hn-lm-b
- n
A\p-`qXn \pW-psImn-cn-p Hcp tbmKn-bpsS t_m[Xehpw
Cu imkv{X-n Htc-t]mse CSw Is-p-p-v. hymk\pw \yq\pw, sslk_Kpw IWm-Z-\pw, {InkvXphpw \_n-bpw, _p\pw
Fmw Btm-]-tZ-i-km-K-c-nse tXtPm-X-cw-K--fm-Wv.
am{X-a, Cu imkv{X-n\p hy-amsbmcp eyhpw {]Xn-]m-Z\-co-Xn-bpap-v. CXn Ah-Xc
- n-n-p hnjbw \app ]cn-Nb
- a
- n-m-X
- . B hnjbw \mw Xs-bm-Wv. tkm{I-okpw D]-\n-j
- nse
Ejnbpw Dun-bqnd {]tabw: \o \ns-Xs Adn-bp-I. B
Adnhv \ns kzX-{-\m-pw. As\ Rm Fs {]ta-ba
- mn
At\z-jWw Bcw-`n-p-tm AXn {]]-s kw_-npw
Cuiz-cs\ kw_-npw D ]T-\
- kzm`m-hn-Ia
- mbn A`-hnpp. aqp tNmZy-f
- mWv BXy-n-Ia
- mbn Hcp Pnmkp tNmZnp-X
- v.
1 Cu temIw Fhn-sS-\n-p-mbn?
2 Rm BcmWv?
3 Fn\p Pohn-Ww?
Cu aqp tNmZy-pw Dcw \Im Hmtcm-n\pw Hmtcm
imkv{Xw cq]oIr-Xa
- m-bn-p-v. Hv km-im-kv{Xw (ontology). cv
m\-im-kv{Xw (epistemology). aqv aqey-imkv{Xw (axiology).
Cu aqp imkv{X-f
- nepw s]SmsX Hcp imkv{X-n\pw \ne-bp-d
- nm Ign-bn-. Fm Kpcp-hm-Is, Cu aqp imkv{X-tbpw {_hnZy (The Science of the Absolute) F Hcp kq-ka
- \
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- b
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- a
- k
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- v.
Cu imkv { Xs imkv t {Xm- N nX- a mbn ]d- p- X - c p
imkv{X {io\mcm-bW
- K
- pcphmWv. K
- pcp Bm-arXw \pI

Hcp Ejn-hc
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- mn amnb alm-a\
- o-jn-bp-am-Wv. kzbw-ap-\
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- XIw cNn-X
- v. Atm apn-bmWv Cu imkv{Xw ]Tn-p-X
- ns
{]tbm-P\
- w. Fn \np apn-bmWv? Am-\
- n\n-p-
apn. Am-\w-sIm-mWv Pohn-Xw _-\w-t]mse tXmp-Xpw
\mw ZpxJn-p-X
- p-sa-mw. _\w tXmp-X
- p-sIm-mWv Hcm
imkv{Xw ]Tn-p-Xv. AXp-sImv Btm-]t- Z-ii
- X
- Iw Hcp tamim-kv{X-am-Wv. Fn\n-p tamN\w? _-\
- n\n-p tamN\w. ZpxJ-n \np tamN\w. {]m]-n-IX
- b
- n\np tamN\w.
\mw Cu temI-n Pohn-p-tmXs C{n-b
- f
- n-eq-tSbpw
a\-n-eq-tSbpw hnj-b
- sf A\p-`h
- n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p-.v As\
C{n-b
- smpw a\-p-sImpw _-s-Sp hnj-b
- \s
_np-p. CjvSc
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- q-]
- nepw DZm-ko-\c
- q-]
- nepw
\s kzm[o-\n-p-p. temI-n Pohn-p-t- Xm-sSmwXs \mw
Cu temI-ns `mK-amWv. Fm \psS apn-ep \ma-cq-]m-I-am-bn-cn-p temIs \mw Adn-bp-Xv \n\npw A\y-am-bn-cnp Hcp hkvXp-t]m-se-bm-W.v AXp-sImv \mw Cu temIs A\p`-hn-p-Xv, mXm-hmbpw Im-hmbpw t`mm-hmbpw Hs-bmWv. \n\n-pw A\y-am-bn-cn-p temIs hopw hopw `pPnp-hm hy{KXsp-sIm-n-cn-p HmWv Poh. Poh Fpw
]q-X-bvp-th-n-bmWv {ian-pXv . Poh PK-n-s\-bmWv
AXns XrjvWsb HSp-p-hm-\mbn `pPn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X
- .v As\
Poh PK-ns\ XrjvWm-\n-hr-n-mbn `pPnp-tm hopw
hopw _-\
- n-tep t]mhp-p. Fm Iptd Ign-bp-tm Cu
PohXs PK-n\np apn B{K-ln-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
Atm B apnv tlXp-hm-bn-mWv Cuiz-c hcp-X
- v.
Cuizc kzX-{-\m-Wv. PK-nsbpw Poh-sbpw {kjvSm-hmWv . kwlmhpw Cuiz- c Xs. krjv S n- I mhpw
kwlmhpw Bbn-cn-p Cuiz-c {]]w F eoesb (play)
Poh\neqsS Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-Ib
- mWv sNp-X
- v. {]]w F \ma-cq]m-I
- a
- m-bn-cn-p Hcp eoesb Poh Fp ]d-bp {]mXn-`m-knI-Xb
- n-eqsS Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-X
- mWv BsI PK-ns s]mXp-hm-bn-p
Bhn-jvIm-cX
- {- w.
Poh _-\--\mbn-cn-p-tm B Pohs\ apn-bn-tev
B\-bn-p Hcp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-X{-am-bn-cn-Ww imkv{X-n Dmbn-cn-t-Xv. imkv{X-n\v Ah-ew-_n-m-hp coXo-hn-[m\w (methodology) Pohs\ Btm-p-J-am-n-sb-Sp-pI am{X-am-Wv; As-

n Cuiz- t cm- p- J - a mn op- I bmWv . GsXm- c - d n- h p- s ImmtWm \apv Cu PKv _\w F-Xp-t]mse tXmn-Xv
B Adn-hmWv hnth-I-_p-n. _-Im-c-W-amb PK-ns\ \ncm-I-cnt-Xv Pohs tam-kn-nv Ah-iyw-th Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv.
AXn-\p-th hen-sbmcp Adn-hns\ Kpcp ]d-p-X-cp-p.
Fsmw Imcy-f
- mWv Kpcp Btm-]t- Z-ii
- X
- I
-
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Hm-aX
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FmWv ]d-bp-X
- .v Icp {]m]-n-Ik
-
- b
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{]]-
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- m-cW
- a
- m-bn-cn-p-Xv k
-
- b
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- a
- m-bn-cn-p k \n Is-p-tm AXns\ Bk Fp ]d-bpw. ]c-aI
- m-cW
- a
- m-bn-cn-p Hns\ Cu {]m]-n-IX
- bpsS ASn-m-\a
- m-bndn-bp-tm AXns\ {_-k Fp ]d-bpw.
Atm BZy-ta-Xs k-bm-bn-cn-p Hcp kXys FSpp-ImWn-p-p. AXns\ Icp Fp hnfn-p-p.
Cu Icp-hns kz`mhw F-s\-bmWv? AXv Adn-hnepw Gdnb
Adn-hm-Wv. km[m-cW Adn-hn\npw AXoX-am-bn-cn-p Hcdn-hmWv. Cu Adn-hnepw Gdnb Adn-hmWv \mw Icp-hns\ Adn-bp-tm
Dm-Ip--Xv. At\z-j-W-n-eqsS hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-t Hcp-Xcw
Am-\-n-eq-sS-bmWv
(intuition) CXp km[n-Xa
- m-Ip-X
- .v
Atm Icp C{n-bh
- n-jb
- a
-
- . C{n-bh
- n-jb
- a
- m-bn-cn-p-s
- Xms
km[m-cW Adn-hm-W.v
Ip- s Im- pIm- W p Hcp Zrirw km[m- c W Adn- h m- W v .
ImXpsImv tIp Hcp i_vZw km[m-cW Adn-hmWv. aqpsImv aW-p Hcp aWw km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv. \mp-sImv
cpNn-p Hcp cpNn km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv. Xzp-sImv kv]in-dn-bp Hcp kv]iw km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv. C\n Cu C{n-bm\p-`--fpsS ASn-m-\-n Nnn--dn-bp-Xpw km[m-cW Adnhp-X-s-bm-Wv. km[m-cW AdnhpI-fn-sems tZi-Im-e-]-cn-an-Xam-bn-p Hcp am\w Dm-bn-cnpw. GsXnepw Hcp tZi-p-hpam-{Xta C{n-b-n\p Hc-dn-hns\ kzoI-cn-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q.
AXp-t]m-se-Xs AXn-s\mcp Ime-]-cn-n-]vXnbpw Dm-bn-cn-Ww. AXp-sImv C{n-b-neqsS Adn-bp Adn-hp-I-sfms ]cnta-b--fmWv.
Icp-hm-Is A]-cn-ta-ba
- m-Wv. Af-m-\m-hm-X
- m-Wv. Af-m-\mhm-X
- p-sIm-pXs AXv C{n-bZ- zmcm Adn-bm-hp-X
- p-a
- . A]-cnta-b-amb Hns\ Nn-Ipw Dsm-m-\m-hp-I-bn-. AXpsImmWv AXns\ Adn-hn-ep-ta-dnb Adn-shp ]d-bp-Xv. Cu Adnhn-ep-ta-dnb Adn-hm-bn-cn-p Icp-hns\ F-s\-bmWv \mw Adn-tb-

-Xv? Htc-k-a-bw-Xs Cu Icp Adn-bp--hs AI-pw AtXt]mseXs ]pd-pamWv C-cn-p-X

- v. As\bmWv kqvac
- q-]n AI-n-cn-p-Ibpw qe-cq-]
- n ]pd-n-cn-p-Ibpw sNpXv. kqvac
- q-]
- n {]hn-p-X
- mWv a\-v. qe-cq-]
- n
{]hn-p-X
- mWv ]-`q-XmI-am-bn-cn-p Cu {]]w.
Atm Htc Icp-hn-\p-Xs cp Xc-n {]Xn-`m-kn-phm Ign-bp--sX--s\-bmWv? AXn-emWv Poh Fpw hymtamln-X\m-bn-o-cp--Xv. Hcp Icp qe-ambpw kqva-ambpw Pohs\
hw Npn- p- s Im- n- c n- p- p. As\ hcp- t m \- f psS
PohnXnn sXp ]m\n-S-h-cp-p. GI-amb Icp-hns\ Adn-bmsX,
Icp-hns Zznap-J--sf-bmWv \mw Adn-bp--Xv. Icp-hn kw`-hn-psIm-n-cn-p qehpw kqva-hp-am-bn-cn-p, AIhpw ]pdhp-am-bn-cn-p cp hi-sf am{X-amWv Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h--fn\nv
\apv Adn-bp-hm Ign-bp-p-q. AXp-sImv Icp-hns\ Adn-bWw Fp Dd-np ]d-bp-p. Icp-hns\ Htc-k-a-bw-Xs AIpw
]pd-p-an-cn-p k-bm-bn--dn-b-Ww. AXp Adn-hn-ep-ta-dnb Adnhm-Wv. Icp Hcp hnj-b-a-. Icp hnj-bm-Xo-X-t_m[am-Wv. CXmWv
Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-ns {]ta-b-am-bnv hcp--Xv. -km[m-cW Adnhn\npw AXo-X-am-bn-cn-p Hc-dn-hns\ a\p-jy At\z-jn-phm XpS-p-tm B hyn kXym-t\z-jn-bm-bn-o-cp-p. B
hyn Pnm-kp-hm-bn-o-cp-p.
A-s\-sbmcp kXym-t\zjn imkv{Xw hfsc ka-{K-ambn ]Tnt--Xmbnp-v. Ip-I Apw D-S--Ww. Ip-I Fp
]d-m- C{nb. - Zr-iy- am{Xw ImWp In-s\-b
ChnsS hnh-n-p--Xv. An-{n-b--tfbpw IqSn-bmWv Ip-I
Fp Kpcp \ma-I-cWw sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv. D-S--sWp ]d-bphm ImcWw AsX-tmgpw ]pdw-tem-I-mWv tap-sIm-n-cnp--Xv. AXp-sImv ]pdw-tem-I-n\npw D-S--Ww. shdptX
_ew {]tbm-Knv \nb{npI F-. BZyw AXn-\p-th-nbmWv
Icp-hns nXn-hn-ti-j-s-p-dnv ]d-p-X--Xv. C{n-b--fn
hym]-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p Pothms Icp-hn-tep Xncn--Ww.
XmXv]-cy-sf apgp-h B-K-X-{]n-b-am--Ww.
a\p-jys Al-b
- mWv m\-n\p XS-w \np-X
- .v AXpsImv Ffna thWw. sXcp-sXsc hoWphW--Ww. sXcp-sXsc
Fp hmv ss\-c-cy-tm-Sp-IqSn F A-n-emWv Kpcp
{]tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-Xv. a\p-jy Fhn-sS-bmWv hotg-Xv? a\p-jy
hotg-Xv Adn-hns apn-em-Wv. ]c-aa
- mb Adn-hns apn \a-kvIcn-W
- w. hW-pI Fp ]d-m Al \nmn-Xa
- mb Ah-bn hn-pI. vAXn-\p-ti-jw-thWw Cu {Kw \-fpsS a\\-n\pw hnNm-c
- n\pambn F-Sp-phm.

Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw

1
Adn-hn-ep-ta-dn-bd- n-n-Sp-h
- X
pcp-hn-ep-samp ]pd-p-ap-z-enpw
Icp-hn\p Ip-If
-
- p-ap-S-
- n
scp-sXsc hoWp-hW
-
- n-tbm-Xn-tS-Ww.
Adn-n-Sp-h
- X
Dcp-hnepw
Hp ]pdpw
Adn-hnepw Gdn

Dz-enpw Icp-hn\v

Ip-I Apw
D-Sn
sXcp-sXsc
hoWp-hW
- n
HmXn-tSWw

Adn-bp-h
- s
AIpw
Xp-eyambn ]pdpw
Ipw Nnnpw apw Adn-bm-hp
Adn-hp-I-Xo-Xa
- mbn
{]Im-in-p B-k
- sb
Adn-bp-Xn\mbn
Ap mt\-{n-b
- t- fbpw
Bm-`n-ap-Ja
- mn
[mc-ap-dn-bm coXn-bn
Kpcp-hn kan-X\
- mbn
kzm[ymbw sN-Ww.

]mm-Xy-X
- z-Nn-b
- n ttmbpw Acn-tm-nepw kam-c
- ambn Hgp-In-sm-n-cn-p cp \Zn-I-sf-tm-se-bm-Wv. Ch
Xnep _w Kpcp-hn-tXpw injy-t-Xp-am-Wv. Fmepw Zmi\n-Ia
- mb Hcp ]nWw Chn-Sb
- n-ep-v. Ncn-{X-n-eqsS Ch HgpIn-sbm-gpIn cp hmZ-sf kp-jvSa
- m-n. ttm-bpsS Nn-If
- mWv
- v. Acn-tm-n-ens XzBi-bh
- m-Z
- n-tev (idealism) hgn-am-dn-bX
Nn `uXn-Ih
- m-Zs (materialism) Icp-n-Sn-n-p. Cu cp hmZfpw ]c-kv]cw kwL-\
-
- nhsc Gs-n-p-v. Ctmgpw GsSp-p-v.
]mm-Xy-Nn-b
- nse AXn-Im-b
- m-scp hnti-jn-n-m-hp tUm.
tPmkWpw _njv s_nenbpw Hcn- {]`m-X-k-hm-cn-bn
Ip-ap-n. s_nen-bm-Is ISp Bi-bh
- m-Zn-bm-Wv. temIw Hcp
Bi-ba
- m-sW-mWv s_n-en-bpsS hmZw. tUm. tPmk `uXnI-hm-Zn-bpw. ImW-s-Sp temI-n-\-p-dv Hcp kXyhpw C F

hmZ-amWv `uXn-I-hm-Zw. Ah kwkm-cnp h-tm AsXmcp Xambn ]cn-Wa

- n-p. Xw aq-tm tUm. tPmk hensbmcp
Is-Spv s_n-en-bpsS Imen t\mn Htcdp sImSp-p. Imep
NXv tNmc-sbm-en-m XpS-n. s_nen hmhnp \ne-hn-fn-p.
Atmgpw tIm]w AS-msX tUm. tPmk tNmZnp: Cu Ipw
tNmcbpw Bi-ba
- mtWm? s_nen Ic-p-sIm-p-Xs ]dp:
Ipw tNmcbpw Bi-ba
- m-W.v ]ns \n Fn-\mWv Ic-bp-Xv?
tUm. tPmk tNmZn-p. AXpw Bi-ba
- m-Wv, s_nen ]dp.
C- s \- b mWv idealism hpw materialism hpw Hcn- epw
tNcmsX iWvT-Iq-Sn-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xamb physics `uXn-I-hm-Z-ns k--Xn-bm-Wv. Fm Cn-hnsS Ip-hcp metaphysics BIs Bi-b-hm-Z-n\npw P\n--Xm-Wv.
Chbvp cn\pw Hn-n-cn-m Ign-bp HcnSw \S-cm-P-Kp-cp-hmWv
hfsc hy-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn imkvt{Xm-Nn-X-ambn ]d-p-X-n-p-f-f-Xv.
AXn\p klm-b-I-amb Zmi-\n-I-]n_ew \mcm-b-W-Kp-cphns
Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-n\npw Zi--\-am-e-bn\n-p-amWv \S-cm-PKp-cp-hn\p Inn-b-Xv. Kpcp-tZ-hs Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-n Bibhm-Zhpw `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw ]nW---fn-m Hcp `qan-I-bn kwK-anp-Xv Hmtcm tmI-n-eq-tSbpw IS-p-t]m-Ip-tm \app ImWm\m-Ipw.
Icp B-k
- b
- m-Wv. B-k Fm \psS icn-bmb
D Ft A-ap-q. B B-k
- b
- mb Icp-hn-s\-bmWv Adntb-X
- v. Icp-hns\ Adn-bmsX Cu temI-n Ipw tIpw sXmpw
\pWpw aWpw Nnnpw Adn-bm-hp Fmw hy-sat
]d-bm-s\m-q. Fs-m Icp-hmWv Fm Adn-hp-Ipw Imc-Wam-bn-cn-p--Xv; Fm Adn-hp-Ipw A-hp-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.
ImcWw GI-amWv. Imcy- At\-Ia
- m-Wv. GsXm-n\n-mtWm
temIw PmX-am-Ip-Xv B HmWv ImcWw F-Xp-sImv hnh-np-X
- v. Atm Imc-Wa
- m-bn-cn-p Icp-hns\ Adn-m Fmw
Adn A\p-`-h-am-bn. AsXmcp ]qm-\p-`-h-am-Wv. Ima-\-I
Hgn ]q-X. kzbw kwXr-]vXn-bmWv ]qm-\p-`-h-ns sXfna. B Icp Htckabw Adn-bp-h
- s AIpw ]pdpw nXn-sNp-p. AIv A--c-Wambpw ]pdv F-a hkvXp--fmbpw
{]Im-in-p-p. thsdm-d-n ]d-m kqvaw AIpw
qew ]qd-pw.
A-s\-bp Icp-hns\ B\p-`q-Xn-Ia
- mbn A\p-`h
- n-d
- n-bm BZyambn C{n-b
- fnse A`n-c-a-\s Dh-en--Ww. B A`n-c-a-\s

Icp-hns Zni-bn-tep Xncn-p-hn-SW

- w. hnj-bm-`n-ap-Jambn {]hn-ncp Adnhv Atm Bm-`n-ap-Jam-bn-o-cpw. CXmWv D-S
- pI
F {]{In-b. CXv Hcp {]mhiyw sNbvXm t]mcm. \nc-c
- a
- mbn sNWw. Kpcp-hmWv Adn-hns \ntI-X\
- w. B-km-m-XI
v m-c
- n\mbn
Kpcp-hn {i-bp-d
- n Hcp a\v At\z-j-I-\n A\n-hm-cy-am-W.v Kpcphns ]mZm-n-I
- n hoWp-hW
- Wsan Al t]mI-Ww. Ffna-bpsS hgw hc-Ww. B-km-bp-Py-n-\p A`n-em-jhpw thWw.
A-s\-sbmcp At\z-jW
-
- n-It- hmsS \ap-n\n kzm[ym-b
- n\p
XpSw Ipdn-mw.

2
Ic-W-hp-an-{n-bhpw Itf-_cw sXm
dn-bp-a-t\-I-P-K-p-tamn-semw
]c-sh-fn-X-n-ep-b `m\p-am X
Xncp-hp-cp-hmWp Xnc-p -tX-dn-tS-Ww.
Ic-Whpw
-
C{n-bhpw

Itf-_cw

sXm-dnbpw

At\-I- P-Kpw

Hmn

Fmw

]c-sh-fn-X-n Db
`m\p-amX
Xncp-hp-cp-hmWv
Xnc-p-tX-dn-tSWw

A--c-W-fpw
C{n-b-fpw
ico-chpw
C{n-b-p hnj-b-am-bn-cn-p
\nc-h-[n-bmb \ma-cq-]-fpw
a\-\-hn-t[-b-am-p-I-bm-sW-n,
Fmw
]c-a-amb NnZmIm-i-n
DZn-p-\np
B-kq-cys
ssNX-\y-cq-]-amWv.
Cmcyw At\zjn-dn-bWw.

{]]w ]-`q-Xm-I
- a
- m-Wv. B {]]-a
- m-Is
- , Fn-bm-sem-Spm \ma-cq-]
- f
- m-Wv. \ma-cq-]
- sf mt\{n-b
- f
- n-eq-sS-bmWv
\mw Adn-bp-X
- .v Iv, aqv, \mv, Xzv, sNhn Fn-hb
- mWv mt\{n-b
- . Iv ImWp-p. In\v hnj-ba
- m-bn-cn-p-Xv cq]-am-Wv.
cq]w ]-`q-X
- f
- n-sem-mb An-bpsS KpW-am-Wv. aqp-sImv aWp-p. aWw ]rYzn-bpsS KpW-am-Wv. \mhpsImv ckw Adn-bp-p.
ckw Pe-ns KpW-am-W.v Xzv kv]i-t\-{n-ba
- m-W.v kv]iw hmbphns KpW-am-Wv. sNhn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv tIp-X
- v. tIhn BIm-i-

ns KpW-am-Wv. ]-`q-X
- fpw Cn-b
- fpw Xn-ep Cu ]ckv]-c-_-Xbn\n-mWv {]]w cq]-s-Xp-X-s. {]ItjW
]o-Ir-X-am-bXv {]]-w. ]o-I-cWw Fm Ap `qX-fpw
tNtc--]Sn tNcp--Xm-Wv. C{n-b
- v X\nsb Fmw Adn-bm
Ign-bp-I-bn-. A--c-W--fpsS klmbw Bh-iy-am-Wv. a\-v,
Nnw, _pn, Al-mcw Fn-hb
- m-Wv A-xI-cW
-
- . a\-ns
kz`mhw kwibw D-bn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. Fv? FhnsS? Ftm-? Bcv?
Fs\? Fn\v? Fo tNmZy-s
- fmw a\-ns krjvSn-bm-Wv.
tNmZy-ns Dcw ]qhm-\p-`h
-
- n\npw Is-W
- w. ]qhm\p-`h
-
- f
- psS tiJ-ca
- mWv Nnw. kvarXn-cq-]
- nepw hnkvarXn cq]n-ep-amWv Nnw {]hn-p-X
- v. Nn-n sXfn Dcw
icntb sXtm Fp \n-bn-p-Xv _pn-bm-Wv. _pnsb AXpsImv \n-bm-nIm Fp ]d-bp-p. Al-mcw A`n-am-\n-bm-Wv.
_pn \n-bn Hns\ X\nbvp thWtam thtbm F {]nbm{]nb cq]-n-ep {]Xn-Ic
- W
- a
- mWv Al-m-c
- n-t-Xv.
Cs\ Ic-tW-{n-bI
- t- f-_c
- m-Zn-If
- m \mw A\p-`h
- n-p-t]m-cp
Cu PK-ns clkyw Adn-bp-hm-\mbn ]pXn-sbmcp hnNm-cc
- o-Xnsb
Ah-ew-_n-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. AXv Aap-Ja
- mb a\-\a
- m-W.v As\
a\\w sNp-tm \mw Xs-bm-bn-cn-p B-kq-cy Adn-hns
AXn-hn-iZ- m-Im-i
- n DZn-p-bp-\np Hc-\p-`h
- k
- m-mXvImcw
kw`-hn-p-p. B Htc-sbmcp B-kq-cys _lp-hn-[a
- mb kv^pcW-fmWv Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m \ma-cq-]m-I
- a
- mb Cu {]]w.
tXdpI Fm B-k
- bpw Rm\pw At`-Za
- m-sW-d
- n-bp- A\p`-ha
- m-W.v

3
shfn-bn-en-cpp hnh-anp ImWpw
shfn-ap-X-emb hn`q-Xn-b-p-tamm
Pe-\n-[n-X-n-ep-bnSpw Xcw-Km
hen-b-Xp-t]msebt`-Z-ambv htc-Ww.
shfn-bn-en-cpv

hnhw Cp ImWpw
shfn-ap-X-emb

hn`q-Xn-bpw

shfn-bn-en-cn-p-Xp-t]mse
hnh-cq-]-n \mw ImWp
BImiw apXemb
Ap `qX-sfbpw

Hmm
Pe-\n-[n-X-n
Dbn-Spw
Xcw-Km-hen
AXp-t]mse
At`-Z-ambv htcWw

a\-\-hn-t[-b-am-n-bm
IS-en
Dmbn ad-bp
Xnc-I-fpsS \nc
F-Xp-t]mse
At`-Z-ambn hc-Ww.

{]]w ]-`q-Xm--I-am-Wv. BImiw, hmbp, An, Pew,

]rYn-hn Fn-h-bmWv ]-`q-X-. ]-`q-X-sIm-mWv {]]-n-ep-ff Ipw ]ppw ]pgbpw ]pgphpw am\pw a\p-jy\psa-mwD-m-bn-p-f-f-Xv. Fp ]d-m, ChnsS hnti-jc
- q-]
- n hnp As-n hnhn-[c
- q-]
- n ImW-sSp Fm-n\pw BZn-aamb Hcp GI-kbpv; Hcp aqe-Im-cWapv. s]sp t\mptm Cu aqe-Im-cW
- s \app ImWm Ign-bp-Ib
- n-. IS-en
Xnc-I apd-ap-db
- mbn Dbsm-Sp-n-sIm-n-cn-p-Xp ImWp-tm
IS-en\npw Xnc-I thsd-bm-sW-p-ff {]Xo-Xn-bmWv \-fn
Dfhm-Ip-X
- v. Fm Xnc-am-eI
- pw Imc-Wa
- m-bn-cn-p-Xv IS-em-Wv.
IS-en-emWv Xnc-am-eI
- f
- psS At`-ZyX Adn-tb-X
- v. AXp-t]mse shfnbn-en-cn-p Fm hnj-b
- pw Imc-Wa
- m-bn-cn-p Hcp ]c-shfn-bp-v. B ]c-sh-fn-bn As-n NnZm-Im-i
- n Fm-n-t\bpw
t`Z-a--dn-b-Ww. As\ Adn-bp-tm m\w B\p-`q-Xn-I-ambn
amdpw.

4
Adn-hp-a-dn-n-Sp-ahpw ]pamX
dn-hp-sam-cm-Zn-a-l-p-am-{X-am-Ipw
hnc-f-X-hnp hnf-p-a--l-m
adn-hn-e-aXp am{X-am-bn-tS-Ww.
Adnhpw
Adn-nSpw Ahpw
]pamX Adnhpw
Hcp BZn-a-lv
am{X-amIpw
hnc-fX hnp
hnf-pw
A-lmw
Adn-hn Aav

Adn-bpI F {]{In-bbpw
Adn-bp hnj-bhpw
Adn-bp--h F t_m-[hpw
Htc-sbmcp BZn-a-amb tPymXnv
am{X-am-Wv.
AIw ]p-d--fn-msX
Pzen-p-\np
B al-mb
B-k--bn hne-bnv

AXp-am-{X-am-bn-tS-Ww

AXp-am-{X-am-bn-o-c-Ww.

C{n-b
- f
- n-eqsS Ipw tIpw aWpw cpNnpw sXmpw Hs
Adn-bmw. A-c-W-n-eqsS Nnnpw Adn-bmw. Fm Adn-hnepw
Adn-bm-\mbn Hcp hnj-b-ap-v. hnj-b-s-bm-Wn
hnsS Adn-n-Sp-aw Fp ]d-bp-X
- v. ImWp-I, tIpI, NnnpI Fn-h-sbmw Adn-sh {]{In-b-bpsS hnhn-[-amb kwth-Z\fm-Wv. GXp hnj-bs Adn-bp-tmgpw Rm Adn-bp--h F
mXrXzw \-n-sems ImWp-p-v. Cs\, Adn-bp--hAdnbp-IAdn-b-s-Sp hnjbw Chsb aqnt\bpw tNmWv thZmn-I {Xn]pSn Fp hnfnp-Xv. Am-\
- n-en-cn-p Poh\v
ico-c-Xm-Zmyw Dm-Ip-tmgmWv C-s\-bp-ff {Xn]p-So-t`-Z-tmsS-bp- Adn-hp-m-Ip--Xv. Fm mt\mZ-bn Htc-sbmcp
BZn-a-m-\-ns aqp ]ncn-hp-I am{X-amWv CsXv \app
t_m[y-am-Ipw. BZn-a-l-m-Is Fm-bn-Spw \nd-p-hn-e-kp
B-kXs-bm-Wv. k-hym-]-I-XbmWv B B-k--bpsS
kz`m-hw. AsX-tmgpw hnf-n-sm-n-cn-pw. al-m-bn-cn-p Cu
BZn-a-m-\-n Aenv, AXp-am-{X-ambnocp--XmWv PohnX-ns ]c-a-amb B\-w.

5
De-I-cp-d-n-bp-Wp Nn sNpw
]e-Xp-an-sXm-s-bp-ap-p- ]mp -\npw
hne-a-Xn-bmX hnf-p-Zn-bpw ]n
s]men-I-bp-an-nXp Ip t]mbn-tS-Ww.
De-I
Dd-nDWv

Nn-sNpw ]eXpw
CsXm-sbpw
Dp-]mp-\npw
hne-a-Xn-bmX hnfv
DZn-bpw
]ns]m-en-Ibpw C
CXpIp t]mbn-tSWw

km[m-cW P\-

DdpIbpw
DW-cp-Ibpw

]e-]e Nn-I-fpw sNpp.

a\p-jy-\nse Cu hyhlm-c-sf

Dp-t\m-n-sm-n-cn-p

Aaq-ey-amb B-Zo-]am-Is

DZn-p-Ibpw

]ns AWbp-Ibpw sNp-n-.

Cu B-Zo-]s IpPohoWw.

km[m-cW a\p-jy-cpsS PohnXw In-nt? Ddw, DW Fo

cp {[ph-n-Sb
- n AhcpsS PohnXw ]e-]e
- h
- ym-]m-c
- f
- n-eqsS
Dub-emSn Ifn-p-Ib
- m-W.v F{X-sb{X Nn-If
- mWv Ah-pf-fX
- ?v F{Xsb{X kz]v\-? Bm-Z-n-eq-sSbpw bmX-\-bn-eq-sSbpw Ah
ISpt]mIp-p. Ch-sbms Ca-sh-msX Ip-sIm-n-cn-p Hcp
Iv Fm-hc
- p-sSbpw Dns Df-fn-ep-.v \S-cm-PK
- p-cp-hn\v Cu Iv
dialectical eye Bbn-cp-p. inh-`
- \
- a
- mv CXv inhs aqmw-Im-Wv. Zmi-\n-I
- mv CXv D-m-Wv. ]t, A-s\-sbmcp
Iv Fm-n-t\bpw Ip-sIm-n-cn-p-X
- mbn ]ecpw Adn-bm-dn-.
Aaq-ey-amb Hcp hnf-n-t\m-SmWv Cu Ins\ Kpcp D]-an-n-cnp-X
- v. B hnfv A\m-Zn-bmb Hcp Zo]-am-Wv. Fspw Insm-n-cn-p-XmWv. GsX-nepw Hcp Imev Hcm In-p-h
- X-. In-p-h
- X
- m-sW-n C\w Xom AXp sIp-t]m-Ipsa-p-d
- m-Wv. Fm CXv sIp-t]m-hp-Ib
- n-. a\p-jys \nc-Iamb Pohn-Xs km-Ia
- mnom Kpcp ]d-bp-p : Cu
hnf-ns\ Ip-t]m-bn-tS-Ww. CXn-s- Aw \o \ns-s
Adnv Pohn-Ww Fm-Wv. \o Xs-bmWv Cu temI-n-s
hnf-m-bn-cn-p-X
- v F-dn-bW
- w. CXv m\m-ar-Xa
- m-Wv.

6
DW-c-W-an-n-bp-d-Ww `pPn-o
SW-a-i\w ]pW-tc-W-sa-n-h-w
AW-bp-a-t\-I-hn-Iev]-am-I-bmem
cpW-cp-h-Xp-smcp \nhn-Im-c-cq-]w?
DW-cWw
C\n Dd-Ww
`pPn-o-S-Ww A-i\w
]pW-tcWw
Fn-hw
At\Ihn-Iev]w

AWbpw
BI-bm
Hcp \nhn-Im-c-cq]w
Bcv DW-cp-h-Xp-Xv?

DW-cWw
]ns Dd--Ww
`Ww Ign--Ww
C-W-tN-cWw
C-c-n-ep-
]e-Xc
-
- n a\-ns\ N-en-np-sIm-n-cn-p XmXv]-cy-
\s hen-n-gpw.
Cm-c-W-m
am-an-m Bk-Xys
Bcpw ]q-ambn DW-dn-bpn--tm?

km[m-cW a\p-jys XmXv]-cy- W-{]-`m-N--e--fmWv. Aev]-t\cw am{Xw \ne-\nv sIp-t]m-Ip--h-bm-Wv. Dd-n\npw DWsWo-p Ah CjvS-ap-ff t`mPy-
Isn hmcnhenp Xnp-p. Ipdp Ign-bp-tm Ah\p
CWsb hmcn-p-W-cW-sap tXmpw. oWn-p-tm- InSpdpw. Cs\ amdnamdnhcp XmXv]-cy--sf-bmWv hnIev]
Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Hcp Znh-k-s Pohn-X-n\nSbnXs \psS
a\v Htsd {`m-amb B{Klp ]nmse ]mp-t]m-IpXp \mw ImWm-dp-v. Fn-\m-Wn-s\ a\v ]mp-sIm-n-cnpXv?
Bcpw AXn-s\-p-dnv Nnn-m-dn-. Cu Xnc-n-\n-Sb
- n Pohn-Xns bYm eyw ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. \nhn-Im-ca
- mb kzm-ksb \mw ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. temI-hn-jb
-
- f
- n-tev DWn-cn-p-Xp-sImv B-kz-cq-]
- n-tev DW-cp-hm Ign-bp-n-. temIhn-jb
-
- f
- n- Dd-p-Ibpw B-k
- b
- n DW-cp-Ibpw thWw. Kpcphns Cu D]-tZiw tIp-tm-sg-nepw \psS Dn B DW
Dm-IW
- w. BcpwXs Fp-sIm-mWv Cu B-k
- sb Adnbm-Xn-cn-p-Xv F Hcp- ]-cn-tZ-h\
- k
- zcw Cu tmI-n [z\n-pp-v. AXp-sImv Bm-hns\ Adn-bp-hmthn Pohn-Xs \mw
hn\n-tbm-Kn-W
- w. AXmWv Kpcp \app Xcp D]-tZ-iw...-..B-tm]-tZ-iw.

7
DW-c-cp-Xnnbpd-n-Sm-Xn-cp-o
SW-a-dn-hm-bn-Xn-\n--tbm-Ky-s\-m
{]W-h-ap-Wp ]nd-sm-gnp hmgpw
ap\n-P-\-tk-h-bn aqn \nn-tS-Ww.
DW-c-cpXv C\n

Dd-n-SmsX Ccp-o-SWw
Adn-hmbv
CXn\v Cv
Atbm-Ky Fm
{]Whw DWv
]nd-sm-gnv hmgpw

hn-j-b--fn-tev C\n DW-c-cpXv.

B-t_m-[-n\npw hyXn-Nen-p-t]m-ImsX Ccn--Ww.
Rm Adn-hm-sWv Adn-b-Ww.
B-\n-jvT-\m-bn-cn-p--Xn\v
tbmKy\sp hcn-Ib
- msWn
B-t_m[w Dn-ep-Wv
P\-\-a-c-W--fpsS Nm{In-I-X

ap\n-P-\-tk-h-bn

aqn \nn-tSWw

bn\npw ap-\mbncn-p
Hcp Kpcp-hns\ tkhn-p--Xnepw
{]km-Zn-n-p--Xnepw
apgp-h {i-tbbpw GtIm-]nnp \ndp-Ww.

ASp hon Fhn-sS-sb-nepw ]e-lm-c

- Nps-Sp-p
aWw aq-n-e-Sn-m Adn-bmsX a\p ]dbpw: Hcp akm-e-tZmi
Xnm Inn-bn-cp-s-n! hmbn shffw hp\nd-bpw. F{X s]smWv \ {]tem-`\
-
- v hiw-hZ- c
- m-Ip-Xv? Nq-ens sImfpn an-csb sImcp-nv ao]n-Sn-m-c ays {]tem-`nn-p-X
- p-t]m-se-bmWv {]IrXn \psS apn-tev hnj-b
- sf Fdnnp Xcp-Xv. hnj-b
- s
- f-b \mw BXy-n-Ia
- mbn Adn-tb-Xv;
\ss-bm-Wv. AXn-\mWv Kpcp Dun-d
- b
- p-X
- v: DW-cc
- p-Xn-\n
Fv. CXn-\w InS-p-d-Ww F-. AtX-t]m-se-Xs
thsdmcp sXv kw`-hn-p-Xv, B-n-X\
- mb \mw Amcyw adp-t]m-Ipw. Xm Bm-hm-sW Imcyw ad-m AsXmcp Dd-a
- mWv. AXp-sImv Dd-msX Adn-hmbn Ccn-W
- w. \mcm-bW
- K
- p-cp-hns\
kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Adnhpw Bmhpw Hp-X-s-bm-Wv. Fmhpw Cs\ B-\njvT Inn-sbp hcn-. hopw hopw
Hmtcmtcm temI-Im-cy-f
- n-tev a\p hgp-Xn-tm-Ipw.
CsXmcp Atbm-Ky-X-bm-Wv. Cu Atbm-Ky-Xsb Xncn--dn-b-Ww.
Fmte t]mwh-gn-bp-f-fq. kzbta kz-\m-Im ]p-n-s-n Hcp
Kpcp-hns\ kao-]n--Ww. B Kpcp-hm-Is A-cm-m-hn \mZm-\p`qXn DpsImncn-p-- alm-mhm-Wv. Kpcp-hns cp eW ChnsS FSpp ]d-bp-p-v. {]W-h-ap-W-h Fpw ]ndsm-gn--h Fpw. C-s\-bp-ff Hcp Kpcp-hn-s\--s Is-Ww. Fnv B Kpcp-hns\ tkhnv apgp-h {ibpw hnizm-khpw
Kpcp-hn Anv Pohn--Ww. Iptd-\m Ign-bp-tm \nse
Zphm-k-\-I-sfmw bn-pw. kZv-hmk-\-I ]pjvSn{]m]n-pw.
shfn--ns kmn-y-n Ccp-n\v m\-an-tm?

8
Hfn- ap-Xemw ]g-a-p-app \mdpw
\fn-I-bn-tedn \tb\ amdn-bmSpw
Infn-I-sf-b-p-a-cnp Iogva-dnpw
shfn-hp-cp-th-n-bIw hnf-n-tS-Ww.

Hfn apXemw
]gw Apw
Dv
\mdpw \fn-I-bn Gdn
\tb\ amdn-bmSpw

Acnp Iogva-dnpw
shfn-hpcp Gn
AIw
hnf-n-tSWw

Ins hnj-b-amb cq]w XpS-nb

hnj-b--fm-Ip Ap ]g-fpw
`pPnv As-n A\p-`-hnv
Cu \mdp ico-c-n hknv
CjvSm-\p-kmcw hnj-bfn
amdnamdn can-p Infn-Isf Apw
mt\{n-b--fmIp Ap
Infn-I-tfbpw

AmsS hcp-Xn-bn hcp-p

hnthIkz-cq]s {]m]nv

A-cm-mhn

DWp hn--Ww.

CsXmcp D]-a-bm-Wv. Poh t`mKy-hn-izs A\p-`-hn-p-sIm-ncn-p-Xv Ap C-{n-b--fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Ap C{n-b--sf-bmWv

Ap Infn-If
- mbn D]-an-n-cn-p-X
- v. hr-ns Nn-If
- n\npw
Nn- I - f n- t ev NmmSn, Hmtcmtcm ]g- sImn- t \mn
cknp Infn-I-sf-tm-se-bmWv \psS C{n-b- {]hn-p-Xv. ico-cs Hcp \fn-I-tbm-SmWv Kpcp D]-an-n-cn-p--Xv. FpsIm-s-m icocw Hcp Ipg t]mse-bmWv. B ico-c-n-emIs ZpKw han-p hkvXp- am{Xtabpf-fq. ico-c-nepffXp-t]m-se-Xs a\pw Hcp amen-\y-q-m-c-am-Wv. AXv t`mK-em-ek-X-tbmsS temIs `pPn--Xns ^e-am-bn-m-Wv. Rm ico-c-am-sWp-ff [mc-Wb
- n\nmWv, C{n-b
- fm-Ip Infn-I t`mKy-hn-iz-n\p
]nmse ]mdn-]-d-p--Xv. Hcp th-m-c H shSnv Infn-Isf Xmsghogvp-Xp-t]mse, \fpw hnth-Ia- m-Ip kzcq-]t- an C{n-b
- fpsS
Bnsb Acnp Iogva-dn--Ww. Fmte ]q-amb B-kmm-XvImcw km[n-p-I-bp-q.

9
Ccp-]p-dhpw hcp-am-dh
-
s
- b-q
smcp sImSnhp ]Sp-bptahpw
Xcp-hn-\S- np X]psNbvXp hmgpw
\c\p hcm \cIw \n\-n-tS-Ww.
Ccp-]p-dhpw

cp ]pdhpw

hcp-amdv
]q Hcp sImSn

hp ]Sv Dbv
tahpw
Xcp-hn-\-Snv
X]p sNbvXp hmgpw
\c\v
hcm \cIw
\n\-n-tSWw

s]mXnbpamdv
]pjv]np \np Hcp
Imp-hn IWs
hfv tatev ]-env
nXn sNp
ac-ns Nph-n
X]v A\p-jvTnp Ign-bp
a\p-jy\v
\cIw Dm-hp-I-bn-.
bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-w th.

CsXmcp Nn{X-`m-j-bm-Wv (picture language). C-s\-bp-

tmI-v Hcp _mlymhpw thsdmcp A-cmhpw DmIpw.- H t\m-n Hcp ac-n\p Nph-n X]p sNp Hcp
kym-kn-bpsS Nn{X-amWv \psS at\m-ap-Ip-c-n Apcn-p-I.
cp hn-I hv B acs s]mXn-n-cn-p-Xv Fn-\p-thn-bmWv? Atm-gmWv \apv kwibw Dm-Ip--Xv. Cu acw km[mcW ac-a-. CXp ambm-a-c-am-Wv. amb-bpsS cp in-I-fmWv Bhc-Whpw hnt-]-hpw. B cp in-I, cp hn-I-sf-tmse
Bm-hns kzcq-]s ad-p-I-f-bpw. Fm [ym\-ns Dsh-fnhn ambm-h-n-Ip ]nn B-kz-cq-]s DI-p-sImp
ImWp Xm]-kt{i-jvT\v PohnXw Hcn-epw ZpxJ-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cn-pI-bn-. AXp-sIm-mWv Kpcp ]d-bp-Xv, [ym\-\n-c-X-\mb \c\v Hcnepw \cIw hcn-I-bn-s-v. \cIw Fm ZpxJ-ns Xo{hX Ft
A-ap-f-fq. CXneqsS m\m-\p-k-m-\-th-f-bn X]-ns A\nhm-cy-Xsb Kpcp Dun--d-bp-p.

10
Ccp-fn-en-cn--h-\mcv? sNmI \osb
smcp-h-\p-c--Xp-tIp Xm\p-tahw
Adn-h-Xn-\m-b-h-t\mSp \obp-am-sc
cp-fp-an-Xn {]Xn-hm-Iy-ta-I-am-Ipw.
Ccp-fn
Ccn--h Bcv?
sNmI \o
Fv Hcp-h Dc-Xv
tIv

Ccp-n
Ccn-p \o BcmWv?
]dbq
Fv Hcp-h tNmZn-p-Xv
tInv

Xm\pw Ghw
Adn-h-Xn-\mbn
Ah-t\mSv
\obpw Bcv
Fv Acpfpw
CXn {]Xn-hmIyw

GI-amIpw

A{]Imcw Ccp-fnen-cn-p--h\pw
BcmWv tNmZn--sX--dn-bm-\mbn
tNmZyw tNmZn--h-t\mSv
\obpw BcmWv?
Fns\ tNmZn-pw.
Ch-cpsS cp-t]-cp-tSbpw
tNmZy-p-ff Dcw
HpX-s-bm-bn-cnpw.

Bm-hns A\n-tj-[y-amb Dsb X-an-m coXn-bn AhX-cn-n-p Hcp ]co-W

- a
- mWv \mcm-bW-Kpcp \app ImWn-p-Xc
- p-Xv. \ Ccp-p- apdn-bn-tev Hcm ISp hcp-p. B apdn-bn Hcm
Ccn-p-p-.v IS-p-hc
- p Bv apdn-bn Btcm Ds tXm
Df-hm-bt- m tNmZn-p-Ib
- m-W:v BcmWv Ccp-v Ccn-p-Xv? Atm
Ccp-v Ccn-p B D-cw ]dbpw: Rm Fv. Ccp-
- n-cn-p
B IS-p-hc
- p Bfn-t\mSp Hcp adp-tNmZyw tNmZn-pw: \o BcmWv?
Atm Abm ]d-bpw: - Rm Fv. cp-t]-cp-tSbpw Dcw - Rm
FpXs. Cu cp hyn-If
- nepw Ccn-p - Rm F kv
hyXym-ka
- ptm? Ah-[m-\]
- qw Xncp a\-n-em-p-Ib
- m-sW-n
Htc-sbmcp kXs-bmWv \-fn-se-m-h-cnepw -Rm F
t_m[s Df-hm-p-X
- .v

11
Al-a-l-sa--cp-fp--sXm-s-bm-cm
bpIn-e-Ita ]e-X--tX-I-amIpw
AI-ep-a-l--b-t\-I-am-I-bm-eo
XpI-bn-elws]mcpfpw XpSn-Sp-p.
Alw Alw Fv
Acp-fp--sXms
Bcm-bp-In
AIta ]e-X
GI-amIpw
AIepw

Al
At\Iw BI-bm

Rm Rm Fv
\mw ]d-bp--Xn-s\-sbmw
Xncp a\-n-em-p-I-bm-sW-n
Dkmc-n sht-sd-b-,
Hp-X-s-bmWv.
Fnse Rm thsd Ah-\nse
Rm thsd F Xc-n-ep-ff
Rm F `mhw
At\-I-amsW-nepw

Cu XpI-bn

Alws]mcpfpw

XpSn-Spp

Rm, Rm F `mh--fp-sSsbmw kmcw Hm-sW Xc-n

s]mcp-fm-bn-cn-p ]c-am-nep- Rm
B[m-c-k-Xy-ambn \ne-sIm-p-p.

Fm a\p-jycpw Ah-ch- sc kw_-n-p Imcy- ]d-bptm Rm FmWv ]d-bm-dv. F{X Bfp-I Dm-bmepw Ahsc-m-hcpw Rm FmWv Ahch-sc-p-dnp ]d-bp-X
- v. Ign
tmI-n \S-nb ]co-W
-
- ns ASn-m-\
- n Fm-hc
- nep-an-cn-p Rm Hp-Xs
- -bmWv Fv ]co-nv Adn-p-Ig
- np. {ih-Ww, a\-\w, \nZn-[ym-k\
- w Ch aqpw tNp-ff Hc-t\z-jW-n-eqsS am{Xta Rm F B-kXyw Fm-hc
- nepw HmsWv B\p-`q-Xn-Ia
- mbn Adn-bm Ign-bp-Ib
- p-q. A\p-`h
-
\
- mb
Hcp Kpcp-hn\npw t\cnp tI-W
- w. AXp {ih-Ww. tI-Xns\
Bg-n ]cn-Nn-\w sN-Ww. AXp a\-\w. a\\w A-n-Xa
- mIp-tm AXp \nZn-[ym-k\
- w. AI-ep-w A-l Fp ]d-bp-Xv thsd
thsd Fv \-fn tXmn-n-p Alw-t_m-[s
- -bmWv. Am\w-sIm-mWv A-s\-sbmcp tXm DmIp-X
- v. Am-\h
- i
- K-cm-bn-cn-p-h
- , Rm Fp ]d-bp-X
- n-eqsS ico-c
- n-t\m-Sp-ff
XmZm-ys Dun-bp-d
- n-p-Ib
- mWv sNp-X
- v. B Am-\s
\ow sNp-tm Fm Rm\p-If
- nepw kmc-am-bn-cn-p GI-amb
B-k am{Xta kXy-am-bn-p-q Fv Ghpw A\p-`h
- n-d
- nbm Ign-bpw.

12
sXmen-bp-sa-ep-p-aew Zpc--a-x
Ie-I-fp-ta-p-a-l--sbm-p ImI!
s]men-bp-an-X\y s]menp ]q-amIpw
hen-sbm-c-l hcm hcw Xtc-Ww.
sXmenbpw
Fepv
aew
Zpcw AxI-e-Ifpw
Gpw Al
Hp ImI
s]menbpw

Nhpw
Fp-Ifpw
amen-\y-fpw
ZpxJ-tlXp-I-amb hm-k-\-Ifpw
hln-p Al-sb
Hp ImWp-I.
\in-p-t]m-Ip

CXv A\y

s]menp]q-amIpw
hen-sbm-c-l
hcm-hcw XtcWw

CXv Ahn-Zy-bmb A\y-bmWv.

AhnZym-\m-i-n-eqsS ]qX
ssIh-cn-pw.
Xm hen-b-h-\m-sW Al
hcm-Xn-cn-m-\p-ff hcw Xtc-Ww.

ico-cs apgp-h\pw s]mXn-n-cn-p-Xv sXmen-sIm-m-W.v Cu

sXmen-bpsS ASn-bn amwk-ap-v. icocw amwk-_w am{X-a-.
AXns\ Xmn-\ndpp Hcp FnIq-Sp-v. ico-c
- ns ]pdw-`mKw
F{X hrn-bm-n-h
- mepw Dn Nop-\m-dp hkvXp-f
- mWv InSp-X
- v. \ Ign-p `-Whpw shhpw Fmw aqp aWnq Ign-bp-tm hfn-p-\m-dm XpS-pw. AXpam{Xa, a\-ns
Dn Hfn-n-cn-p hmk-\I
- AXnepw Agp-In-bX
- m-Wv. Akqb, Cujy, tIm]w, aZw, am-cyw, Zw`w Chsbmw Pohn-Xs
kp-Nn-Xa
- m-p-- Zqjyhmk-\I
- fm-Wv. Chsbmw IqSn-bp \psS
Pohn-Xs Hp t\mn-m-WW
- w.
B-kzcq-]
- n CsXm-p-an-. B-kz-cq]w kz-kp-c
- a
- m-Wv.
AhnsS kuc`yw am{Xta Dq. AXn-cp-I-fn-m hnim-e-X-bmWv
Bm-hns Xew. Bm-\p-`hw Dm-Ip-X
- n\v Cu Al s]menp-t]m-IW
- w. ]q-am-b Bm-\p-`hw DmIp-X
- p-hsc hmk-\I Fcn-S- t- -X
- p-v. AXn-\n-Sb
- n Nne BfpI-fn hen-sbmc-l hv Ah-cpsS \-Po-hn-Xs Xmdp-am-dm-m-dp-v. Rm
m\n-bm-Wv, Rm Cuiz-c\
-- mWv, Rm alm-\mWv Fsms
kzbw hnNm-cn-p-tm Abm henb Hcp Albp Bfm-Wv.
B Al-bpw s]men-p-t]m-IWw. AXp s]sp s]men-bp-Ib
- n. AXn\p Cuiz-cm-\p-{Klhpw Kpcp-Im-cp-Wyhpw thWw. AXp-sImv
{]m-\m-cq-]-n hen-sbm-c-l hcmXncn-m hcw XtcWw
Fp An-W
- w.

13
{XnKp-W-abw Xncp-\o-d-Wn-sm-co-i
I-a-cecnp hWnbamdn
kI-e-a-gnp XWnp tIh-e-n
aln-a-bp-ap al-n-em-Wn-tS-Ww.
{XnKp-W-abw

Xncp-\o AWn

kzw, cP-v, Xav Fo

aqp KpW-sf Icn-s-Sp
`kvaw ]qin-bn-cn-p

Hcp Cui\v
AI-a-e-cnv

hWn
Aw Bdn

kIew Agnv

XWnv
tIh-e-n
aln-a-bp-av
al-n
BWn-tSWw

GI-\mb Cuizc\v
kev]--fm-Ip ]q
Anv
ka-W-a-t\m-`m-h-tm-Sp-IqSn
C{n-b-phnj-b--tfm-Sp-
sImXn Bdn--Wpv
Fm euIn-I-_--\-fn
\npw ap-\mbn
im-Nn--\mbn
tIh-e-am-b-Xns
Ap-Xm-Z-c-fpw Cm-Xmbn
B-tPym-Xn-n
Bp-t]mbn AXm-bn-on-tS-Ww.

{]IrXn {XnKp-Wm-n-I-bm-Wv. kzw, cP-v, Xav Fo aqp

KpW--fmWv a\p-jys\ I--fpsS GSm-Iq-S-n-tev
hen-n-g-p--Xv. Cu aqp KpW--fpsS \ocmfn-n-Sn-n\npw
ap-\m-I-W-sa-n Cuiz-c-\n ]q-ambpw icWw Kann-cn-Ww. Cuiz- c - \ m- I s, Cu aqp KpW- - t fbpw AXn- P o- h np
\np GI-amb s]mcpfm-Wv. Amcyw {]Xo-Im--I-ambn kqNnn-p--XmWv `kvaw ]qin \rw sNp XmWvU-h-\-S-cm-P.
AXns\ ]tcm--ambn am{Xta ChnsS [z\n-n-p-p-q. \-fpsS
kev]-kq-\--fmWv Cuiz-c\v A-\-bmbn \Ip--Xv. Ffn-a-tbmSp-Iq-Sn-thWw Fm kev]--tfbpw I--tfbpw Cuiz-c\p
kan-t-X
- v. AXn-eqsS \apv C{n-b
- f
- n Npn-]
- n-\np
Ima-\-Isf Cm-Xm-m Ign-bpw. Ima-\-I-fmWv temI-n \s
_n-n-n-cn-p-X
- v. Cuiz-cm-W
- m kIe _-\
- fpw Agnp- a m- d pw. A- c - W - n ]ncn- a p- d p- - krjv S nncp
NqsSmw XWp-p-dv imn-Zm-b-I-amb Hc-\p-`-hs Dn-ep-mpw. CXv Cuiz-cm-\p-`-h-am-Wv. Cuiz-cm-\p-`hw Dm-Ip-tm AdnbmsX \ B B-cy-]-c-X-bn aXn-a-dv Hcp {`m-s\-tmse
Pohn-sp hcmw. Ahn-sSbpw \mw \psS At\z-j-Ws \ndpp-hm ]mSn-. hopw hopw ]q-amb \ne ssIh-cn-p--Xphsc Bg--fn-tep t]mbvsIm-n-cn--Ww. cs-p- `mhw CmXm-Ip--Xp-h-sc BZn-a-l-n Bp-sIm-n-cn--Ww.

14
{Xn`p-h-\-koa ISp Xnn-hnpw
{Xn]pSn apSnp sXfn-n-Sp Zo]w
I]-S-b-Xnp Ic--am-Ip-ho-se
p]-\n-j-Zpn cl-ky-tamn-tS-Ww.
{Xn`p-h-\-koa ISv

Xnnhnpw
{Xn]pSn apSnp
sXfn-n-Sp Zo]w
I]-S-b-Xnv
Ic--am-Ip-hoe
F
D]-\n-j-Zp-n-c-lkyw

Hmn-tSWw

Pm{K-v, kz]v\w, kpjp]vXn

Fo aqptemI-papdv
\ndp-{]-Im-in-p--Xmb
{Xn]p-Sn-bpsS \mi-n-eqsS am{Xw
kmm-XvI-cn-m-hp B-Zo]w
I-k-ym-knv
A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-hp-I-bn-
F Xc-n-ep-
D]-\n-j-n ]d-n-cn-p
cl-ky-amb Zi\w
Ftmgpw HmWw.

\psS A\p-`-h-v aqv AXnn-I Iev]n-mw. Hv

DWn-cn-p-tm A\p-`-hn-p temI-am-Wv. Cu Ah-sb
Pm{K-Z-h FmWv ]d-bpI. C{n-b-fpw {]]-hpw Xn
_-sv Cu Ah--bn {]hn-p-p. cm-as Ah
kz]v\-am-Wv. kz]v\w ImWp ka-bv C{n-b- {]h-\-\nc-X-a-. Fm \ Dd--hp-a-. kz]v\w ImWp BfpsS Dnse
]qhkva-c-W-I-fmWv kz]v\--fmbn A\p-`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv.
aqm-as Ah-sb kpjp]vXn Fp ]d-bpw. AXm-bXv Dd-w.
Dd--n Hpw-Xs Adn-bp-I-bn-. Fm Dd--n\npw
DWm \ kpJ-ambn Ddn F tXm Dm-Ipw. DWXn\p tijta A-s\-bp-ff Adn-hp-m-Ip-p-q.
Dd-p ka-bv Rm kpJ-ambn Dd-pp Fv Bcpw Adnbp-n-. C{Xbpw A\p-`-h- \ap-smw ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. Fm
Hcp m\n-bpsS t_m[w Cu aqp temI-pw Ap-d-p-ff
Hc-\p-`-h-n-em-Wv. B t_m[s Xpco-bt_m[w FmWv D]-\nj-n ]d-bpI. {Xn]pSn apSnv sXfn-n-Sp Zo]w Fv \mcmb-WK
- pcp hnfn-p-Xv Xpco-bt- _m-[s
- -bm-Wv. kym-kt- hjw sIn
\S-m-sempw Xpco-bm-\p-`hw Dm-hp-I-bn-. Xpco-bm-\p-`-h-n\v
Xt]m-\n-c-X-amb At\z-jWw thWw. hb-p-n-g-n-\mbn thjw sIn

\S-p kym-kn-amsc AXp-sImv I]-S-b-Xn-I FmWv ]dbp--Xv. D]-\n-j-ns ]m--e-n\n-psImmWv Kpcp

Cmcyw nco-Icn-p--Xv.

15
]c-bpsS ]mep\pI `mKy-hm-m
smcp ]Xn-\m-bn-c-am-sm-cev]-t\cw
Adn-h-]-c-{]-Ir-Xn--[o-\-am-bm
ec-s\m-Sn-bm-bn-c-am-p-t]mse tXmpw.
]c-bpsS ]mev

\pI `mKy-hm-mv
Hcp ]Xn-\m-bn-c-amv
Hcev]-t\cw

Adnhv

A]-c-{]-Ir-Xnv

A[o-\-am-bm

Ac-s\mSn

Bbn-c-am-p-t]mse

tXmpw

]c-am--m-\-n\npw
Dudn-hcp B\-m-\p-`hw
\pI A\p-Kr-lo-Xv
Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw hjwt]mepw
Cncn t\c-ambn A\p-`h
- s
- Spw.
t_m[w
Xn\npw A\y-amb {]Ir-Xnv
hi-s-p-t]m-bm
Ac-\n-anjw
Hcm-bncw hjwt]mse
A\p-`-h-s-Spw.

]c-a-amb A\p-`q-Xn-bn Aan-cn-p m\n-Iv Imet_m[w Hcp ]oU-\-ambn A\p-`-h-s-Sm-dn-. Bm-\p-`qXn B\-ns \nd-p-I-hn-b-em-Wv. Bm-\p-`q-Xn-bmWv ]c-bpsS ]mev.
Fm-hpw CXv A\m-bm-tk\ {]m]y-a-. `mKy-hm-mt AX\p-`-hn-p-hm Ign-bp-p-q. Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw hjw-t]mepw Cs\-sbmcp A\p-`q-Xn-Z-i-bn Hcp \nan-jw-t]mse tXmn-tm-Ipw.
Fm Am-\-m Ime-t_m[w Hcp-h-\n \nd-n-cn-ptm Hcp \nan-jw-X-s Hcm-bncw hj-t]mse `mc-ap--Xmbn-ocpw. Imew a\-ns Hcp krjvSn-bm-Wv. a\-n kpJw DmIp-tm Ime-n\v \ofw Ipd-bpw. ZpxJ-ap-m-Ip-tm Imen\p
\ofw IqSpw. kabw \om--Xp-t]mse tXmpw. Cu kXyw B[p\n-I-imkv{Xw ]d-bp--Xn-\p-apt Kpcp ]d-pI-gnp.
B_v sFo Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]d-bp-p-v. Npp-]-gp

Hcp teml--In-Sn Hcmsf ]nSn-n-cp-n-bm Abmv Hcp

\nanjwt]mepw Hcm-bncw hjw-t]mse tXmpw. Fm Imap-In-bpsS
kvt\l-ak
- r-Wa
- mb Nqw_-\m-enw-K\
- m-Zn-If
- n \nhr-Xn-sIm-n-cn-p
Hcp-h\v aWn-p-dp-I Ign-p-t]m-bmepw Hcp \nan-jw-t]m-setb tXmpI-bp-q.

16
A[n-I-hn-im-e-a-cp-{]-tZ-i-sam-mbv
\Zn s]cp-Ip--Xp-t]mse hp \mZw
{ipXn-I-fn hoWp Xpdpa-n-sbpw
bX-an-bepw bXn-h-cy-\m-bn-tS-Ww.
A[n-I-hn-im-e-a-cp-{]-tZiw
Hmbv

\Zn-s]-cp-Ip--Xp-t]mse
\mZw-hv

{ipXn-I-fn hoWv

w An

Fpw bX-an-bepw

bXn-h-cy Bbn-tSWw

hfsc hnim-e-amb acp-`q-an-bn

BIth
\Zn Ic-I-hn-sm-gp-Ip--Xp-t]mse
{]W-h-[z\n Dd-h-s]mn hv
Dm-XnhoWv
Xpd-pAI-p Xpd-n-pp.
CXn\v Ftm-gpw b-a\w ioe-am-nb
kym-kn-t{i-jvT Bbn-cnWw.

Bm-\p-`h- s Imhym-I
- a
- m-bmWv Kpcp Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-X
- v.
]cp hnim-ea
- mbn InS-p acp-`q-an. B `qan NqSp-sImp X]n-n-cnp-I-bm-Wv. s]svv B acp-`qan apgp-h \ndpIhn-sm-gp-Ip
Pe-{]-hmlw Dd-h-s]m-n-h-cnI-bm-sW-n B A\p-`-hw \psS
kev]s-t]mepw AXn-i-bn-n-p--Xm-Wv. acp-`q-an-bpsS X]vX-lrZ-b-n \Zn-bpsS \\hv ]Sv kpJ-io-X-fna ]I-cp A\p-`q-Xn.
AXp-t]m-se-bmWv A-cm-m-hn \mZw DXnp-hv Dm-Xp-IfnhoWv m\-N-p-ns\ Xpd-p-X-cp--Xv. Ahm-Ny-kp--c-amb
A\p-`q-XnbmWv Kpcp Cu tmI-n-eqsS ]Ip-X-cphm {ianp-X
- v. \-psS cp ImXp-Ipap-dv Adn-hns am[p-cy-aqdp
\mZw {ihn-p Hcp t{im{X-ap-v. B t{im{Xw DW-cW
- s
- a-n {i
thWw. ChnsS ]d-bp Iv m\-N
- p-m-Wv. ka-kvXX
- b
- nepw
B-km-nyw Zin-p ImWv m\-N
- p-v. B-kw-ba\w ioe-am-nb Hcp kym-kn-hc
- y\v am{Xta Cu A\p-`qXn ssIhcn-Ib
- p-q.

17
Ag-se-gp-a-n-X-fmp cp -X-m-bv
pg-ep-a-\mZnhnfp Xqn-bmm
\ng-ep-cp-hm-sbcn-bpp s\tXm ap
]g-Inb hmk\ hn hrn-b-t{X.
An-X-fmv

cp Xmbv

Ag-segpw
Npgepw
A\m-Zn-hn-fv
Xqn
Bm
\ng Dcp-hmbv
Fcn-bpp
s\v AtXm
ap ]g-Inb hmk\
hn
bt{X

Hcp

Ap \mf--tfmSp IqSn

qew, kqvaw Fo cp
XpI-fmbn

In-sm-n-cn-p,

Npn-n-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p

BZn-bn-m Hcp Zo]w

Xqnbnn-cn-p--Xp-t]m-se
Bmhv

\ngemb icocw Gn-sImv

In--sm-n-cn-p-p.

hnf-s-cn-bm-\p-ff s\m-sW-ntem

apt \-n IpSn-sIm-p

]gwsN I-hm-k-\-I-fm-Wv.

B hnf-nse Xncn-I-fm-Is, hrnNn-hr-n-I-fm-Wv.

Xnc-o-e-bn sXfn-bp Ne-n-{Xw-t]m-se-bmWv Kpcp Cu

tmIw Na-n--cn-p-X
- .v A\m-Zn-bmb Bmhv Hcp hnf-p-t]mse Hmtcmcp-c
- nepw Fcn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p-.v Htc-sbmcp Bmhv Fcn-bptm Hcp \mfta ]mSp-q. Fm amb-bpsS Bh-cWhpw hnt]hpw \nanw Bm-hn\v Ap \mf- Df-fX
- p-t]mse tXmn-np-p. ChnsS Ap \mf- Fp ]d-bp-Xv a\p-jy-ic
- o-c
- nse
Ap mt\-{n-b
- sfbmWv. mt\-{n-b
- f
- n-eqsS B-Zo]w
{]Im-in-p-tm-gmWv \mw ImWp-Xpw tIp-Xpw aW-p-Xpw
Hs. Cu Zo]-n-\m-Is, cp Xp-Ifpv. Hp am\-kn-Iw (conceptual) cm-at- Xv sF{n-bw (perceptual). sF{nb-am-bXv qeamb Xm-Wv. C{n-b
- ns apn Hcp hnjbw hp-\np-tm
a\-mWv B hnj-bs \n-bnp a\-n-em-m-\p-ff km-l
- sfms Hcp-n-sm-Sp--p-X
- .v a\-n ]qmn-Xa
- m-b- hmk-\IfmWv temI-\n-b
- n-\p-thn Icp-f
- m-bn-cn-p-X
- .v

B-Zo]w {]Im-in-p-Xv \ng-ep-cp-th-n-bm-W.v \ng-epcp Fp

]d-m Xnc-o-eb
- n ann-ad-
p-t]m-Ip Nn{X-t]mse Ft
A-ap-ff
- q. Cu hnf-s-cn-bp-hm C-\a
- m-bn-cn-p s\v hfsc
]g-w-sN hmk-\I
- f
- m-W.v s\n Xncn-sb-t- ]mse hmk-\I
- f
- n
Nn-hr-n-If
- mWv In-sm-n-cn-p-X
- v. hnj-bk
- wKw Dm-Iptm t_m[w hnj-b
- ns BImcw ssIsmv Poh-\n hntm`- Dm-n-sm-n-cn-pw, I-Se
- n Xnc-bS- n-pw-t]mse. CXn-s\bmWv Nn-hr-n-I Fp ]d-bp-X
- .v Bmhv An-{n-b
- f
- neqsS a\-ns ]m-e
-
- n {]Xn-^e
- np {]Im-in-p Hcp at\ml-cN
- n{Xw Cu tmIw \app ]Ip-Xc
- p-p.

18
Al-an-cp-f-n-cp-fm-In-e--cmbv \m
al-a-l-sa--dn-bm-Xn-cp-n-tSWw
Adn-h-Xn-\m-e-l-a--Im-c-a-s
dn-h-Xn-\n--s\-bmp-tam-Xn-tSWw.
Alw Ccp-f
Ccp-fm-In
A-cmbv \mw
Alw Alw Fv

B-t_m[w Ccp-f-.
Ccp-m-bn-cp-s-n,
Dm-gvN-t]mepw t]mbn
Rm Dv Rm Dv
FpIqSn
Adn-bm-Xn-cp-n-tSWw
Adn-bm-Xn-cn--W-am-bn-cp-p.
Fm Rm\pv F AdnAdn-h-Xn-\m

hns\ \ntj[n-m\mhm--Xn-\m
Alw A-Im-c-a-sv
Bm-hmb Rm Ccp--sv
Adn-h-Xn\v

t_m[yw hcp-p-Xn-\p-thn
Cs\

C{]Imcw
Bpw

Fm-h-tcmSpw
HmXn-tSWw

shfn-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp--Ww.

Rm Dv F kXyw Bpw \ntj-[n-m Ign-bpn-.

Rm C Fp ]d-b-W-sa-nt]mepw Rm Dm-bn-cn--Ww.
Rm Ds-d
- n-bm\pw Cs-d
- n-bm\pw Rm Dm-bn-cn-W
- w. AXpsIm-mWv Kpcp Dun--d-bp-Xv Rm Am-\-am-Ip Iqcn-cp-sv. Rm Adn-hns \nd shfn--am-Wv. Rm Iqcn-cp-m-sWn \ ]d-p-t]m-cm-dp-ff Rm, Rm Fp- t_m[wt]mepw Dm-Ip-hm ]mSn-m-bn-cp-p. Fm As\ Atm?

Rm ckn-p-p, Rm ZpxJn-pp Fsmw ]d-bp-tm-sgmsbpw Rm AhnsS {]Im-in-p-p-v.

AXp-sImv Fm-hpw Adn-n-cnmthn ]d-p-sImSp-t HmWv \mw Bm-hm-sW-v. Bmhv kzbw-{]-Im-in-Xam-Wv. AXns Dsb Xn--f-bm-\m-hn-; shfn--ns Dsb
Ccp-n\v \ncm-I-cn-m-\m-hm--Xp-t]mse. AXp-sImv \mw hopw
hopw ]d-b-Ww: Rm Am-\-a-, Rm m\-am-Wv. Rm
Ccp-
- , Rm shfn-a
- m-Wv. Rm ZpxJ-a
- , Rm B\-a
- m-Wv. Rm
iq\y-X-b-, Rm \nd-hmWv Fv. kw ln kn-Zmw t\l
\m\mkvXn In\. ChnsS kn-Zmw am{X-ta-bpq. \m\m-Xz- HpwX-s-bn- Fp \mcm-b-W-Kpcp Zi-\-am-e-bn ]d-bp-p.

19
ASn-ap-Sn-b--a-Xp-n-Xp--Xp-s
Sn-bn-Sp-am-Znak--bp-sX-mw
PU-anXp kha-\n-Xyamw Pe-n
hSn-hns\ hnp Xcw-K-a-\y-amtam?
ASn
apSn
Aw
AXpv
CXpv
AXpv
Fv ASn-bnSpw

BZn-a-k

D-sXmw

CXp kw

A\n-Xyamw

PUw

Pe-n hSn-hns\ hnv

XcwKw

A\y-amtam?

ASn-bn-ep--XmWv kXyw
D-Xnbnep--XmWv kXyw
A-p--XmWv kXyw
AXp D-Xp-X-s-bmWv
CXp D-Xp-X-s-bmWv
AX-, asm-mWv Df-fXv
Cs\ a\p-jy shdpsX
kXyssmn hmZn-p-p.
Fm-n-sbpw BZn-bmbncn-p
B-kXs-bmWv
_lp-hn-[-ambn ChnsS ImWp
\ma-cq-]--sf-mw.
Cm-Wm-hp--sXmw
\mi-ap--Xmb
PU-am-Wv.
Pe-ns k-bn\npw
Xnc
thdn-n-cn-p--sX--s\-bmWv?

Cu {]]w apgp-h\pw Htc-sbmcp k-bpsS \m\m-hn-[-am-bnp-ff Bhn-jvIm-c--fm-Wv. C{n-b-sImv BIm-inepw `qanbnepw A-cn-
- n-ep-ambn Fa hkvXpsf \ ImWp-pv. BIm-i-nse \-{X-fpw `qan-bnse Ipw apw hr-eXm-Zn-Ifpw kmK-chpw acp-`q-anbpw arK-fpw a\p-jycpw Fmw Cu
BZn-a-k--bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c--fm-Wv. Bhn-jvIr-X-amb Fm-n\pw
Hmtcm cq]-ap-v. cq]s \mw Adn-bp-Xv \ma-I-cWw sNbvXm-Wv.
A-s\-bmWv F-a
- \m-a
- fpw F-a cq]-fpw tN hymh-lmcn-I{- ]-]w kwPm-Xa- m-Ip-X
- v. \ma-cq-]
- f
- psS _mlp-ey-m BZn-ak-sb hnkvac
- n-p-t]m-Ip-p. Fnv hmp-If
- psS ambm-Pm-e
- ns]ns-Xp-t]mse kXyssmn Xn-m XpS-p-p.
Ip-sImp ImWp Hns\ am{Xta Rm kXy-ambn hnizkn-p-I-bp-q Fsm-cm iTn-p-p. Atm thsdm-cm ]d-bpp, ssZhw D-X--fn ad-n-cn-pp Fv. C\nsbmcm ]dbp-p, AXp--X-, CXmWv D-Xv Fv. B aXw icn-b-, Cu
aXw icn-sbv thsdmcp Iq. As\ ]dp]-dv X-ntepw ASn-]n-Sn-bn-tepw Ah-km\w bp-n-tepw c-smcnn-en-tepw \bn-p hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z--fpsS A-iq-\yX Kpcp
FSp-pIm-Wn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. DXv BZn-ak
- am{Xw. ASn-a
- p-Sn, AhnsS--C-hn-sS, AXp-v--C-Xpv F-sXms shdpw i_vZ-Pm-e-
am{Xw. AXp-sIm-m-W-hsb PUw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. PU-h-kvXp Aev]m-bp-p-I-fm-Wv.
Hcp Xncbvv F{X-t\cw Pe-n s]mn-\nm Ignbpw?
Aev]-t\cw am{Xw. Ipdp Ign-m Xnc, hn-S-t-p-Xs Xncnp-t]m-Ipw. Xnc Fhn-sS-\n-mWv hXv? Pe-n\n-.v Pe-amWv XncbpsS BZn-ak
-
- . Pe-n\nv thdn-smcp AkvXnX Xnc-b
v n-.
Xnc A\n-Xy-am-W.v Pew \nXy-am-W.v CsXmcp DZm-lc
- Ww am{X-am-W.v
Cu DZm-lc
- W
-
- n-eqsS B-k
- b
- psS \nXy-Xzhpw \ma-cq-]
- f
- psS
A\n-Xy-Xzhpw Kpcp hy-am-p-p. Fm X-fpw Am\n\npw P\n-p-X
- m-W.v m\-n Xw Hgn-p-t]m-Ip-p.
t_m[w sXfn-hp kXys Zin-p-p.

20
De-In\p thsdmcp k-bn--Xp-s
pe-I-cp-c-Xp k-aq-l-lo\w
Pf\p hnte-ibsap tXmn-bmepw
\e-an-bepw aeame \mK-amtam?

De-In\v
thsdmcp k-bn

AXp-sv

De-I Dc-Xv
khw
Dul-lo\w
Pf\v
hnte-ibw
Fp tXmn-bmepw
\ew Cbepw
aeame
\mK-amtam?

Fm

\ma-cq-]m--I-amb {]]--n\v
B-k--bn\npw `n-ambn
thsdmcp k-bn-.
Chn-sS-Im-Wp Hmtcm-n\pw
thsd-thsd D-bp-sv
P\- ]d-p-t]m-cp-Xv
Fmw
bpn-bp--a-.
Am-\nv
]mv
Dsp tXmn-bmepw
tNtXm-l-c-amb
]qame
]mmbn amdptam?

a\p-jycpw bpn-bp--ambn Nnn-p--h-c-. bpnbpw Fp ]d-bp-tm BZn-a-k-v tbmPn-p coXn-bn

FmWv a\-n-em-t-Xv. ]c-a-Im-c-W-am-bn-cn-p B-k-bn Fm-n-t\bpw tbmPn-np a\-n-em-p-tm B Nn bpnbp--am-Wv. Imc-W-n\npw A\y-ambn Hcp Imcyn-\pw \ne\nm-\m-hp-I-bn-. Ifn-a-n-s\-q-SmsX IpS-n-s\-s\ \ne\nm Ignbpw? AXp-sImv Kpcp Dd-n-p-Xs ]d-bp-p: DeIn\p thsdmcp k-bn Fv. CXp tIp-tm Cu temIw
iq\y-am-sW- a\-n-em-tXv; temI-n-ep-ff Fm-n\pw
A-am-bn-cn-p-Xv Htc-sbmcp BZn-a-k--Xs-bm-Wv Fm-Wv.
shfn--p-d-hp-aqew ]qame ImWp-tm `ocp-hn\v AXv ]mmsW {`aw Dm-Imw. hnte-ibw ]mm-Wv. ]qam-e-bpsS BIm-chpw
]mns BIm-chpw kam-\-am-Wv. AXp-sImv aqV\v Dm-Ip
sXn-m-c-Wsb, Adn-hp-ff Hcm hv Xncp-n-sm-Sp-p-p.
]mmsWp hnNm-cnv `b-s Abm-fpsS a\-n ]qame ImWptm Dm-Ip B-cy-\n`-c-amb ktmjw Kpcp FSp-p-ImWn-p-p. thZm--nse Ibdpw ]mpw F ZrjvSm--n\v Hcp
amw hcpn Ib-dns m\v ]qam-esb {]Xn-jvTn-p-I-bmWv
sNp--Xv. BZn-a-k shdpw {]tbm-P-\-c-ln-X-am-bn-p- H.
AXn \nln-X-am-bn-cn-p B\--amWv AXns aqeyw. ]qam-e-bmsWp Xncn--dn-bp-m AXv IqSp-X {]nbw P\n-n-p-p. AXpsImmWv thZm--nse ncw ZrjvSm--amb Ib-dn-s\-amn ]qamesb Kpcp {]Xn-jvTn--Xv. {]tbm-P-\-aq-ey-s-bmWv ChnsS IqSp-X
Dun--dbp--Xv.

21
{]nb-sam-cp-Pm-Xn-bn-sX{]nbw XzZo-b
{]nb-a]c-{]n-b-sa--t\-I-ambn
{]nb-hn-j-bw-{]Xn hnSpw {`aw X
{]nba]-c-{]n-b-sa-dn-n-tS-Ww.
{]nbw Hcp PmXn
CXv F {]nbw
XzZo-b-{]nbw
A]-c-{]nbw
Fv At\-I-ambn

{]nb-hn-jbw {]Xn
hnSpw {`aw
X{]nbw
A]-c-{]nbw
Fv Adn-n-tSWw

Htc-sbmcpXcw {]nbtabpf-fq.
CXv Fs CjvSw,
\ns CjvSw,
thsdm-cp-hs CjvSw
F Xc-n Htc {]nbw-Xs
At\-I-{]n-b--fmbnocp--Xv.
CjvS-hn-j-bfn
Dm-Ip {`aw \nan-amWv.
Xs {]nb-amWv
thsdm-cp-h-sbpw {]nbw
Fp-ff kXyw a\-n-em--Ww.

{]nbw Ht-bp-q. At\-Ia- n-. B {]nbw B-{]n-ba- m-W.v Bmhn kl-Pa

- mbn IpSn-sIm-p B\-\
- n`-cX
- b
- m-emWv Bm-hn
Fm Pohn-Ipw {]nbw P\n-p-X
- .v Bm-hm-Is GIhpw khym-]n-bp-am-W.v Fm Poh-\nse Al-m-aa
- X
- m-Zn-I ImcWw Hcph hnj-bt- em-ep-]\
- m-bn-o-cp-p. hnj-b
- n-emWv B\-a
- n-cn-p-Xv
F {`aw \nan-a
- mWv hnj-b
- n Hcp-h\v {]nbw P\n-p-X
- v.
As\ hcp-tm Hmtcm-cp-v CjvSa
- p-ff hnj-b
- fpw hyXykvXfmbn-cn-pw. B-{]nbw ad-p-t]mbn B m\v hnj-b{]nbw hp-Iq-Sp-Xv Am-\w \nan-a
- m-W.v A-s\-bmWv Fs
CjvSw, \ns CjvSw, Ah-cpsS CjvSw Fn-s
- \-bp-ff CjvSm-\n-jSv hv B-{]n-b
- n\v hn`-P\w kw`-hn-p-X
- .v CXp amn-sb-Sp-Ws
- a-n \apv {]nb-s-X
- mbn tXmp Hcp Imcyw thsdmcmpw {]nbw Df-hm-p coXn-bn ka-RvPk
- a
- mbn tNWw.
ImcWw BXy-n-Ia
- mbn {]nb-hkvXp Bbn-cn-p-Xv Bm-hm-Wv.
Cmcyw Ftmgpw HmthWw.

22
{]nb-a-]-csbsX{]nbw, kzIo-b
{]nb-a-]-c-{]n-b-an-{]-Im-c-amIpw
\b-a-Xn-\mse \cp \ \evIpw
{Inb-b-]-c-{]n-b-tl-Xp-hmbv htc-Ww.
{]nb-a-]-cs
AsX{]nbw
kzIo-b-{]nbw
A]-c-{]nbw
C{]-Im-c-amIpw \bw

thsdm-cp-hs {]nbw GXmtWm

AsX-sbpw {]nb-am-Wv.

F\np {]nb-s--Xp-X-s-bmWv

asm-cp-h\pw {]nb-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.

CXmWv Pohn-Xs ka-c-k-sSp-p Hcp t]mwh-gn.

AXn-\mse

{]nbw GI-am-bn-cn-p--Xp-Im-cWw
\cp \\Ipw{Inb
Hcp-h\v \-bp-m-p {]hrn
A]-c-{]n-b-tl-Xp-hmbv
thsdm-cp-h-sbpw kpJ-n-\v
htcWw

CS-bm--Ww.

Pohn-X-n\v \smcp s]cp-am--n thWw. \app tXmn-bXp-t]m-se-sbmw sNp-Ib

- m-sW-n Fhn-tSbpw kwLjw am{Xta
apn-\np-Ib
- p-q. {]nb-ns Xe-n hcp ]nSnhm-in-IsImmWv kwLj- Dm-Ip--Xv. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-n Hcp ka\zbw sImp-h-c-W-sa-n \mw Nne \op-t]m-p-I-sfms \S-Ww. AXn\p Zmi-\n-I-amb Hcp ASn-d-bpw Dm-bn-cn--Ww.
Hm-a-Xmbn, {]nb-ns ASn-m\w B-k--bm-sW--dn-bp-I.
Bm-hns {]nbw Fm-h-cp-tSbpw {]nb-am-Wv. AXp-sImv Bmhns {]nb-n-tev tNcp--Xns `mK-ambn \mw {]mY-an-I-ambn
sNt-Xv thsdm-cm-fpsS CjvS-tbpw \psS CjvS-ns ]cnK-W-\-bn-tev sImp-h-cnI F-Xm-Wv.
thsdm-cmv CjvS-s Imcyw \ap-pw-IqSn CjvS-sphcptm \mw Aev]wIqSn hnim-e-lr-Z-b-\m-bn-o-cp-p. As\
hcp-tm \apv {]nb--c-am-bn-cn-p Hv thsdm-cmpw {]nb-c-am-bn-o-cpw. \mw temI-n-\p-thn Pohn-p-I-bm-sW-n
temIw \ap-p-th-nbpw Pohn-pw. \mw Cuiz-c-\p-thn Pohnp-I-bm-sW-n Cuiz-c \ap-p-th-nbpw Pohn-pw. AXp-

sImv F\nv \-bpm-p {]hrn thsdm-cm-fpsS Pohn-Xn\p Xn-bmbn hcm ]mSn-. A{X-am{Xw Icp-X-temSpw Dshfn- t hm- S pw- I qSn Pohn- m am{Xta {]nb- - f nse kzc- e - b s
Imp-kq-n-m \apv Ign-bp-I-bp-q.

23
A]-c-\p-th-n-b-l\niw {]bXv\w
Ir]-WX hnp Ir]mep sNbvXn-Spp
Ir]-W-\-t[m-ap-J-\mbv InS-p-sNp
]-P-b-Iah-p-thn am{Xw.
A]-c-\p-thn
Al\niw
Ir]-WX hnv
{]bXv\w
Ir]mep sNbvXn-Spp
Ir]-W
At[m-ap-J-\mbv InSv
A]-P-b-Iw
Ah-p-th-n--am{Xw
sNpp

thsdm-cmp-thn
cm-It`-Z-an-msX
kzmX IqSmsX
I-
Ir]bp--h sNpp.
kzm
A[-a-amb kpJ-t`m-K--fn apgpIn
[-hntcm-[n-bmb Iw
Xs am{Xw kpJ-n-\p-thn
sNpp.

Ir] XnIpw ssZhn-I-amb Hcp KpW-am-Wv. kl-Po-hn-I-fnepw

Xs Pohs XpSn-p-I sXm-dn-bp--h-\mWv Ir]m-ep. Ir]mep
Fp sNp-tmgpw AXv k-n-sbpw lnXw am\n-m-Wv sNpI. Fhn-sS-sb-nepw thZ-\bpw bmX-\bpw ImWp-tm Ir]m-ephns a\w Aen-bpw. Ah-cpsS ZpxJ-\n-hm-c-W-n-\p-thn Ir]mep
X\n-m-hp--sXmw sNp-p. an a\p-jycpw kzw `mcy, IpnI F IpSp-mb XmXv]-cy--fnam{Xw HXpnq-Sp--h-cmWv.- A-Xn-\-p-d-smcp temI-ap-sv Ah Nnn-mt]mepw
sa\-s-Sm-dn-. As\bp at\m-`m-h-s-bmWv Ir]-WX Fv
Kpcp hnti-jn-n-p--Xv.
F-t-mfpw Ir]-WX Cp P\-f
- n Bth-in-n-cn-p-Ibm-Wv. Hcp `qXm-th-iw-t]mse P\w kzm-Xb
- psS IpSpw-_]
-
- m-e
- n-tev Dh-en-p-sIm-n-cn-p-XmWv \mw ImWp-X
- .v Cu
Dh-en-bh
- ns\ AWp-Ip-Spw_w (nuclear family) FmWv ]d-bp-Xv. A\pw Abpw aI\pw aIfpw am{Xw AS-p Hcp IpSpw-_w.

Ah-cpsS kpJw am{X-amWv Ah At\z-jn-p-X

- v. Ah kpJw
Is-p-hm-\p-ff {]bm-W
- n F{X Bfp-Isf thW-sa-nepw ZpxJnn-p-hm aSn ImWn-p-n-. CXmWv Ir]-Ws Pohn-Xc
- o-Xn. Ir]W Xs t\-n-\p-thn kl-Po-hn-Is
- f-sbmw Nhn-n-sa-Xnv ISp-t]m-Ipw. BsI a\p-jycpsS BsI \-sb-p-dnv Ah-s\mcp hnNmchpw Dm-bn-cn-pI-bn-. As\bp hnNm-ca
- n-m-h
- s Iw
Zqjn-Xa
- mb I-am-Wv. AXn-s\-bmWv A]-Pb
- I
- w Fp hnfn-p-Xv. AXp-sImv \-fnse Ir]-WX If-bp-I. Ir]m-ep-Xzs
DWn hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-I. temI-n\p kzkvXn `hn-s
- .

24
Ah-\n-h-s\--dn-bp--sXm-s-tbmm
eh-\n-bn--em-Zn-a-am-sbm-cm--cq]w
Ah-\-h-\m--kp-J-n-\m-N-cn-p
h-b-]-cp kpJ-n-\mbv htc-Ww.
Ah Ch Fv
Adn-bp--sXms
Hmm
Ah-\n-bn
BZn-a-amb
Hcp B-cq]w
Ah\h
B-kp-J-n\v
BN-cn-p-h
A]-cv
kpJ-n-\mbv htcWw

Ah Fpw Ch Fpw \mw

]d-p-t]m-cm-dp-ff Imcy--sfms
hnNn-\w sNbvXm
temI-n
krjvSnpw \nZm-\-am-bn-cn-p
Htc-sbmcp B-k-Xyta Dq.
Hmtcm-cp-cpw
kzw kpJ-n-\p-thn
sNp {]hr-n-I
ap-f-f-hpw-IqSn
kpJw \I-Ww.

temI-n Htc-sbmcp B-k

- tb Dq. B B-k
- bmWv Fnepw \nnepw Ah-\nepw Ch-\nepw Hs A[m-cbmbn hn-p-X
- v. km[m-cW
- b
- mbn Hcp a\p-jy Iw sNptmtgm kwkm-c
- n Gs-Sp-tmtgm Cm-cy-sampw Hmm-dn. AXp-sImv Ah Fp \ ]d-bp-tm \-fn\npw
A\y-amb GtXm Hcp hyn-bmWv Ah F tXm-emWv Df-hmIp-X
- v. Hcp lnp ]d-bpw: Ah {InkvXym-\nbm-Wv, Ah apoamWv Fsms. {InkvXym-\nbpw apoapw CtX-t]m-se-Xs lnphns\-]
- nbpw ]d-bpw. cmjv{So-b
- nepw ImWmw C-s\-bp-ff tNcn-Xn-

cn-hp-I. Ah Iyq-Wn-m-Wv, Ah tIm{K-mWv F coXnbn. F-s\-bmWv Cu A\yXzw \-fn-tev IS-p-hc

- p-Xv? \mw
\psS imco-cn-Ik
-
- s
- b-bmWv Rm\mbn Icp-Xp-X
- v. B imco-cn-Ik--bpsS AkvXn-Xzs am\-Z-WvU-amn hp-sIm-mWv Xs
temI-ns AXnn \n-bn-p-X
- v. Cu {]mY-an-Ia
- mb sXns\
Xncp-msX temI-n ka-\zbhpw kam-[m-\hpw sImp-hc
- m-\mhpI-bn-.
\-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-nepw aX-t_m-[-\-n-ep-samw Cu sXv
Bhnv Dd-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Htc-sbmcp B-k--bmWv
k-N-cm-N-c--fnepw kXy-am-bn-cn-p--sX A\p-`-h-t_m[am-bncn-Ww Hcp a\p-jys\ DZm--am-t--Xv. As\ Hcp-h Xs
kpJ-n-\mbn {]hn-p-Xv Fm-h-cp-tSbpw kpJ-n\v ImcW-ambn `hn-p-p. Chn-sS-bmcpw \n\nv A\y-c. hymh-lm-cnI-\n-b-n-\p-thn am{Xw Ah, Ch Fsms ]d-bmw.
AXp-sImmWv Kpcp A]-c F hmv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cnp-Xv.
A]-c Fm ]c Am--h. {]Xy--n thsd-bm-sWnepw ]c-am-n Xn\npw thsd-b-m-h. Cmcyw
\-hw a\\w sNbvXp-d-nv Iw sNp-I-bm-sW-n temIn imn-p-thn apd-hnfn Iqt Bh-iy-an-. imn kzm`mhn-I-ambn hp-tNpsIm-pw.

25
Hcph-\p-\-Xpa\y-\-epw tN
smcp sXmgn-em-h
- n-tcm-[n-tbmn-tS-Ww.
]c\p ]cw ]cn-Xm-]-ta-In-Sp-tm
sccn-\-c-Im-_v[n-bn hosW-cn-n-Sp-p.
Hcp-h\p \Xpw
A\y\v Aepw
tNsmcp sXmgn
B-hn-tcm[n
Hmn-tSWw
]c\v
]cw- ]-cn-Xm]w
GIn-Sp-tm
Fcn-\-cIm-_v[n-bn

Hcmv \ hcp-p-Xpw
thsdm-cmv ZpxJhpw

hcp-n-h-bvp--Xmb {]hrn

Bm-hnse kl-P-amb
sFIyn\v \nc-p-X-.

Cmcyw ad-p-t]m-Im ]mSn-.

thsdm-cmv

]c-a-amb thZ-\sb

Gev]n-p--h

In-sb-cn-bp \c-I-k-am-\amb ZpxJ--S-en

hoWv Fcn-n-Spp

hoWv Xo{h-ambn t\mh-\p-`-hntn hcp-p.

Bm-hn Fmw kzc-eb

- s
- -n-cn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. kl-Pa
- mb Hcp
sFIyw Bm-hn-\p-v. Bm-hn Hpw-Xs ]c-kv]cw Ie-lnp-n-. AXp-sImv B-t_m-[n-bmb Hcm Iw sNp-tm
AXp ka-kvXX
- pw lnX-Ic
- a
- mbn `hn-p-p. Hcp XSm-I
- nse \ne-P-e-cm-in-bn-tev sNdn-sbmcp Is-Sp-s-dn-m aXn, AXn
Btm-f\w D-mIm. Ae-am-eI
- Dm-Ip-X
- v, AXns kzm`m-hnI-amb kz-X-bn-tev Xncn-p-h-cp-hm\m-Wv. AXpt]m-se- Bmhv
AXns kz-Xb
- n-tev Xncn-p-hc
- p-hm {iaw \S-n-sm-n-cn-pp. Fm ]ecnepw imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb XmZm-yt_m[m BssIyw \jvSs
- -Sm-dp-v. Hcmv \ hcp-p
{]hrn thsdm-cmv Xn hcp-m-dp-v. C-s\-bp-ff I-
Bm-hns sFIyn\p \nc-p-X
-
- . AXp-sImv AXns\ Kpcp
B-hn-tcm[n Fp ]d-bp-p. t_m[-]qw Nne ap-hv D]{Zhw Gev]n-m-dp-,v ]oUn-n-m-dp-.v Xs kpJ-n-\p-thn thsdmcp-hs Poh-s\-tmepw l\n-p-hm Nne DZy-an-p-p. A-s\-bp-h sImSpw-]m-XI
- n-If
- m-Wv.
Hcp-hs Iw \-Xm-sW-n \ ^es Ah\v Inpw.
No Iw sNp--h\v km-]s Dm-p ^e-amWv e`np-I. \manp ZpxJw A\p-`-hn-p-p-s-n B ZpxJ-n\p tlXpI-amb I- \mw Ftmtgm sNbvXnp-v. AXp-sIm-v thsdmcmv Icp-Xn-qn ]cn-Xm]w Gev]n-p--h \c-Im-nv kam-\amb ZpxJ--S-en hoWv In-sb-cn-bpw. Bmhv kzbta AXns
GI-Xm-\-X-bn hn-p-sa-nepw Iw sNp--h\v IXr-Xzt_m[w Df-f-Xn-\m I--fpsS ^e-fpw AhXs Gp-hmpw. acn-X
- n\p tij-sampw BIWsan-. \cIw F hmv ZpxJns Xo{hm-h
- sb ImWn-p-hm-\m-W.v AsXtm thW-sa-nepw
kw`-hn-mw. AXp-sImv Bm-hns GI-Xm-\X
- v \nc-p I am{Xw A\p-jT
v n-p-I.

26
Ah-b-h-sam-s-b-an-bm-Wn-bmbv \n
hb-hn-bm-hn-sb-bm-h-cn-n-Spp
Ah-\n-h-s\--Xn-\m-e-h \n\-bvp
h-i-X-bm-a-hn-th-I-sam-n-\mte

Ah-bhw Hs
Aan
BWn-bmbv \nv
Ah-bhn
Bhnsb
Bh-cn-n-Spp
AXn-\m
Ah-i-Xbmw
Ahn-thIw
Hn-\mte
Ah Ch Fv
Ah \n\-bvpp

Fm Ah-b-h--tfbpw
kzh-i-K-amn
Hcp tI{-_np-hmbn hn-p
Poh
Bm-hns\
ad-p-I-f-bpp.
AXn-\m
kzm-k--bmb Bm-hn\p
hi-s-Sm

t_m[-iq-\yX

Hp \nan--ambn

Ah thsd Ch thsd F
Xc-n
Ah-i-\mb Ahn-thIn \n\-bvp-p.

Cwo-jp-`m-j-bn Ah-b-h-n\v organ FmWv ]d-bp--Xv.

\nc-h[n Ah-b-h- Hn-p-tNv kzbta {]hn-p-Xp-S-ptm AsXmcp HmKm-\nk-am-bn- (organism). \-fpsS ico-cnepw Iptd-tbsd Ah-bh
-
- fpv. Cu Ah-bh
-
- s
- fms tXmnb-Xp-t]m-se-b {]hn-p--Xv. ssI Db-W-sav Cn-pXpw Im hen--W-sav Cn-p-Xpw Cu Ah-b-h--sfsbms CW-n-\np Ah-b-hn-bm-Wv. Ah-b-hn Fp ]dm HmK-ss\-k (organizer). B HmK-ss\k-sd-bmWv Poh
Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Poh Hcp BWn-sb-tmse Fm {]h-\pw tI{o-Ir-X-t\-XrXzw \Ip-p. ]t, Cu Poh-\m-Is
imco-cn-I-Xm-Zm-y-m hymtam-ln-X-\m-Wv. Xs ico-c-amWv Xs
k Fv Poh sXn--cn-n-cn-p-p.
Bm-hns\ Bhn FmWv Kpcp hnfn-n-cn-p--Xv. Hmw ]Zyn ]d-bp Icphpw ChnsS ]d-bp Bhnbpw Hp-X-s.
Fm Cu Bmhv PohXzw ImcWw ad-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-p.
CXmWv Ah-iX. B-h-ip \np-hm hnthIw thWw.
AXn\mI-W-sa-n A\m--h-ip \app hn-p-ff sIp-]m-SpI Agn-p-t]mI-Ww. Ah-iX Ah-km-\n--Ww. Ah-i-Xbpw
Ahn-th-Ihpw Imc-W-amWv Hcm Ahthsd Chthsd Fp-ff
Xp-_p-n-bm {]-hn-p--Xv. B-km-m-XvIm-c-Z-i-bn
am{Xta Hcp-h\v GI-Xz-t_m[w A\p-`-h-ambn hcnI-bp-q.

27
Ccp-fn-en-cp--dn-bp--Xm-Ip-am-m
hdn-h-Xp-Xm-\Y \ma-cq-]-ambpw
Ic-W-sam-Sn-{n-b-Ir-I-ambpw
hcp-hXp ImI! atl-{-Pm-e-sa-mw!
Ccp-fn-en-cpv

Adn-bp--XmIpw Bm
Adnhv AXp Xm
AY
\ma-cq-]-ambpw
Ic-W-samSv
C{n-bIXr-I--ambpw
hcp-hXv
ImI
Fmw atl-{-Pmew!

Bm-hns\

Ccp Ah--bn Ccp-v

Adn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--XmWv
Bm-hv.
AXp Adnhp Xs-bmWv.
]noSv B Adn-hp-Xs
\ma-ambpw cq]-ambpw
A--cWw apX
C{n-b-, Im-hv, Iw hsc
{]Xo-X-am-Ip--Xv.
t\mq.
Fmw al-mb C{-Pm-ew-X-s!

ImWm-Xn-cnm Imc-W-sa-mWv? AXv Ccp-fnemWv Ccn-p-X

- v. AXp-sImv Ccpfn-en-cn-p s]mcp-fmWv Bmhv. Ccp-fm-Ip ad-bn-emWv Cu {]]w apgp-h\pw k-bnp-h
- n-cnp-X
- v. AXp-sImv Ccp-fn-\
- p-d
- p- s]mcp-fns\ ImWm {ianp-tm-sgms {]]-{- ]-Xo-Xn-If
- mWv ImWp-X
- v. D
- d
-
-
- n \mw
Hpw Adn-bm-dn-t- m? Fm B Hpw Adn-bm-Xn-cn-p Adn-hnm-bva
- p-nepw temI-hn-jb
-
- ]n-qSn ad-n-cn-p-p-v. Nnetm kz]v\
- n- Ah Xn-b
- dn hcpw. PmK-cn-X
- n AXp IptdqSn hy-ambn tXmpw. PmK-cn-Xhpw kz]v\hpw ]cw-s]m-cp-fns
ZrjvSn-bn hen-sbmcp kz]v\w am{X-am-Wv. Dd-
- nepw DWn-cnp Bm-hn-tev \mw DW-cW
- w. Dd-p thf-bn kpJw A\p`-hn-p-sm-n-cn-p \mw Bm-\p-`h
-
- n-em-Wv. ]t, DWXn-\p-tijw am{Xta B kpJs Adn-bp-hm Ign-bp-p-q. Dd-ptmgpw Rm DWn-cn-p-p-sh Dt_m[w sXfn--h
m\n-bm-bn.
\ Ccp-p-ap-dn-bn Ccn-p-tmgpw Rm, Rm F B D
bmsXmcp D]m-[n-bp-an-msX \ap--\p-`-hn-m-\m-Ipw. B GI-amb
Bm-hmWv ]noSv \ma-cq-]m-I
- a
- mb Cu hniz-ambn \psS apn
{]Xn-`m-kn-p--Xv. B Bm-hp-X-s-bmWvv A-c-W--fmbpw
C{n-b--fmbpw Im-hmbpw I-ambpw amdn-a-d-bp--Xv. Bm-

hnX-s-bn-cn-p Hcp {]tXyI in-Nm-e\

- w-sIm-mWv CsXmw
kw`-hn-p--Xv. Cu Ap-X-I-c-amb C{-Pm-es [ym\m--I-ambn
Hp \nco-n-p-I. Atm imn Xmt\ Dudn-q-Spw.

28
ASn-ap-Sn-b--Sn-sXmp auen-bw
kv^pS-a-dn-bp-Xp Xpcy-t_m-[-amIpw
PU-a-dn-ho-eXp Nn sNbvXp sNmp
nS-bn-en-cp--dn-h--dn-n-tSWw.
ASn apSn Av

ASn-sXmp auen-bw
kv^pSw Adn-bp-Xv
Xpcy-t_m-[-amIpw
PU-a-dn-hoe

AXv
Nn-sNbvXv sNmp
CS-bn-bn-encp Adn-h
Adn-n-tSWw

ASn-sbtm apSn-sbtm D
t`Z-Nn CmXmbn
Fm ASn apX apSn hsc
sXfn-a-tbmsS Adn-bp-Xv
Xpcy-t_m-[-amWv.
PU-h-kvXp- Xpcy-t_m-[s
Adn-bp-n-.
B Xpcy-t_m[w
Nnnv Fn-t-cm-hp
Xe-n hcp Adn-h-.
Cmcyw a\-n-em--Ww.

B-t_m[w PmK-cn-X-ntem kz]v\-ntem kpjp-]vXnbntem A\p-`-hn--dn-bp Adn-h-. Cu aq-h--I-tfbpw DwLn-p-\np AXo-X-t_m-[-amWv B-t_m-[w. AXp-sImv
AXns\ \mem-atXv F A-n Xpcobw Fpw ]dbmdp-v. Xpcobw hmkvX-h-n Hc-h--b-; Ah-m-{X-b-kmn-bm-Wv. Xpcy-t_m[w kmn-ssN-X-\y-am-Wv. km[m-c-W-_p-nsImp Nnn-p-tm-gmWv ASn, apSn Fsm-s-bp-ff am\-
Dm-bn-h-cp--Xv. km[m-cW _pn `uXn-I-hn-j-b--fp-ambn _s-mWv {]hnp ioen-n-pXv. AXp-sImv a\-n hcp
tNmZy-smw _pn Dcw ]d-bp-Xv \ofw, hoXn, Db-cw,
I\w Fo Af-hpI-fpsS am\-Z-WvU- D]-tbm-Kn-p-sIm-mWv. Fm Xpcy-t_m-[-am-Is Af-h--Xm-Wv. Hcp Xc-n-ep-
Af-hp-tImsImpw Af-m Ign-bm{X hym]vXn-bmWv Xpcyt_m-[-n-\p--Xv.

Xpcy-t_m[w A\-a
- m-Wv. AXp-sImv ASn-sbtm apSn-sbtm
D hn`-P\w Xpcy-t_m-[-n hcp-n-. Fm B Xpcy-t_m-[n `qanbpw BIm-ihpw Dtn-cn-p-p. Xpco-bm-\p-`-h-n
m\w kv^Sn-I-k-m-i-amb sXfn-a-bn Fn-t-cp-p. kwibw
teiw-t]m-ep-an-. C{n-b-fpw a\pw _pn-bp-samw P-U-h-kvXp--fm-Wv. AXn\p kzbta {Kln-p-hm-\p-ff in-bn-. Bm-hns
{]Im-i
- n-emWv AsXmw {]Im-in-p-X
- v. AXp-sImv PU-hk
- vXpv Xpcy-t_m[w Dm-Ip-n-. Nnntm A\p-am-\ntm FSpm-hp H Xpcy-t_m-[w. Fm Nn-Ifpw A\p-`-h--fpsS ap{ZW- - f mb kv a c- W Ifp- a mbn _- s - mWv {]hn- p- - X v .
Fm Xpcy-t_m-[a
- m-Is As\-sbmcp kvac-Wb
- p-a
- . AXn-\m
AXns\ Nnn--dn-bm-\m-Ip-sap Icp-Xp-Xv A_--am-Wv. Fm
D]m-[n-Ifpw Dt]-nv, Adn-hns\ kzbw {]Im-in-p-hm CS-bmp-tm Xpcy-t_m[w kqcy-Xpeyw \-n {]Im-in-pw. CXmWv
B-km-m-XvIm-cw.

29
a\-a-e sImbvXp atli ]qP sNpw
a\p-P\p asmcp the sNbvXn-tS.
h\-a-e sImbvXp-a-X--bm-bvIn ambm
a\p-hp-cp-hn-p-an-cn-n amb amdpw.
a\-a-e sImbvXv

atl-i-]qP sNpw
a\p-P\v
asmcp the
sNbvXn-tS
h\-a-e sImbvXpw

AX--bm-bvIn
ambm-a\p Dcp-hnpw
Ccn-n
amb amdpw

a\-nse kev]-hn-Iev]--fmIp ]q \pn-sb-Spv

atl-i\v An-p
a\p-jy\v
thsdmcp km[\
sNt Bh-iy-an-.
As-n ]qs-Sn-I-fn\npw
]q s]mnv Anpw
C\n AXp-a-s-n
ambm-a{w Dcp-hnv
km[\ sNp-I-bm-sW-n
Xpcy-t_m-[s ad-p-]n-Sn-p
amb amdn-tmIpw.

a\p-jy Fm-hcpw t_m[-hn-Im-k-ns Imcy-n Htc-X-cn-ep--h-c-. Nne B-X-zs s]sp {Kln-p-p. Nne-

cm-Is {Kln-m Ign-bmsX Ipg-p-t]m-Ip-p. Hmtcm-cp-c

- nepw
Ccn-p hmk\-bmWv Ahs CjvSm-\n-jvS
- sf \n-bn-p-Xv. hmk-\b
- psS insb bn-n-t-Xv B-X
- z-{K-lW
-
- n\v
AXy-m-t]-n-Xa
- m-Wv. AXn-\mbn aqp D]m-b
- Kpcp ChnsS ]dp-Xc
- p-p. CXp \s klm-bn-phm\m-Wv. Hmtcm-cp-pw CWp-Xp am{Xw kzoI-cn-p-I. ]t, GXp km[\ sNp-tmgpw
eyw B-km-m-XvIm-ca
- m-sW Imcyw ad-m ]mSn-.
Hm-a-Xmbn, ]q hncn-bp--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv a\-n kev]fpw hnIev]-fpw Ap-cn-p--Xv. Cu kev]-hn-Iev]-sf
]qPm-]p-jv]--fmbn IcpXn A-cm-m-hm-Ip atl-iz-c\v A\
\S-p {]{Inb XnIpw [ym\m--I-am-Wv. hfsc GIm-{KX
ssIh-cn Hcmp am{Xta C-s\-sbmcp \njvT Inp-I-bp-q.
A- s \- b p- Hcmv thsd Hcp km[- \ - b psS Bh- i y- a n- .
Abm t{X-ntem
]n-bntem t]mtIXn. A{Xbpw
Bym- nIamb HuXyw Bn- m Ignnn- s - n
Ipdp Imp-]q- Cdpv atl-iz-c\v A-\-bmbn \Imw.
AXpa-s-n, a\-nse amen-\y- \op-hm-\mbn a{-
Dcp-hn-Smw. hnip--amb Fm {K-fpw Kpcq-]-tZ-i-fpw a{-fm-Wv. Ah \nc-cw kzmymbw sN-Ww. kwi-bn-t.
ambm- t am- l - ns ]nSn- b n\npw ]pd- p- I - S - m Ign- b pw.
hnizm-ky-X-tbmsS A\p-jvTn-p-I.

30
PU-a-dn-ho-e-dn-hnp Nn-bn-tm
XnSp-I-bp-an--dn-sh--dn-p kw
hnSp-In-e-h hni-Zm--cw-K-\mbv ta
epS-en-e-ap-g-ep--Xn \q\w
PUw Adn-hoe
Adn-hnp Nn-bn-
HmXn-Sp-I-bpan-

Adn-sh--dn-p

kw hnSp-In

PU-n\v Adn-bm Ign-bp-I-bn-.

Xpcy-t_m-[-n Nn-I-fn.
B A\p-`hw hmp-I-fn-tev
]Ip-hm\pw Bhp-I-bn-.
Xpcy-t_m-[s Adn-bm D]m[n-bpsS Bh-iy-an- F-dnv
PU-kw-_--amb Fm sIp-]mSp-Ifpw Dt]-n-p-I-bm-sW-n

Ah
hniZ A-cw-K-\mbv

ta
DS-en Aav

Dg-ep--Xn-
\q\w

Hcp-h
AXn-cp-If
- n-m NnZm-Im-i
- n
\nd-n-cn-p--h-\mbnocp-p.
]noSv
Rm ico-c-am-sW-p-ff
Am-\-n\v hi-K-\mbn
ZpxJn-p-n-.
CXp Xo-bm-Wv.

\mw

F-dn-bp-tmgpw Nnn-m-dp-v. Nnn-msX Hpw

\apv Adn-bm Ign-bn-. Nnn-d
- n-bp Adn-hp-Ifpw A\p-`h
-
- fpw
am{Xta \apv ]cn-N-b-ap-q. Fm Ftm-gmtWm Nn-I-sfmw
\nhr--am-Ip-Xv, hnc-an-p-Xv Atm-gmWv Xpcy-t_m[w {]Im-inp--Xv. Cu Xpcy-t_m[w a\-p-sImtm _pn-sImtm C{n-bsImtm Hpw {Kmly-amb Xc-n-ep--X-. ImcWw Chsbmw PU-h-kvXp--fm-Wv. Xpcy-t_m[w GIm--{]-Xy-b-km-c-am-bXn-\m, thsd Hn-sbpw klm-ba
- n-msX kzbta Adn-bpp. AXmbXv \mw \s-s thp-a-bn-msX Adn-bpp.
]mm-Xy-X
- z-Nn-I
- c
- n AZzn-Xo-b\
- mb s_Kvk B Adnhns\ Am\w (intuition) Fp hnfn-p. AXp-sImv, PU-hkvXp-sImv \mw Ip ioen C{n-bm-\p-`h
-
- fpw Xpcy-t_m-[asp \nbn--Ww. Xpcy-t_m-[m-\p-`-hs Ct-hsc Bcpw
hmp-If
- n ]Ip-h
- n-n-. A\p-`h
- n-p-h
-- \v t`mr-Xz-an-m-Xn-\m samgn-bm-\m-Ip-n-. IS-ens Bg-af
-
- m t]mb Dp-]mh
Xncn-p-hv \-tfmSv IS-ens AKm-[X
- s
- b-p-dnv ]d-p-Xc
- n-Ib
- nsv \ap-d
- n-bmw. ISepw ]mhbpw Hm-bn-om ]ns Bcp
]dbpw? Adn-hn-ea
- m ]ns \m\mXz-f
- n-. Atm Ahs
A-cwKw kmK-cw-t]mse A\--am-bn-o-cpw. ]no-sSm-cn-epw
Ah\v imco-cn-It- _m-[
- m ZpxJn-p-ge
- p-hm CS-hc
- p-n-. ZpxJw
ico-c
- n-t-Xm-Wv. Bmhn-t-X
- . Bm-hn \mw B\-X
- p-n-ecm-Wv. AhnsS ZpxJ-ns ]ina Ati-ja
- n-.

31
A\p-`-h-am-Zn-bn-sem-n-cn-n-e-m
X\p-an-Xn-bn-nXp ap-a-n-bmte
A\p-`-hn-bm-X-Xp-sImp [n-bp-s
\p-an-Xn-bm-e-dn-ho-e-dn-n-tS-Ww.

A\p-`hw
BZn-bn
Hn-cn-n AmsX
A\p-anXn C

CXv

apw

An-bmte

A\p-`-hn-bm-b-Xp-sImv
[n-bp-sv

A\p-an-Xn-bm
Adn-hoe
Adn-n-tSWw

C{n-b-{]Xy-amb A-\p-`hw
BZy-ta-Xs
Hp-m-ImsX
A\p-am-\n--dn-bp-hm- \ap-pIgn-bp-I-bn-.
Cu Xpcy-t_m[w
apv
C{n-b-{]-Xy--ambn
A\p-`-hn-n-n-m--Xp-sImv
-[-smw A[n-jvTm-\amb [n Ds-p-Xv
A\p-am-\-n-eqsS
Adn-bm ]p-I-bn.
Cmcyw \nbw hcp-Ww.

A\p-`hw Fp \mw km[m-cW ]d-bp-Xv Hcp hkvXp-hns\

t\cnp ImWp-tm-gm-Wv. \mw Hcm-tfmSp ]d-bp-p:
Rm
ISip-hns\ Ip. Atm Abm Xncnp tNmZn-pw: ISip-thm? AsX-mWv? CXns Aw Abmv ISip-hns
{]Xy-m-\p-`hw Dm-bn-n Fm-Wv. Abm IS-ip-hns\
t\cnp In-n-. AXp-sImmWv Abm-fn kwibw P\n-Xv.
Fm ISip-hns\ Abm-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-s-n Abm-fpsS
{]Xn-I-cWw thsd coXnbn BIp-am-bn-cp-p: Dtm. \o Itm?
AsX-hn-sS-bmWv? Fm-bn-cn-pw. Abmv ISip-hns
cq]s A\p-am-\n-s-Sp-m Ign-p. Cu temI-n {]Xy-n Fp Imepw \mw AXn-s\mcp t]cp sImSp-pw. t]cv AxI-c-W-nse Hc-h-b-h-amb Nn-n t]mbn ad-n-cn-pw. t]cp
am{X-a Nn-n-en-cn-p--Xv. {]Xy--n I hkvXp-hns
cq]hpw t]cnsIqsS ad-n-cn-pw. ]ns, B t]cp tIp-tm
\psS at\m-ap-Ip-c-n sXfn-bp-Xv hkvXp-h-; hkvXp-hns Hcp
Imev]-\n-I-cq-]-am-Wv. CXns\ {]Xn` Fp ]d-bpw.
Xpco-bm-\p-`hw \apv appm-bn-n-. AXp-sImv \ap-X
- ns\
A\p-am-\n-s-Sp-p-hm Ign-bn-. am{X-a Xpco-bm-\p-`hw Hcp {]Xn-`bp-a-. Cu temI-ns Imcyhpw A-s\--X-s-bm-Wv. ImWp
temIw \ndw, aWw, cpNn, kv]iw, i_vZw Fo [-fm-Wv.
Fm Cu temI-ns A[n-jvTm-\a
- m-bn-cn-p [nsb {]Xy-ambn Adn-bm-X
- p-sImv A\p-am-\n-d- n-bp-hm\pw Ign-bp-n-. A\pam-\n-W
- s
- a-n AXp apt A\p-`h
- n-n-cn-W
- w. Bm-\p-`hw \apn-m-X
- p-sImv \mw A\p-am-\n-p-Xpw Duln-p-Xpw shdpw
kev]h
- n-Iev]
- am{X-am-Wv. Cmcyw a\-n-em-W
- w.

32
Adn-hXp [n-sb-b [-am-ao
bcp-fnb [n-b-Zr-iy-am-I-bmte
[c apX-em-b-h-sbm-p-an Xmp
smcp hSnhmadn-hp--tXmn-tS-Ww.
Adn-hXp
[n-sb-b

[amw
Cu Acp-fnb [n
AZriyw BI-bmte

[c apX-em-bh

Hpw C

Xmp

Hcp hSnhmw
Adnhv DXv
Hmn-tSWw

\mw Adn-bp-Xp
Adn-hns A[n-jvTm-\-amb
[n-sb-b-.
[-sfbm-Wv.
ChnsS ]d-bp [n
C{n-b-tKm-N-ctam at\m-tKm-Nctam Am--Xn-\m
]rYn-hn, Pew, An, hmbp,
BImiw apX-embh
[- Bb-Xp-sImv ]cam-n Cm--XmWv.
{]m]-n-I-[-smw
Xmm-bn-cn-p
Htc-sbmcp B[mcw am{X-amb
Adnhp am{X-amWv D-Xv.
Cu -c-lkyw Hmn-tS-Ww.

[-smw CSw sImSp-p [n ImWm-a-d-b-mWv

hn-p--Xv. [nsb ImWm Ign-bp-n Fp ]d-bp-Xv
Hcp aX-hn-izm-k-ns ASn-m-\-n-e. Hcp ssIte-kp-I-jWw
FSp-m, AXp \nn-n-cn-p-Xp \qep sImm-sW-nepw \mw
AXv ssIte-km-sWt ]d-bp-I-bp-f-fq. Fp-sIm-s-m, \qepI \nc-h[n tNv Hcp ]pXnb cq]s ssIsIm--tm AXv
ssItekmbn amdn. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcp ]qsh-Sp-m, B ]qhns
\ndw, aWw, BIm-cw CsXms \apv C{n-b-{Km-ly-am-Wv. Fm
\ndw ]qhmtWm? A Fp- ]d-tbn hcpw. aWw ]qhmtWm? A
Fp-Xs D-cw. AXns amhw ]qhmtWm? AXpw ]qh-.
]ns, Chsbmw FmWv? Ch-bmWv [-. Fm [-fpw
tNn-Wn hcp-tm AXp ]qhmbn amdp-p. ]ns, FmWv
]qshv tNmZn-m, Cu [--sf-sbm-stb \apv Nqn-mWn-m Ign-bq. ChnsS [n-bm-bn-cn-p ]qhv AZr-iyambn-cnpp.

\-Xp-t]mse hnNmcw sNp-h

- \p am{Xta CXp a\-n-em-Iq. Am-h [--fpsS sIp-]m-Sns]v Ducn-tm-cm-\m-ImsX hnjanpsIm-n-cn-pw. temI-ns nXnbpw A-s\-Xs
- -bm-W.v Adnhns Htc-sbmcp hSnhp am{Xta Dq. B hSn-hns\ ad-p-h
- p-sImmWv `qanbpw shhpw Impw Xobpw BIm-ih
- p-samw \-fpsS
ImgvN-h--n-tep hcp--Xv. Ch-sbmw [--fpsS m\v
\np-h
- b
- m-W.v Adnhv Hp-am-{X-amWv [n-bm-bn-cn-p-X
- .v hSnhv
F hmv Kpcp-hns IrXn-If
- n khn-ti-jm-n {]tbm-Kn-p-Xm-W.v hSn-hn\v Cwo-jn subsratum Fp ]d-bpw. Cu hSn-hmWv
Fm-n-sbpw B[m-ca
- m-bn-cn-pXvv Fp a\-n-em-W
- w.

33
Adnhp \nP-n-Xn-bn--dn-n-Sm-\m-bv
c apX-emb hn`q-Xn-bmbn Xmt\
adn-bp-a-h--bn-te-dn-am-dn- h-w
Xncn-bp-a-em-X-kaw Xncn-n-Sp-p.
Adnhv
\nP-nXn
C-dn-n-Sm-\mbv
[c apX-emb
hn`q-Xn-bmbn Xmt\

adnbpw Ah--bn
Gdn amdn hw Xncnbpw
Aem-X-kaw

Xncn-n-Spp

[n-bmb Adnhv
kzw \nesb
kzbta A\p-`-hn-dn-bm\mbn
`qan apX-emb
]-`q-X--fm-Ip [-sf
kzbw ssIsm-p-sImv
Ne-\m--I-amb Hc-h--bn
Gdnbpw amdnbpw Npn-n-cn-bp
Xosm-ffn Id-p-tm DmIp Xoh-e-b-{]-XoXnt]mse
Adn-hn Id-n-sm-n-cn-p--Xn\m {]]--{]-XoXn tXmn-p-

p.

Adnhv Htc-k-abw ssXn-Ihpw Ne-\m--I-hp-am-Wv. AXns

_mly-h-i-p-\np t\mp-tm Adn-hn\p ]e-X-c-n-ep-ff cq]t`-Z-fpw `mh-t`-Z-fpw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xmbn ImWmw.
Adn-hns\ Bg-n t]mbn Adn-m ssXn-Ia
- mb Hcp kmnbpsS \ne-bm-bn-cnpw. krjvSn Fp ]d-bp-Xv Adn-hn-s-Xs

Nme-\-{]-{Inb-bpsS XpS--am-Wv. Adn-hn AK-X-am-bn-cn-p

Cm-in aqe-amWv krjvSn-{]-{In-bv XpSw Ipdn-p-X
- v. krjvSn-s krjvSn-Pm-e-smw Adn-hn\npw A\y-Ym-I-cn Hcp
tXm-en\v CS-h-cp-p-p.
AXn-s\-bmWv Pohs Akzmyw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. kIe
Poh-Pm-e--fnepw Cu Akzmyw ImWmw. \nP-nXn Adn-bpthmfw Cu Akzmyw \ne-\nevpw. \nP-nXn Adn-m Fmw
kz-am-Ipw. {]]-Ne\w Dm-Ip--tXm-Sp-IqSn Poh-Pm-e-
hn{`m-n-bn AI-s-Sp-p. Hcp Xosm-n FSpv Npg-n-bm
Xosm-n k-cn-p hrm-Im-c-n apgp-h\pw Xo In-smn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse tXmpw. sImn-bpsS sXpam{Xta Xobpq Fp \ap--dn-bmw. Fmepw \psS Ins\ Ftm Hv
NXn-p-p-v. imkv{Xw Cu sXns\ optical illusion FmWv
]d-bm-dv. {im-\zn-X-ambn hnth-N-\\m]qw a\\w sNbvXmte Adnhns \nP-n-Xnsb {]m]n-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q. AXp-hsc {]]-ns {`am--I-X-bn \fpw Ipcp-n-tm-Ipw.

34
Ac-s\m-Sn-bm-Zn-b-cm-fn-bmnSpw tX
cpcp-f-Xn-te-dn-bp-cp-n-Spp temIw
Adn-hn-e-\m-Zn-b-Xmbv \S-nSpw X
Xncp-hn-f-bm-S-en-sX--dn-n-tS-Ww.
Ac-s\mSn BZn

ka-b-ns Ghpw sNdnb

am{XIfmb
Bc-m-ep-I-tfmSp IqSnb
cY-N-{I-n Ibdn
Dcp-p-sIm-n-cn-p--XmWv temIw

Acmfn BnSpw
tXcp-cp-f-Xn Gdn
Dcp-n-Spp

Adn-hn
A\mZn AXmbv
\S-nSpw
X Xncp-hn-f-bm-S
CsXv
Adn-n-tSWw

temIw.

B-k--bn

Imem-Xo-X-ambn

\S-p-sIm-n-cn-p

Bm-hns Znhy-\-S\w am{X-am-Wv.

Cu temIw Fp

t_m[y-s-p-sIm-Ww.

temIw \-fn-tev IS-p-hc- p-Xv A\p-`h-

- f
- psS \pdp-p-Ifm-bm-W.v F{X-sb{X Zriy-f
- mWv amdn-amdn a\-n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Ip--

Xv. Hc-\p-`hw Dnepw shfn-bnepw Htc-t]mse Xn-\np-tm

AXns\ Ac-s\mSn Fp ]d-bpw. Fp ]d-m h-am-\I
- m-en am{Xta A\p-`h
-
- n\v \ne-\np-q. ASp-
- Ww thsdm-c\p-`hw h-am-\I
- m-e
- n-tep ISphcp-p. Atm sXmp-ap-pmbn-cp A\p-`hw `qX-Im-e
- ns sNn-tev ]nhm-p-p. Hc-\p-`hw
h-am-\I
- m-e
- n \ne-\np-tmXs `mhn-bn C\n hmcm-\ncn-p A\p-`h
-
- ns km[yX Xm-dm-bn-cn-p-p-.v CXn-s\-sbms
\nb-{n-p \nbaw Fm-sWp tNmZn-m XnIpw At-ba- mb
Hcp Xe-n- \psS a\-p-sNv DSn-\npw.
temI-ns Cu Nm{In-I-amb Ne-\m--I-Xsb Hcp cY-N-{In-t\m-SmWv Kpcp D]-an-n-cn-p--Xv. ChnsS temIs (space)
Ime-n (time) \npw `nn-n-m-sX-bmWv Kpcp ]d-bp--Xv. cYN-{I-ns Bc-m-ep-Isf Ime-ns am{X-Ifmbn Fp-p.
Hmtcm Bc-mepw `qansb kv]in-p-tm AsXmcp h-am-\Im-em-\p-`-h-ambn. B Bc-m ]nm-p-d-tp t]mIp-tm
AXp `qX-Im-e-am-bn. hcm-\n-cn-p Bc-m-ep-I `mhn-Im-e-ns
kqN-\-I-fm-Wv. C{Xbpw at\m-l-c-amb Hcp D]a thsdsb-hn-sSbpw
Is-m Ign-bp-n-. D]-\n-j
- p-f
- n Nne Ahy ]cm-ai Ds Imcyw ad-p-n-. Adn-hn \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p
Cu cY-N-{I-k-am-\-amb Xncn-n-ens\ Bm-hns Xncp-hn-f-bm--ambn-mWv hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. {]]w FXv inhs \S-\-amsWv ssihkn-m-n-I Icp-Xp-p. Cu {]]--\-S-\w- Fp
XpSnsbp Duln-s-Sp-m Ign-bp-I-bn-. A\m-Zn-bm-sWv \nKan-mt\ Hq. Pohn-Xns Cu \S-t\m--h-n \appw ]ptNp \r-am-Sm Ign-bW
- w. \psS Ir{Xn-aK
- u-ch
-
- f
- psS s]m-c- Atm XIp-ho-gpw. Bm-\p-`hn AXp-sImv \S-\ss`-c-hX-s-bm-Wv.

35
Hcp ]Xn-\m-bn-c-am-Zn-tX-b-scm-mbv
hcp-h-Xp-t]mse hcpw hnth-I-hrn
Adn-hns\ aqSp-a-\n-Xy-am-b-bm-ao
bncp-fn-s\-bos-gp-am-Zn-kq-cy-\-t{X.
Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw

BZn-tX-b

Hmbv hcp-h-Xp-t]mse

Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw
kqcy-m
HnpZnm F-Xp-t]mse

hcpw
hnth-I-hrn
Adn-hns\ aqSpw

A\n-Xy-am-bbmw
Cu Ccp-fns\
Cusgpw
BZn-kq-cy-\t{X

kw`-hn-p--Xm-Wv
B-t_m[w.
Adn-hns ]q-Xsb s]mXnp-\np
\nXy-a-m amb BIp
Cu Am-\-am-Ip Ccp-ns\
]nfp-amn DZn-p-b-cp
BZn-kq-cy-\mWv B-t_m-[w.

Bm-\p-`-h-s `mj-bn-eqsS hyh-l-cn-p-X-cm Bhp-I-bn-.

hymh-lm-cn-I-`m-j-bn Bm-hn\p Xp-ey-ambn Hpw-Xs C.
aqI-\mb Hcm BZy-ambn ]-kmc Xnp-I-bm-sW-n B A\p`hw Fs\ thsdm-cmv ]dp-sIm-Sp-m Ignbpw? AtX-t]mse-bp- Hc-h--bmWv B m-\n-bp-tS-Xv. Fmepw \mcm-bW-Kpcp a\p-jy-ta-[sb `mthm-z-e-am-p Hcp-Zm-l-cWw FSp-pIm-Wn-p-p.
Adnhv shfn--am-Wv. Hcp- kq-cys shfn-w-sIm-p-Xs Cu
`qa-WvU-ew apgp-h {]Im-i-]q-cn-X-am-Ip-p. Fm Hcp ]Xn-\mbncw kqcy-m Hn-p-Zn-p-I-bm-sW-n Ccp-ns Hcp sNdp-IWn-I-p-t]mepw ChnsS \n--n-bn-m-Xm-Ipw. AXp-t]m-sebmWv B-kq-cy-\p-Zn-m Am-\-n-t-Xmb A-Im-c-n\v
\psSbpn \ne-bp-d-n-m Ign-bmsX t]mIp--Xv. Adn-hns\
aqSn-bn-cn-p ambm-aq-Sp-]Sw Xpcv BZn-a-amb B-kq-cys
{]Imiw shfn-hm-Ip Nn{Xw Imhy-kp-camWv. Cu `mhp-I-Xz-aqdp Nn{Xw \psS Hmtcm-cp--cp-tSbpw Dn Hfn-n-cn-p
A\--km-[y-X-Isf Zo-]vX-am-m t]mcp-Xm-Wv. Kpcphns Acm-\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wv Cu tmI-n-se -{]-ta-bw.

36
Adn-hn\p in-b-\--ap-n-sX-m
adp-Xn-bnSmw ka-b-\y-sb-n-hw
Ccp-]n-cn-hm-bnXn-e-\y-km-ay-amp
p-cp-hn-e-ap sXfnpWn-tS-Ww-.
Adn-hn\p
in A\--apv

tIh-e-amb Adn-hn\v
A\--amb in-I-fp-v.

CsXmw
ka A\y Fn-hw
Ccp-]n-cn-hmbv
Adp-Xn-bnSmw
CXn
A\y-km-ay-amp-

Dcp-hn
Aav
sXfnv
DWn-tSWw

Cu in-I-sf-sbmw
ka Fpw A\y Fp-ap-
cp `m-K--fmbn
Xcw-Xn-cn-p a\-n-em-mw.
Cu ]ncn-hn
A\ybpw kabpw Hcp-t]mse
ka-\z-bnn-cn-p
kzcq-]-n
A\p-`-h-km-bpPyw Isn
kwi-b--sfmw ]mtS t]mbn
DWn-cn--Ww.

Adn-hns Ne-\m-I
- X Ah-[n-bn-m-Xm-Wv. AXns km[yX--I F{X-am{Xapsv \apv Fn-n--s-Sp-m-\m-hn-. AXpsImv Adn-hn\p in A\--ap-v. Fmepw kXym-t\z-j-I-\mb
HcmfpsS Ah-[m-c-W-n-\mbn Kpcp ]d-p-sIm-Sp-pp. Cu inIv s]mXpth cp Xc-n-ep-ff kz`m-h--fmWpXv. Cs\
hI-Xn-cnp a\-n-em-p-tm BZys in On{Z-i-n-bm-Wv.
cm-a-tXv GIo-I-c-W-i-n-bm-Wv. On{Z-in kYm Ie-lnp-sIm-n-cn-pw. B[p-\n-I-a-\-xim-kv{X-n CXns\ negative
mind FmWv ]d-bp-Xv. t_m[-nXs Ccn-p sFIy-sSm-\p-ff Du-Nm-e-\-am-Wv positive mind.
Cu tm-I-n Kpcp kzoI-cn-n-cn-p kw-I A\y
Fpw ka Fp-am-Wv. temI-hp-am-bn XmZm-y-s-n-cn-p \m\mXz-{`aw Df-hm-p _pn-bmWv A\y. AXp-sIm-m-WXv Ie-ln-p-Xv. Fm, B-\n-jvT-amb _pn-bmWv ka. AXv IqSp-X
kvt\l-nsbpw Imcp-Wy-n-sbpw ka-\z-b
- n-sbpw hgn-bm-Wv.
Cu cp in-Ifpw Adnpw Adn-bm-tXbpw \-fn-sems
{]hn-p-p-v. ]t, Ch cpw {]mIr-Xn-Ia
- mb in-If
- m-Wv.
AXp-sImv A\ybpw kabpw _-tl-Xp-Ia
- m-Wv. Kpcp ]d-bp-Xv
B-km-m-XvIm-c
- n-tev AW-bW
- s
- a-n Hcp Lw IqSn apttd-X
- p-v. A\ypw kapw CSw sImSp-p Hcp A[n-jvTm-\a
- pv. B A[n-jvTm\w Adn-hns tIh-eX
- b
- m-Wv. B A[n-jvTm-\s
Kpcp ChnsS \ma-Ic
- Ww sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv A\y-kmay Fm-Wv.
B A\y-km-ay-bn Aa-cp-Xn-eqsS \mw Aa-c-\m-bn-o-cp-p.
AXn\mbn \nse XrjvWI
- s
- fmw HSp-t-X
- m-bn-p-v. At_m-[n Hfn-p-In-S-p Ima--t{Im-[--tem` t{]c-W-I Fmw
HgnpXo-cWw. Atm Dw sXfn-hp-X
- m-bn-o-cpw. B sXfnhn Ftmgpw DWn-cn-W
- w.

37
hnj-a-X-bms-gp-a-\y- sh-p-sImhm
hnj-a-a-J-WvUhn-th-I-i-n-sbty
hnj-asb sh-Xn-\m hnth-I-amIpw
hnj-b-hn-tcm-[n-\n-tbm-S-W-n-tS-Ww.
hnj-a-X-bmsgpw A\y

A\y F in hnj-a-X-I
Dm-p--Xm-Wv.
shp-sImhm hnjaw
CXns\ adn-I-S-p-hm hfsc
{]bm-k-am-Wv.
AJ-WvU-hn-th-I-i-n-sbty Fm AJ-WvU-hn-th-I-in
bp-sn km[n-pw.
AXn-\m
AXp-sImv
hnj-asb shv
A\y-bm-Ip hnj-asb AXnhnv
hnth-I-amIpw
AJ-WvU-hn-th-I-am-Ip
hnj-b-hn-tcm-[n-\n-tbmSv
hnj-b-ns ]en-m
B-t_m-[-tmSv
AW-n-tSWw
tNn-cp-ntS-Ww.

A\ysb Pbn-p-hm hnj-a-am-Wv. Xn\nv Fm-n-t\bpw

A\y-ambn Adn-bp--XmWv A\y-Ym-{K-l-Ww. Cu {]]w apgp-h\pw
Xn- \nv A- \ y- a m- s W- - d n- b p- t m Abm- f n Dm- I p
BZys Ah Zmcn{Zy-am-Wv. A-ns A`mhw am{X-a
Zmcn{Zyw. Cmbva a\-ns\ _m[n-p-Xp-S-p-n-S-p-\n-mWv
Zmcn{Zyw XpS-p--Xv. Atm temIw apgp-h Xt-Xm--W-sa
B{K-lw Abmfn P\n-pw. AXmWv Abmsf Zcn-{Z-\m-p--Xv.
As\ Abm temI-Po-hn-X-n \S-p ]cn{ia- apgph, Fsm-s-bmtWm Xn\n-v A-\y-am-bn-cn-p-Xv AXn-s\sbmw Xt-Xm-p-Xn-\p-thn-bm-Wv. Cu apgp-h \mK-cn-I-X-bptSbpw hnI-k\w A-s\-sbmcp Zmcn-{Zy-n\n-mWv \S-p-sImn-cn-p--Xv. kpJw Xnc-bp--Xp-t]mepw temI-hn-jb--fn-em-Wv.A-Xns ImcWw, BZy-ta-Xs \mw temIs \n\npw A\yam-n-b-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.
Cu A\y-Xz-ap- _pnsb Pbn-p-hm Htc-sbmcp hgn-tb-bp-ff
- q.
Rm AJ-WU
v t- _m-[k
- z-cq-]\
- m-sW-d
- n-bp-I. Rm ]q-\m-sWdn-bp-I. Rm \mi-an-m-h
- \m-sW-d
- n-bp-I. CXn-s\-bmWv hnthIw

Fp ]d-bp-X
- .v hnth-tIm-Zbw Dm-bm hnj-bs
- sh-ja
- y-n\np- apn Xmt\ kw`-hn-p-sIm-pw. sshcmKyw _ew ]nSnp Dmn-sb-Sp-t H-. kpJ-hk
- X
v p-hn-tev a\v N-en-p-t]m-Ip-Xv
kzm`m-hn-Ia
- m-W.v Fm hnthIw Dm-Ip-tm Fm kpJ-f
- p-tSbpw \ntI-X\w Bm-hp-Xs
- -bm-sWv Ah Adn-bp-p. Atm
kzm`m-hn-Ia
- m-bn-Xs Ah hnj-bh
- n-tcm-[n-bmbn `hn-p-p. hntcm-[an-m hntcm[n Fp a\-n-em-W
- w.

38
]e-hn-[-am-b-dn-bp--X-\y-sbm-mbv
hne-kp-hXmw ka-sbp taen-temXpw
\ne-sb-b-dnp \nhp kmay-taepw
Ie-bn-e-enp Ien-cp-n-tS-Ww.
]e hn[-ambv Adn-bp-Xv
A\y
Hmbv hne-kp-hXmw
ka
Fv taen--temXpw
\nesb Adnv
\nhv
kmay-taepw Ie-bn
Aenv
Ien-cp-n-tSWw

Adn-hns GI-Xsb ]e-Xmbn

Adn-bp-Xv
A\y-bm-Wv.
kI-e-Xn-t\bpw Hmbn Adn-bp-Xv
ka-bmWv
CXns ASn-m-\-n C\n
hni-Zo-I-cn-m t]mIp
Fhn-sS-bmWv \ne-bp-d-n-t-sXp a\-n-emn
t_m[s Ccp-i-n-Ifn
\npw \nhn-nv
A\ybpw kabpw Hp-tN-cp
\Sp-\n-e-bn
kzbw Aen-p-tNv
B A\p-`q-Xn-bn Ftmgpw
Pohn-p-sIm-Ww.

A\y Fm-sWpw ka Fm-sWpw \nhNn-p-X

- mWv Cu
]Zyw. Adnhv \m\m-Xz-n-tepw GI-Xz-n-tepw Nen-p kz`mh-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bX
- m-W.v Adn-hns Cu KXo-bX
- sb (dynamism) Hcp
DZm-lc
- W
-
- n-eqsS a\-n-em-mw. Hcp kqcy-civansb Hcp {]nkneqsS
IS-n-hn-Sp-Ib
- m-sW-n AXv k]vXh
- -ambn NnX-dn-n-cn-bp-Xp
ImWmw. Fm At\-Ik
- q-cy-ci
- a
v n-Isf Hcp sekn-eqsS IS-n-hn-

m AsXmcp _np-hn hp tI{o-Ic

- n-pXpw ImWmw. CtXt]m-se-bmWv Adnhv GI-Xm-\a
- m-Ip-Xpw _lp-kz-cn-Xa
- m-Ip-X
- pw.
]mm-Xy-Nn--I-fn tIp-t]m-cp hnt-jWw (analysis) Adnhns A\y F Xe-hp-ambn _-s-Xm-Wv. Fm kwt-jWw
(synthesis) Adn-hns ka F in-bm-Wv. Ch cn GsXnepw Hn\p {]m[m\yw sImSp-p-sIm-p- Hcp Pohn-X-ho-W-s-b Kpcp hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p--Xv. Chbvp cn\pw Ahbp-tS-Xmb kmwK-Xy--fp-v. {]k-n-bp-v. kasb D]-tbm-Knt-n-Sv kasb D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm\pw A\ysb D]-tbm-Kn-tn-Sv A\ysb D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm\pw Adn-bp--h-\mWv tbmKn.
As\ cp {[ph--tfbpw Ipi-e-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn D]-tbm-Kn--Wsa-n \mw \psS Dsb Hcp \Sp-\n-e-bn \ndpt--Xm-bnp-v. B \Sp-\n-e-bmWv kmay-taepw Ie. B Ie-bn Aen-ptNv AXm-bn-X-s-bn-cn--Ww. ChnsS Zzzm-Xo-X-\m-bn-ocp
tbmKn IXr-Xz--m-Xr-Xzt`mrXz tZmj--fn\n-smw
hnap--\m-bn-cn-pw.

39
Acp-fnb in-IsfpSp cmw
]ncn-hn-h-bn ka-Xhn-ti-j-taIw
hncXn hcm hnj-am-hn-ti-j-sam-n
c-anh cp Xc-n-em-bn-Spp
Acp-fnb
in-Isf XpSv
cmw ]ncnhv
Ch-bn
GIw
ka-X hntijw
Hv
hncXn hcm
hnj-am-hn-tijw
Ccw
cp Xc-n
Ch
Bbn-Spp

apI-fn ]d
cp in-Isf Xp-Sphcp
cp ]ncn-h-p-IIqSn Dv.
Cu ]ncn-hp-I-fn
Hv
ka-bpsS hnti-j-amWv
thsdmv
A-an-m
A\y-bpsS hnti-j-am-Wv.
Cs\
cp Xc-n-emWv
]ncn-hp-I
Bbn-cn-p--Xv.

ka F in-sb-p-dnpw A\y F in-sb-p-dnpw Hcp

G-I-tZ-i- hn-h-cWw Ign aqp ]Zy--fn-eqsS \In--gn-p.

Fm Ipd-p-IqSn hym]vXn-bn Adn-hns Cu in-Isfpdnv

a\-n-em-t-X
- p-v. kapw A\ypw kmam-\yw (general) hnti- \w Bh-iy-ambn
jw (particular) F Xc-n hopw Hcp D]-hn-`P
hn-cn-p-p. kmam\yw Fm Fm-n-t\bpw Hn-s-Spv ]d-bp-Xn-s\-bmWv hnti-jw- F-m AXn-te-sX-nepw Hns\ {]tXy-Ins-Spp ]d-bp--Xn-s\-bm-Wv. hmg FXv Hcp kmam-\y-]-Z-am-Wv.
]qhhm-g, IZ-fn-hm-g, Ihmg Fnh hnti-j]
- Z-
- f
- m-W.v hnti-j tNmWv kmam\yw Dm- I p- - X v . Fm Nne- t m
kmam\yhpw hnti-ja
- m-bn-o-cm\nS-bp-.v hrw F kmam-\ys
FSp-p-Ib
- m-sW-n At\-Ih
- r-
- f
- n HmWv hmg. Atm hmg
hnti-ja
- mbnocp-p. Fm kmam-\yfpsSbpw kam-\m-[n-Ic
- W
- a
- mbn-cn-p (common basis) HmWv Adnhv F hnh-. Atm
kasb-Xs kmam-\y-ka, hntijka Fpw, A\y-sb-Xs kmam\y
A\y, hntij- A\y Fpw ]ncn-p-]d
- t- b-n-hc
- pw. C\n hcp tmI-fn Cmcyw DZm-lc
- W
- k
- l
- nXw hy-am-p-p-.v

40
ka-bnepa\y-bnepw kZm]n hn
a-cp-h-Xp--X-Xn hnti-j-in
Aan-X-b-Xm-In-ep-amsI cn-h-n
{`a-I-e-bm-e-Jnew {]ta-b-am-Ipw.
ka-bnepw A\y-bnepw
kZm]n

AX-Xn hnti-j-in

hnv Aa-cp-h-Xp-v
Aan-X-b-Xm-In-epw

BsI cn-h-n

{`-a-I-e-bm
AJn-ew
{]ta-b-am-Ipw

kao-I-cn-p Adn-hnepw A\yYm-I-cn-p Adn-hnepw

Ftmgpw
kav ka-bpsS hnti-ji-nbpw A\yv A\y-bpsS
hnti-j-i-nbpw
HptNp \nm-dp-v.
hnti-ji
-
- n-I Fn-bm-sem-Spm--h-bm-sW-nepw
BsI-IqSn t\m-n-bm Cu
cp ]ncn-hp-Ifp-tSbpw
{ZpX-N-e\w Imc-W-amWv
kIe temIhpw
Adn-hn\p hnj-bo-`-hnp-Xv.

Hcp hkvXp-hn-s\-p-dnp kmam-\y-ambpw hnti-j-ambpw \ap-dn-bm Ign-bpw. kmam-\y-m-\-n Hcp GI-tZ-i-[m-c-Wtb InpI-bp-q. hnti-j-m-\-n hkvXp-hns\ kw_-n IrXy-amb
Adn-hp-I e`n-p-p. Hcm \tmSv sNSn In-ptm Fp tNmZnp-Ib
- m-sW-n \mw DS-s\-Xs Hcp adp-tNmZyw Atmp tNmZnpw: GXp sNSn? sNSn Hcp kmam-\y-m-\a
- m-Wv. B kmam-\yn At\Iw hnti-j\
- m-a
- D-S
- n-bn-cn-p-p-v. Atm
kqcy-Im-n-sSn In-ptm? Fp {]tXy-In-s-Spp tNmZnm
Abmv a\-n-em-Ipw. IrXy-amb Adnhv Abmv e`n-p-p. CXpt]mse Hcp Ipp hfp-hc
- p-tm temIs kw_-n hntijm-\p`hsf kzmb--am-p-hmthn-bmWv A-t\mSpw AtbmSpw tNmZy- tNmZn-p-X
- v.
ka F Adn-hnepw A\y F Adn-hnepw Cs\ kmam\yw
Fpw hntijw Fpw D cp ]ncn-hp-Isfn Ign ]Zyn kqNn-n-p-htm? Cu hnti-j-i-n-I Ftmgpw kmam\y-tmSptNv hn-m-dp-v. Fn-bm-semSp-m Xc-nep- hnti-j
-- -fmWv Hmtcm hkvXp-m-\nepw Ccn-p--Xv.
Hcp ]qhn-s\-X-s FSpp ]cn-tim-[n-p-t\m-p-tm Hcm-bncw
tNmZy- B ]qhns\ kw_-np \ap--dn-bm B{K-l-ap-mIpw. B ]qhns \ndw, aWw, BIr-Xn, PmXn F{X-Imew B ]qhv
Pohn-pw? AsX--s\-bmWv ]cm-KWw \S-p--Xv? Cs\ XpSp tNmZy- Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m--Xm-Wv. kmam-\y-n\pw
hnti-j-n\pw CS-bn Adnhv Gdn-am-dn-n-cn-bp-p-v. \mw AXdn-bm-dn-sp am{Xw. Hcp hv Nnd-I-Sn-p--Xn-t\-m {ZpX-K-Xnbn-emWv Adn-hns Cu {]{Inb \S-p--Xv. Adn-hn \S-p
Cu `m\-hrn apJm-c-amWv temI-n-ep-sXmw \apv {Kmlyam-bn-o-cp--Xv. ASp cp tmI-n Cmcyw DZm-l-c-Wk-lnXw Kpcp hy-am-p-p.

41
CXp IpS-sa--Xn-em-Zy- am-an-sX-p
Xp hnjam IpStam hnti-j-am-Ipw
aXn apX-emb atl-{-Pm-e-ap-m
hXn-\n-Xp-Xm Icp-shp In-tS-Ww.
CXp IpSw F-Xn

CXp IpSamIpp Fp ]d-bp-tm

BZy-amw
CXv Fp--Xv
hnj-am
IpS-tam

hnti-j-am-Ipw

aXn apX-em-b
atl-{-Pm-ew
Dm-h-Xn-\v
CXp Xm

Icp-sh-v
In-tS-Ww

BZyw ]d
CXv FXp-sImv Dt-in-p-Xv
kmam-\y-amb A\y-sb-bmWv.
IpSw F hmp- s Imv A
am-p-Xv
A\y-bpsS hnti-j-cq-]-n-ep-
Adn-hm-Wv.
A-c-W-hr-n-I-fpsS
C{-Pmew t]msebp- {]Xo-Xn-I
Dm-Ip--Xn-\v
CXv F A\y-bpsS kmam-\yin-bmWv
Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p-Xv Fp
a\-n-em-n-sm--Ww.

CXp-hsc ]d A\y-bpsS kmam-\yw, hntijw F Xcn-ep- {]h-\s \-fpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-nse Hcp DZm-l-cW-n-eqsS Kpcp hy-am-n--cn-I-bm-Wv. CXp IpSw, CXp ]Sw
Fsms \mw ]d-bm-dp--tm. Cu hmIys \mw icn-bmbn A]{K-Ynp t\mn-bn-ptm? Hcm \n-tfmSv CXv F hmp
]dp \ndpp-I-bm-sW-n \psS Dn Hcp BImw apn\np-p-m-bn-cn-pw. AXp tNmZy-ambn ]pd-p-h-cpw. \mw
tNmZnpw CXv FmWv? Fv. CXv F kmam-\y-m-\-n
F-a hnti-j-m-\ D-S-n-bn-cn-p-p-v.
CXp IpS-am-Imw. CXp aT-am-Imw, CXp ]S-am-Imw, CXp ]pmImw, CXp ae-bmImw...... Cs\ CXv F kmam-\y-n\nv Fa hnti-j-m-\- Dm-Ip-p. CXv F kmam-\y-t_m[w Cu
temI-nse kI-e-hn[ \ma-cq-]--tfbpw K`w [cn-phncn-pp-v. Atm CXv Fp ]d-bp-Xv k-n\pw Pw sImSpp P\-\n-bm-Wv. a\-v, _pn, Nnw, Al-mcw Cu A--cW-hr-n-I smw Icp-hm-bn-cn-p-Xpw CXm-Wv. Cmcyw hfsc
kqva-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn a\-n-em-t Hm-Wv.

42
CZ-a-dn-sh--Xn-em-Zy-am-an-sX-p
Xp ka, Xs hnti-j-amWp t_m[w

aXn apX-em-b-h-sbms amdn ta kZv

KXn hcp-hm-\n-Xn-s\-`-Pn-n-tSWw
CZw Adnhv F-Xn
BZy-amw
ka
Xs
hnti-j-amWv
t_m[w
aXn-ap-X-em-b-h-sbms
amdn
ta
kZvKXn hcp-hm
CXns\
`Pn-n-tS-Ww

CXv Adn-hmWv F hmIy-n

CZw F-Xp-sIm--am-p-Xv
ka-bpsS kmam-\y-i
- n-sbbmWv
kmam-\y-i-n-bmb ka-bpsS
hnti-j-m-\-amWv
Adnhv Fp-f-f-Xv.
Ac-Whrn-I-sfms
Cm-Xmbn
Fm-n\pw D]-cnbp
kXy-\njvT hcp-hm
ka-bpsS kmam-\y-amb Adn-hns\
CS-hn-SmsX [ym\n-Ww.

Cu tmI-n ka F Adn-hns insb DZm-lc- W

- k
- lnXw hni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-Ib
- m-W.v CXv Adnhv F hmIy-n CXv F
kmam-\yhpw Adnhv F hnti-jhpw {]ISo-`h
- n-n-p-.v Ign DZml-cW
- s
- -tmse s]sp a\-n-em-m Ign-bp Hcp DZm-lc
- W
- a CXv. ImcWw [ym\m-I
- a
- mb a\-p-sImp am{Xta Cu hmIyns As AXns kv]jvSa
- mb A-n {Kln-p-hm
Ign-bp-Ib
- p-q.
Hmbn Adn-bp--XmWv ka. A-s\-bm-sW-n ChnsS ]dbp Adnhv Ht-bp-q. Rms\mcp hkvXp-hns\ ImWpp, Hcp
i_vZs tIpp, Hcp {]tXyI aWs {Lm-Wn-p-p, ckw
cpNn-p-p, kv]iw kv]in-pp, Ch-sbms Adn-hp-I-fm-Wv.
Rm Hcp tdm-km-]qhns\ ImWpp F hmIy-n Rm ImWp-h, ImWsSp hkvXp-hmb tdmkm-]pjv]w, Fsbpw tdmkm]p-jv]-tbpw tNp ImW- F {]{Inb C{Xbpw Imcysf hyh-t-Zndn-bp-hm Ign-bW
- w. Atm ImW, tI,
kv]in-, cpNn, Nnn- CsXmw Adn-hm-Wv.
CXnse Adn-hns\ am{Xw \ GI-ambn Adn-bW
- w. Htc-sbmcp
Adn-hmWv ImgvN-bmbpw kv]i-ambpw Hs hcp--Xv. Adn-hns
sFIys hnti-jn-n-s-Spv a\-n-em-m Ign-bp-I-bm-sW-n
_pn-bn kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p {`am--IX ]mtS t]mbvt]mIpw. km-bn-cn-p Adn-hn \njvT ssIh-cpw. AXp-sImv
Ftmgpw F-dn-bp-tmgpw CX-dnhv...CX-dn-hv...CX-dnhv... Fv `Pnp-sIm-n-cn--Ww. Fmw Adnhp am{Xw. Adn-hn \n-\y-ambn
Hp-an-. Atm \appw kZvKXn hcpw.

43
{]IrXn ]nSnp Npg-nSpw {]Imcw
kpIr-Xn-It]mepatlm! Npg-n-Sp-p!
hnIrXn hnSp--Xn-\mbn the sNbvho
eIrXn ^em-{K-l-a--dn-n-tS-Ww.
{]IrXn

]nSn-pNpg-nSpw {]Imcw
kpIr-Xn-It]mepw
Atlm! Npg-n-Sp-p!

hnIrXn hnSp--Xn-\mbv
the sNbvhoe AIrXn
^em-{K-l-av

Adn-n-tSWw

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS
i-amb Npgn-bns]p Itc-dm\m-ImsX
Nne km-k
- m-cn-It]mepw
\neInmsX \wXncn-bpp.
B-cyw-Xs!
I-_w hnp-In-p--Xn-\mbn
\njv{In-b-\m-bn-cn-p-Xv XtamKp-Wh
- n-\n-bmb AIr-Xn-bm-Wv.
hnln-X-I- ^te--IqSmsX sNpIbpw
kmn-cq-]-n hnpIbpw thWw.

{]Ir-Xnsb \ kwkm-c-`m-j-bn ]d-bm-dp- A-ne ChnsS a\-n-em-t--Xv. {]m]-n-I-k--bn \S-p Fm

{Inb-I-fp-tSbpw Npm ]nSn-p-Xv {]Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. AsXmcp \nba-amWv. B \nb-as ewLn-p-hm Ignbp-I-bn-. ewLn-m Ccn-i-n-tbmsS AXp Xncn--Sn-pw. Cu {]IrXn Hmtcm Pohn-bnepw
hyXy-kvX-am-sW-nepw Fm-n-t\bpw Hcp hyh--bn sImp-hcp A\p-c-W-\m--IX {]Ir-Xn-bn BIth \nd-n-cn-p-p-v.
AXns\ [w FmWv hnfn-p-X
- v. {]Ir-Xn-bn Xs-bp- cpX-cw ]nSn-h-en-I-fp-v. Hv NnX-dn-s-dn-p-t]m-Ip in. B in-bp-ambn XmZm-y-sv a\p-jy-\-S--ap-ff Fm Pohn-Ifpw hebp-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. Fm [-ns am-n-eqsS [nsb Adn-psIm-p GIm--I-amb Hcp bm\-ap-v. AXp PohnXs DZm-o-Ic
- n-p-X
- m-Wv. B hgn-bn- eqsS kcn-p-tmgpw
hopw \s On{Z-i-n-I Bt-jn-p-sIm-n-cn-pw. AXns\
hnIrXn FmWv ]d-bp-X
- v. hnIr-Xn-bpsS ]nSn-bns]-m AXn\npw Ducn-tm-cm \njv{In-bX
- ztam Ae-kX
- tbm Ah-ew-_n-p-Ib
-

th-Xv.
Nnev Fs-nepw ZpxJ-ap-m-hp-Ib
- m-sW-n Ah ivaim\-ssh-cm-Kn-Is
- f-tmse Hpw sNmsX Hcn-Sp NS-p-IqSn Ccnp-Xp ImWmw. Ah-cpsS ZpxJw \njv{In-bXzw ]men-X
- p-sImv
Xocp-n-. imco-cn-Ia
- m-bp- \njv{In-bXzw Ds-nepw am\-kn-Ia
- mbn
Ahv hnIr-Xn-bn\npw hnp-t]m-cm Ignbmdn-. Hpw sNmXn-cnp-Xv AIr-Xn-bm-Wv. hfsc ^e-h
- mb Hcp amw Kpcp D]tZ-in-p-Xc
- p-p. {]Ir-Xn-bnse \nb-a
- Fm Pohn-Ifpw A\p-km\w sN-Ww. AXn\n-pw Hgnp-am-dm Ign-bp-Ib
- n-. Zmlnp--h shw IpSn--Ww. hni-p--h Aw Ign--Ww.
CsXmw Bh-iy-f
- mWv. Pohn-p Pohn-Ismw Cu Bh-iy \nd-th-dp-Ibpw thWw. AXn-\p-thn Iw sN-Ww. I Rm sNpp F `mhw ]mSn-. I-s
- fmw {]Ir-Xn-bptS-Xm-W.v Rm\mWv Iw sNp-s
- Xp `mhn-p-Ib
- m-sW-n I-fpsS ^e-n F\nv BImw-bpw kwKhpw Dm-Ipw. AXp
_-\a
- m-W.v AXp-sIm-mWv kpIr-Xn-It]mepw _-\
- n\v ASns-Sp-X
- v.
\ I- sNp-h
- c
- mWv kpIr-Xn-I. hoSn-m Hcmv
hoSp-m-n-sm-Sp-p-Xv Hcp \-bm-Wv. ]t Rm hoSp-mn
sImSp-p F Nn \s Al-m-c-cq-]-n _n-pw. AXpsImv {]Ir-Xn-bn\npw tamNn-Xcm-Im B{K-ln-p--h \
I--fpsS IXr-Xz-n\npw No I--fpsS IXr-Xzn\npw tamNn-X-cm-I-Ww. Fnp ^te--bn-msX Iw sNWw. Atm Iw sNpI Fp-t]mepw ]d-bm Ign-bp-I-bn-.
{]Ir-Xn-bpsS Iw AXns hgnp \S-p-p. \mw AXn-s\mw
kmn-bm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. AXmWp Pohn-X-n\p apn
\Ip- -H-tc-sbmcp {]{In-b.

44
]e-a-X-km-c-hp-ta-I-sap ]mcm
Xpe-In-sem-cm-\-bn-e--sc--t]mse
]e-hn-[-bpn ]dp ]ma-c-m
ce-hXp I-e-bm-X-an-tS-Ww.
]e-a-X-km-chpw

]eXmb- hyh-m-]nXa-X--fpsSsbmw kmcw

GIw
Fv ]mcmsX
De-In
Hcm-\-bn
A-sc--t]mse
]e-hn-[-bpn ]dv
]ma-c-m
Ae-hXp Iv
Ae-bmsX
Aan-tSWw

Hp-X-s-bmWv.
CXp a\-n-em-msX
temI-n
Hcp B\sbn
A-m Xn-p--Xp-t]mse]e-am-Xn-cn-bp-ff hmZ- D-bnv
Adn-hn-m P\w
ey-t_m-[-an-msX Npn-n-cnbp--Xp-I-v

\mw Ah-sc-tmse Ae-bmsX

B-t_m-[-ns A`n-{]m-b-`n-X-bn-m hy-X-bn \nesIm-n- tS-Ww.

F{X-sb{X aX--fmWv Cu `qap-J-p--Xv. t]sc-Spp ]dbm-hp {]kn--amb aX-hn-`m-K- {InkvXp-a-Xw, Cmw-a-Xw, lnpa-Xw, PqX-aX
- w, _p-aX
- w, ssP\-aX
- w, knp-aX
- w, jntm-aX
- w, Xmthma-Xw, I^yq-jnb aXw, ]mkn-aXw Ch-sb-m-am-Wv. Ch IqSmsX-Xs [mcmfw Ahm--c-a-X-hn`m-K--fp-v. Cu aX--sfms
Fn-\p-th-n-bmWv ChnsS kwm-]n-X-am-bn-p-f-f-Xv? Fm aXfpw aptmp hbvp eyw HpXs-bm-Wv. Cuiz-c Htbp-q As-n kXyw Ht-bq Fv Fm-hcpw ]d-bp-p.
AtXm-sSm-w-Xs aX-ns NqSp-Ipw A\p-jvTm-\
- pw
BNm-c-pw {]Xy-n-ep-ff hyXym-k- Ip-t]m-cp-papv. AXp-sImv kmam-\y-P\w A-em-n-em-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. AXp
Xom-\mWv Kpcp ChnsS ]d-bp--Xv, ]e-a-X-km-chpw GIw Fv.
Fm
aX- - f ptSbpw
kmcw
HmsW- v.
GsXmcp ey-n-te-mtWm aXw Dup-X
- v, B eyw HpX-s-bm-Wv. AXmWv aX-ns kmcw. Fm \Zn-Ifpw IS-enXs-bmWv sNptNcp--Xv. GXp hgn-I-fn-eqsS k-cn-mepw Ahkm\w Cuiz-c-\nXs \ ebn-pw. ]t, a\p-jy CX-dnbm-dn-. B\sb ImWmt]mb Ipcp-S-m-sc-tm-se-bmWv Chn-sS-bp Bfp-I kwkm-cn-p--Xv. Hcp Ipcp-S ]d-bp-p, B\ Nqept]m-se-bm-sW-v. thsdmcp Ipcp-S ]d-bp-p, B\ ]\--Sn-t]msebm-sW-v. C\n-sbmcp Ipcp-S ]d-bp-p, B\ apdw-t]m-se-bm-sWv. Ipcp-S\v B\sb ImWm Ign-bn--tm? Ah B\-bpsS Hmtcm
Ah-b-h-s-bmWv ]nSn-p-t\m-nb-Xv. Ah Fn-t \nK-a-\s-bmWv Ah ]d-bp--Xv. Fm B\-sb Pohnsb apgp-h\mbpw Ahp ImWm Ign-bn-. AXp-sImv Hmtcmtcm bpnI ]dv Ah Xn-p-p.

aX--fpsS Imcy-nepw Cu amXncn X- \S-p-Xv

\ tIp-t]m-cm-dp--Xm-Wv. Bbncw hj-an-cpp Xn-mepw
Hcp ]cn-lm-chpw Cu Xmn-I-mn-S-bn Dm-Ip-hm- t]mIpn-. \mw AXp-sImv X-samw Ah-km-\n-nv aX-ns kmcw
A-cm-m-hn A\p-`-hn--dn-b-Ww. Atm AXp imn-bm-Wv....
AXv kam-[m-\a
- m-Wv... AXp ]q-Xb
- m-Wv...-AXv kvt\l-am-Wv... AXv
B\--am-Wv.... AXv kzmX-{y-am-Wv... AXp kmtlm-Z-cy-am-Wv....

45
Hcp aX-a-\y\p \ny-sam-n-temXpw
Icp-h-]-cs IW-n-\q-\-amIpw
[c-bn-enXns cl-ky-sam-p-Xm-s\
dn-h-fhpw {`a-sa--dn-n-tS-Ww.
Hcp aXw A\y\p\nyw
Hn-temXpw Icp
A]-cs IW-n\v
Du\-amIpw
[c-bn
CXns clkyw
Hp-Xm
F Adn-h-fhpw
{`aw
Fv Adn-n-tSWw

Hcp aX-hn-izm-knv thsdmcp aX

hnizm-ks \ny-ambn tXmp-p.

Hcp aX-n ]dbp kXyw

asmcp aX-hn-izm-kn-bpsS hoW-n

hnI-e-am-Wv.

temI-n

aX--fp-sS-sbmw kmc-am-bn-cnp clkyw

Hp-X-s-bm-Wv.

Cmcyw Adn-bp--Xp-hsc,
kzaX-hn-izmkhpw CX-c-a-X-\n-bpw

shdpw Nn-{`aw am{X-am-bn-cn-pw.

CXn- t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cn--Ww.

Fm aX-f- p-tSbpw kmcw GI-am-sW-mWv Kpcp aptm-p-hbvp aX-Zi-\

- ns A-m-cw. CXp ]d-bp-tmgpw ChnsS \nehn-en-cn-p aX-hy-hl
- m-c
- sf Kpcp IW-n-se-Sp-m-Xn-cn-p-n-.
Hcp aX-hn-izm-knv thsdmcp aX-hn-izm-knsb ]p-am-Wv. Xs hnizmk-amWv icn, A]-cs hnizmkw sXmWv Fsmcp [mc-Wb
- mWv
Fm aX-Ie
- l
-
- pw bp-pw Imc-Wa
- m-bn-cn-p-X
- .v thsdmcp-hs aX-hnizm-k
- n Ak-ln-jvWpX ]pep at\m-`mhw
Bim-ky-a-. {InkvXp-a-X-n kz--\mb ]nXm-hn-s\-bmWv
kth-iz-c\
- mbn ImWp-X
- v. Cmw-aX
-
- n Am-lp-hn-t\bpw PqX-

a-X
- n btlm-ht- bbpw ]c-tam-X\
- mb \mY-\mbn {]Ion-pp. `mc-X
- n inh-t\bpw hnjvWp-hn-t\bpw tZhn-tbbpw ]qPn-p aX-hn-izmkfpv. Chv ]c-k]
v cw tNp Pohn-m Ftm
Hcp {]bm-kw-t]m-se-bmWv. Cmw-aX
-
- m-c akvPn-Znt]mbn \nkvIcn-p-p. {InkvXym\n ]n-bn t]mbn Ip_m\ ssIsmp-p.
lnp t{X-n t]mbn {]mn-p-Ibpw ]qP-I \S-p-Ibpw
sNp-p.
Cu _mly-amb Pohn-X-{I-as aXambn sXn--cn-p-t]m-cp
Hcp P\X hfsc Ak-ln-jvWp-Xm-]qw CX-c-a-X-s Pohn-X{I-a--tfmSv {]Xn-I-cn-p ImgvN-bmWv \mw ChnsS ImWp--Xv.
Cu tmI-n a\p-jy-a-\-ns B kz`m-hs FSp-p-Im-Wnp-I-bmWv Kpcp sNp--Xv. aX--fp-sS-sbmw kmcw H-msW
clkyw Adn-bp--Xp-hsc a\p-jy Imn-q-p Cu tIm{]m-b-sfmw shdpw {`mm-sWv Xncn--dn-tb--Xm-bn-p-v. aX-c-lkyw
Adn-bp Hcm Hcp {kjvSm-hns Fm krjvSn-I-tfbpw ka-`m-h\-tbmsS ImWpw. kvt\l-tm-tSbpw lrZ-bm-\p-`mh-tm-tSbpw
s]cp-am-dpw.

46
s]mcpXp Pbn--X-km-y-sam-n-t\m-sSm
smcp aXhpw s]mcp-Xm-sem-Sp-p-hoe
]c-a-Xh
-- mZn-bn-tXmn-SmsX ]mtg
s]mcp-Xp- s]m-en-n-Sp-sa _pn-th-Ww.
s]mcpXp Pbn-Xv

Akmyw
Hn-t\m-sSm-v
s]mcp-Xm
Hcp aXhpw
HSp-p-ho-e
]c-a-X-hmZn

CXv Hmn-SmsX]mtg
s]mcpXp s]men-nSpw
F _pn thWw

bp-n-eqsS A\y-a-Xs
tXmev]n-m-sa-p-Xv
Akm-[y-am-Wv.
Atmpw Ctmpw
s]mcp-Xn-sImv
Hcp aX-tbpw
Dq-e\w sNm Ign-bp-Ibn.
Xs aX-a-m aX--tfmsSms hntZz-j-ap--h
CXp a\-n-em-msX shdptX
s]mcpXn Xpe-p-t]mIpw
F shfn-hp-m-I-Ww.

aXw Pohn-X-n kam-[m-\hpw kvt\lhpw shfn-hpw

]Ip-sIm-Sp-t Hm-Wv. GIo-I-c-W-ns hN-\--fmWv
aX-n-ep--Xv. B hN\w ssZh-ns GI-Xzs Dd-n-p-Xpw
temI-Po-hnXw ssZth-m-{]-Imcw \S-n-em--s-Sp--Xm-sWpw
t_m[y-s-Sp-p-Xpw Bbn-cn-pw. Cuiz-cs C ka-kvX-Po-hPm-e-fneq-tSbpw \nd-th-d-s-Sp-tm `qan-bn kam-[m\w kzm`mhn-I-ambn h-W-bpw. Fm a\p-jy ssZth-sb \nd-th-dm
k-Xn-m-dn-. Ah Ah-t-Xm-bn-p- kzm-amb ey-fpw
ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw sa\-s-Spv AXn-eqsS Ahs Hcp kmev]nI-temIw krjvSn-m {ian-p-p. A-s\-bmWv \ne-\np
bmYm-n-Xn-I-a-X--fnepw ]nSn-hm-in-Ifpw imTy-fpw Ib-dn-q-Sm
CS-bm-b-Xv. am{X-a-, aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Fw hn-p--Xn-\\p-k-cnv aX-ns in hn-p-sa-p- sXmb Hcp [mcW
kaq-l-a-\-n-ep-v. A-s\-bmWv aX- kwLSn-X-am-Im XpSn-b-Xv.
kwL-Sn-X-aXw `qan-bn A[n-Im-c-n\pw A[o-i-Xz-n\pw
thn CX-c-a-X-sc ]mtS Dq-e\w sNm {ian-n-p-Xpw
{ian- p- - X p- a mb Ncn{Xw \app ]cn- N n- X - a m- W v . bqtdm- n
Dmb Ipcn-ip-bp--fpw Zn-tW-y-bn ssihcpw sshjvWhcpw Xn-ep t]mcm--fpw aX-ns A{I-tam-p-I-a-t\m-`mhs shfn-hm-p--Xm-Wv. CX-c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Isf sImp--XneqsS X-fpsS aX-n\p Pbnmw Fp--Xn aX-ns
Xz-n\v \nc-m Hcp sshcp-yv.
ssZhw kvt\l-am-sWp ]d-bp-Ibpw, B kvt\ls \ntj[n-p bp--fn aXw Gs-Sp-Ibpw sNp-Xv aqey-h-mb
PohnXw \bn-m-\m-{K-ln-p a\p-jyv kwL-Sn-X-a-X--tfmSpXs ]pw tXmp-hm CS-bm-n-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. bYm-aXw
kwL-Sn-Xtam hyh-m-]n-Xtam A. AXv a\p-jy\pw ssZhhpw
Xn-ep-ff {]W-bm-\zn-X-amb Pohn-X-am-Wv. AhnsS A\p-`-h-km-{-nabpsS Hcp sFIyapv. B sFIyw ]c-am-mZ-I-c-am-Wv. CsXmpw
Adn-bmsX ]c-kv]cw a-Snp Nmhp sXcp-hp-\m-bvsf-tmse aXm\p-bm-bn-Ifpw aX-h-m-fpw Cu temI-n s]cp-am-dp-Xv Gsd
IjvS-amWv! Aev]w Dsh-fn--ap-h C-s\-bp- t]mc-Sn-p aXKXo-b-Xsb t{]mm-ln-n-p-I-bn-.

47
Hcp aX-am-Ip-h-Xn-p-c--sX-m
hcp-anXp hmZn-I-fm-cp-tamp-hoe
]c-a-X-hm-Z-sam-gn ]WvUn-X-m
cdn-bp-an-Xns cl-ky-an--ti-jw.
Hcp aX-am-Ip-h-Xnv
Fm-hcpw
Dc--Xv CXv
CXv

hmZn-I-fmcpw
Hmp-hoe
]c-a-X-hm-Z-sam-gn-

]WvUn-X-m
CXns clkyw
Cv Ati-jw
Adnbpw

ChnsS Hcp aXw am{Xta thq.

Fm aX--fnse Bfp-Ifpw
CXmWv ]d-bp-Xv
B aXw X-fpsS aX-am-bn-cnWw Fp-ff hmZw
aX-hm-Zn-I-fm-cpw-Xs
Hmp--tX-bn-.
ap aX-s-Xnsc hmZ-hn-hm-Z-sfmpw Cm
m\n-I
aX-hm-Z--fpsS ]nnse Am-c
hn-lo-\-X-bpsS anYymXzw
ChnsS ]q-ambn
Adn-bp-p.

temI-n Htc-sbmcp aXw Dm-I-Ww. Atm Ie-l--

sfmw Xocpw. CXp ]d-bp--hsc kqn--Ww. Ah-cpsS a\-n-encnv XfpsS aX-am-bn-cn-Ww B aXw Fm-Wv. Hcp lnp-hns
B{Klw, Xs aX-amWv temI-n \ne-\n-t-Xv Fm-Wv.
Fm Hcp {InkvXym-\ntbm apkamt\m Nnn-p-tm AhcpsS aX-n-\mWv B alna Nmn-sIm-Sp-p--Xv. AXp-sImv
aX-ku-lm-fpw apw, Bfp-I kwL-Sn-n-p-tm AXnsems Hfn-n-cn-p Iptd \nc-I-X-I-fp-v. kulmZw ]dbp-h
- c
- mcpwXs Ah-cpsS ]nSn-hm-in-bpsS Dd NphSv amnhbvm
Xm-d-. Ah-c-h-cpsS aXw Ah-c-hv {]nb-s-Xv Xs-bm-bn-cnpp. ]t, temI-Po-hn-X-n a\p-jy ]ckv]cw _-sp
Pohn-tnhcp-tm aX-Po-hn-X-nse sshIm-cn-I-X-I-fp-ambn
Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm Dc-k-ep-I Dm-Im-dp-v. sNdn-sbmcp
Xosmcn Bbn-cnpw BZyw {]I-Sa
- m-hp-I. ]ns, AXv Bfn-n-Sn-pw.
`oI-ca
- mb \c-ta[-f
- n-tephsc aX-kw-Lj- Fn-s-Sp-Xv
\mw Znh-tk\ Ip-sIm-n-cn-p \-kX
- y-f
- m-Wv. ssZhw GI-

am-sWpw Cu {]]-
- n-ep-ff Fmw ssZh-kr-jvSn-If
- m-sWpw
A-cm-m-hn A\p-`h
- n-d
- n-bp m\n-I aX-hn-tZz-ja
- n-msX
am\-hc
- m-in-bpsS apgp-h sFIy-tbpw {]_-es
- -Sp-p I-fn-eqsS aX-Po-hn-Xs Bhn-jI
v c
- n-m-dp-.v Ah-sc-bmWv Kpcp ]WvUnX-m Fp hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p-X
- v. Ah ssZhs icn-bmbnAdnbp-Ibpw AXp shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p.

48
X\p-hn-e-a icocn, Xs km
X\p-hn-e-sX-s-Xn-sX-s-sXp kw
X\p-X-sbm-gnp [cn-n-Spp kmm
e\p-`-h-im-en-I-fm-an-tXmn-emcpw.
X\p-hn Aa

icocn
Xs
km-X-\p-hn
AsX-tXv
CXv FtXv
Fv
kw
X\p-X-sbm-gnv
[cn-n-Spp
CtXmn
Bcpw
kmm
A\p-`-h-im-en-Ifmw

imco-cn-I-amb kzXz-hp-ambn XmZmysp Ign-n-cp

Poh
Xs
B-k--bn
AXpw Ft-XmWv
CXpw Ft-XmWv
Fns\
Fm-n-t\bpw
aa-X-bn-msX
Adn-n-Spp.
Cmcyw a\-n-em-n-bm
Bcpw
kmm
A\p-`-h-im-en-I-fm-bn-o-cp-p.

Rm ico-c-amWv F _pn-bmWv \s Fmw _n-np Alw-_p-n. Am\w \nan--amWv \n B-t_m[w

{]Im-in-m-Xn-cn-p--Xv. ico-c-ns ]cn-an-X-amb AkvXn-X-bn
Rm Fs a\-n-em-p-tm Rm\-m \nc-h[n ico-c-
Chn- s S- b p- v . Ah- s bmpw Rm\- . Fm Cu Am- \ n\npw \app ]pd-p-I-S-p-hm Cu hniz-n-ep-ff kIe
Ncm-N-c--tfbpw Xs D-bn tN-dn-bp-I-bm-sW-n Abm
Bm\ nXs-bm-Wv. Fs-m Hpw-Xs Xn\npw
A\y-ambn Abm Adn-bp-n-.

BIm-inepw A-cn-nepw `qanbnepsamw Rm\p-v.

Fsm- s - b ptm AsXmw Ft- X m- W v . FtXp am{X- a
AsXmw Rm Xs-bm-Wv. Cs\ Hc-dn-hp-m-I-W-sa-n
Fnse aa-Xm-t_m[w Hgn-p-t]m-I-Ww. X\pX Hgn-b-Ww. Bm\p-`-hn-I-fm-Im C{X-bpw sNbvXm aXn. Fm-n-t\bpw lrZ-b-n
]pIp-I. Atm hnizw apgp-h\pw \s Bt-jn-pw. Bcpw
kmm A\p-`-h-im-en-IX-s. Hcn- Hcp sslq Ihn {]`mX-k-hm-cn-n-d-n-b-tm ap s]p-p-m-bn-cp-p. Ihn-bpsS apfsmnbn aphoWv I\w hp. Atm Ihn sXmn Ducn
In ]nSn-p-sImv Hcp Ipp-I-hnX sNmn.
When I think of it
As my snow, how light it is
On my bamboo hat.

Fs apfwsXmn-bnse lna-hjs Fs ap-]m-fnI

F-dn-bp-tm CXn-s\mcp `mc-hp-an-tm! CXmWv X\pX Hgnp
[cn-n-Sp hgn. Fmw Ft-sXp Icp-Xp-I. t`Z-_pn CmsX
Fm-nepw kzw D Zin-p-I.

49
AJn-e-cp-am--kp-J-n-\mbv {]b-Xv\wk-I-e-hp-anp kZm]n sNbvXn-Sp-pP-K-Xn-bn-en--X-ta-I-sap Nnn
L-a-W-bm-X-I-Xm-c-an-tS-Ww.
AJn-ecpw
B-kp-J-n-\mbv
{]bXv\w
kI-ehpw Cp
kZm]n sNbvXn-Spp
PK-Xn-bn
CXw
GIw
Fp Nnnv
AL-a-W-bmsX
AI-Xm
Aan-tSWw

Fm-hcpw

B-kp-J-n-\p-th-n-bp-

{]bXv\w
Fm-hn-[-nepw ChnsS

Ftmgpw sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p-p.

temI-n

Cu aXw

Hp-X-s-bmWv

Cu Nnsb Dun-bp-d-nv
Zqjy-Nn--I-fn AI-s-SmsX

A-cw-Ks

Bm-hn-e-an hbvWw.

Fm-hcpw Iw sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv kpJ-n-\p-th-nbm-Wv. kpJw thW-sa Imcy-n Hcp Xhpw CXs! lnphm-bmepw {InkvXym-\n-bm-bmepw apkam-\m-bmepw kpJw thWw.
sImSnb ]oU-\-fpw bmX-\-Ifpw A\p-`-hnv Hcp-h\pw Hcp aXnepw \np-I-bn-. Ah kpJ-ap-ff aX-n-tep t]mIpw.
tZim-S\
- ]
-
- n-I Imem-h
m-t`Zw Dm-Ip-tm hnZq-c
- f
- n-tep
]d-p-t]m-Ip--Xp-t]m-se.... -F-n-\m-Wh ]d-p-t]m-Ip-Xv? kpJw
thWw. a\p-jy X-an-msX Hn-p Hcp kXy-am-WnXv. AXpsImv \mcm-bW
- K
- pcp ]pXnb aXs m]n-n-. aX-ns ImXemb Xzs Ghpw a\-n-em-Ip coXn-bn Fgp-Xn-c
- n-Ib
- mWv
sNbvXX
- .v Aev]t- \cw izmk-XS- w Dm-bm aXn \ hnn-sSpw.
Cy-bn am{X-a-, Fm cmjv{S--fn-ep- P\-fpw kpJm-t\z-jnI Xs-bm-Wv. GXp Xc-n-ep- kpJ-amWv th-Xv? \nXy-amb
kpJw. AXp Is-p--Xp-hsc AXnepw CXn-ep-sams s\mn\p-Wv \S-pw. ]t B-kpJw am{X-amWv ]q-kp-J-am-bncn-p--Xv. Fm bm{X-Ifpw Fm At\z-j-W-fpw Fm Ne-\fpw Fm t{]c-W-Ifpw Bm-hn-te-p-f-f-Xm-Wv. temI-n Cu
aXw As-n A`n-{]mbw GI-am-sWv a\-n-em--Ww. Fnv
kzm-X-sImv Zqjn-X-am-ImsX a\-ns\ Bm-\--n hnebn-n--Ww. Atm Hcm lnpthm {InkvXym-\ntbm apotam
Bbn-cn-p-I-bn-. BZy--hn-lo-\-amb kXy-km-K-c-am-Wv, m\-kmK-c-am-Wv, B\--km-K-c-am-Wv.

50
\ne-samSp \oc-Xp-t]mse Imp Xobpw
shfn-bp-a-lw-IrXn hnZybpw a\pw
Ae-I-fp-am-gn-bp-sa-p-th--sbm
hpe-Ip-ap-b-dn-hmbn amdn-Sp-p.
\ne-samSv
\ocv AXp-t]mse
Imv
Xobpw
shfnbpw
Alw-IrXn

`qan- XpSn
AXp-t]mse Pew
hmbp
An
BIm-iw-h-sc-bp-ff ]-`q-X-fpw
Alw-Im-chpw

hnZybpw
a\pw
Ae-Ifpw
Bgnbpw
Fp th
Fm DeIpw
Dbv
Adn-hmbn
amdn-Spp

_pnbpw
a\pw
Xnc-Ifpw
ISepw
Fp th
Fm temIhpw
hnIm-kw-{]m-]nv
]c-am-m\p`q-Xn-bmbn
amdpp.

Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-ns

\Sp-hnXs-bn-cn-p Cu tmIn {]-bpsS ]cn-Wm-as FSp-p-Im-Wn-p-I-bmWv Kpcp

sNp--Xv. qe-n A`n-c-an-n-cp a\p-jy qes hnv
kqva
- n-tev {]th-in-p-p. Fs-m qe-nse B\w
Xphpw ss\an-jn-Ih
- p-am-Wv F-h Xncn-d
- n-bp-p. a\p-jys hnthtIm-Zb
-
- n-eq-sS-bmWv Cu Xc-n-ep--smcp ]cn-Wmaw t_m[-n
kw`hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X
- v. an ]Wn-sb-Spv an\npw Inp-Xp-am{Xw Xnp Pohn-p a\p-jy Aev]w-IqSn kqva`q-Xa
- mb
Pe-X-zs Adn-bp-Ibpw Ipd-p-IqSn kqva-`q-X-amb An-Xzs Adn-bp-Ibpw ]ns hmbp-X
- zs Adn-bp-Ibpw ]ns
k-hym-]n-bm-bn-cn-p BIm-it- mfw hnI-kn-Xa
- m-bn-o-cp-Ibpw
sNp-p.
Xs kzXzs Al-m-aa
- X
- m-Zn-If
- n \npw hnm-\
- f
- psS
Ipg-ad
- n-n-en\npw a\-ns \qem-am-eI
- f
- n\npw Hs hnap-am-p-p. ISX-s-bmWv Xnc. sNdpXpw hep-Xp-ambn F-a XncI IS-c
- n B-ev Ifn-t-mw. B Xnc-If
- n-semw Dbm-bn-cn-p IS am{X-amWv kXy-am-bn-cn-p-X
- v. \ma-cq-]m-I
- a
- mb
Fm temI-fpw Adn-hns tIh-ek
- z-cq-]X
- b
- n \npw- Ddp hcp
Aar-Xm-\p-`h
- a
- mWv. CXmWv Pohn-X
- ns ]c-tam-Xa
- mb Xew.

51
Adn-hn-en-cp-sm-c-lbmZy-ap-m-bv
hcp-an-Xn-t\m-sSm-cn-Z hma-bmbpw
hcp-anh cp-e-]-t]mse ambm
ac-a-Jnew ad-sb--Sn-Sp-p.

Adn-hn-en-cpv
Hcp Al
BZyw Dmbv hcpw
CXn-t\mSv
Hcp CZ
hma-bmbpw hcpw
Ch
cp De-]-t]mse
ambm-acw
AJnew adsb

]Sn-Spp

A[njvTm-\-amb Adn-hn-\nv
Hcp Alwt_m[w
BZyw apf-s]m-pw.
CXnsIqsS
Hcp {]m]-n-I-t_m-[hpw
Al-p ]cn-]q-c-I-ambn Dm-Ipw.
Cu Al-bpw CZ-bpw
cp hn-s-Sn-It]mse
ambm-acw
Adn-hns\ ]q-ambn ad-phbv---h-w
]Sp-]--en-pp

\mw Adn-hm-W.v Adnhp am{X-am-W.v Adn-h- msX thsdmcp k

\ap-n-. Fm Cmcyw \mw ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. hnkvac
- W
- {- ]-{In-bv
Imc-Wa
- m-tb-m-hp ambm-X
- z-ns kz`m-hs ChnsS kpXcmw
hy-am-p-p. A[n-jvTm-\a
- m-bn-cn-p Adn-hmWv kI-eX
- n-t\bpw
{]k-hn-p A. Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m {]]-P
- m-e
- sf {]k-hnp-X
- n-\p-apv BZyw-Xs tIh-ea
- mbncn-p Adnhv kzbw `nnp-p. BZyw Al-b
- mWv {]Xy-s
- -Sp-X
- .v Al-b
- n mXrXzhpw IXr-Xz-hpw t`mr-Xzhpw AS-n-bn-p-.v Pohs Bh-iysf ]cn-]q-cWw sNm-\m-bmWv {]]w hnc-Nn-Xa
- m-bn-cn-p-X
- .v {]]s CZ Fp ]d-bp-p.
Al-bpw CZ-bpw ]c-k]
v c
- w thgvNb
- n Gs-Sp-X
- mWv hymhlm-cn-IX
- . Cu hyh-lm-c
- n\npw a\v hf-cm XpS-p-p. AXv
{]mXn-`m-kn-It- em-Is Dm-p-p. CtXmsS Adn-hns \ncp-]m-[n-I{]-Xe
-
- n\npw \mw ASp-t]mp Ign-p. cp sNSn-h
- nI
hv Hcp acs ad-bvpXp-t]m-se-bmWv ChnsS ambm-a-c-n-encn-p Al-bpw CZ-bpw BIp hn-I m\-kz-cq-]s
ad-psImp Xg-p-h-f-cp--Xv. B-hn-kva-c-W-ns aqe-Im-cWw
thZn-n-p Cu tmIw [ym\n-p-d-n-mte \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns
Xzm-h-X-c-W-ns coXo-hn-[m\w (methodology) \app a\-nem-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q.

52
[z\n-a-b-ambvKK\w Pzen-p-a-m
fW-bp-a-Xn--e-ti-j-Zr-iy-Pmew
]p\-c-hnsS {Xn]p-Snp ]qn \Ipw
kz\-hp-a-S-p-anSw kzbw{]Imiw!

[z\n-a-b-ambv
KK\w
Pzenpw
Am AXn-
Ati-j-Zr-iy-Pmew
AWbpw
]p\ AhnsS
{Xn]p-Snv

]qn-\evIpw
kz\hpw
ASpw
CSw
kzbw {]Imiw

{]W-h-[z\n \nd-p-Xqhn
Bm-Imiw
shfn--ns \nd-IS-embn Pzenpw
Cu A\p-`-hm-ar-X-e-l-cn-bn
apgp-h \ma-cq-]m-I
- {- ]-]
- hpw
sIp-t]m-Ipw.
]ns AhnsS
Adnhv aqmbn ]ncn-n-cn-p
Ah-v
Imc-W-am-tb-m-hp
i_vZhpw
AS-pw.
B CSw
kzbta {]Im-in-p \psS
Bm-Imiw-X-s-bm-Wv.

{]Xy-n-ep-ff Aw ]d-m Cu tmI-ns apgph ckm-\p-`q-Xnbpw s]men-p-t]m-Ipw. A\p-`q-Xn-k--\

- mb Hcp
tbmKn-bpsS lrZ-b-I-a-e-n Dtn-cn-p {]W-h-[z-\nsb
hmp-I-fn ]Ip-sIm-Sp-m Ign-bpIbn. ImcWw {]Whw
kwKo-X
- ns kwKo-Xa
- m-W.v Fm B kwKoXw au\-n-s au\am-Wp-Xm-\pw. [z\nsb \ i_vZho-Nn-bm-bn-mWv Adn-bp-X
- v. B
i_vZw ]pd-ta-bp-X-. B-K-K-\-ns kmK-c-hn-im-e-X-bn
Pmz-ey-am-\a
- mbn \nd-p-Xq-hp-Ib
- m-Wv. Ccp-fn-ab
- psS Hcp \pdp-n\p-t]mepw AhnsS m\-an-. \mw Adn-Xpw Adnbm-\n-cn-p-X
- pamb Fm temIm-\p-`h
-
- fpw Cu ]obq-jh
- jm-he
- n-bn apn-tmIpw. Rm B\-n-p-h
-
- Ftm CsXmw Fs {]nb-hn-jb
- Ftm ]d-bm AhnsS \mhp s]mp-Ib
- n-. Adnhv ]ncnv
{Xn]p-Sn-IfmIp-Xv HSp-pw. {Xn]p-Sn-Iv Imc-Wa
- m-bn-cn-p i_vZw
{]W-hk
- m-{-amb kwKo-Xa
- mbn amdn-bn-cn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. Bm-Imiw apgph kzbta shn-n-f
- p-p. samgn-am-dm-\m-Im clkyw amkvac
- nI-amb _nw_m-tbm-P\
-
- f
- n-eqsS, A\ym-Zr-ia
- mb cN-\m-]m-Sh
- t- msS
Kpcp Cu tmI-n ]In-h
- n-cn-p-p.

53
CXn-se-gp-am-Zn-a-i-n-bnp ImWp
nXp kIew s]dpamZn-_o-P-am-Ipw
aXn-b-Xn-emn ad-n-SmsX ambm
aXn-b-dp-hm a\\w XpSn-tS-Ww.

CXn-segpw

BZn-a-in
Cp ImWp

CXp kIew
s]dpw
BZn-_oPw BIpw
aXn AXn-emn

ad-n-SmsX
ambm-aXn Adp-hm

a\\w XpS-n-tSWw

Adnhv

kzbw-{]-Im-in-X-amb Cu Adnhn\npw Bhn`-hn-p

BZn-a-amb in
ChnsS \mam-cq-]m--I-ambn
ImWp
CsX-m-n-t\bpw
{]k-hn-p
BZn-a-amb _oP-am-Wv.
_pnsb B BZn-a-_o-P-n
Dd-n-p-\nn
BZn-a-_o-Ps ad-msX
amb-sImp hp-tN {`a_pn
Ah-km-\n-p--Xn-\p-thn
XpS-bmbn a\\w sNbvXp-sImn-cn--Ww.

\nt-jvS-a-. AXp kzbta {]Im-in-p-sIm-n-cn-pp. {]Im-in-pI Fm {Inbm--I-am-bn-cn-pp Fm-Wv. {Inb

sN-W-sa-n in thWw. Adn-hnX-s-bn-cn-p kl-P-amb
Hcp in-bp-v. B in-bpsS BthKw sImmWv {]]--nep-ff Fmw Ncn-p-sIm-n-cnp--Xv. Cu BZn-a-i-nsb {]]-ns BZn-Im-cW
- a
- mbn `mc-Xo-bE
- jn-am Fn-tm-cp-p. CXp kIe-n\pw A-bm-Wv. Cu A-bmWv {]]-s {]k-hn-p--Xv.
kIews]dpw BZn-_oPw FmWv Kpcp ]d-bp--Xv. Cu BZn-am-Xmhn _pnsb Dd-n--Ww. AsXmcp ka-W-am-Wv. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp-hns `nZi\w C-s\-bm-Wv. AXv BZn-_o-Pm-\p-k-m-\-amWv. \mw ChnsS Imn-q-p--Xp-t]m-se-bp `n-b AXv. BZn-P\-\nsb Hcp \nizm-k-nt]mepw ad-msX Hm-n-cn-p `nbm-W-Xv.
Hmp-Xv Hcp hnj-b-s-b-. hnj-bm-[n-jvTm-\-s-bm-Wv.
an-hmdpw \-fnsems At_m-[
- ns Ccp Xn-b
- n Bhn-kva-c-W-n\p CShcm-dp-v. Atmsgm s t_m[-]qw BkvarXnsb XncnsI m]n--Ww. \psS _pn ambm-tam-l-v
Ffpw hi-Ka
- m-Ip-X
- m-Wv. F{X-am{Xw ss\c-c
- y-tm-Sp-IqSn a\\w
sNbvXm-emWv kI-ew-s]dpw BZn-_o-P-n _pnsb sacp-n\ndpm Ign-bp--Xv! AXp-sImv a\\w XpSp-sIm--Ww.

54
DW-cp-a-h--bp-d-n-en-p-dw
]p\-cp-W-cp-sm-gpXpw kv^pcn-p-hoe
A\p-Zn-\-an--s\- c-p-am-Zn-am-bm
h\n-X-bn\np ]pdp amdn-Sp-p.
DWcpw Ah

Dd-n C

Ddw

]p\ DW-cp-sm-gpXpw
kv^pcn-p-hoe

A\p-Zn\w

Cs\ cpw

BZn-am-bm-h-\n-X-bn\nv
]pdp

amdn-Spp

DWn-cn-p Ah
Dd--n C.
Dd-p Ah
hopw DW-cp-tmgpw
Dm-Ip-n-.
Hmtcm-Zn-h-khpw
Cu c-h--I-fpw
BZn-am-b- B-Ip h\n-Xb
- n\nv
]ndv
sshcp-y-ap-Xm-bn Xon-Sp-p.

FmWv Ddw? FmWv DWv? Bpw s]s-smcp

\nhN\w sImSp-m Ign-bp-n-. Fm Kpcp Cu {]tl-fn-Ibn-tev hy-amb Hcp DmgvN \Ip-p-v. Bcpw-Xs Ddm--h-cm-bn-n-. Dd--n FmWv A\p-`hw? Hpw Adnbp-n F-XmWv A\p-`-hw. Hpw Adn-bp-n-s-nepw Dd-p-h-\n kpJ-ap-v. kpJ-an-s-n Bpw Dd-m tXmpI- b n- . Dd- - n temIm- \ p- ` - h - - f psS A`mhw Ds- nepw
Bm- h ns kzcq- ] - a mb B\w Atm {]Im- i n- p- p- v .
Fm Adn-bp-h-s\ Rm GtXm Hcp Idp aqSp-]-Sn-\p-n AI-s-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. AXp-sImv DWs-Wop--Xp-hsc Rm B-kpJw A\p-`-hn-pp Fv F\n--dnbm\pw Ign-bp-I-bn-, ]d-bm\pw Ign-bp-I-bn-.
DWs-Wo-m C{n-bhpw a\pw {]h-\-\n-c-X-am-hpw.
Atm Dn-ep-m-bn-cp Ccp-fn-a-sbmw amp-t]m-Ipw. hkvXp-tfbpw hkvXp-X-I-tf-bpw kv]inpw {LmWnpw Nnn-p-sams
Adn-bm XpS-pw. DWn-cn-p-tm ico-c-ns hnipw
Zmlhpw a\-ns Pnm-kbpw Hs ian-n-p-sIm-n-cn--Ww.
{]]-m-\p-`hw Fp ]d-bp-Xv Cu cp {[ph-n-S-bn-emWv. Ccp-n\pw shfn--n\pw CS-bn-emWv F-a cq]--tfm-Sp-IqSnb Cu {]]w \-fn Ap-Xs Na-p-h-bvp--Xv. Hcp
Nn{X-Im-cs Imhm-kn Idp-n\pw shfp-n\pw CS-bn hcp

]e-]e h--fpsS tNcp-h-IsImmWv Nn{X-Im-c amkva-cnI-amb Hcp Nn{Xs hc-p-h-bvp--Xv.

Cu c-h--I-fn-tev t_m[w hoWpw Dbpw amdn-a-dn-psIm-n-cn-p-tm Pohn-X-n kpJhpw ZpxJhpw asm sshImcn-I-X-Ifpw Hn\p ]ndsI Hmbn hp-sIm-n-cn-pw. Hcp ambm-h\n-X-bn\n-mWv A\p-Zn-\-sa-tmWw Ccpfpw shfn-hpw amdn-amdn
P\n-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. Fm Adn-hns tIh-e-kz-cq-]-n
\np-sImv Dd- -n-t \bpw DWhn-t \bpw t\mn- m- W m
Ign-bp Hcp ]q-Pm-K-cn-Xw (total awakening) kw`-hn-pXphsc \-fpsS kXy-Pn-m-ksb D]-i-an-n-m ]mSn-.

55
s\Snb-In-\m-hnXp \n{Z-t]mse \nXyw
sISp-an-Xp-t]mse In\m-hp-an-{]-Imcw
sISp-aXn ImWp-I-bn tIh-e-n
s]Sp-h-Xn-\m-e-\niw {`an-n-Sp-p.
CXv s\Snb In\mhv
\n{Z-t]mse
\nXyw sISpw
CXp-t]mse
In\mhpw
C{]-Imcw
sISp-aXn
ImWp-I-bn
tIh-e-n
s]Sp-h-Xn-\m
A\niw
{`an-n-Spp

PohnXw Hcp \o kz]v\-am-Wv.

Dd--n ImWp In\m-hpt]msebmWn-Xv.

DWs-Wo-p-tm B
In\mhpw sIp-t]m-Ipp.
Dd--nse kz]v\w t]mseXs

Pohn-X-am-Ip s\Snb In\mhpw

sIp-t]mIpw

Fm C-c-n

hnj-b-_pn

a\-n-em-pn-.

{]]w F Cuiz-cs
kz]v\n

Fm-hcpw Htc-t]mse IpSp-n-bncn-p--Xn-\m

Ftmgpw

s\Snb In\m-hns\ kXy-sa--Xpt]mse Zin-p-p.

Pohn-X-sa-Xv Hcp apgp-\o-f kz]v\-am-Wv. C{Xbpw ssZLyap- kz]v\-am-b-Xp-sImv \mw kz]v\s Xncn--dn-bm-dn-. \psS

Dd-hpw Dd--n ImWp kz]v\hpw DWn-cn-p-tm

ImWp temIhpw Fmw B s\Snb kz]v\-nse hnhn-[-amb
Ah--I-fm-Ip-p. \n{Z-bn \mw ImWp kz]v\w, \n{Z-hnv Fgptp-tm Ab-Ym-ambn tXmm-dpv. kz]v\-n \mw
t]Snp \ne-hn-fn-n-cn-mw, B\-w-sImv \rw sNbvXn-cn-mw, lname-bk
- m-\p-f
- n hnl-cn-n-cn-mw, `oI-ca
- mb Zpc-
- n acn-p-t]msbp hcmw. Fm DWp Ip-Xp-dp t\mp-tm AsXmw
kmev]n-I
- f
- m-bn-cp-p-shv \mw Xncn-d
- n-bm-dp-v. ]t, A\p-`hn-p thf-bn Ah kmev]n-I
- f
-
- . Ah A\p-`hbmYmy-fm-Wv.
AXp-sImv Kpcp Cu Pohn-Xtbpw kz]v\t- mSp Xpe\w sNptm \ap-X
- ns\ kzoI-cn-m {]bmkw tXmpw. Kpcp Cu s\Snb
kz]v\
- n\npw DWs-Wo-n-mWv \tm-sSmw ]d-p-Xc
- p-Xv. Kpcp-hns A\p-`h
- s Kpcp ad-p-hb
-
v p-n-. \appw Npp-]m-SpI Xo thZ-\I
- f
- n\npw sIp-]m-Sp-If
- n\npw ap-cm-Im
Ign-bpw. temIv Fm-hcpw Cu Pohn-Xs ]c-am-sa-X
- p-t]mse
\n\v Pohn-p-Xp ImWp-tm \psS Dnepw tXmpw Cu ImWs-Sp temIhpw Pohn-Xhpw BWv ]c-aa
- mb kXy-sa-.v AXn-s\-bmWv
tIh-e
- ns]v {`an-pI Fv Kpcp ]d-bp-X
- .v
Cu temI-P\
- X apgp-h\pw BIm-i
- n \o-en-asb Zin-mepw Hcp
imkv{X-\
- d- nbmw AhnsS \oen-ab
- n-s-.v \psS Ins ]cn-anXnbmWv N{I-hm-f
- sf krjvSn-p-s
- X-v imkv{X-\
- d- n-bmw. km[mcW Pohn-X
- nse Ccw Imcy-fnt]mepw \ {`an-p-t]m-Im-dpv. CXp-t]m-se-Xs
- -bmWv Hcp apgp-h Pohn-X
- nepw Dm-Ip {`am-IX
- . C\n DW-c Bh-iy-am-W.v B DWc B-kq-cy-\n-te-m-W.v
shfn-w.... shfn-w..... k{X shfn-w......-Cc
- p-ns Hcp IWnI-t]mepw
ImWp-n-tm? Fsm-c
- pXw! CXm-Ipp ]q-t_m-t[m-Zb
- w.

56
IS-en-segpw Xnc-t]mse Imb-tam-tcm
pS-\p-S-t\-dn-bp-b-an-Spp
apSn-hn-Xn-s\-nXp l! aqe-kw-hn-Xv
IS-en-e-P-{k-hp-ap- I-at{X!
IS-en-segpw Xnc-t]mse
Imb-tam-tcmv

IS-en Xnc-I Db-cp-Ibpw

Xmgp-Ibpw sNp--Xp-t]mse
Hmtcmtcm icocw

DS-\p-S

Gdn Db-an-Spp
apSn-hn-Xn-s\v

CXp l!
aqe-kw-hn-XvI-S-en
AP-{khpw D
I-at{X

Hn\p ]pdsI Hmbn

Dmbn amdn ad-bp-p.
Cu {]{In-bv Hcp Ayw
Fhn-sS-bmWv?

CsXmcp B-cyw-Xs!

{]]--n\p aqe-Im-c-W-amb
B-kmK-c-n
Fspw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p

k-{]-{In-b-I-fm-Wn-Xv.

Xnc-bn-m IS Hcp hntcm-[m-`m-kw-t]mse tXmpw. Xnc

Fp ]d-bp-tm AXn \pcbpw ]Xbpw Hmf-fpw Ae-Ifpw
alm-X-cw-K-fpw Fmw Ds-Spw. IS-en Xnc-bn-m-Xmbn Ignm ]ns AXv IS-e-m-Xm-Ipw. hnim-e-amb IS-en Hcp
Xncbvpw imiz-X-amb \ne-\nn-. Pew Ipd-p-t\cw Xnc-bpsS
BIm-cs]qv Ipd-p-t\cw \ne-\nv ]ns IS-en-te-p-Xs
Xncnpebn-p-p. Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw hj-p-appw IS-en XncI Dm-bn-cp--p. Ctmgpw \mw Xnc-I ImWp-p. \mw t]m-bmepw
IS-en Xnc-I Dm-Ipw. Cu {]{In-bv Hcp apSnhpw Dm-hp-I-bn. CsXmcp B-cy-I-c-am-bn-p-ff kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.
CtX-t]m-se-Xs
- -bmWv {]]-
- ns k-\{- ]-{In-bbpw \Sp-X
- v. {]]-hpw Xcw-K
- s
- f-tmsebmWv. \nc-h[
- n-bmb cq]-fn-eqsS {]]w \psS apn \ne-\np-p-v. ]t, CXv GXp
kmK-c
- nse Xnc-If
- mWv? aqe-kw-hn-XvIS- e
- n-emWv {]m]-n-IX
- c
- w-K cq]w-sIm-p-X
- v. kwhnXv Fp ]d-m Adn-hm-Wv. Adn-hnt\bpw Bm-hn-t\bpw At`-Za
- mbn Adn-bW
- w. B-km-Kc
-
- n-emWv
\nc-c
- a
- mbn temI-k\w \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X
- v. CXv Ah-km\-an-msX \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. CsXmcp alm-c
- yw-Xs
- !

57
Ae-b-dp-am-gn-bn-ep--\--am-bm
Ie-bnXp Iey-b-\m-Zn-Im-cy-amIpw
ken-e-c-km-Zn-i-co-c-tan \m\m
hpe-Ip-cp-hm-bp-cp-hmbn \nn-Spp.
Ae-bdpw Bgn-bn
A\--am-bm-Ie Dv

Xnc-bn-m IS-en
Ay-an-m ambm-Ie Dv.

CXv Iey

A\m-Zn-Im-cy-amIpw
ken-e-c-kmZn

icocw Gn
\m\m DeIv
Dcp-hmbv Dcp-hmbv
\nn-Spp

Cu ambm-Ie k-\-{]-{Inbv ka-am-Wv.

CXv A\m-Zn-Im-cy-am-bn-cn-p
Pew, AXns KpW-amb ckw
XpSnbh-bpsS
BIm-cw ssIsm-v
\m\m-X-c-n-ep- temI--fpsS
cq]--fmbn
ChnsS \ne-\np-p.

IS-en Hcn-epw Xnc-If- n-m Ah kwPm-Xa- m-hp-Ib

- n-sv
\mw Ign tmI-n ]d-p. Fm Imepw Xncbpw ISepw
Hn-p-Xs Ccp-n-p-v. Fmepw IS ]q-ambn im-am-sbn-cn-s
- . B imX XmXvIm-en-Ia
- m-Wv. IS-ens Bg-f
- nXs
henb Xnc-q-- Dm-m\p a- Hfn-n-cn-p-p-v.
B-km-Kc
-
- nepw CXp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. {]]-
- n ImWp Fmw
B-km-K-c-n kqva-ambn ad-n-cn-p-p-v. Iyq--dns
ssat{Im-Nn-p-If
- n sadn Ccn-p-X
- p-t]m-se. Bm-hn Cs\
ad-n-cn-p {]]-k
- m-[y-Xsb ambm-Ie FmWv kmt-Xn-I`m-jb
- n ]dbp-I.
Ie Fp ]d-m Hc-Sb
- m-fa
- m-Wv Hcp ]mSv. ]t, Cu ]mSv
{]]-k
- vac
- W
- I
- sf apgp-h D-S
- n-h
- n-p-v. hfsc ka-amb
coXn-bn krjvSn-Pm-e
- sf krjvSn-p-sIm-n-cn-m CXn\p Ignbpw. AXp-sIm-m-Wn-Xns\ Iey Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Cu {]]w
Ap `qX-f
- psS tNcp-hb
- m-Wv. Hmtcm `qX-n\pw Hmtcm {][m\
KpW-ap-v. `qan-bpsS KpWw K-am-Wv. sh-ns KpWw ck-amWv. An-bpsS KpWw cq]hpw hmbp-hntXv kv]i-hp-am-Wv. BImi-ns KpWw i_vZa
- m-Wv. Cu ]-`q-X
- fpw KpW-fpw tNv
\m\m-Io-amb temIw Bhn`-hn-p-p. Cu {]{Inb A\m-Zn-bmWv. BZn-bn-msX \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X
- m-Wv. Ctmgpw \S-p-p.

58
\h-\-h-an--se-bn-p- \m-sf- a-t
nh-k-an-Xn-s\ Nn sNbvXn-SmsX
Ahn-c-X-sa-n-b-f-n-Sp--sXmw
{`a-samcp t`Z-hp-an--dn-n-tSWw.

\h-\hw
Cse Cv
\msf at-Zn-hkw
CXn-s\

Nn sNbvXn-SmsX
Ahn-cXw
Fn Af-n-Sp--sXmw
{`aw
Hcp t`Z-hp-an

Adn-n-tSWw

]pXp-]p--\mb Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-
Cse, Cv
\msf, a-m
tIh-e-amb Imes shn-ap-dnp
a\-n-em-p Xc-n-ep-
Nn-bn Gs-SmsX
hncm-a-an-msX
Fnbpw Afpw Adn-bp--sXmw
{`aw am{X-amWv
Ime-ns s]mcp GIamWv,
AXn Hcp t`Z-h-ap-an-.
Cs\ Adn-b-Ww.

]g-bX
- ns\ Ifv ]pXn-bX
- ns\ ssIsm-m-\mWv Bfp-I
sImXn-p-X
- v. a\-v Fspw ]pXpa tXSp kz`m-ha
- p-X
- m-Wv.
Hns\ ImWp-tm AXns\ ]pXn-bs
- Xpw ]g-bs
- Xpw a\v
hnth-Nn--dn-bp-p. ]g-b-Xns\ \ Xn--fbpw. ]pXn-b-Xns\
ssIsm-pw. \ Hns\ ]pXn-bs
- Xpw ]g-bs
- Xpw Xcw-Xn-cnp-Xv GX-Sn-m-\
- n-emWv? Ime-t_m-[
- n-emWv Fm A\p-`h-fpw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X
- v. Cse FXv Hcp Ime-bf
- hm-Wv. AXp kw`-hn-p-Ig
- n Imcy-am-Wv. kw`-hn-s
- Xmw Fhn-sSbmWv Ccn-pXv? kvac-Wb
- n-emWv Ccn-p-X
- v. B kvac-Wb
- psS
ASn-m-\
- n-emWv Cv Fv \mw ]d-bp-X
- v. Cv C-se-tbm IqSp-X bmYmy-ap-X
- m-Wv. Cns\ hp-sIm-mWv hcm\n-cn-p \msf-sb-p-dnv Nnn-p-X
- v.
]mm-Xy-Nn-I
- \
- mb _Kvk As\ tIh-ea
- mb Imes
pure duration Fp hnfn-p. \mcm-bW
- K
- p-cp-hpw _Kvks
- W-tmse
GI-amb Ime-[m-csb JWvUn-p--Xns\ {`aw FmWv hnfn-p-Xv. C-se-sbpw Cspw \msf-sbpw D Iev]-\-I {`a-fm-Wv. a\-n-\p--m-Ip Nne {]Xo-Xn-I am{X-am-Wv. Ime-ns
ASn-m-\-n ]g-b-sXpw ]pXn-b-sXpw ]d-bp A\p-`-hfpw {`a-am-Wv. Ime-ns Cu {`a-Nn--bn\npw m\-ns
tIh-ea
- l
- n-am-hn-tev a\-ns\ Dbn-sb-Sp-W
- w. t`Z-f
- n-msX
BZy--hn-lo-\-amb Adn-hn A\p-`-h- Ime-L-S-\-bn s]SmsX-Xs kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. CX-dn-bp--h arXyp-hn-tep
\s hen-n-g-p Ime-ns ]nSn-bn\npw ]pd-p-I-S-pw.

59
Adn-hns\ hnY Rm\p-ansbs
ncn-bp-In-en--dnhpw, {]Im-i-am{Xw
Adn-h-dn-bp--h-s\p cp-tamm
semcp-s]m-cpfmaXn-en hmZ-ta-Xpw.
Adn-hns\ hnv
AY
Rm\pw C

Fs ]ncn-bp-In
Adnhpw C
{]Im-i-am{Xw

Adnhv
Adn-bp--h Fp
cpw Hmm
Hcp s]mcpfmw
CXn C hmZ-taXpw

Adn-hn\npw A\y-ambn
]ns
Rm F t_m[-n\pw
AkvXn-X-bn-.
Fn\npw A\y-ambn
Hc-dnhpw Dm-Ip-n-.
Rm\pw Adnhpw Htc-sbmcp
{]Imiw am{Xw
Adn-shpw
Adn-bp--h-s\pw D
cpw At\z-jn-p-t\m-n-bm
Htc-sbmcp s]mcp-fmWv
CXp X-an-m kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.

hy h- l m- c - ` mj- b n Rm Adn- b p- p, Fs Adnhv

Fsms ]d-bm-dp-v. As\ ]d-bp-tm hen-sbmcp sXns\
]nK-an-p-I-bmWv \ sNp--Xv. Rm FXv AdnhpXsbm-Wv. Rm\pw Adnhpw Xn Hcp t`Z-hp-an-. Rm Adn-bpp
F {]-{In-bbn Adnhv \n--\npw AI-n-cn-p Hp-t]mse
tXmpw. F{Xtbm Bfp-I Adn-hp-I tiJ-cn-m-\mbn ]pkvXI- hmbn-p-]-Tn-p-Xv \ ImWm-dp-v. ]pkvX-I-n-emWv
Adn-hn-cn-p--sX cqV-aq-e-amb tXm-ep-sIm-mWv \-fpsS
hnZym-`ymkw-t]mepw ]pkvX-I-tI-{o-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-p--Xv. am{X-a-,
Fs Adnhv Fp ]d-bp-tm Fs hoSv, Fs Im F
hnh--I-fn hcp--Xp-t]mse Adnhpw Rm kzmb--am-nb
Fs Hcp ssIh-i-h-kvXp-hm-Wv.
Atm IqSp-X Adn-hp--h kaq-l-n AwKo-Ir-X-\m-Ipp. Ah Adn-hmIp k-p-sImv A[n-Im-cs Im-fp-p.
Adn-hns\ Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNm C-s\-bp- sXmb t_m[w
klm-b-I-am-bn-p-v. hmkvX-h-n Rm\pw Adnhpw Htc-sbmcp
{]Imiw am{XamWv. Hcp s]mcpX-s-bm-Wv. Cmcyw A\p-`-h-ambnp hc-Ww. Atm-gmWv aqey-h-mbn Pohn-m Ign-bp-I. Kpcphns A\p-`-h-n\n-mWv Kpcp Cmcyw \app ]d-p-X-cp-

-Xv. AXn eh-teiw kwibw th. AXp-sImv hmZ--sfmp-an-msX Rm\pw Adnhpw Hs-p- A\p-`-sshIyw t\Sn-sb-Spp-I.

60
Adn-hn-s\bpw aa-X-bv-[o-\-amn
d-bp-an-Xn ]c-am-tamn-SmsX
]d-In-ep-a--c-X-z-sa--t]m-eo
bdn-h-dn-bp--h-\-\y-am-Ip-ho-e.
CXn
]c-amw
Hmn-SmsX
Adn-hn-s\bpw
aa-Xbvv A[o-\-amn

]d-bpw

]d-Inepw

B ]c-Xzw F-t]m
Cu Adnhv

Adn-bp--h\v
A\y-am-Ip-hoe

CXv

CXns
]c-amw
At\z-jn--dn-bmsX
Adn-hn-s\-tmepw
Fs Adnhv F Xc-n
Adn-hns\ kz-amn
Bfp-I ]dbpw.
As\ ]d-mepw
B ]c-am--Xzw Adn-bp--h
AXp-X-s-bm-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse
Fs Adnhv F Xc-n
Icp-Xn-tm-cp Adnhv
CX-dn-bp--h\v Ah-\n\npw
A\y-am-bn-cn-p-n-.

Fs `qan, AXp \ns `qan, CXv Fs ]Ww, AXp

\ns ]Ww Fp ]d-bp--Xp-t]mse Am-\n-bmb a\p-jy
Fs Adn-shp hyh-l-cn-m-dpv. ]c-am-n Rm Adnhp-X-s-bm-Wv. Adnhv Ft-X-. hen-sbm-c-n Rmt]mepw
Adn-hn-t-Xm-Wv. Rm\pw Adnhpw c. ]t, Fs Adnhv Fp
]d-bp-tm Adnhv Fn\npw _mly-amb Ftm Hm-sWv
Icp-Xpw. AXp-sImv Adnhv kzmb--am-mthn a\p-jy
{]b-Xv\n-p-p. ]W-ap-m-m {]b-Xv\n-p a\p-jy-sc-tm-seXs. hnZym-`ym-k-m-]-\--fnepw Am-Z-an-I-fnepw a\p-jy-
Ipn-bn-cpp ]Tn-p-Xp ImWmw. tkm{I-okv ]d hn{ip-Xh-N-\--fn-sem-v, \o \ns-s Adn-bpI Fm-Wv. Adnbph-\pw Adnhpw Hm-bn-o-cp AJ-WvUm-\p-`q-Xn-bn am{Xta
\nhrXn Dm-hpp-q.

]c-am-m-hns\ Adn-bpp Fp ]d-bp--Xn Hcp sXp-v.

Adn-bp--h ]c-am-m-hm-Wv. CXmcpw Hmm-dn-. AXp-t]mse
Fs Adnhv Fp ]d-bp-tm Adnhv Fn\npw A\y-am-bntm-Ipw. B tXm Hcp henb iq\y-Xsb krjvSn-pw. A]-Ijt_m-[s krjvSn-pw. Jeo Pn{_m {]hm-N-I F IrXnbn ]d-bpp: Fs ssZhta, Fp hnfn-m ]mSn-. Fsm Rm ssZh-n-t-Xm-Ip-p. ssZhw Ft-X-. B Hc-l-IqSn \-fn\npw t]mI-Ww. ssZhs kz-am-p \mw ssZht-m apn-b-h-\m-sW {]Xy--a-m Hcp A-l-m-c-ap-v.
\-psS aX-fpw Xz-Nn--Ifpw Cu Zqjn-X-h-e-b-n\npw
Dmb Pmc-k--Xn-I-fm-Wv. Adn-hn\v \s hnp-sIm-Sp--Ww. ssZhn\p \s kan--Ww. Atm Fv Ah-ti-jn-p-pthm
AXmWv BXy-n-I-amb A\p-`hw.

61
shfn-hn-jbw hne-kpp thdp-th-dm
bf-hn-Sp-an-{n-b-amp Xs [w
Pf-X-b-Xnp ZnKw-_-cmZn \mam
hen-sbm-Sp-b-dn-hmbn amdn-Sp-p.
shfn-hn-jbw
thdp-th-dmbv
hne-kpp
C{nbw

Xs [w Bv
Af-hnSpw
PfX AXv
Cv
ZnKw-_-cmZn
\mam-h-en-sbmSv
Dbv
Adn-hmbn amdn-Sp-p

]pd-wtem-I-p- hnj-b-

sht-sd-bmbn

F-a {]Xo-Xn-I Dm-p-p.

C{n-b-

AXm-Xns [s Ah-ew_n-p-sImv

C{n-b-hn-j-b-sf Af--dn-bpp.

C{n-b- sht-sdbmbn Af--dnbp--Xv Am\w \nan--amWv.

ChnsS

Znv, BImiw ap-X-embh

\nc-h-[n-bmb \ma-k--b-tm-sSmw

Dbv

tIh-e-amb Adn-hns\ {]m]n-pp.

shfn Fm BIm-ia- m-W.v GsXmcp hkvXp-hn\pw nXn sNphm CSw thWw. Fm hkvXp-fpw BIm-i
- n-emWv Ccn-p-X
- .v
BIm-i
- n hkvXp Ccn-pI am{X-a
- , hkvXp-hn BImiw Ccnp-p-apv. BIm-i
- n IpSw Ccn-p-X
- p-t]m-se-Xs IpS-n

BImiw Ccn-p-pap-.v Cu BImi-n-emWv F-a hnj-b

-
nXn sNp-X
- .v Hcp hnjbw thsdmcp hnj-b
- n\npw thdn-n-cnp-p-.v B thpa hcp-Xv C{n-b
- fpsS [-hy-Xn-cn-XsImmWv. In\p cq]s ImWm Ign-bp-p. cq]-amWv ChnsS Ins
[-hn-j-b-am-bn-cn-p--Xv. In\p ImWp-hm-\p-ff Ignth Dq.
tIp-hm-\p- Ign-hn-. tIhn ImXns [-am-Wv. Atm
ImXns hnj-ba
- mbn hcp-X
- v i_vZa
- m-W.v Cs\ Hmtcm C{n-b
- n\pw AXm-Xns [hpw B [-n-\n-W
- p hnjbhpw ]pdwtem-I
- n nXn sNp-p-.v
Af-hn-m sshhn-[y-tm-Sp-IqSn temI-n cq]- DXpt]mse kv]i-fpw i_vZ
- fpw K-fpw ck-fpw At\-Ia
- mWv. C{n-b
- Chsb Adn-bp-Xv Af-m-W.v Fm C{n-bh
- n-jb
- -tfbpw Af-m Ign-bpw. B[p-\n-Ii
- mkv{Xw Cu temIs Afp
a\-n-em-p-hm {ian-X
- ns ^e-am-bn-mWv hnI-kn-Xa
- m-bn-cn-p-X
- .v
Kpcp JWvUn-Xa
- mbn ]d-bpp: CsXms Pf-Xb
- m-W.v Pf-Xs
- b-m
Cu \m\m-Xz-n-t-Xmb temI-n \mw imiz-Xa
- q-ey-sf ImWm
{ian-p-Xm-W.v Fmw amdn-sm-n-cn-p-p. am-an-m-X
- mbn Cu
{]m]-n-IX
- b
- n Hpw-Xs C. Fm Cu ams Adn-hn-tev
B\-bn-p-hm Ign-bpw. Hcp hnj-b
- n\np thsdmcp hnj-b
- ntev {]nbs ]dn-p-\-Sp--Xp-t]m-se-b hnj-b-n\npw
{]nbs ASn-sb-Spv Bm-hn Dd-np \ndpp-X
- .v BImiw, Znv XpSn ]m-`u-Xn-Iamb Cu {]]w ap-gp-h \ma-k
- b
- -fm-W.v Fm \ma-fpw A\m-an-Ia
- mb Adn-hn D]-kw-lc
- n-W
- w.
Adnhp am{Xta Dq. CXv Adn-bp-tm PfX t]mIpw. B Adnhp
Xs-bmWv Rm. CXdn-bp-tm B\w Ae-X
- pw.

62
]c-h-i-\mbv ]c-X-z-sa-s-sX-tm
-cp-XcpsXp IYn--sXm-n-\mte
hcp-a-dn-th-Xp- hcm IYn--Xmte
]c-a-]Zw ]cn-Nn sNbvXn-tS-Ww.
]c-h-i-\mbv
]c-Xzw
Fs-sXv
Hm-cpXv

euIn-I-ho--W-n\v ASn-asv
]c-am-m-hns\
Fs ]c-am-m-shv
Icp-Xm ]mSn

Acp-sXv
IYn--sXm-n-\mse
hcp-a-dn-thXv?
hcm IYn--Xmse

]c-a-]Zw

]cn-Nn sNbvXn-tSWw

Icp-Xm ]mSn-sv
]d--Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw
F-dn-hp-m-Im-\mWv?
shdptX ]d--Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw
m\w ssIh-cn-I-bn-.
]c-am-m-hns\
[ym\-\n-a--ambn A\p-`-hn--dn-b-Ww.

]c-hi
- X
- b
- mWv Hc-phs\ Xfp-X
- v. kXyw thsd Fhn-sStbm
BsWp IcpXn AXns em`-n-\mbn {]b-Xv\n-p-tm-gmWv ]ch-i-\m-Ip--Xv. D-tc-y-bn Pohn-n-cp m\n-bmb I_o ]dbp-p: Cuiz-c an-c-nepw akvPn-Zn-ep-a-. bmK-nepw tbmKnepw A. Cuiz-c \ns {]mWs {]mW-\m-Ipp Fv. \mw
\s Xnc-p-\-S-m XpS-n-bnv P- Gsd Ign-p. bm{X
Gsd sNbvXv `qan F Cu k{X-n Fn-tn-p ]Yn-Im-cmWv \-sf-m-hc
- pw. \-fpsS bm{X \-sf-t-Sn-bp-XmsWv
Adn-bp-tm CXp-hsc sNbvX bm{X-I-sfmw hrYm-hn-em-bn-cp-p
Fp t_m[y-s-Spw. Ghpw ASp Hns\ Adn-bmsX AI-sebp--Xn-tep Xe \op \psS _pn ]mc-h-iy-am-Wv. B _pnsIm-mWv hopw \ ]c-am-m-hns\ Adn-bm {ian-p--Xv.
]c-am-mhv GtXm Hcp henb hkvXp--hn-s\-tmse am{Xta As\
At\z-jn-p--hs a\-n tXmn-p-I-bp-q. Fs ]c-am-mshv Nnn-p-Xv sXm-Wv. Fm Ft-Xp-Ifpw Rm\-m--XmWv.
Cs\ Nnn--cp-sXp ]d--Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw \apv icnbmb ]c-am--m\w ssIh-cn-I-bn-. D]-\n-jpw ss__nfpw
Jp B\pw at\m-l-c-ambn Dcp-hn-Sp-hm Ign-bp ]WvUn-X-in-tcma-Wn-Ifpv. Ah aWn-a-Wn-t]mse thZ-]p-kvXIw sNmn-tnp-X-cpw. ]t, Poh sImcp-n sIWn-bn Ahcpw Hcp ]d-hsb-tmse Nnd-In-Snp \ne-hn-fn-p k`- ]e-tmgpw
DmIm-dp-v. apn ImWm-mTw ]Tnpm-m-hp H-. GpsNmn lrZn--am-m-hp--Xp-a-. Bm-hns AKm-[-X-bn-tev
kzw X]-n-\m Bn-d--Ww. [ym\-ns kmK-c-kz-X
ssIh-cp-thmfw Cu ]cn-Nn-\w XpSn-tS-Ww.

63
Adn-hn-en-cp--]-c-Xz-amn-Sm-Xo
bdn-hn-s\-bn--dn-bp--sX-ntb Xm
]c-h-i-\m-b-dn-hoe ]WvUn-X X
]c-a-c-l-ky-an-Xmcp ]mn-Sp-p !
Adn-hn-en-cpv
A]-c-Xz-amn-SmsX
Cu Adn-hns\
C-dn-bp--sX-ntb
]c-h-i-\mbv

Adn-hn\nv
Xs A\y-am-msX
Bmhp Xs-bmb Adn-hns\
ChnsS Adn-bm-sa--msX
Xn\npw A\y-amWv Bm-hv
FpIcpXn At\z-jnp-Xn-

eqsS
Adn-hoe
]WvUn-X X
]c-a-c-lkyw
CXmcp ]mn-Spp!

Bm\p`hw kw`-hn-p-I-bn-.
m\n-bpsS
]c-a-clkyamb B-cn-Im-\p-`hw
BmWv a\-n-em-hp--Xv ?

Bm-t\z-jWw \S-p km[-I-m-cn s]mXpth kw`-hnm CS-bp- Hcp sXns\ Kpcp Xncp-n--cn-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
Adn-hn-t\bpw Adn-bp--h-t\bpw A\y-hev-cnp ImWm ]mSn-.
Bm-hn-s\-bmWv kmm-XvI-cn-t--Xv. Fm Hcm km[-\I A\p-jvTn-p-tm AXp thsd Fhn-sStbm Ccn-p HmsWp Icp-Xn-bmWv A\p-jvTm-\
- sNp-X
- v. {]mn-p-h
- cpw
tbmKbpw {]mWm-bm-ahpw sNp--hcpw a{hpw ]qPbpw \S-p-hcpw Fmw Ah-cn\nv A\y-Ym-I-cn Hcp k-bmbn IpsIm-mWv Bm-t\z-jWw \S-p--Xv. Hm-bn-cn-p kXys
cmn hn`-Pnv hopw Hm-n-tp-hmthn a\p-jy \Sp s]Sm-m-Sn-s\-p-dn-tmv Kpcp hyk-\-kz-c
- n-emWv Cu
tmI-ns Ah-km-\]
- mZw Na-n-cn-p-X
- v. ]WvUn-XX ]c-ac
- lkyw Bpw Adn-bm Ignbpn-tm! BcmWv ]WvUn-X?
sse{_-dn-bpsS Hgn tImWn-en-cpv alm-{K-
- hmbn-p-Iq-pIbpw Zp{Kl-amb Imcy- ]d-bp-Ibpw sNp Hcp _pn-Po-hnsb-bmWv ]WvUn-Xs
- \v kmam-\y-P\w Icp-Xp-X
- v.
Fm Kpcp C-c
- msc ]c-hi
-
- m FmWv hnfn-p-X
- v.
]WvUn-X F-. \psS tImtf-Pp-If
- nepw Am-Za
- n-If
- nepw an-

hmdpw B{i-a--fnepw Cu ]c-h-i-m A[--c-hym-bmaw sNp-Xv

\ ImWm-dp-v. ]t, ]WvUn-X F hmns t\cmb
Aw A\p-`h
- k
- m-Ie
- y-ap m\n Fm-Wv. ]c-aa
- mb Adnhpw
Rm\pw c F A\p-`h
- s ]WvUm Fp ]d-bpw. Aev]wt]mepw hn`m-Ko-bX
- b
- n-m t_m[-amWv ]WvUm. Cu A\p-`hw henb-he
- nb ]Zm-he
- n-If
- n tImn-Wn samgn-p-sIm-Sp-m Ignbp-Ib
- n-. au\-ns AKm-[a
- mb Hcp Dsh-fn-a
- m-Wn-X.v ]c-ac
- l
- kyw
Fp ]d-bm Imc-Wa
- X
- m-Wv. Hmtcm Poh-sbpw ]cn-Wmaw Cu ]ca-cl
- k
- ys Ddn-bp-X
- n-te-mWv th-Xv. Fm CXv Bcpw
a\-n-em-p-n-tm F Aev]w tJZw \nd Hcp kzchpw Cu
tmI-n AS-n-bn-cn-p-p-v.

64
{]Xn-hn-jbw {]Xn-_--ta-dn- ta-hp
nXns\ \nP-kvar-Xnsb \ncm-I-cnq
AXn-hn-i-Z-kvar-Xn-bm-e-XoX hnZym
\n[n sXfn-bp-n-Xn-\n \oXn-lm\n.
{]Xnhnjbw

{]Xn-_--tadn tahpp
CXns\
\nP-kvar-Xnsb
\ncm-I-cnq
AXn-hn-i-Z-kvar-Xn-bm
AXo-X-hn-Zym-\n[n

sXfn-bpp

CXn\v C \oXn-lm\n

Hmtcm hnj-bhpw
B-km-m-XvIm-c-n\p
XSw \npp.
Cu XS-s
B-kvar-Xn-sImv
Xn--f-b-Ww.
Bm-hns koa-b Hm-bm
Fm D]m-[n-Ipw AXo-Xa
- mb
B\--L-\-amb m\w
Dn sXfn-bpp.
CXn Abp--ambn Hp-an-.

hkvXphpw hnj-bhpw Xn A-c-ap-v. hkvXp a\-ns

{]nbm-{]n-b--fp-ambn Ie-cp-tm AXp hnj-b-am-bn. hnjbw hnjwt]m-se-bm-sWmWv AjvSm-h-{I-ap-\n-sb-tm-ep-h ]d-bp--Xv.
As\ ]d-bm Imc-Ww, hnjbw \-psS hmk-\sb apgp-h
DWn \s I-tm-p-I-cm-pw. Iw Fp ]d-bp--Xv,
Imay-hn-j-b-n-\p-th-n-bp- \nc--c-amb {]h-\-am-Wv. Hcp

hnjbw \psS A\p-`-h-n-tep IS-p-h-cp-tm B hnj-btmSp tN At\Iw hnj-b- Iqw-Iq--ambn at\m-Z-Wn-tev Xn--bdn hcpw. Hmtcm hnj-b-Nn-bpw F\n-mZyw
]qo-I-cWw \Iq Fp ]d-bp--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv \s Imayhn- j - b - n- t ep t{]cn- n- p- s Im- n- c n- p- - X v . As\ Hcp
PohnXw apgp-h hnj-b-Nn--tbm-SptN {]h-\--fp-ambn
\ Ign-p-Iq-p-tm Pohn-X-ns BXy-n-I-amb eyw adp-t]m-Ip-p.
cp Xc-n-ep-ff kvarXn-I (memory) \-fn {]hnp-p-v. Hc-n Htc-sbmcp kvarXn Xs-bmWv cp apJ-fn-tep Xncn-p-\nv {]hn-p--Xv. Hv hnj-b-kvar-Xn-bpw,
thsdmv B-kvar-Xn-bpw. B-kvar-Xn-bn-eqsS am{Xta hnj-bkvar-Xnsb Cm-Xm-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q. hnj-b-kvarXn _-\n\p Imc-W-am-Ip-p. B-kvarXn apn-k-m-b-I-am-Wv. Bmhns kvarXn-sbbmWv AXn-hn-i-Z-kvarXn Fv Kpcp hnti-jn-nn-cn-p--Xv. Fm kvac-W-I-fp-tSbpw aqe-I--amWv B-k-.
B B-k--bn {]m]-n-I-Po-hn-X-ns apgp-h Hm-Itfbpw kqvaambn tImdn-bn-n-p-v. Iw]yq--dnse ssat{Im-Nn-pI-fn sadn kqn-p--Xp-t]m-se-X-s-bmWnXv.
ChnsS Cuiz-cs akvXn-jvI-n-emWv CsXmw tiJ-cn-p-sXv ]d-tb-n-h-cpw. Cu kvarXn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv \ AXn-cp-I-fnm m\s Bm-\--ambn A\p-`-hn--dnbp--Xv. sXfn-a-bp Hcp Pohn-X-n\v thsd Hcp t]mwh-gnbpw C. B-\n-jvT-amb
km[\ A\p-jvTn-W
- w. Fn-\mWv Aam-n-p-Xv? hnj-b
- f
- psS
XSw hnj-b-Nn Dn-S-tmfw am{Xta Dq. ]ns F\npw
Bm-hn\pw CS-bn Hcp a[y-hn C. CXp X-an-m kwKXn-bm-Wv.

65
Hcp Ipdn \ma-dn-bm--sXm-p-an-n
pcp-a-d-hm-e-dn-ho-ep-Wn-sXmw
Adn-h-h-cn--Xn-c--Xm-I-bm-eo
bcp-a-sb-bm-c-dn-bp-tlm! hnNn{Xw!
Hcp Ipdn
\mw Adn-bm-Xv

Hcp hi-p-\npw t\mn-bm

\apv Adn-bm Ign-bm

Hpw Cv C
Dcp ad-hm
CsXmw
DWv Adn-hoe
AXn-c--Xm-I-bm
Cu Acp-asb
Adn-h-h-cn
Bc-dn-bpp
Atlm! hnNn{Xw!

Hpw-Xs temI-n C.

cq]--fpsS ad ImcWw

Cu temI-hn-j-b--sf-sbmw

B-t_m-[-n DWv \mw

Adn-bp-n

A\--hn-im-e-am-b-Xn-\m

t{]a-kz-cq-]n-bmb Cu Bm-hns\

Adn-bp--h Bcpw CXs.

As-n CsXms Bc-dn-bpp ?

ApXw \nd Cu A\p-`hw

Fsm-cp hnNn-{X-am-Wv!

_{Sm v d-en-s\-tm-sebp-ff Nn-I-m ssZh-n hnizkn-p-n-s-nepw Adn-hns in-bn hniz-kn-p-p-v. Ch-cpsS

Nnsb temPn- t]mkn-o-hnkw (logical positivism) FmWv
hnfn-p--Xv. Cu Nnm-]--Xn-{]-Imcw Cu temI-n-ep-ff Fm
Adn-hpIfpw Hcn- \apv Adn-p-Xom Ign-bpw. BIm-ins AXnn-I Fhn-sS--bmWv? {]]w Fn\n-mWv DmbXv? {]]--kr-jvSnp ]nn Fs-nepw Dt-iyaptm? Cs\-bp- tNmZy-smw Hmtcmtcm D-c- ]co--W--fneq-tSbpw \nco--W--fn-eq-tSbpw Isn B D-c--sf-sbmw
tNp-hv Nnn-p-tm temIs kw_-n-p ]cn-n]vXn-bp- Hcp Dcw Inp-sapXs-bmWv temPn- t]mkno-hn-kp-I-fpsS hnizm-kw. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp CXn-s\-sbmcp hnizm-kam-bn- ImWp--Xv. CXn-s\-sbmcp km[y-X-bm-bn-mWv a\-n-emp--Xv.
Hcp aXcnsb Adn-bm-sa-n `qansb apgp-h Adn-bm Ignbpw
Fp-Xv Hcp km[y-Xb
- mWv. AXp hnNm-cnv BcmWv `qan-bn-ep-ff
aX-cn-Is
- fmw Fn-s-dpn Xn-s-Sp-m t]mIp-X
- v. As\
Bsc-nepw {ian-p-p-s-n AXns\ apgp {`mst ]d-bms\m-p. Hcp Ipdn \mw Adn-bm-s
- Xm-p-an-n. Cs\ Hcp hoW-tIm-Wn\npw t\mp-tm \ap--dn-bm-\m-Im--Xmbn Cu
temI-n Hpw-Xs C FmWv Kpcp ]d-bp-X
- v. ]t, Cu
Adn-hn Hcp XI-cm-dp-v. Hns\ thsdm-n\npw thsd-th-sd-bmn-bmWv \ Adn-bp-X
- v. AXn\p ImcWw Hcp hkvXp-hns\ \mw
Adn-bp-tm AXn\v Hcp cq]w Ds-p-ff
- X
- m-Wv. temIw Fp ]dbp-Xv _lp-kl
- {kw cq]-Xs-bm-W.v B cq]-smw \ma sImSp-p-tm-gmWv temI-hp-ambn \apv hyh-lc
- n-m Ignbp-X
- v. Fm \ma-cq-]
- t- fbpw ka-\z-bn-d
- n-bp Hcp kam-\m-[n-Ic
- W-Xb
- p-v. cq]-f
- psS ad ImcWw Cu kam-\m-[n-Ic
- W
- X
- b
- n-tev

a\-ns\ DWn-sb-Sp-m \apv Ign-bm-dn-. am{X-a Cu kam\m-[n-Ic

- WX Pohn-X
- n-s-Xs ]c-aa
- mb A-am-Wv.
\nc-Xn-ib
- a
- mb B\-hpw t{]ahpw hgn-sm-gp-Ip Acp-ab
- mb
Cu Adn-hns\ Bcm-Wd
- n-bp-Xv? A{Xbpw m\-]n-]m-kbpw kXymt\z-j-W-]-c-Xbpap Hcmv Cu Acp-a-bpsS Aa-c-k-m]w Km\]o-bq-ja
- mbn A\p-`h
- n-m Ign-bpw. tbmKn-If
- psS Nn-n elcn
]I-cp Cu A\p-`hw F{X hnNn-{X-amWv! Fm Ap-X--fn-tepw-hv alm-p-X-am-bn-cn-p B-\nhrXn Atlm! hnNn{Xw!

66
Cc apX-em-b-h-sb-p-an-{]-Imcw
hcp-an-\nbpw, hc-h-p-\n-ev]-tXIw
Adn-hXp, \ma-Xp-Xs ap-sa-m
hcp-a-Xp-X hSn-hmp \nn-Sp-p.
Cc apX-em-bh
Fpw
C{]-Imcw
hcp-an-\nbpw
hc-hv \nev]Xv
GIw
Adnhv AXv
\mw AXp-Xs
ap Fm-hcpw
AXp-X
hSn-hmv
\nn-Spp

kpJZpxJk-n-{i-amb hnj-b-
Fm-bvtmgpw
Ctm-g-s-t]m-se-Xs
C\nbpw hp-sIm-n-cnpw
\n--e-ambn \np-Xv
Hp am{X-am-Wv.
GI-amb AXv Adn-hm-Wv.
\mw B Adn-hp-X-s-bm-Wv.
ap Fm-hcpw
B GI-amb Adnhns
kzXzw ssIsmv
\ne-\npp

Fm Pohn-Ifpw P\n-p-Xv hni-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. hniv Hcp

Ima-am-Wv. hniv An-t]m-se-bmWv Pzen-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. Pzenp-sIm-n-cn-p An-bn-tev hnd-Ip-I Cp-sIm-Sp-m Ah
In-m-e
- m-Ipw. hni-m-Ip Ansb ian-n-p-hm\pw Cc thWw.
]e-X-c-n-ep Cc-I \app thWw. Cu hnj-b-{]-]--samw
\psS Ima-\-I-fpsS D]-i-a-\-n-\m-bp- Cc-I-fm-Wv. i_vZ-kv]icq-]-c-k-K-m-Zn-I-fmb Cc-Isf XnmWv Poh Iqm-Sp--Xv.
Xnmepw Xnmepw Xocn-. hopw hopw Cu hnj-b- hp-

sImncnpw.
Fm Cu ssPhn-I{- ]-{In-b
-
- p-dv Hcp ssZhn-I{- ]-{In-bb
- pv. \nivvNe
- a
- mbn \np kmn-kz-cq-]\
- mb Adn-hn-t\m-Sp B`napJyw P\n-p-X
- m-WX
- v. B Adnhv As-n B-m\w hpwt]mbpw Ccn-p Xc-nep-X-. AXv GI-am-Wv. B GIw At\I-XIsmw Imc-Whpw A[n-jvTm-\h
- p-am-Wv. Rm B-cmWv? F
tNmZy-n\v Rm GI-am-Wv, Rm Adn-hp-Xs
- -bmWv F D-camWv e`n-p--Xv. Cu al-mb Adn-hns {]kv^p-c-W--fmWv
_mn-bp-ff Fmw.

67
KW-\b
- n\np Ihn-s
- Xmp km[m
cW-anh cp-sam-gn-sm-c-\y-cq]w
\n\-hn-ep-an-Xp \n{Z-bn-epw ta
en\-\-K-c-n-ep-sa-p-an \q\w.
KW-\-bn \nv

Ihn-Xv Hv
km[m-cWw

Ch cpw Hgn
Hcp A\y-cq]w

\n\-hnepw C
CXp \n{Z-bn-epw
ta C\-\-K-c-nepw
Fpw C
\q\w

C{n-b-n-tbpw a\-n-tbpw
IW-p-Iq--ep-Iv
Apd-p- Hv.
C{n-b-sImpw a\-psImpw KWn--dn-bm-hp Hv.
Ch cpw IqSmsX
thsd Fs-n-epw- X-c-n-ep
Hcp A-dnhv
DWnepw C,
Dd--nepw C,
kz]v\nepw C.
Fhn-sSbpw C.
CXp Xo-bm-Wv.

Adn-hns taJ-eI
- sf cmbn ]Ip-p-hv a\-n-em-p-Xv
imkv{Xo-ba- mb Hcp coXn-bm-W.v Nne a\p-jy kwkm-cn-p-tm ]eXpw
Iqn-p-gp kwkm-cn-pw. Ah Nnn-p-Xpw A-s\-Xs
- -bm-W.v
Atm A- s \- b p- h- c psS Nnv Hcp ASppw apdbpw
DmnsmSp-t-Xv Kpcp-hns [-am-W.v Kpcp ]d-bp Cu hn`P\w ]mm-Xy-Nn-I
- cpw AwKo-Ic
- n-p-X
- m-W.v Hv tkm]m-[n-Ia
- mb
Adnhv (relative knowledge). KW\ F hmp tIp-tm

AXv shdpw IW-p-Iq- am{X-a

- . Fm-c
-
- n-ep C{n-bm-\p-`h
- fpw AXp-t]mse t_m[At_m-[A[-t_m-[{- ]-{In-bI
- fpw ChnsS
]d-bp KW-\b
- psS ]cn-KW
- \
- b
- n hcp-X
- m-W.v
Atm KW-\b
- ns]Sp Adnhv km[m-cW
- a
- m-W.v km[m-cW
Adnhv At\-Ia
- m-W.v C\n ]d-bmt]m-Ip Adnhv tbmKm-\p-`q-Xn-bn
ssIh-cp tbmKn-bpsS sXfn-hp D-am-W.v _pn-sImv Nnntm
C{n-b
- sImv KWntm Adn-bm-hp KW-n s]-X Cu
Adn-h.v CXv Fm Adn-hnepw Ihn Adn-hm-W.v Im v ]d-bp
transcendental knowledge - AXo-X
m\w Cu cv ]n-Ib
- n
s]Sm-X
- mbn aqm-as
- Xmcp Xc-n-ep Adnhpw C Fp Kpcp
JWvUn-Xa
- mbn ]d-bp-p.
Nne aX-{K-
- f
- n-sems s]cpnp ]d-p-t]m-cmdp hynK-Xa
- mb hn{`am-I
- a
- mb (hallucinatory) A\p-`h
-
- s
- f-tmepw km[mcW Adn-hns KW-nte Kpcp s]Sp-n-bn-p-ff
- q. Cmcyw kwi-bte-ia
- t\y \np kzoI-cn-mw. C\-\K
- cw FXv kz]v\
- ns
t- em-Ia
- m-Wv. a\v F{X k-ev]n-mepw AsXmw km[m-cW Adnhp
am{X-am-Wv. Atm KW-\b
- n\npw KW-\m-Xo-Xa
- mbn t_m[s
Dbn-sb-Spv \ncp-]m-[n-Ia
- mb m\-k
-
- X
- b
- n Pohn-p-h\v temIw _-\a
-
- . hnjm-Z
- nt\m \ncm-ibvtm hiw-hZ- \
- m-tI
Imcy-an-. kwK-cl
- n-Xa
- mbn Ah\p Pohn-m Ign-bpw.

68
Ac-h-h-Sm-Ir-Xn-t]m-e-l- -c-m
bdn-hn-ep-aw-Kn-bnepw IS--bmte
Hcp Ipdn-bmcy-bn-Xn--\m-cy-bm-Ip
smcp-I-pdn-sb-p-W-tc-W-aq-l-imen.
Ac-h-h-Sm-Ir-Xn-t]m

Al
cmbv
Adn-hnepw
AwKn-bnepw
IS--bmte
Hcp Ipdn
Bcy

Ib-dns BIm-cs ]mmbn

sXn--cn-p--Xp-t]mse
Poh
cp [mc-bmbn
B-k--bn-tepw
A\m--k--bn-tepw
Htc-t]mse {]th-in-p--Xp-sImv
B-h-i-p-\npw t\mp-tm
apn-bn-tep \bn-p
Adn-hmbpw

Hcp Ipdn

CXv Cv
A\m-cy-bm-Ipp
Fv
Dul-imen
DW-tcWw

A\m--h-i-p-\npw
t\mp-tm
CXv ChnsS
_-Im-c-W-ambpw Xocpp.
FImcyw
a\-\-io-e
A\m-m-hn\npw Bm-hntep DWp a\-n-em--Ww.

Hm tcm Ippw ChnsS P\nphogp-tm cp Xc-n-ep-ff

km[y-XI
- Ah-\n hp `hn-m CS-bp-v. Hp-In Ah
sXmb Adn-hns taml-he
- b
-
- n Ipcpn IjvS\
- j
- Sv
- f
- psS IWp-I ]dv Pohn-p kmam-\y-P\
-
- f
- n Hcp-h\
- m-bn-o-cpw. Asn Ah ]c-a]
- p-cp-jm-amb apn-bn-tep \bn-p Adn-hns\
kzoI-cnv B am-n-eqsS Ncnv ]q\pw kzX-{-\p-am-bn-o-cpw.
Cu cp hgn-Ifpw \psS apn Ds-nepw GXp Xncs-Sp-W-sa \nbw hcp-pXv \-fpsS AXp-hs
- c-bp- Pohn-X
- ns
kz`mhw A\p-kc
- n-m-bn-cn-pw.
Hmtcm Ippw P\n-p-Xv Iptd ]q-ka
v c
- W
- I
- f
- p-am-bn-mWv. B
kvac-WI
- \psS km[m-cW kvac-WI
- t]mseb. Ahy-X
- e
- n {]hn-p t{]c-W-I-fm-Wv. Atm AXns\ hmk\
FmWv hnfn-p-I. hmk-\b
- psSIqsS \psS Hmtcm Znh-ks PohnX-kw-kI
v c
- W
- h
- pw-IqSn tN-s-Spw. Atm hmk-\bpw kwkvIm-chpw
Hcp hyn-bmb Fn {]hn-p-p. A-s\-bp Rm ]caamb Adn-hn-tev Xncnv A[n-jT
v m-\k
- X
- ys Adn-bm XpS-pXv Bcy-bm-W.v As-n t{ijvTa
- mb Hm-W.v
Fm {]nbm-{]n-b--fpsS IXrXzw Gs-Sp-n-p- AwKn-bnemWv Rm hn-p-s
- X-n AXv A\m-cybmb Adn-hm-Wv. CXp
t_m[n-n-p-X-cp-hm thn thZm-n-I D]-tbm-Kn-m-dp- Hcp
ZrjvSm--s-bmWv Kpcp ChnsS amXr-I-bmbn FSp-n-p-Xv. Nne
shfn--p-d-hp-sImtm atm Npcp-p-IqSn InS-p Ibdp ImWptm AXp ]mm-sWp \n\p `b-hn-lz--cm-Im-dp-v. Ib-dn
]mns\ ImWp-Xv Adnhp Xs-bm-Wv. Fm AXv Chn-S-s
k`-n A\m-cy-bm-Wv. \mw {]m]-n-I-Zr-iy--fn kXys
Zin- p- t m B Adnhv A\m- - I - a m- W v . Fm Ib- d n
]mns\ I B BXs shfnw hcp-tm Ib-dn I
]mns\ \ncm-I-cnv Ib F kXys Xncn--dn-bp-p. CXv
Bcy-bm-Wv. \appw {]]--Zr-iy-sf \ncm-Icnv A[n-jvTm-\-amb
B-k-sb kmm-XvI-cn-t--Xm-bn-p-v. Cmcyw Cu tmIns LS-\sb shfn-s-Sp-m klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-pw.

69
{ipXn apXemw XpcKw sXmSp-sm-cm--
{]Xn-a-sbgpw Ic-W-{]-ho-W-\mfpw
cXn-c-Y-ta-dn-b-l cay-cq]w
{]Xn ]pdta s]cp-am-dn-Sp--P{kw.
{ipXn apXemw

XpcKw sXmSpv

Hcp B-{]-Xn-a-sbgpw
IcW{]ho-W Bfpw
cXn-c-Y-tadn
Al
]pdta
cay-cq]w{]Xn
AP{kw
s]cp-am-dn-Spp

C{n-b--fnsemmb sNhn
apX-emb
IpXn-c-Isf ]qn
Bm-hns {]Xna Fgp-p
a\-s kmcYn \nb-{np--Xp-amb
cXn-bm-Ip cY-n Ibdn
Al
]pd-p-
kpJ-hn-j-b-smw
hopw hopw
Npnn-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.

PohnXw Hcp bm{X-bm-Wv. \mw Hmtcm-cp-cpw B bm{Xbn

]m-fn-I-fm-Wv. Cu bm{X XpS-n-bn-cn-p-Xv Ftm kw`-hn Hcp
Am-\-n \nm-Wv. Fhn-sS-tbm-hv Rms\s ad-p-t]m-bn.
F{X Hmn-npw Fhn-sS-bmWv Rm Ccn-p--sXv F\n--dnbm Ign-bp-n-. Ahn-sS-\n-mWv \mw bm{X Bcw-`n-p--Xv.
As\ Hcp bm{X-bpsS ca-Wo-b-amb Hcp Nn{XoI-c-W-amWv Cu
tmIw. \mw bm{X sNm Hcp hml\s B{i-bn-p-p-v. cXncYw FmWv B hml-\-ns t]cv. AXnse km-cn-bm-bn-cnp Rm {]Xna IW-s-bmWv Ccn-p--Xv. {]Xna Poh-\m-Wv.
Bm-hns {]Xn-_nw-_-cq-]-amWv Poh. Rm {]Xn-a-bm-bn-S-p\n-mWv F\nv bm{X sNtnh-Xv.
Fs cY-n\p Ap IpXn-cI
- Dv. mt\-{n-b
- f
- m-Ip
Av IpXn-c-I. Gsd {]ho-W-\mb a\-s Ic-W-amWv IpXn-cI-fpsS ISn-m ]nSn-n-cn-p-X
- v. ]t IpXn-cI
- m-Is kpJhn-j-b--fn IpXn-p-]m-bm-\mWv hy{K-X. kp-c-cq-]-fpw arZpkv]i-fpw lrZy-amb cpNn-Ifpw hmk-\-Ifpw Im-\--I-c-amb
i_vZ-fpw C{n-b-sf -c-an-np-sIm-t-bn-cn-p-p. FmWv Cu
bm{Xv Hcp Adp-Xn-bpXv? Rm Fnse Fs Adn-b-Ww.
Rm thsd Fhn-sS-bp-a
- . Rm Fn-em-sWv Adn-bW
- w. Atm
bm{X Ah-km-\n-p. Bm-hn Rm \n-e-\m-Ipw. Fnse Ima-

\-IfpsS Xo AW-bpw. IpXn-c-Ifpw tXcm-fnbpw cY-N-{I-fpw aqSan kqcy-In-cW

-
- Gevp-tm Aen-p-t]m-Ip-X
- p-t]mse
Xntcm-`-hn-pw.

70
Hcp cXn- X-s-b-l--bn-{n-bmx
Ic-W-I-tf-_-c-sam-n-sXm-s-bmbn
hncn-bp-an-Xnp hncm-a-sap thdm
adn-h-h-s\--dn-thm-f-tamn-tS-Ww.
Hcp cXn-Xs
Al
C{nb
Ax-I-cW
Itf-_cw
Fn-sXm-s-bmbn
hncnbpw
thdmw Adn-h-h
F-dn-thmfw
CXnp
hncm-a-sav?
Hmn-tSWw

B\w

Htc Hcp B\w Xs-bmWv

A-l--bmbpw
C{n-b-fpw
A-c-W-fpw
ico-chpw
Fn-h-sbmw Bbn
thsd-th-sd-bmbn Xon-SpXv.
Adn-bp--h-\mb Rm thsd
Fp a\-n-em-p-n-S-tmfw
Cu \m\m-Xz-{`-a-n\p
hncm-a-sa-s\ Dm-Im-\mWv?
\mbn Cmcyw Hm thWw.

Ht-bp-q. AXv Bm-\--am-Wv. Bm-hns\

am{Xta B\-
- ns t{kmX-mbn Adn-bm ]mSp-q. thsd Fmw
I]-S-t{km-X-p-I-fm-Wv. anYym-Xzw-sIm-mWv \ Atmv Henp-t]m-Ip--Xv. hyn-i-co-c-n\v D]m-[n-I-fn-eqsS am{X-amWv Adnbm Ign-bp-p-q. Al-, A-c-W-, C{n-b-, icocw
CsXmw hyn-]-c-amb D]m-[n-I-fm-Wv. Hmtcm a\p-jy-\nepw Cu
D]m-[n-Iv hyXym-ka
- p-m-bn-cn-pw. Nne Bfp-If
- psS Ip-Iv
\ ImgvN-i-n-bm-Wv. Fm thsdm-cmv h-sf Xncn-dn-bm-\m-hp-I-bn-. Nnev Fmw Bg-n Nnn--dnbm-\m-Ipw. ap
Nnem-Is F{X tImepw a\-n-em-hp-I-bn-. CXv Bm-hns
tZmjw-sIm-
- . Bm-hns\ ad-p-h
- n-cn-p D]m-[n-If
- psS tZmjwsIm-m-Wv. D]m-[n-Iv Cu tZmjw ssIh-n-cn-p-Xv \psS
hnI-ea
- mb I-sIm-m-W.v Atm I-n ipo-Ic
- Ww
sImp-hc
- W
- w. D]m-[n-If
- psS tZmjs Xov B-kz-cq-]s Fs\tbm A-s\-Xs ImW-Ww.

Htc-sbmcp B\w am{Xta Dq. Bmhv Ht-bp-q-sh-n

B\-hpw ]e-Xm-Im CS-bn-. D]m-[n-t`-Zw-sImp am{X-amWv hnjb-t`m-K-n-\p-ff Xzc hcp--Xv. AXns ImcWw Kpcp shfn-s-Spp-Xv A\p-`-hn-p hnj-bhpw A\p-t`m-mhpw thsd-th-sd-bmsWv Adn-bp--Xp-sIm-m-Wv. Bm-\--n Cu thp-a-bn-.
hnj-b-t`m-K-nemWv t`Zw hcp--Xv. AXp-sImv Fm t`mKpw Hcp AdpXn hcp--W-sa-n B-cXn Hp am{X-amWv
kXy-am-bn-p-q F A\p-`-h-\njvT Bn-p-I-bmWv th-Xv.

71
kh-\-sam-gnp ka-Xz-amp \nev]o
eh-\n-bn-em-cp-a-\mZn eoe-bt{X
Ahn-c-f-am-Ip-an-Xm-I-th-b-dn-m
eh-\-Xn-c kpJw `hn-n-Sp-p.
kh-\-sam-gnv
Ah-\n-bn
Bcpw
ka-Xz-amp
\nev]oe
A\m-Zn-eo-e-bt{X

Ahn-cf-amIpw
CXv BIth
Adn-m
Ah\v
AXn-c
kpJw
`hn-n-Sp-p

P\-\hpw ac-Whpw CmsX

temI-n
Bcpw-Xs
\n-e-amb \ne-bn
\np-n.
P\-\hpw ac-Whpw Pohn-Xhpw
BZn-bn-m-smcp eoe-bm-Wv.
apS--an-msX \S-p
Cu {]{In-b-Isf ]q-ambpw
B\p-`q-Xn-I-ambn Adn-m
B m\nv
AXn-cp-I-fn-m
]c-am-\w
e`n-pp.

`mK-hX
- `-
-
- m {]]-s `K-hms eoe-bm-bn-mWv Zin-p-X.v `K-hm Hcp sImp-Ip-n-s\-tmse {]]-c
- N
- \ \Sn Ifnp-p. B `K-hms Nmb-q-p-If
- n\npw Dcphw sImp \mw
Pohn-Xs Icp-n-Sn-nv sImp-hc
- ptm-tgpw `K-hm ]pXnb Nmb tXv \s ambvp-If
- b
- pw. AhnsS thsdmcp Nn{Xw hc-b
v pw.
{]]-k
- r-jvSnv Hcp tkmt-iy-Xb
- p-sv ]d-bp-Ibpw AsX-msWv Is-m {ian-p-Ibpw sNp Xz-Nn-m-hn-`m-K
- f
- p-.v
Fm As\ Hcp eyhpw C Fpw hmZn-p-h
- c
- p-.v

Cu cp KW-nepw \mcm-b-W-Kpcp ]d-bp A\m-Zn-eo-esb

Ds-Sp-m Ign-bp-Ibn-. \s kw_-n-n-S-tmfw A\m-Zneo-e-bn ]q-ambpw \ ]m-fn-I-fm-bn-n-. AXp-sImv B
eoe-bn Dt-cpI Fp--XmWv \psS kp\nn-X-amb Dt-iyw.
As\ {]]--eo-e-bn Dt-cp--Xn XSw \np hynK-X-amb Al-sb \nm\w sNm-\p- {iaw \mw \S-t-Xm-Wv. {]k-hn-p--Xn-s\-bmWv kh\w Fv Dt-in-p--Xv. Cu
{]I-c-W-n Bm-hn-emWv {]k-h- \S-p--Xv. {]k-hn-pI
am{X- a - , {]Xn- { ]- k - h n- p- I bpw sNp- p- v . GsXmcp K`n\npw Hv PmX-amtbm B K`m-i-b-n-te-p-Xs AXns\
Xncn-s-Sp-p-X
- n-s\-bmWv {]Xn-{]-khw Fp ]d-bp-X
- v. {]k-hhpw
{]Xn-{]-k-hhpw Fspw Bm-hn \S-p-sIm-t-bn-cn-p-p.
Hcp apSn-hp-an-.
]n.Un Hukvs]kvIn F Nn-Is {]kn--amb Hcp {KamWv Tertium Organum. Atlw djy-bn P\n Hcp ann-mb
KpPn-^ns injy\m-Wv. Hukvs]kvIn ]q-tbpw (whole)
Awi-tbpw (part) kw_-n-p Hcp Xz-hn-Nmcw Cu {Kn \S-p-p-v. ]qw Fm AXn At\Iw Awi-
Dm-Imw. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcp cq]bn \qdp ss]k-I tNncnpp. \qdp ss]k-I tNp-h-m Hcp cq]-bmIpw Fp-Xv
\psS km[m-cW KW-\-bm-Wv. Cu KW\ \-fpsS Nn-bn
Fspw hmkvX-h-am-bn-cn-p-p.
Fm Bm-hns\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Cu KW\ hne-tmIp-n-. F-a \ma-cq-]
- f
- mWv {]]w Fp ]dbmw. AXv At\I-am-Wv. GI-amb Bm-hmWv Cu \ma-cq-]-v A[n-jvTm-\w.
Fm Fm \ma-cq-]--tfbpw Iqn-h-mepw Bm-hns ]qX
Inp-I-bn-. \ma-cq-]-sf \ncm-I-cnv ]q-amb Bm-hns\
Hmbn Adn-b-Ww. AXns\-bmWv Am\w Fp ]d-bp-Xv. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp AXp-sIm-mWv Ahn-c-f-am-Ip Cu kh-\-{]{In-b-Isf BIth Adn-bWw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Atm Ah
]c-am-\--ns koa-b thyma-n aXn-a-dmm-Zn-p-p.

72
{Inb-sbmcp Iqdn-X-hnZy; tIhew Nn
bn adp-Iq-dnXp hnZy; amb-bmte
\nb-X-an-Xn-s\ \nevn-epw ]ncn-
zb-]-c-`m-h\ Xpcy-ta-In-Spp.

{Inb Hcp Iqdv

CXv AhnZy
adp Iqdv

tIhew Nnbn
CXv hnZy
amb-bmte
CXv Cs\
\nbXw
]ncn-p-\n-evnepw
B Zzb-]-c-`m-h\

Xpcy-ta-In-Spp

Hcp hi-p-\npw t\mp-tm

{Inb-I \S-p-p.
CXv Ahn-Zy-bm-Wv.
CXns FXnh-i-p-\npw
t\mn-bm
GI-amb Adn-hns \ndhp am{Xw.
CXv hnZy-bm-Wv.
amb ImcWw
hnZybpw Ahn-Zybpw Cs\
Fpw
thdnp \np-sa-nepw
hnZy, AhnZy F ssZz-X-n-\p-dp B-t_m-[s
[ym\n-p--Xn-eqsS
Xpco-bm-\p-`qXn Dm-Ipp.

a\p-jy Fsmw sshhn-[y-ap I--fmWv sNbvXp-sImn-cn-p--Xv! Hcp arK-ns Pohn-X-n C{X-am{Xw ko-XI Hpw ImWp-n. a\p-jy {Inb-I sNp-Xv ^tem-t-iytm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Ipdp kpJ-n\nv IqSp-X kpJ-amWv Fm
I--fp-tSbpw eyw. Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-sf kwkvI-cn--Wsa-n AXn a\p-jy Ahs Azm-\s sNep-t--Xm-bnpv. A-s\-bmWv imkv{Xw Hmtcmtcm Ip-]n-Sn- \S-nsm-n-cn-p--Xv. Imep-sImp \S-m-hp a\p-jy Imdpw hnam\hpw Ip-]n-Sn-Xpw \nn-s-Sp-Xpw {Inb-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kpJn-\p-thn {Inb-I sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv Ahn-Zy- ImcW-amWv. Fs-m kpJw {Inb-IfpsS kz`m-h-a-. Bm-hns kz`mh-am-Wv. Bm-hns kz`m-ha
- m-bn-cn-p kpJ-n-\p-thn IW-nmsX {Inb-I sNbvXpIqn-bn-sp Imcyw?
AXp-sImv bmK-fpw b-fpw AXp-t]m-sebp A\pjvTm-\-fpw B-km-m-XvIm-c-n\p t{]mm-l-\o-b--f-. icm-Nm-cy m\-s-bmWv I-ns m\v B-km-[-Iambn ImWp--Xv. m\-e-_v[n-p-thn Iw sNp--Xn-eqsS
m\-I-k-ap--b-tZmjw kw`-hn-p-sav im-cm-Nm-cy ]d-bpp. I--fpsS adp-]p-d-ambn hcp-Xv m\-am-Wv. Nn-b-am-bn-cnp t_m[s Adn-bp--XmWv ChnsS hnZy Fp ]d-bp--Xv.
hnZy Hcp m\-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv. AXv B-cn-I-ambn Adn-tb HmWv. AXn\p I-ns Bh-iy-an-. Cs\ hnZybpw Ahn-Zybpw
cmbn ]ncn-p-Xs Ftmgpw \np-p. Ch cpw amb-bpsS
A[o-\-X-bn hcp--Xm-Wv. Pohs kwXp-e-\m-hv hnZybpw
Ahn-Zybpw ]c-kv]cw klm-b-I-ambn hn-p-sa-nepw ]q-amb

Bm-\p-`-h-n\v Cu Zzz-tbpw Dw-Ln-t--Xm-bn-p-v.

As\ Hcp Zzb-]-c-`m-h-\-bmWv Xpco-bm-\p-`q-Xn-bn-tev \s \bnp--Xv.

73
Hcp s]mcp-fn--e-t\-I-ap--t\Iw
s]mcp-fn-sem-c-hp-sa _pn-bmte
Adn-hn-e-S-p-a-t`-Z-am-bn-sX-m
hcp-a-dn-ho-e-Xn-tKm-]-\o-b-am-Ipw.
Hcp s]mcp-fn-
At\-I-apv
At\Iw s]mcp-fn
Hcp A-hpw
F _pn-bmte
At`-Z-ambn
Adn-hn-e-Spw

CXv
Fm-hcpw Adn-hoe

AXn-tKm-]-\o-b-amIpw

Hcp k-bn
At\Iw cq]-t`-Z- kw`-hn-pp.
At\Iw cq]-t`-Z--fn
Hcp Aambpw nXn sNp-p.
Cu m\-ap-m-bm
cq]-t`-Z--sfmw t]mbn
Adn-hns GIm--I-X-bn
Fmw hne-bn-pw.
Cu Zi\w
Fm-hpw a\-n-em-m
Ign-bp-n-.
CXp Xopw cl-ky-amb
m\-am-Wv.

`uXn-I-imkv{Xw {]]--ns ksb At\z-jnp sNtm AXp am BsWp a\-n-emn. Htc-sbmcp am Cu

{]]--nse sshhn-y-sf ]ns F-s\-bmWv P-\n-n-Xv?
_lp-hn-[-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-y--fn Fmw Htc-sbmcp am
Xs-bmWv Ccn-p--sXp ]d-bp-tm \mw Xw ]d-bm-dn-.
Fm temI-nse aX- {]]--ns {kjvSm-hmbn AZriy-amb Htc-sbmcp Cuiz-cs\ {]Ion-p-tm Nne AXn
Ahn-iz-kn-p-Ibpw Nne Aan-X-ambn hniz-kn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
Cuim-hm-tkym-]-\n-jv XpS-p--Xp-Xs PK-n-semw
Cui Bh-kn-p-p-sp ]d-p-sIm-m-Wv. Cu Zmi-\n-I{- ]tl-fn-Isb \apv Xom Ign-bp-Xv, ]c-aamb Imc-W-n
\nmWv Cu temIw Dm-bs
- Xpw F-a krjvSn-Pm-e
- f
- n-semw
B ]c-aI
- m-cWw A-ambn Ccn-p-p-spw Adn-bp-X
- n-eqsS

Hcp ka-\z-b_
- pn ssIh-cn-p-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. GIhpw At\-Ihpw
Fp Nn-t]mepw Ah-km\w Adn-hn hneo-\a
- m-Ipw.
Adnhp am{Xta Fm AkvXn-X-Ipw Dd-hn-S-am-bn-cn-p-p-q.
Fm-hpw Cu Xzw Adn-bm Ign-bm-Xv FpsIm-mWv?
Kpcp ]d-bpp: CXv tKm]y-am-sW-v. CXn-semcp cl-ky-kz-`m-h-apv. hmk-\-bpsS in-bmb Xn--aqew B-_pn sXfn-p-Inm hfsc {]bm-ka
- p-X
- p-sIm-mWv Kpcp CXv tKm]-\o-ba
- m-sWp
]d-bp--Xv. ]d-p-sIm-Sp-mepw _pn-sImv a\-n-em-m-sa-msX A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS Xe-n hc-W-sa-n hmk-\m-bw
Dmbn B-tN-X-\-bn \njvT Dm-I-Ww.

74
s]mSn-sbm-cp-`q-hn-e-kw-Jy-a-sm-Sn-p
sSp-samcp `qhn-Xn-\n `n-`mhw;
PU-a-a-cp--Xp-t]mse Nnnepw Nn
pS-en-ep-an-n-Xn-\m-en-tXmn-teIw.
s]mSn
Hcp `qhn
AkwJyw
B s]mSnv DsSpw

Hcp `qhv
CXn-\n `n-`mhw

AXp-t]mse

PUw Nnnepw Aa-cpp

Nnv DS-enepw

Cv CXn-\m
Hmn
CXv
GIw

Cu

s]mSn
Cu `qan-bn
F-a--XmWv.
B s]mSn-bpsSsbmw
Dm-bn-cn-p
Htc-sbmcp `qan
`qan-bn\np thdnv s]mSntm s]mSnbn\np thdnv `qantm
D-bn-.
AXp-t]mse
PUw Nnn D-en-bpp,
Nnv PU-amb DS-enepw
D-en-bpp
CXp-sIm-p-Xs ChnsS
a\\w sNbvXp t\mn-bm
Nnpw PUhpw
HmWv.

`qan apgp-h\pw s]mSn-sImv Ipn-\n-d-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.

Fsmw Xc-n-ep s]mSn-I? B[p-\n-Ii
- mkv{Xw ]d-bp-Xv

]c-at- c-Wp-
- sImmWv {]]-w- \nn-Xa
- m-bn-p-Xv Fm-W.v CeIvt{SmWpw t{]mtmWpw \yqt{SmWpamWv Hcp B--ns DL-SI-. C-s\-bp F-a B- {]]--\nn-Xn-bn ]ptNn-cn-p-p-v. Kpcp ChnsS `qan-bnse s]mSnsb DZm-l-cnp
]d-bp-tm hfsc hni-Z-amb A-n-emWv AXns\ a\-n-emt--Xv. Ipih Hcp IpSw Dm-n-bm AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn Ifnav s]mSn-bm-Wv. B IpSw apgp-h s]mSn-bmWv. B s]mSn-bn-semw
IpSw Ccn-p-p. IpS-n\v BIm-cs \Ip-Xv s]mSn-bm-Wv.
s]mSnsb hnv IpS-n\ncn-mt\m IpS-s-hnv s]mSnncn-mt\m
Ign-bp-I-bn-. Atmpw Ctmpw Dtn-cn-p Cu Ah
Xs-bmWv \psS Poh-\nepw D-Xv. \mw a\-n-t\bpw ico-ctbpw Nne-tm-sgms cmn a\-n-em-n-tm-cm-dp-v.
sds\ sUmv F ]mm-Xy-Nn--I-\mWv a\-n-t\bpw icoc-tbpw ]ncn-p-hv Nn-bvsmcp cq]-`-{ZX sImp-h-cp-hm {ian-Xv. Fm sUmns Nn tcmKm-Xp-c-amb Hcp hyn-Xz-nte-mWv a\p-jys\ \bn--Xv. a\pw ico-chpw csp [cn-p-Xn-eqsS Pohn-X-ns Akw-Xp-en-Xm-h XpS-p-I-bm-bn. AXpsImv Kpcp Nnpw PUhpw Fp hn`m-Ko-b-X-I Hcn-epw
kw`-hn-n-n-- Fpw PU-n Nn-an-cn-p-Ibpw Nnn PUa-an-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p-sv shfn-s-Sp-n. Imev]-\n-I-ambn
a\p-jy krjvSn- t`Z_p-n-I-sf-sbmw Kpcp ka-{K-ambn ka-\zbn-n-p-I-bmWv ChnsS sNp--Xv.

75
{]IrXn Pew X\p t^\-am-gn-bm-m
hl-a-l-sa--e-bp--Xqn-Pmew
AI-a-e-cm-dn-shms app-Xm Xm
\pI-cp-h-Xm-a-ar-Xm-b-Xnp \q\w.
{]IrXn Pew
X\p t^\w

Bgn Bm

Alw Alw Fv
Ae-bp-Xv
Dun-Pmew
AI-a-e-cm

{]IrXn Pe--kam\amWv.
ico-c- sh-p-an-f-I
t]mse-bm-Wv.
Bm-hn\p kmK-c-ns
kz`m-h-am-Wv.
Rm Rm Fv
ey-an-msX Ae-bp-Xv
Xcw-K-\n-c-I-fmWv
B-kq-\-ambn hncn

Adn-shms
app-Xm
Xm Aar-Xm-b-Xnv
\pI-cp-hXmw \q\w

Adn-hp-I-sfmw

]c-am-m-Z-I-c-amb app-IfmWv.

Hcp-h Ahsb Aar-X_np-fmbn ChnsS

Xo-bmbpw \pIcpp.

D]-a-I-fn-eq-tSbpw _nw_--fn-eq-tSbpw {]Xo-I--fn-eq-tSbpw

kwkm-cn-p-Xv temIv Fhn-sS-bp-ap ]ucm-Wn-I-amb Bymn-I-kw-ln-X-I-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. B ]ucm-Wn-I-kw-kvIrXn-bpsS In apdn-bm irwJ-esb {]Xn-\n-[m\wsNp \mcmb-W-Kp-cphpw D]-a-I-fn-eq-sSX-s-bmWv Bm-t\z-j-I-\n AarX-hjw sNmcn-bp--Xv. Bmhv Bgn-t]m-se-bm-Wv. Bgn Htc-kabw Bg-ap-Xpw A\--hp-am-Wv. Cu Ah-\n-bn Bgn-tb-m
t{ijvT-amb Hcp D]-asb thsd Hcp hkvXp-hnepw Zin-m-\m-hpn-. B Bgn-bnse Pew-t]m-se-bmWv {]Ir-Xn.
Pe-amWv Bgnv k-bm-bn-cn-p--Xv. B Pew Ipan-f-Iv
cq]w sImSp-p-tm AXns\ {]Ir-Xn-bn ImWp sshhn-[yam ico-c
- f
- mbn ImW-Ww. \nc-\n-cb
- mbn Ae-p-sIm-n-cn-p
Xcw-KP
- m-e
- Al-b
- m-Wv. Xcw-K\
- n-cI
- FmWv At\z-jn-pXv? Ah Ic-bn-tev HmSn-b-Wv kzbw Xn--Iv ISenXs Xncnphne-bn-p-p. AXp-t]m-se-bmWv Alw hnj-bp ]nmse Ae-p-Xn-cnv kzbw `m-i-\mbn BmhnXs hphne-bn-p-X
- v. Kpcp-hns IrXn-If
- n apgp-h ISen-s Nn{X- hopw hopw {]Xy-s
- p ImWm-dp-.v Kpcp A{Xam-{Xw IS-ens\ ASp-d
- n-n-cn-W
- w. B IS-en-\S- n-bn app-I
Hfn-n-cn-p-Xv D]-cn-X-e-n\npw t\mn-bm ImWn-.
Bgn-tep t]mI-Ww. Atm app-If
- psS I-n-p Ieh-d-bn \ Fn-tcpw . AXp-t]mse Bm-hns Bg-fn\npw Adnhv DWp-hc
- p-tm apn-t\-m hne-bp Bkq-\
- f
- m-bn-cnpw B Adn-hp-I. Aar-X\
- n-jy-n-bmb Cu A\p-`h-sf Hcp m\n-bpsS Ftmgpap Hcp Ah-b
- m-sWp a\n-em-W
- w.

76
aW-e-f-hp sNmcn hm]n-bn-t
eWn-b-Wn-bm-be hoin-Sp--hw
A\r-X-]-c-c hoin-b--cm-m
hns\-b-Ita _lp-cq-]-am-n-Sp-p.

aW Af-hv
sNmcn
hm]n-bn-t
AWn AWn-bmbv
Ae hoin-Sp hw
A\r-X-]-c-c hoin

A-cm-m-hns\
AIta
_lp-cq-]a
- m-n-Spp

Bmhv

Af-hn-msX \nc--c-ambn aW
hoWp-sIm-n-cn-p
Ipf-n
Hn\p ]ndsI Hmbn
Ae-am-e-I Dm-Ip--Xpt]mse
Ak-XyfpsS -]c--c-bm-Ip
Imp hoin
kz-amb B-cn-I-t_m-[s
AXnXs
]
- e
- c
- q-]
- f
- mn tXmn-npp.

kzhpw \nehp-amb Hcp Pe-cm-in-t]m-se-bm-Wv.

ChnsS Hcp Ipf-nse Pe-n-t\m-SmWv Bm-hns\ D]-an-n-cn-p-Xv. B Ipf-n-tev \nc-c
- a
- mbn aW hoWp-sIm-n-cn-p-Ib
- mWv. aW-ens ]X-\m-Lm-X
- m Pe-n-\p-m-bn-cp imn `RvPn-s-Spp. Ipfw apgp-h Ae-am-eI
- f
- m {]p-_v[a
- m-bn. CXp-t]mse-bmWv A-cm-m-hnsbpw kz`m-hw. s]mXpth kz-am-bn-cn-p
Bm-hn hmk-\I
- f
- psS Imp aqew _mly-hn-jb
-
- hphoWv
AcwKw Imdpw tImfpw sIm ISt]m-se-bm-Ip-p. kuay-amb
B-hn-ipn \nd-n-cp-t- m \mw Fhn-tSbpw Zin-n-cpGIX
s]mbvt]m-Ip-p. \m\m-Xz-{`aw Df-hm-p {]]-k
- r-jvSn-I shdpp-fh
- m-p-h
- b
- mbpw Nne-tm-sgms Bkn Df-hm-p-hbmbpw
amdp-p. Pohn-X
- nse Fmhn[ sshIm-cn-I{- ]-p-_v[X
- I
- fpw kw`hn-p-Xv C-c
- n-em-Wv.
tSmtm-bn-bpsS Am-I-cn-\o\ F hntizm--c-Ir-Xn-bn
A-bp-tSbpw Ico-\n-sbpw kam-[m-\-]q-amb Pohn-X-n-tep
IS-p-h t{hmkvIn F A-bpsS Imap-I AXp-hsc \ne\n-n-cp im-kp--c-amb Pohn-Xs Cf-n-a-dn-p-p. IpSpw_-_-- BSn-bp-e-p. kvt\l-n\p thn-bp anYy-bmb
]c-w-]m-n-en Dd Hcp \new \jvS-sv ]nSn-p-\nm-\mhmsX A sdbnm-f-n Xe-hv B-lXy sNp-p.
tSmkvtmbn-bpsS Cu t\mh-ens X\n-bm-h-\-XsbmWv \-fpsS Pohn-X-nse ]e kw`-h--fpw. hnj-b-sf
Bm-hns kz-am Pe-cm-inbntev IS-n-hn-SmsX t\mWw. \mw \psS Bm-hns\ AXns kzm`m-hn-I-X-bn imam-bn-cn-m am{Xw A\p-h-Zn-p-I.

77
]c-samcp hnp, ]c in Imm
adn-h-\-e, Pe-a-, -an-{n-bmw
[c-Wn, -bn-Xn-s\bp Xz-ambv \n
scn-bp-an-Xns cl-ky-taI-am-Ipw.
]c-samcp hnv
]c in Immw

Adnhv A\-e
Pew Aw
C{n-bmw [cWn
CXn-s\

Ap Xz-ambv
\ns-cnbpw
CXns clkyw

GI-amIpw

]c-a-amb Bm-hmWv BImiw.

k-hym-]n-bmb ambm-i-nbmWv Imm-bn-cn-p--Xv.
Adnhv An-bmWv.
C{n-b- Pe-amWv.
C{n-b-hn-j-b--fmWv `qan.
Cs\ kpw Nnpw Hcp
hyh--bn
Ap Xz-ambn
\ns-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.
Ap `qX-fpw Adn-hns
Ap `mh-fpw tNs-cn-bp
Cu clkyw
GI-amWv.

{] ]w Hcp hyh-bmWv (system). B hyh \nin-Xa- mb

Nne \nb-a
- f
- n-eq-sS-bmWv \S-n-em-bn-sm-n-cn-p-X
- .v _mly-tem-Iv
{]]-
- n-s\mcp hyh-b
- p-X
- p-t]m-eX
- s B-cn-It- em-Ipw Hcp
hyh-b
- p-.v Cu cp hyh-I
- fpw Hn-p Hcp kn-m-\h
- pap-.v Cs\ ka-kX
v Xtbbpw Dsm-p Hcp Nnm-kw-hn-[m\s]n {^ntPm^v Im{] Pohs amdme (Web of Life) F {Kn khn-kX
v cw NsNp-p-.v AIhpw ]pdhpw F t`Z-an-msX
ka-{K-ambn Nnn-p Hcp LS-\s
- b (structure) Atlw aptm-p-hbvp-p. systems thinking, network thinking, holystic thinking,
organismic thinking - F-sm-sbWv Atlw B Nnm-co-Xnp
t]cp-sIm-Sp-n-cn-p-X
- .v
\mcm-bW
- K
- p-cp-hm-Is CsXmw hfsc apt ASppw apd-tbm-SpwIqSn Adn-bp hn[w ]d-p-X
- n-cn-p-Ib
- m-W.v Hcp hiv BIm-iw,hm-bp, An, Pew, ]rYn-hn- CsXms-t _mly-{]-]
- w. C\n Bc-{]-]
-
- n- Xp-ey-ambn ]c-aa- mb t_m[w, ]c-S- n-p ambm-in,
\nXy-Po-hn-X
- n Dm-Ip tkm]m-[n-Ia
- mb Adn-hp-I, C{n-b
- ,

C{n-bm- Ch An-t\bpw ]-`q-X

- f
- p-ambn Xn-d- n-bW
- w.
BImiw \apv ]cn-Nn-Xa
- m-W.v Fm ]c-aa
- mb Bm-Imiw \apv
]cn-Nn-Xa
-
- . AXp-sIm-mWv BIm-i
- ns A\-X
- bpw Hu-Xyhpw
kqvaX
- bpw k-hym-]I
- X
- bpw Fmw IW-n-se-Sp-p-sImv ]c-aamb t_m[s AXp-ambn tNp-hb
-
v p-Xv.
hmbp-hns in A{]-Xn-lX
- a
- m-W.v Fm-bn-Spw ]c-S- n-p-sImn-cn-p Imn-t\m-SmWv ambm-i
- nsb _-s-Sp-p-X
- v. Hcp
sNdnb AWp apX BImiw hsc-bp kh-nepw ambm-in
Hfnpw sXfnpw hoip-p-v. t_m[-n-ep-mIp Fm Adnhp-Ifpw An-X-z-am-Wv. C{n-b--fm-Is Pe-X-z-s-bmWv
{]Xn\n[m\w sNp-X
- v. [c-Wnsb C{n-bh
- n-jb
-
- f
- p-ambn tbmPnn-d
- n-bW
- w. Atm \mw Nnnv Hcn-epw ImSp-Ib
- dn t]mhp-Ib
- n. tIh-et- _m-[
- n Ch-sbmw Hcp hyh-t- bm-Sp-IqSn s]cp-amdpXv Hcp kmn-sb-tmse t\mn-m-Wm Ign-hp-m-Ipw. ]c-aa
- mb
Bm-Za
- m-WX
- v.

78
ac-W-hp-an ]pd-p-an hmgvhpw
\c-kp-c-cm-Zn-bp-an \ma-cq]w
acp-hn-e-a acoNn \ocp-t]m \n
evs]mcps]mcpfmw s]mcp-f
- n-tXmn-tSWw.
ac-Whpw C
]pdpw C
hmgvhpw
\c-k-p-c-cm-Znbpw C
\ma-cq]w

acp-hn Aa
acoNn \ocp-t]m
\nevs]mcp s]mcpfmw
CXv s]mcp-f

Hmn-tSWw

ac-Whpw C.
P\-\hpw C.
AXn-\n-S-bn-ep Pohn-Xhpw C.
a\p-jy, tZh-m XpS-n-b-hcpan.
Ch-sbmw \ma-fpw cq]-fpw
am{XamWv.
acp-`q-an-bn ImWm-dp-
Pe-{]-Xo-Xn-t]mse
\ne-\n-p Hm-WnXv.
\ma-cq-]--sfmpw ]c-a-amb
kXy-a.
CXv Ftmgpw kvacn--Ww.

ac-W-amWv a\p-jys\ hmsX `b-s-Sp-p--Xv. acn-p-tm

\apv ]eXpw \jvS-am-Ip--Xp-t]mse tXmpw. Cu temI-nse
kpJ- ]ns A\p-`-hn-p-hm Ign-bp-I-bn-. ac-W-ap--XpsImv am{X-amWv kXytbpw ssZh-tbpw a\p-jy At\z-

jn-p--Xp-t]m-epw. ItTm-]-\njn arXyp-hns h{-n-tev

A`n-i-]vX-\mb \Nn-tI-Xv [oc-X-tbmsS \S-p-sNv tNmZn-p
tNmZyw, arXyp-hns\ Fs\ AXn-ew-Ln-m Ignbpw Fp-Xm-Wv. knm-cm-P-Ip-am-c ac-W-ns _o`--apJw Iv
`bpw ZpxJnpw BWv sImmcw hnv Cd-n-tm-b-Xv. ac-W-ns\mcp ]cn-lm-c-ant F-dn-bm thn.
Kpcp ]d-bpp, ac-Whp-an. Rm acn-p-n. acn-p-n- Fp
am{X-a Rm P\n-n-n Fpw Kpcp kzbw ]d-bp-p. P\n-n-n-m
Kpcp-hn-s\-p-dn-mWv \mw Xn-p-X
- .v P\n-n-n-m Hcp Kpcp-hns
t]cn-emWv \mw kwL-S\
- I
- s
- fms Dmn AWn-\n-c
- p-X
- .v Kpcp
hopw ]d-bpp: F\n-smcp PohnXw Dm-bn-cp-n Fv.- B-tm]-tZ-ii
- X
- I
-
- ns clkyw a\-n-em-n-sb-Sp-W
- s
- a-n euIn-I_
- pn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Nnn-m ]mSn-. B-_pn sXfn-ph-cW
- w. Rm
Bm-hm-sW-d- n-bp-tm imco-cn-Ia
- mb AkvXn-Xb
- n\n-smw hnap-\m-bn. Bm-hm-Is P\-\a
- c
- W
-
- f
- n-msX Fpw \ne-\np-
D-bm-W.v
ico-ca
- mWv P\n-p-Xpw \ne-\np-Xpw acn-p-X
- pw. Rm
ico-ca
- m-sWp Icp-Xp-h
- acn-p-p. ico-c
- n-s\-s-nepw Xw
]n-bm ZpxJn-p-p. Pohn-X-n-ep-S-\ofw Ch ]cm-Xn-Ifpw Ips-Sp--ep-I-fp-ambn Pohn-p-t]m-cpp. Fm Kpcp \sf Bmhn-tep Wn-p-I-bm-Wv. AhnsS Rm, a\p-jy t]mep-a-.
AhnsS tZh-mtcm Akp-c-mtcm C. B-t_m[w DW-h\v
CsXmw shdpw \ma-fpw cq]-fpw am{X-am-Wv. Npp-s]mp
shbn-ep--tm acp-`q-an-bn-eqsS Zml-P-e-n-\p-thn Ae-p-Xncn-bp-tm A-Ise Pem-ibw ImWp-p. shw sIn-n-S-p-Xp-t]mse. ]t, F{X \S-mepw B Pem-i-b-n-tev \ap-v
Fm Ign-bp-n-. hopw hopw AI-p-t]m-bvsm-t-bn-cnpw. AXp Im\P-e-am-Wv. Im\ Fm tXm FmWw. Im\P-ew-sImv Zmlw Xocp-I-bn-. Im\P-e-n\p
bmYm-X-Yy-amb \ne-\npw C.
AXp-t]mse P\-\hpw ac-Whpw \ne-\npw Fmw B-nX-\mb Hcp-h-\n acp-`q-an-bn ImWp Pe-{]-XoXn t]msebmWv.
AhnsS bYm-n Pew Dmtbm? Pew Dm-bn-n-. Fmepw
\ Ip. Pew D-Xp-t]m-sebpw Pew \ne-\np--Xp-t]msebpw tXmn-n-p. kqcys {]Imiw Ipd-p-h--tm Pe-{]Xo-Xnbpw \jvS-ambn. CXp-t]m-se-sbm-s-bmWv Pohn-X-ns Imcyhpw. s\Snb In\m-hmWv PohnXw Fp ]d Kpcp-hn\v AtX kzcns ]dbmw ac-W-hp-an ]pd-p-an ]ns FmWv
PohnXw?

79
P\n-k-abw nXn-bn Pn-b-\y
W-a-Xn-en-n-Xn-cn--sX-{]-Imcw?
l\-\-hp-an--s\-X-s-bm-I-bmte
P\-\-hp-an-nXp NnXv{]-`m-h-sa-mw.
P\n-k-abw

nXn-bn

Pn

A\y--W-a-Xn

CXv Ccn-Xv F{]-Im-cw

l\-\hpw Cs\ Xs
BI-bmte
P\-\-hp-an
CXv Fmw
NnXv {]`mhw

P-\n-p thf-bn
P-n-sb Ah C.
P-\n-p--h
P\n-p ka-b--msX
P-np \ne-\n-ev]p-an
Htc-k-abw Dbpw Cm-bvabpw
Hn-n-cn-p-Xv F-s\-bmWv
P\-\-s-tm-se-X-s-a-c-Whpw
C-s\-X-s-bm-Wv.
AXp-sImv
P-\-\-hp-an-, ac-W-hp-an-.
ChnsS ImWp--sXmw
Adn-hns Ap-X-I-c-amb
{]`mhw am{Xw.

P\n-pI F-sXmcp {Inb-bm-W.v {Inb Fm Ne-\a- m-W.v Nenp Hn\p \n-eX

- b
- n-. {Inb-bn AXp-sImv nXn-bn-. P\\w
F {Inb \S-p thf-bn Pnv AXn nXn-sN-m Ign-bpI-bn-. P\-\a
- p-h
- \
- mWv Pn. Pn ssXn-Ia
- mb Hcp \ne-bm-W.v
AsXmcp {]{In-bb
-
- . Cu {]tl-fn-Im-P\
- y-amb hmgvhns cl-ky-ntev shfnw hoip Cu tmIw [ym\m-I
- a- mbn Cg-]n-cn-s-Sp-t
Hm-W.v P\n-p ka-bv Pn Cm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw P\\w Ign-m
]ns Pn Fp hnfn-m Ign-bm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. P\\w
F {]{In-bb
- n\npw thsdmcp {]{In-bb
- n-tep IS-p-tm AhntSbpw Pnp m\-an-msX t]mIp-p. Cu temIw Fp ]d-bp-Xv Ne-\hpw \n-e-Xbpw IqSn-e-Xm-Wv. t_m[w \n-e-am-Wv. temIw Nen-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xm-Wv. Hcp DZm-lc
- Ww ]d-bp-Ib
- m-sW-n IS-ens Bg-n \ne- X - b p- m- b n- c n- thXs apI- c v {]p- _ v [ - a m- b n- c n- pw.
thsdmcp DZm-l-cWw FSp-p-I-bm-sW-n Npg-en-m-n-s \m`n-

\n-ea
- mb Hcp tI{-amWv. Cu tmIw Du sImSp-p-Xv Fm
{Inb-Ifpw Adn-hn \S-p Ap-X-I-c-amb {]`m-h- am{X-amsWp ]d-bm-\m-Wv. P\-\hpw ac-Whpsamw B alm-{]-`m-h-n
kw`-hn-p--Xm-Wv. B-t_m[w sXfn-bp-tm Cu {]`m-h-ns
ImnI-X-bn\npw \mw ap-\m-Ipw.

80
nXn-K-Xn-t]mse hntcm-[n-bmb krjvSn
nXn-e-b-sa-smcp Znn-semp hmgpw?
KXn-bnh aqn-\p-sa-p-an-n-tXmm
nXn apX-em-bh Kocp am{X-amIpw.
nXn-K-Xn-t]mse

hntcm-[n-bmb

krjvSn-nXn ebw

Fsmcp Znn
Hp hmgpw
Ch aqn\pw

KXn Fpw C
CtXmm
nXn apX-em-bh
Kocp am{X-amIpw

Hcp hkvXp nXn sNp-tm

Nen-p-n-. Nen-p-tm B
hkvXp nXn sNp-p-an-.
Cs\ nXnbpw KXnbpw Htck-abw tNcm--Xp-t]mse
krjvSn, nXn , ebw Fo
{]{In-b-I
F-s\-bmWv Htc-bn-Sv
Hn-n-cn-p-Xv?
krjvSn, nXn, ebw
Ch aqn\pw
kzX-{-amb Hcp AkvXn-X-bn-.
Cs\ hnNn-\w sNbvXm
`qan apX-emb Fm `qX-fpw
shdpw hmp-I am{Xam-sWp
t_m[y-am-Ipw.

Cu {]]--n \mw Ip-t]m-cp ]e-kw-`-h--fnepw Hfnn-cn-p sshcp-y-sf \mw {in-msX t]mbn-p-v. Hcp
hkvXp Hcn-Sv nXn sNpp Fp ]d-m B hkvXp \nem-h
b
- n-emWv F-dn-bW
- w. ]ns AXn-\v F-s\-bmWv Ne\w
Dm-hpI? hkvXp Ht-bpp Fn AXv ]ns FhnsS\nv
Ftmv Nenpw? Nen-pXv Hcn-S-p-\nv thsdm-cn-S-t-mWv. Ne\w XpS-m HcnSw thWw. Ah-km-\n-m HcnSw thWw.
AXn-\n-S-bn-ep A-cmfhpw thWw. Bmhn\p P-ap-sp ]dbp-Ib
- m-sW-n AXn\p \mihpw Dm-bn-cn-pw. P\n-n-W
- s
- a-n

thsd Hv Dm-bn-cn--Ww. Atm cv D Dm-Ip-p. cv DIv Htc-bn-Sv Htc-ka

- bw Ccn-m Ign-bp-Ib
- n-. Hcp tai hn-cnp CSv Hcp Itk-cp nXn sNm Ign-bp-Ib
- n-. AXp-sImv
B-k GI-am-bn-cn-p-X
- n-\m B-k
- b
- n Ne-\a
- n-. Ne\-an-m Hn\v \n-ea
- mbn \nt Bh-iy-hp-an-.
krjvSn Fp ]d-bp-Xv Hcp Ne-\-am-Wv. ebw As-n \miw
Fp ]d-bp-Xv thsdmcp Ne-\-am-Wv. AXn-\n-S-bn-ep \ne-\nns\-bmWv nXn Fp ]d-bp--Xv. CsXms B-k--bpsS GIXsb [ym\n-p-d-n-m shdpw hmp-I am{X-am-bn-o-cpw. \mw
hymh-lm-cn-I-tem-I-n A\p-`-hn-p Fm A\p-`-h--fnepw
hmp-I-fm \nn--s Hcp {]m]-n-I-t_m-[-amWv \s \nb{n-p--Xv. B-t_m-[-n\npw hmns {]k-n-Isf
ASn-am-n-bm krjvSn Fpw nXn Fpw ebw Fpw \mw
]d-p-t]m-cp {]{In-b-Ifpw Ah-km-\n-pw. Cu \nd-hmWv sshcpy-an-m \psS B-cn-I-X.

81
{]IrXn ]ncn-smcp Iqdp t`mr-cq]w
kI-e-hp-ambv shfntb kap--knpw
Cl-]-c-am-samcp Iqdn-Z--bmte
hnI-kn-Xam-anXp t`mKy-hn-iz-am-Ipw.
{]IrXn ]ncnv
Hcp Iqdv
t`mr-cq]w
Hcp Iqdv
CZ--bmte
Cl-]-camw
kI-e-hp-ambn
shfntb kap--knpw
CXv
hnI-kn-Xamw
t`mKy-hn-iz-amIpw

B-i
- n-bmb {]IrXn ]ncnv
Hcp `mKv
t`mm-hmbn \np-p.
adp-`m-Kv
CZ ImcWw
Cl-]-c--fmb
Fm-ambn
_mly-temIw {]Xn-`m-kn-p-p.
CXmWv
hnI-knp \np
t`mKy-hn-iz-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.

kpJw D-bn-Sp am{Xta Bcpw Pohn-p-Ib

- p-q. \ Imemh-b
- p CS-tv Bfp-I t]mIm-dnt? \ k-p CSfn-tev Bfp-I t]mIm-dnt? kpJs Xnc-p-sIm-mWv a\pjy Hmtcm \nan-jhpw Pohn-p-X
- v. Cu kpJs A\p-`h
- n-p-

Xv BcmWv? AsXmcp Al-b

- m-Wv. AXns\ hni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-Ib
- mWv
Kpcp ChnsS sNp-X
- .v Bm-hns Ccn-p Hcp in-bmWv
{]Ir-Xn. B {]IrXn kzbw cmbn ]ncn-bp-p. temIs `pPn-phm-\p Xm-sd-Sp-m-Wn-Xv. `pPn-W
- s
- a-n Al t`mm-hns
cq]w ssIsm-W
- w. ck-ap hkvXp- am{Xta t`mm-hn\p
{]nbX Dm-p-p-q. A{]nbw Df-hm-p hkvXp-sf Xn-f
- bp-tmgpw t`mm-hn\v ckw Dm-Ipw. t`mmhv A\p-`h
- n-p-sImn-cn-p Cu ]pdw-temIw cp Xc-n-ep kpJw {]Zm\w sNpp-v. Nne t`mKy- AtmXs kpJw sImSp-p-p. Ah
sFln-I
- f
- m-Wv. Nneh Iptd Ignv kpJm-\p-`h
- s \Ip-p.
Ah ]c-f
- m-Wv.
\psS hmbn Hcp a[p-c-]-e-lmcw Cp-X-cn-I-bm-sW-n
Atms \ap-X
- ns ck-ad
- n-bmw. kpJw A\p-`h
- n-p-Ib
- pw
sNmw. Fm Hcp hmg hm Iptd Ign-mWv \ap-X
- ns
^ew e`n-p-X
- v. I-f
- psS ^ew Cs\ ]ncnp- \np-Xns\ ASn-m-\a
- m-n-bmWv Clw Fpw ]cw Fp-ap hnh
ChnsS tNn-cn-p-X
- v. Cu t`mm-hn\p tap-\S-
- p-hm-\p
CS-amWv t`mKy-hn-izw. AXpw {]IrXn-bpsS Hcp ]pd-am-Wv. t`mmsh ]pdhpw t`mKy-hn-iz-sa adp-]p-dhpw tNv hymh-lm-cn-I-temIw
Dm-bn-h-cp-p. B-kz-cq]w Atmgpw hnIm-c-c-ln-X-am-bn-s \nesIm-p-p. \mw B-k Xs-bm-Wv.

82
Ac-Wn-I-S-s-gp-a-n-t]msebmcm
bvhh-c-en-cp--Xn-c-sgpw hnthIw
]c-a-Nn-Zw-_-c-am `m\p-hmbv \n
scn-bp-a-Xn-n-c-bm-bn-Spp khw.
AcWn IS-sgpw

An-t]mse

Bcmbvhh-cn Ccpv
AXn-c-sgpw hnthIw

]c-a-Nn-Zw-_-c-am

AcWn IS-bp-tm AXn

\npw Pzen-p-b-cp
Xo t]mse
m\s At\z-jnp--h-cn\nv
AXn-cp-I-fn-msX DZn-p-bp-cp
m\-{]-Imiw
]c-a-amb NnZm-Im-i-n
\nd-p- \np

`m\p-hmbv \ns-cnbpw
AXnv
Cc-bm-bn-Spp khw

B-kq-cy-\mbn Fcn-psIm-n-cnpw
B m\m-n-bn
Fmw In-sb-cn-bp-p.

PohnXw

Hcp X]-m-Wv. B X]-\-{Inb \S-p-Xv Ac-WnI IS-bp-X

- p-t]m-se-bm-Wv. b-Ip-WvU
- n Xo ]nSn-n-p-hm
cv ac--j-W- Xn Dc-mWv Xo Dm-p--Xv. B ac-I-jW--sf-bmWv Ac-Wn-I Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Xmsg hn-cn-p AcWnsb A[-cm-cWn Fpw apI-fn IS-p-sIm-n-cn-p AcWnsb D-cm-cWn Fp-amWv hnfn-p--Xv. IS-n AXns
aqbn Fp-tm-gmWv AXn\npw An Pzen-p-b-cp--Xv.
ssaYp-\-{]-{In-b-bnepw CtX-t]m-ep Hcp aY-\-amWv \S-p--Xv.
AhnsS Pzen-p-b-cp-Xv B\--aq-bm-Wv.
ChnsS Pohn-X-am-Ip X]-\-{]-{In-b-bn Hcp Xm]-k\v t`mmhm-bn-cn-p Xs Al-bpw t`mKy-hn-iz-am-bn-cn-p {]]-hpw
Xn-emWv ]c-a-amb Hcp aqey-km-m-XvIm-c-n-\p-thn kwLjW-n-tes-n-cn-p--Xv. t`mmhpw t`mKy-hn-izhpw Hcp {]tXyI
A\p-c-W-\m--I-X-bn Fn-t-cp-tm Bm-\p-`hw {]f-bm-nt]mse Al--tbbpw euIn-I-X-tbbpw hngp-n--f-bp-p. ssZzX-f Dshfn tXPn-b Hcp kqcy-\m-bn- {]Im-in-pp. PohnXnse Ccp in-If
- n\nv \app ]pd-p-IS-
- m Ign-ncn-p-p. Imaw, t{Im[w, Akqb Ah-sbmw m\m-n-bn ZKv[am-bn-tm-bn. Cu kmm-XvIm-c-amWv Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw \ap-pm-n--cp--Xv. PohnXns NnZw-_-c-ntev \s ssI]n-Snp-bp-p. CXmWv ]c-aamb Aw F-dn-b-Ww.

83
DS-bp-an-cn-p-ap-Zn-p-sam-p- am-dn
pS-cp-an-Xn-p-S-en kz`m-h-amIpw
apSn-bn-en-cp--dn-bpp aqp-am-m
hnS-c-dp-sam-nXp \nhn-Im-c-amIpw.
DSbpw
Ccnpw
DZnpw

\inpw
nXn sNpw
P\npw

Hp-am-dn-p-Scpw

CXv
Cv DS-en
kz`m-h-amIpw

apSn-bn-en-cpv
Bm
aqpw Adn-bpp
CS-cdpw
HnXv
\nhn-Im-c-amIpw

Hcp cq]w amdn thsdmcp cq]n XpScpw

Cu ]cn-Wmaw
ChnsS ico-c-ns Xe-n
kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kw`hn-psIm-n-cnpw
km-Xo-X-ambn hnv
t_m[w
krjvSn-nXn-eb
-
- sf Adn-bpp.
ZpxJw Ap-t]mb
Cu Bmhv GI-amWv.
Cu Bmhv am-an-m--Xp-amWv.

{io_p-\mWv Pohn-X
- ns Wn-IX
- s
- b-p-dnv Zmi-\n-Ia
- mb
Hcp ]cn-t{]yw (perspective) \apv BZyw ]d-p-X--Xv.
Atlw {]]-h
- k
- vXp-f
- psS P\-\hpw \ne-\npw ac-Wh
- p-samw
imiz-Xa
- mb B\-s {]Zm\w sNp-n-sv \s t_m[y-s-Spn. _p ]d-bpp: temI-Po-hnXw ic-m-et- a-L
- s
- f-tmse-bm-Wv. Hcp \r-n Ne-\
- amdn-amdn hcp-X
- p-t]m-se-bmWv
P\-\hpw ac-Whpw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. Icn-ta-L-p
IpdptI Hfn-an-p Hcp hnZyp-X IW-s-bmWv Pohm-bpv IS-pt]m-Ip--Xv. Fsmcp {ZpX-K-Xn-bm-W-Xn-\v. sNp-mb Hcp aebn\npw DutmsS Xmtgp {]h-ln-p Pe-]mXw t]mse-bmW-Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv _p temI-Po-hn-Xs ZpxJambn IXv.
Fm \mcm-bW
- K
- pcp A-s\-sbmcp hnjm-Zm-I
- X
- sb ]nb ]d-bp--Xv. Hp-m-hp-Ibpw \ne-\np-Ibpw \in-p-Ibpw
sNp-Xv ico-c
- ns kz`m-ha
- m-sW-m-Wv.- kz`mhw Fm aman-m \nbaw Fm-Wv. {]]--nse Cu ssPhn-I-{]-{In-b-Isfsbmw \app XSp-m Ign-bp-Ib
- n-. XSp-m am\-kn-IX
- e
- nepw imco-cn-IX
- e
-
- nepw B k-{]-hmlw A\m-tcm-Ky-Ic
- a
- mb
Hcp hnj-ak
-
- nsb krjvSn-pw. Fm ChnsS thsdmcp t]mwh-gn]d-bpp: Rm Fp ]d-bp k krjvSn-nXneb-v AXoX-amb Hcp D-bm-sW-m-Wv. AXoXw Fp ]d-m CXn\p
]pdv F. Cu aqv {]{In-bI
- pw Bm-hn m-\a
- p-v.
Fm Cu aqv {]{In-bI
- f
- mepw Bm-hn\v Hcp `mh-t`-Zhpw kw`hn-p-n-. Bmhv apSn-bn-en-cp-v aqpw Adn-bpp.
F{_lmw amkv t emhns\tmsebp a\x- i m- k v { X-
Dpw-Km-\p-`qXn (peak experience) Fp ]d-bp-Xv apSn-bn-en-cpv
Adn-bp--Xn-s\-bm-Wv. apSn Fp ]d-m Dpw-Ka
- mb Xew. `mhm-

Xo-XX-ew. AXp-sImv Bmhv Hcp Xc-n-ep hnIm-c

- n\pw ASns-Sp-n-. Hcp Xc-n-ep ZpxJhpw Bm-hns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sp-pan-. AXv
Ftmgpw D-bp-X
- m-Wv F A-n km-W.v AXv Ftmgpw
Adn-p-sIm-n-cn-pp F A-n Nnm-W.v AsX-tmgpw
B\-n-p-sIm-n-cn-pp F A-n B\-a
- m-W.v

84
Adn-h-Xn-\m-e-h-\o-hn-Im-c-ap-s
cp-fp-an-tXmn-e -k-Xy-ap--Xpho
\nc-h-[n-bmbv \ne-bp \nev]-sX-m
adn-hn-segpw {]Ir-Xn-kz-cq-]-am-Ipw.
Adn-h-Xn-\m
Ah\o hnImcw

Dsv
Acpfpw
DXv Dho
CtXmn AkXyw

\nc-h-[n-bm-bv

\ne-bp \nev]-sXmw
Adn-hn-segpw
{]IrXn kzcq-]-amIpw

GsXmcp

Adn-bp--Xp-sImv
ans cq]m--c--fmb Iew.
IpSw apX-em-bh
D-Xm-sWv
\mw ]d-bm-dp-v.
kXyn ap am{Xtabpq.
CXdnm Iew, Nn Fo
hnIm-c--sfmw Ak-Xy-am-Wv.
F-a Xc-n ImW
s-Sp-sXmw
kz-ambn AkvXn-X-bn-m
\ma-cq-]--fmWv
Adn-hn\npw Fgpp hcp
{]Ir-Xn-bpsS kzcq-]-am-Wn-sXmw.

hkvXp \nn-p-X
- n\pw Hcp ]Zmw Bh-iy-amWv. B ]Zm-amWv B hkvXp-hns bYm k-bm-bn-cn-p-Xv. kv]nt\mk F ]mm-Xy-Nn-I
- Cu ksb substance
FmWv hnfn-X
- v. Hcp Ipem-e Ifn-av Acp Ipgv AXns\
Ipem-eZ- WvUpw N{Ihpw D]-tbm-Knv ]cph-s-Spn ]m{X- Dmp-p. Nn, Iew, ]m\, IqP, IpSw CsXmw B Ifn-a
- n\nv
Ipem-e DmnsbSp-p-p. Ifn-a
- n \nn B Hmtcm cq]tbpw t\mn \n-tfmSv tNmZn-p-Ib
- mWv: CsX-mWv? \n
]dbpw, CXp Nn-bm-sW-v, CXp IeamsWv. Atm Ifn-as
- hnsStmbn? Iew F \ma-n-sbpw cq]-n-sbpw ad-hn Ifna-

s k AI-s-p-t]m-bn. \ma-n\pw cq]-n\pw Aan-Xa

- mb
{]k-nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw \mw Adn-bmsX sImSp-p-t]m-Ip-p.
ksb ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. Cu {]]-
- n \nc-h[n cq]-fpw \nch[n \ma-fpw tNv {]]-
- ns ksb ad-p-hb
- vp-p. \macq-]
- f
- psS taml-he
- b
-
- n \mw IpSp-n-tm-Ip-p.
a\v \ma--fpsS kzm[o-\-n s]n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. B a\nXs cq]--fpsS {]Xn-`-I-fp-ap-v. cq]w Fp ]d-bp-tm
AXn\v C{n-b-tKm-N-c-amb Hcp A-kvXn-Xbpw at\m-tKm-N-c-amb
thsdm-cp AkvXn-Xbpapv. C{n-b-tKm-N-c-amb cq]w hymh-lm-cnI-am-Wv. C{n-b-tKm-N-c-amb shw IpSn-mte \psS Zmlw amdpI-bp-q. Fm sh-n\v at\m-tKm-N-c-amb Hcp {]Xn-`-bp-apv. a\-n-e-S-n-bn-cn-p sh-ns {]Xn` \psS Zmlw
amp-I-bn-. ChnsS ]d-bp cq]m--I-Xbpw \mam--I-Xbpw ]mcamn-I-X-bn am{Xta \ne-bp \np-pp Fpw Adn-bWw. B Adn-hmWv \s kzX-{-\m-p--Xv.

85
\ng-semcp _nw_-a-t]-n-bmsX \nev]o
segp-ap-e-sI-p-a-_nw-_-am-I-bmte
\ng-ep-a-X-nXp t\cp-a hnZzm
s\gp-Xn-bnSpw ^Wn-t]mse ImWp-samw.
\ng
Hcp _nw_w
At]-n-bmsX
\nev]oe
Fgpw DeIv Fpw

A_nw-_-am-I-bmte

\ng-ep-a-X
CXp t\cp-a
hnZzm
Fgp-Xn-bnSpw
^Wn-t]mse
ImWp-samw

\ng
Hcp _nw_s
B{i-bn--msX
\ne-\np-n-.
Fm-bn-Spw {]Xo-X-am-bn-mWp temIw
Hcp _nw_s B{i-bnp
\ng-en-p--X-.
AXn-\m {]]w \ng-ep-a.
kzbw k D-Xp-a.
NXp-c-\mb Hcp Iem-Im-c
hc-bvp
]mn-s\-tmse
Fmw ImW-s-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

Hcp Pem-ib
-
- ns apn \mw sNp \np-tm \psS
BsI cq]w kv^Sn-Ik
-
- m-ia
- mb B Pem-ib
-
- n {]Xn-^e
- n-pw.
As\ {]Xn-^e
- n-p-tm Pe-n ImWp-Xv \psS {]XnOmbbm-W.v \mw BWv _nw_w. Pe-n {]Xn-Omb Dm-bn-cn-p-Xv
\mw D-Xp-sIm-m-W.v Fm {]]-s Hcp \ngt]mse IcpXm Ign-bp-n-. {]]w Hcp {]Xn-_nw-_a
- m-sW-n {]]-
- n\p
Imc-Wa
- m-bncn-p _nw_w Fhn-sS-bm-Wn-cn-p-Xv? Bmhv GIam-W.v AZz-ba
- m-W.v AsXm-cn-epw \m\m-Xz-tm-Sp-IqSn {]Xn-^e
- n-pI-bn-. AXp-sImv Bm-hns {]Xn-_nw-_a
- mWv {]]w Fp ]dbms\m-p-Ib
- n-. {]]-
- n-\m-Is kzbta Hcp AkvXn-Xb
- p-an-. \nhNn-m Ign-bm coXn-bn-emWv {]]-
- ns \ne.
B_v sFo {]]w Ime-n-sbpw tZi-n-sbpw
kn-{i-Wa
- m-sW-mWv \nh-Nn-X
- .v Fm sslk _Kn-s\-tmep-h
- {]]-
- ns kqvat- c-Wp-f
- psS ]T-\
- n-\mbn Xp\n-tm AhnsS ]c-am-Wp- Dspw Cspw ]d-bm Ign-bm
nXn-bn imkv{X-
- msc {`an-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X
- mbn ]d-p.
A-s\-bmWv sslk_Kns {]]-k
- n-mw uncertainty principle Bbn amdn-bX
- v. thZm-hpw {]]-s Dm-n-m-Wn-p
ambsb A\nh-N\
- ob FmWv hnfn-p-X
- .v AXo-h\
- n-]p-W\
- mb
Hcp Iem-Im-c Nn{Xw hc-m B Nn{Xw Poh-p-X
- mbn tXmm-dpv. Hcp ]mn-s-bmWv Nn{Xw hc-b
v p-s
- X-n B Nn{Xw Im
\mw `bp \ne-hn-fn-pw. AXp-t]m-se-bmWv Bm-hnepw {]]-c
- N\ \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X
- .v Bm-hn Xs-bn-cn-p Hcp inbmWv XqenI ]nSn-p-X.v CXp \nh-Nnp a\-n-em-p-X
- n-t\-m
Ap-X]
- c
- X
- {- -Xt- bmsS Bkz-Zn-p-X
- mWv el-cn-Zm-bI
- w.

86
X\p apX-em-bXp kh-sam-n-sem-n
\r-X-hp-am-b-Xn-\m-se-b-\y-`mKw
A\p-Zn-\-a-kvX-an-bm-Xn-cn--bmte
]p\-cr-X-cq-]-hp-ambvsmen-n-Sp-p.
X\p apX-em-bXp
kw
Hn Hn
AXn-\mse
A\y-`mKw

icocw apX-em-bh
Fmw
Hcp ico-c-n thsdmcp ico-c-an.
AXp-sImv
Hcp ico-c-n Cm ap
ico-c-

A\r-X-hp-ambn

]p\x

A\p-Zn\w

AkvX-an-bmXncn--bmte
EX-cq-]-hp-ambv
s]men-n-Spp

Ak-Xy-ambnocp-p.
Fm
Fspw
(B--k-) \in-p-t]m-Im-Xn-cnp--Xp-sImv
EX-amb icocw Gn-sImv
{]Im-in-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.

X\p Fm ico-ca- m-W.v GsXmcp ico-c

- n\pw nXn sNm
ew thWw. Hcp icocw {]tXyI CS-n nXn sNp-X
- pt]mseXs AXn-s\mcp Imehpw thWw. Fp ]d-m GsXmcp
ico-c
- n\pw Ime-nepw tZi-nepw am{Xta nXn sNm-\m-hp-Ibp-q. Fs tai-p-ds ]qm-{X-n Csmcp tdmkm-]pjv]w
Ccn-p-p-s-n thsdmcp tdmkm-]p-jv]
- n\v B ]qm-{X-n
Ccn-m Ign-bn-. Hcp ]qhn\p am{Xta nXn sNm AXn CSap-q. Atm B ]qm-{X-n Ccn-m Ign-bmsX t]mIp
At\Iw ]q-fp-v. ]qm-{Xs kw_-n-n-St- mfw Ah-sbmw
]qm-{X-n Cm-h
- b
- m-Wv. AXm-bXv B Htc-sbmcp tdmkm]qhv
Am-s
- Xmw Cmh-bm-Wv. Ah-sbmw A\y-`m-Ka
- m-Wv. AXpsImv A\r-Xh
- p-am-Wv. Ak-Xy-hpam-Wv.
CXp-t]mse ico-c--fpsS Xe-n Hn thsdm-n\p nXn
sNm Ign-bp-Ib
- n-. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn {io_p-\v nXn sNm
Ign-bp-I-bn-. Itk-c-bn taipw nXn sNm Ign-bp-I-bn-.
Hn thsdm-ns A`m-hs \mw ImWp-p-v. Cu thsdm-pI-sfms A\y-bm-Wv. s]menbpanX\y Fv KpcpXs ]d-n-pv. CsXmw Zmi-\n-I-amb Ipg-a-dn-n-ep-I-fm-Wv. Fm hfsc
A\m-bm-k-ambn Kpcp CXns\ kao-I-cn-p-Xv C-s\-bm-Wv:
Fm Hcp k Aev]w-t]m-epw a-temsX Cu ico-csmw B[m-c-am-bn-cn-p-p-v. AXv B-k--bm-Wv. AXv
DZ-bm-kvX-a-b--fn-m--Xm-Wv. Fsmw ChnsS Dcp-th-n-bncnpptm Ah-sbmw B B-k
- b
- psS Dcp-h
- f
- m-W.v AXp-sImv
AXns\ D]-\n-j
- n ]d-bp-Xv EXw Fm-W.v Cu {]m]-n-Ii
- c
- o-csf apgp-h EX-ambn Adn-bW
- w. Cu Adn-hmWv imiz-Xa
- mb PohnXs {]Zm\w sNp-X
- .v

87
X\n-sb-bn-sXm-s-bp-app Xn-temtcm
cn\-an-X-c-fn-en--,bn-{]-Imcw
X\p apX-em-bXp kp-atbmm
e\r-X-hp-a--X-hm-Ny-am-bn-Sp-p.
X\nsb CsXm--bpapv

Xn Hmtcm C\w

CX-c--fn-en

C{]-Imcw

X\p apX-em-bXv

kp-a

Hmm

A\r-X-hp-a

AXv Ahm-Ny-am-bn-Spp

Hmtcm-n-t\bpw

Hmtcmtcm hkvXp-sf H-bvsmv FSp-p-t\m-n-bm

CsXmw D-Xp-X-s-bm-Wv.
Xn Hcn\w
asm-cn-\-n C
CXp-t]mse
icocw apX-em-bh
k-bp--X.
]cn-tim-[n-p- t\m-n-bm
Ah Cm--Xp-a.
AXp hmp-sImv samgn-bm-\mhm--Xm-Ip-p.

FSp-p-t\m-n-bm Fm-n\pw Dbp-v.

tX-bp-v, am-bp-v, ]ip-hp-v, \mb-bp-v, ag-bp-v, shbn-ep-v.
shbn- C Fp ]d-bp-hm Ign-bp-n-. am- C Fp ]d-bphm Ign-bp-n. Fm ]ip-hn IpXn-cb
- n-. ]ip Hcp C\-am-Wv.
IpXnc thsdmcp C\-am-Wv. Hn thsdm-ns Cmbva hcp-X
- psImv icocw km-sWv ]d-bp-hm Ign-bmXv. km-sW-n
Fhn-sSbpw Fm-bvtmgpw Dm-bn-cn-Ww. kv Cm-bvab
- n-.
kv C\-an-. k kam-\m-[n-Ic
- W
- a
- m-Wv. Fm amdn-smn-cn-p ico-c- Cm-bvav hg-n-sm-Sp-p--Xn-\m,
\in-p-t]m-Ip--Xn-\m Ahbvp kzbw D-bn- Fp ]d-bm
Ign-bpw. Fm Ahsb ]q-ambpw C Fp ]d-bm-\pam-hpn-.
\ XWp-p cm{Xn-bn In-fn-p-X
- p-sImp ]pX-b
v p-tm
XWpv AI-p- t]m-Ip-p-v. NqSp Inp-Ibpw sNp-p-. Infn C
Fp ]d-bp-hm Ign-bp-n-. In-fnv hymh-lm-cn-Ia
- mb AkvXn-Xbp-v. AXp-sImv AXv A\r-Xh
- p-a
- . ico-c
- f
- psS temI-n HcpXcw A\nh-N\
- o-bX Xn-\np-p-.v Fs-Sp-mepw Dspw
Cspw Htc-ka
- bw ]d-bm Ignbpw? Dspw Cspw Hcp-anp

]d-bp-Xv Hcp sshcp-y-am-Wv. \ap-smcp icn-bmb ho-Wt- Im

Cm-X
- p-sIm-mWv Cu sshcpyw P\n-p-X
- v. B-n-X\
- mb
Hcp-h\v Cu sshcp-y- Dm-Ip-n-. Dbpw Cm-bvabpw hensbmcp D-bn \S-p Gdn-am-dn-n-cn-be
- m-Wv. AXp Xncn-d
- n-bWw. Ahm-Ny-amb HmWv temIw.

88
kI-e-hp-ap--Xp-Xs Xz-Nn-m-
{K-l-\nXp khp-ta-I-ambv {Klnpw
AI-ap-J-am-b-dn-bm-bvIn ambbmw h
]I ]eXpw {`a-ta-In-Spp ]mcw.
kI-ehpw D-Xp-Xs
Fmw D-bp--Xp-X-s-bm-Wv.
Xz-Nn-m-{K-l

Xzs a\\wsNbvXp a\-nem-p--h

CXp khpw

\ma-cq-]m--I-amb apgp-h
temItbpw
GI-ambv {Klnpw

Htc-sbmcp D-bmbn Df-f-dnbpw.

AI-ap-J-ambv

Bm-`n-ap-J-ambn
Adn-bm-bvIn

Adn-bmm
ambbmw h]I

amb-bm-Ip henb i{Xp

]eXpw

\m\m-Xz-_p-nsb DWn
{`ata-In-Spp ]mcw

henb {`aw Dm-p-p.

temIw anYy-bm-sWp tIp-tm B Zi-\s Bfp-I

sImcp-Xm-Xpw _pn-iq-\y-hp-ambn Icp-Xp-p. AXp-sImv icm-Nm-cy {_-kXyw PKnYym Fp ]d-t- m euIn-It- `m-KnI ]c-a]
- p-t- msS AXns\ hymJym-\n-p. BNm-cy-kzm-an-I Pothm
{_-ssh \m]cm Fp IqSn Iqn-tp-p-.v {_-amWv kXyw.
PKXv anYy-bm-W.v Poh Fp ]d-bp-Xv {_wXs-bm-W,v thsd
Hpw A FmWv i-cm-Nm-cy ]d-X
- ns Aw. anYy Fp
]d-m Cm-s
- X-
- . kz-ambn D Cm-Xpw amdn-sm-ncn-p-Xpw FmWv B hmns Aw. \ma-cq-]m-I
- a
- mb Fmw
B-km-m-XI
v m-c
- n-\p-ff Hcp D]mbw F \nebvp am{X-amWv
i-c anYy-bmbn ]d-bp-X
- .v {_-km-m-XI
v r-X\v Fmw H-tc-sbmcp
kXyw am{Xw. B A-n-emWv ChnsS \mcm-bW
- Kpcp kI-ehpw
DXp-Xs Fp Dd-n-p-]d
- b
- p-X
- .v

Cu ImW-s-Sp-s
- Xmw D-Xp-Xs
- . Cm-X
-
- . Fm Chsbmw thsd-thsd D-X-. Fm-n\pw IqSn H Dtb Dq.
As\ kh-n-sbpw D Hm-sWp A\p-`h
- n-d
- n-bp BsfbmWv Xz-Nn-m-{K-l Fp hnfn-p-X
- v. \mw Xz-Nn-m-{K-l\m-bX
- n-\p-tijw Cu temI-n Fp thW-sa-nepw `pPn-p-sImq. _\w Dm-hp-Ib
- n-. Hmbn Adn-bmsX kI-ehpw DXpXs Fp hnNm-cnv temI-t`m-Py-sf Dm t]mbm Ah
t`mm-hns\ sIWn-bn hogvpw. Cu sIWn Hcp-n-h
- n-cn-p-Xv
amb-bm-Ip h]-I-bm-Wv. \n-fn Hcp i{Xp \ns-Xnsc
{]hn-p-p-v. \n sNbvX GtXm Hcp sXn\v ]I hom-\p {ia-n-emWv AXv \ntj-[m-I
- a
- mb coXn-bn \n-fpsS Isf hnI-ea
- m-p-X
- v. thZm-
- n am{X-a amb-bp-X
- v. Fm
a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw Pohn-X
- n Dsb Hmbn {Kln-m Ign-bm
Hcp nXnhnti-ja
- p-v.
sltK F Nn-I CXns\ negativity FmWv hnfn-X
- v.
Cu \ntj-[m--I-amb amb hm \m\m-Xz-_p-n-bmWv ]ns
{]hn-p--I. ]e-]e ck-fpw ]e-]e XmXv]c
- y-fpw hntcm[hpw
shdppw Fmw IqSn-e
- v a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Xmdp-am-dm-Ipw. AXp-sImmWv Bm-hns\ AI-ap-Ja- mbv Adn-tb-n-hc
- p-X
- .v _Kvks Xz- mbn Adn-bp-Xpw Htc Adn-hp-Xs
- Nn-b
- nse intuition \pw AI-ap-Ja
bm-W.v GI-Xz-{K-lW
- _
- p-n-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu intuition k
- w-`h
- n-p-X
- .v
AXn-\m Cu hnizw apgp-h\pw Hmbn Adn-bp-I. Hmbn IcpXn B\n-p-I.

89
Adn-hn-en-cpk-Z-kvXn-sb--kwJyw
s]mcn-bn-f-In-`p-h\w kv^pcn--bmte
Adn-hns\ hnsmcp hkvXp-h-\y-an-s
dn-b-W-ao-b-dn-ssh-I-cq-]y-ta-Ipw.
Adn-hn-en-cpv
AkZv AkvXn Fv

AkwJyw
s]mcn CfIn
`ph\w
kv^pcn--bmte
Adn-hns\ hnv

tIh-e-amb Adn-hn-en-cpv
Dspw Cspw Htc-k-abw
tXm- hn[-n
I-W-
Xosm-cn-I Cf-In-s-dnv
{]]w
{]Xo-X-am-Ip--Xp-sImv
Adn-hn\npw thdn

Hcp hkvXp A\y-an-sv

Adn-bWw

Cu Adnhv

sFI-cq-]y-taIpw

thsdmcp k Csv
Adn-b-Ww.
C-s\-bp-ff m\w
GI-cq]w \Ipw

Htc Xzw Xs-bmWv ]e-hn[ ZrjvSm---fn-eqsS Kpcp BhnjvI-cn-p--Xv. Fm Hcp tmIw thsdmcp tmI-n\p ]Icw
hbvm\pw Bhp--X-. AXns coXn-hn-[m-\-n-\p (methodology) hyXym-k-ap-v. \s kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Adnhv F hmv
tIp-tm a\-n ]Xn-p-t]mb Iptd A--fmWv
s]mn-h-cn-I. Fm CXp-hsc \ a\-n-em-n-bn-p An-sem-p-a Kpcp Adn-shv {]tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Cwojp `mj-bn
awareness Fpw consciousness Fpw GXm-sms ASpp-hcm-hp cp kw-If
- p-v. Fm ]mm-Xyv Cu cp
hmp-Ifpw Ah-cp-tS-Xm-bn-p- A-I-ev]-\-I-fn-eq-sStb a\-nem-m Ign-bp-Ib
- p-q. AXp-sIm-mWv C{X-am-{Xw hni-Zo-Ic
- W
- hpw
hn]p-e-\hpw \tInhcp--Xv.
An-IpWvUw \ In-nt? AXn\npw Xosm-cn-I
NnX-dn-s-dn-p-X
- p-t]m-se-bmWv temIw {]Xo-Xa
- m-Ip-X
- v. B {]XoXn-bmIs hfsc W-am-{X-amb t\cta \ne-\ne-\np-p-ff
- q. Hcp
Xosmcn Ipd-p-t\cw hmbp-hn Xn-\nv Nmc-ambn Xocp-p. AXpsIm-mWv Ak-Zv- -AkvXn Cspw Dspw ]d-bm-hp
AkwJyw Xosm-cn-I Cf-Ip-p Fp Kpcp ]d-n-cn-p--Xv.
Htc-k-a-bw-Xs kZv`m-hhpw Ak-Zv`m-hhpw temI-ns {]tXy-IX-bm-Wv. Fm Adn-hm-Is km-am-{X-am-Wp-Xm-\pw. B kbn \nmWv kpw Akpw IqSn--e `ph\w P\n-p--Xv.
CXn Ak-n\p Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p-Xv amb-bm-Wv. amb Adn-hn
\nln-X-am-sW-nepw amb-bm A_m-[n-XamWv Adn-hv. ambsb AXnew-Ln-p-sIm-p-Xs tIh-e-amb Adn-hn\v \ne-\np-hm Ignbpw. Fm Poh-Xm-Zm-y-ap-m-bm Cu amb Ahn-Zym-cq-]-n
Fm Pohn-I-fnepw hkn-pw.
A-s\-bmWv temIw Dspw Cspw apd-amdn {]I-S-am-Ip-Xv. hnizm-khpw Ahn-izm-khpw, Hmbpw ad-hnbpw, DWhpw Ddhpw Fmw amb-bpsS hcp-Xn-bn hcp-X
- m-Wv. Fm Adn-hns
tIh-e-kz-cq-]-n Cu Zzzm-\p-`-h--fn \nsms hnap-n-bpv. Adn-hns\ hnsmcp hkvXpA\y-an-sv AXp-sIm--dn-b-Ww.
Fm am{Xta ChnsS ImWp \m\m-cq-]--fnepw sFIy-ns
{]Im-i-[m-csb hnf-n-sb-Sp-p-hm Ign-bp-I-bp-q.

90
A\r-X-sam-c-kvXn-Xtb ad-bvp-I-ns
\p-`-h-app kZ-kvXn-sb-n-hw
A\p-]-Z-a-kvXn-X-bm-en-Xm-hrXw kZv
L\-a-Xn-\mse Itf-_-cm-Zn-Im-cyw.
A\r-Xw

Hc-kvXn-Xsb ad-bvp-In
kZv AkvXn Fn-hw
F A\p-`-h-apv

A\p-]Zw

AkvXn-X-bm

CXm-hrXw

AXn-\mse

Itf-_-cmZn Imcyw

kZvL\w

AkXyw
kXys ad-bvp-I-bn
B-k Ds-p-ff Xc-n-ep-
A\p-`hw Fm-hpap-XmW.v
Hmtcm A\p-`-hhpw
km-tNX-\-bm
\nd-hp-XmW.v
AXp-sImv
icocw XpS-nb Imcy-{]-]w
apgp-h\pw
kn-\m hym]vX-am-Wv.

Hcp \pW ]d-m B Iw s]mfn-bm-Xn-cn-W

- s
- a-n \nccw \pW-I ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-W
- w. Fmepw kXyw Fs-nepw
Xe \on ]pd-p-hc
- m-Xn-cn-n-. kXyw F{X ad-p-h
- mepw adt
Ccn-p-p-ff
- q. Cm-Xmbnocp-n-. \-psS kmaq-ln-IX
- bpw aXhpw
hnZym-`ym-khpw amaq-ep-Ifpw Fmw hymP-am-W.v Cu hymP-Po-hn-X
- ns
]cn-cw-`W
-
- nsn-cn-p km[m-cW
- a
- \
- p-jy\v Ftm-sg-nepw kXyns Hcp t\ A\p-`hw Dm-Im-Xn-cn-p-Ib
- n-. AtXmsS Atlw kXys ]q-ambn Adn-bm thn-bp-ff {iaw Bcw-`n-pw.
Ccp-fS- K-f
- n-eqsS \S-p-\o-p P\m-he
- n-sb t- \mn
tbip ]dp: \n temI-ns shfn--am-Wv. ae-ap-I-fn
]WnX Hcp \K-cs Hp-sImpw ad-p-h-bvp-hm Ign-bp-Ib
- n. \mw F{X \ntj-[n-mepw \-fn a-dn-cn-p km-tN-X\sb F-s\-bmWv Cm-Xm-m Ign-bpI? Rm C, Rm
C Fsm-cm hnfn-p-]-d-m Abm Cm-Xm-Iptam? Rm
Am-\n-bm-Wv, Rm Am- \ n- b mWv Fp ]d- m
Abm Am-\nbm-Iptam? m\w-sIm-t Abm-fXv ]d-bpXv? m\-an-m-m F-s\-bmWv Abm Am-\n-bmsWv Adn-bpI? AXp-sImv ksb Hcn-epw
AkXywsImp ad-bvp-hm Ign-bp-I-bn-. kXyw imiz-X-amWv. A\rXw Aim-iz-X-am-Wv. \psS Hmtcm A\p-`-h-nepw \nd-

n-cn-p DXs-bmWv Fm {]m]-n-I-h-kvXp--fnepw \ndn-cn-p--Xv. AXn-s\-bmWv kZvL\w Fp ]d-bp--Xv. a\pjy\pw Dc-K-fpw ]n-Ifpw arK-fpw ama-e-Ifpw apw hnpw
Fmw kZvL-\-am-Wv. kZvL-\-ambn Adn-bp-tm-gmWv At\-I-XI Xntcm-`-hn-p--Xv. As\ kZm-\--ambn \app Pohn-m
Ign-bp-p.

91
{]nb-hn-jbw {]Xn sNbvXnSpw {]bXv\w
\nb-X-hp-a-s\ Xs \nev-bmte
{]nb-a-P-a-hy-b-a-{]-ta-b-ta-Im
Zzb-an-Xp-Xm kpJ-amp \nn-Spp.
{]nb-hn-jbw {]Xn

sNbvXnSpw {]bXv\w
\nb-Xhpw

A-s\-Xs

\n-bmte

{]nbw

APw

Ahybw

A{]-tabw

GIm-Zzbw

CXp-Xm

kpJ-amp \nn-Spp

a\p-jy

kpJ-ap-m-p hnjbw
t\Sm-\mbn
\mw {]bXv\w sNpp.
Ftmgpw
kpJw-tX-Sp hy{KX
\ne-\npw.
{]nbw
AXv P\nm--XmWv.
AXv \mi-an-m--Xm-Wv.
AXv Adn-hn\v hnj-b-am-hm--XmWv.
AXv GIhpw AZz-b-hp-amWv.
Cu {]nbw Xs-bmWv
B\--kz-cq-]ambn \np--Xv.

Hcp kXym- t \z- j nbm- I p- - X n- \ p- a pv kzm`m- h n- I ambnXs Hcp kpJm-t\z-jn-bm-W.v kpJ-hn-jb

-
- tXSn-bmWv Ah
Ae-bp-X
- v. hniv Hcp ZpxJ-am-Wv. t]mj-W
- ns A`m-ha
- mWv hnisp ]d-bp-X
- v. B ZpxJs \nhm-cWw sNp-hm As
Xnc-bp-p. hni-S-
- n-bm kpJ-ap-m-bn. Atm Ah IcpXpw
A-n-emWv kpJw Ccn-p-s
- X-.v IqSp-X Aw Ign-m As\-bm-sW-n IqSp-X kpJw Int-X
-- t? AsXm-cn-epw kw`hnp-n-. Hcm-fpsS CjvSh
- k
- vXp-hmb ]mbkw Abm-sf-smv ]p
ms-nepw \n_-np IpSn-n-m Abmv B ]mb-k
- n-t\mSv
shdpp hcm XpS-pw. ]mbkw kpJ-hk
- vXp-hm-bn-cn-p-p-sh-n
Abm-fn Fs\-bmWv ]ns AXv shdp-ns\ Dmp-Xv? \mw
temI-n-ep- Fm hnj-b
- f
- n-epancn-p \-fpsS {]nb-Xsb

[ym\m-I
- a
- mbn aqey-hn-th-N\w \Sn t\mp-Ib
- m-sW-n {]nbns t{kmXv hnj-ba
- s
- pw {]nb-ns t{kmXv B-k-bm-sWpw Adn-bm\m-Ipw. {]nbs At\z-jn-p- bm{X Hcnepw Ah-km-\n-p-n-.
BmWv kpJw thm- Xv ? Fm Wn- I - a mb
kpJs imiz-X-amb kpJ-n-\p-thn hnth-In-I-fm-b-h XyPnm-dp-v. As\ XyPn-ptmgpw kpJm-t\z-jWw \nb-X-am-bnXs \np-p. {]nb-hkvXp \nXy-amb B\-s {]Zm\w
sNp-n-S-tmfw At\z-jWw \op-\op t]mIp-p. Bmhn am{Xta \nXy-amb B\ apq. Bm-\w AP-am-Wv. AXv
Fs-nepw Dm-bn-p--X-. Dm-Im--Xp-sImv \in-p-Ibpw
C. P\-\hpw hn\m-ihpw IqSmsX B\w {]Im-in-p-p. a[p-cap- ]mbkw IpSn-p--Xp-t]m-se-b Bm-\w A\p-`-hn-p-Xv. ]mbkw Hcp hnj-b-am-Wv. ck-\-bn-eq-sS-bmWv AX-dn-bp-Xv. Bm-\w Hcp hnj-b-a-m--Xn-\m A{]-ta-b-am-Wv. C{nb-sImtm a\-p-sImtm Adn-bm Ign-bp-I-bn-. hnj-bkp-J- At\-I-am-sW-nepw B-kpJw GI-am-Wv. AZz-b-hpam-Wv. Cu B\--kz-cq-]-tan \mw \psS Pohn-Xs kw^p-am-t--Xp-v.

92
hyb-a-W-bmsX shfnp the sNpw
\nbaan-cn--Xp-sImp \nXy-amIpw
{]nb-a-Ita ]ncn-bm-sX-bp-n-Xn-o
{Inb-sbmcp tIhe_mly-enw-K-amIpw.
hyba-W-bmsX

shfnp the sNpw

\nbaw
Ccn--XpsImv
\nXy-amIpw {]nbw
AIta ]ncn-bmsXbpv

CXnv

Cu {Inb

Hcp _mly-enw-K-amIpw

hncm-a-an-msX
_mly-ambn \mw Iw sNbvXpsIm-t-bn-cn-p-p
F \nbaw
Df-f-Xp-Im-cWw
\nXy-amb B\w
\n A\n-ln-X-ambn Ccnp-p-v.
Bm-\--n\v
_mly-ambn sNp {Inb-I
Bm-\-s tZymXn-n-p
_mlytNjvS-I am{X-amIpw.

CXp-hs- c- \mw t]dn-\S-

- n-cp Fm ap[m-cW
- I
- t- fbpw XInSw
adn-bvp shfn-s-Sp-emWv {]nbw AIta ]ncn-bmsXbpv
Fp-X
- v. {]nbw Fm B\-w. Atm ZpxJ-s-p-dnv IhnX
Fgp-Xn-b-hcpw IY-I Na--hcpw Zi-\- Icp-n-Sn-n--hcpw
\n--n-bn-msX \w Xncn-tbn hcpw. \mw B\--am-Wv, ZpxJa-. tbip ]dp: Bm-hn Zcn-{Z-cm-b-h `mKy-hm-m Fv.
Kpcp AXv Xncp-p-p: Bm-hn\p Zmcn-{Zy-an-. Bmhv alm-k--\m-Wv. [\y-Xbpw \ndhpw Bm-hp-X-s-bm-Wv. Zmcn{Zys Hcp
`mKy-ambn Icp-Xp-Xv {]Xn-tem-a-I-c-amb Hcp Zi-\-am-Wv. {]IrXn
apgp-h hk--k-ao-c-W-\n ]qh-Wn-bp-tm ]qp-n-I Xpn-fn-p-Ibpw a[p-a-n-I-I aqfn-mp ]mSp-Ibpw tImIn-e-
ImIfn ]mSp-Ibpw sNp-tm B-Z-cn-{Z-\m-b-h KZvKZw s]mgnp-Xv D-a-amb Zi-\-am-bn-cn-n-. Fm krjvSn-Ifpw B\-n\nmWv kw`-hn-p--Xv. anYp-\--fpsS -kwtbmKw Zpc-]q-a. A-s\-bm-sW-n AXn {]nbX Df-hm-p t{]cWsb Cu {]m]-n-I-X-bn ImWp-am-bn-cp-n-. Hcp \In
\r-am-Sp-tm Ag-Im AwK-N-e\--fn\npw \b-\-fnepw apJpw ]cn-tim-`n-X-am-bn-cn-p {]km-Zm--I-X-bn\npw
Hs \mw a\-n-em-p-Xv, Dn-en-cn-p B\--amWv ]pds
Ne-\s krjvSn-p--sX-m-Wv.
Fm- h - c p- t Sbpw Dn \nXy- a mb B\w B- k - bn\npw ]ncn-bmsX Ccn-p-p-v. \mw sNp {Inb-I-sfmw
AXns _mly-amb Bhn-jvIm-c- am{X-am-Wv. Nn{X-Im-c Nn{Xw
hc-p-Xpw Ij-I hb-en hnn-d-pXpw Bimcn ac-n
sImp-Xpw Fgp-p-Im-c kmln-Xy- Ipdnn-Sp-Xpw Fmw
B\--ns _mly-enw-K--fm-Wv.
khw ln kn-Zm-\w
t\l \m\mkvXn In\.
Fmw kn-Zm-\w am{Xw. thsd Hpw ChnsSbn. CXmWv Kpcphns Zi-\w.

93
Ne-ap-S-e X\np Xs-bm-m
hnep-a-[nIw {]nb-h-kvXp-hn--b\yw
hne-kn-Sp-am--KXw {]nbw hnSmXo
\ne-bn-en-cn--Xp-sImp \nXy-amm.
New DS-e

am-n\p hnt[-b-am-Ip

X-\nv
Xs Bm-hnepw
A[nIw {]nb-hkvXp
C

hne-knSpw
B-K-X-{]nbw
hnSmsX
Cu \ne-bn
Ccn--Xp-sImv
Bm \nXyw

icocw

ico-c-tmSp XmZm-y-an-m-Xmb

Hcp-h\v

Xs Bm-hn-t\-m

A[nIw {]nb-s--Xmb hkvXp A\y-w

as-hn-sSbpw C.

kv]jvS-ambn A\p-`-hn-p

Bm-hn-t\m-Sp- {]nbw

hnp-t]m-ImsX

CtX \ne-bnXs

XpS-cp--Xp-sImv

Bmhv \nXy-amWv.

am-n\p hnt[-b-am-Wv. Hcp inip-hm-bn-cn-p-tm

icocw \t arZphpw Zp_-e-hp-am-bn-cn-pw. Fm B DSXs-bmWv _mey-n-eq-sSbpw Iuam-c-n-eq-sSbpw buh-\-neqsSbpw hm-Iy-n-eq-sSbpw ]cn-W-an-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. icoc-ns Cu Ne-\-kz-`m-h-hp-ambn XmZm-y-s-m kpJ-Zpx-J-
amdn-amdn hp-sIm-n-cn-pw.
{io_p-s ASpv Hcp bphXn Xs acn-p-t]mb Ipn-s
ih-ic
- o-ch
- p-ambn Fn. Ah tIWp-Ic
-
p- sImv {io_p-t- \mSv
At]-np: Fs Htc-sbmcp Ipv acn-p-t]m-bn. F\n-n\n Bcpan-. At-ss Ipn\v ]p\Pw \Im-\m-hpw. _p bp-hXnsb t\mn. Ah-fpsS ssZ\y-Xb
- n Aenhp tXmnb _p-`K
- hm ]d-p: \o Fhn-sS-\n-s-nepw Hcp ISp-Ip-aWn hmn-smp
hcq. Bcpw acn-m hon\n-m-bn-cn-Ww ISp-Ip-aWn sImp-hcp-hm.
Iri-Ku-Xan FmWv B bph-Xn-bpsS t]cv. Ah Ipns\
AhnsS InSn ISp-Ip-aWn hmn-p-hm-\mbn HmSn. BZyw I
hon Ibdn. AhnsS ISp-Ip-v. ]t, B Krl-\m-Ys A
Ipd-p-\m-fp-Ip-ap-mWv acn-p-t]m-b-Xv. ky-bm-Ip-thmfw hoSpItXmdpw Ib-dn-bn-d-n-bnpw Bcpw acn-m hon-\npw KuXanv ISp-Ip-aWn Inn-bn-. Ahp a\-n-embn acWw Fm- hoSpI-fnepw kw`-hn-n-p-s-v. Xs Ipv am{X-a acn-sXv. AhfpsS Dn Adn-hns Xnf-w A\p-`-h-s-p. kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp
{]imn Dudn-q-Sn. Ah Xncn-p-hv _ps Im InSn-bn-cp Ipns\ FSp-p-sIm-p-t]mbn kwkvI-cn-p. Fnv
{io_p-s injy-bmbn.
DS-en-t\m-Sp {]nbw Gdn-b-Xp-sIm-mWv Ahv ZpxJw Dmb-Xv. Fm Xncnv AXn-\p-]cn Hcp kXyw Dsv Ahv

t_m[y-s-p. As\ Bm-hn {]nbw P\n-p. ico-c-n-t\m-Sp XmZmyw hnS-Ww. Bm-hn {]nbw P\n-m am{Xta DS-ent\m-Sp- cmKw Ap-t]m-hp-Ib
- p-q. hncmKX ASn-tnm-sX-Xs
Bm-hn-ep- {]nbw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-Ib
- mWv thXv. Bmhv
{]nb-ns Ccn-n-Sa
- m-Wv. _rl-Zmc-Wy-tIm-]\
- n-j
- n bm-hevIy ssat{X-bn-tbmSp ]d-bpp: `mcy `m-hns\ kvt\ln-p-Xv
`mhn-ep- {]nbw sIm-. Bm-hn-ep- {]nbw-sIm-m-Wv.
`mhv `mcysb kvt\ln-p-Xpw `mcy-bn-ep- {]nbw sIm-.
Bm-hn-ep- {]nbw-sIm-m-Wv. Bm-hn {]nbw P\n-m
Hnt\mSpw shdpp tXmp-Ib
- n . ico-cX
- m-Zm-y-ap-hp am{Xta
shdpv F hnImcw P\n-p-Ib
- p-q.
\ns-tmse \ns Abm-c-t\bpw kvt\ln-p-I. Cu
Abmc \psS Bm-hmbn hc-Ww. Rm Fs kvt\lnp--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv Abm-cs\ kvt\ln-p--Xv. Bm-hnep- {]nbw DWmte B kvt\lw k^-e-am-Iq. ss__n-fn
kv t \l- s - p- d nv tbip a[p- t cm- Z m- c - a mbn kwkm- c n- p- p.
ssZhw kvt\l-am-sWp ]d-bp-p. Fm Kpcp Bm-hn-en-cnp {]nbw Xs-bmWv ssZhm-\p-`qXn Fp ]d-bp-I-bmWv sNp-Xv. \mw \s \-hw kvt\ln-p-I. Ne-ap-S-ev kvt\ln-pI. Atm B\w kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp Ah--bmbn amdpw.
kzm`m- h nIw Fm Cgn- h n- m B\- - a m- W v . AXp- s Imv
B\w Bm- h p- X - s - b m- W v . \psS Fm A`n- c - a - \ - fpw
Bm- [ n- j v T n- X - a m- b - X p- s Imv Bmhv \nXy- a m- W v . Bmhv
Fspw D-Xm-Wv. CXp [ym\n-p-I.

94
De-I-hp-ap--Xp-am-bv-ep \nevpw
\ne hep-Xm-sbmcp \oXn-tI-Sn-Xt{X,
Adp-Xn-bn-Sm-\-cp-Xm-X-hm-Mva-t\m-tKm
Nc-an-Xn-sep Ncn-nSpw {]amWw?
De-Ihpw
D-Xp-ambn
Ien-\nevpw \ne
hep-Xmb
Hcp \oXn-tI-Sn-X-t{X
Adp-Xn-bn-Sm Acp-XmX

\ma-cq-]m--I-amb temIhpw
]c-a-k-Xy-hp-ambn
Hnp Ien-cn-p nXn
hfsc henb
Hcp \oXn-tI-Sm-Wv, sshcp-y-amWv.
Adp-Xn-bn-m Cu hntcm-[m-`mkw

Ahm-Mva-t\m-tKm-Ncw

CXn

Fp Ncn-nSpw {]amWw?

hmp-sImp hnh-cn-mt\m a\psImp {Kln-mt\m Ign-bpI-bn-.Cu sshcp-y-n-

Fs\ {]am-W-
{]hnpw?

shfn--ap-n-Sv Ccp-n\p \nm Ign-bp-I-bn-. CXp Xa kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. Fm shfn-hpw Ccppw Hn-n-cn-p-n-Sp

am{X-amWv {]]--{]-XoXn Dm-Ip--Xv. Hcp hkvXp-hns\ ImWm
klm-bn-p-Xv hmkvX-h-n shfn-w-sIm-p- am-{X-a-, B
hkvXp-hn\p Ccp-n-s-Xm-bn-p Hcp ]m--ehpw thWw. GXp
cq]w FSp-mepw AXn Ccppw shfn-hpapv. shfn--ns
A`m- h - a mWv Ccp- s p ]d- b p- - X v . shfn- - nXs Ccpv
Dtn-cn-p-p-v. CsXmcp henb sshcp-y-am-Wv. Ccp-p-t]mse-X-s-bmWv \ma-cq-]m--I-am-bn-cn-p temIw Ak-Xy-am-bn-cnp--Xv. B temIw BXy-n-I-am-b- k-Xy-hp-ambn Hn-n-cn-p-Xv
Zmi-\n-I-X-bn hcp Hcp sshcp-y-am-Wv. AXn-s\bmWv Kpcp
\oXn-tI-sSp ]d-bp--Xv. Cu \oXn-tI-Sns\ Xop-hm thnbmWv Fm Xz-Nn--Ifpw Zi-\-im-kv{X-fpw H-s-n
thsd Xc-n Xz-sf Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv. Fnv Cpw Cu
{]iv\w ]cn-lr-X-am-bn-n-.
{]iv\w FmWv? sshcp-y-ap- cp hkvXp- Hn-n-cnpp Fp--XmWv {]iv\w. hmkvX-h-n kXy-n\p sshcpy-an-. sshcpyw \-fn-emWv Ccn-p--Xv. \-fpsS sshcp-yamWv kXy-n \ Btcm-]n-p--Xv. Xz-Nn-m-{K-l\v
sshcp-y-an-sv Kpcp-Xs ]d-n-p-v. hmp-sImtm a\-psImtm ]d-bp-hmt\m hnNm-cw-sN-phmt\m Ign-bm--XmWv Bk-Xy-ns \ne. Cs\ hmpw a\pw {]th-in-m Hns\-p-dnv Fs\ a\-p-sImv Nnn-m\pw hmp-sImp ]dbm\pw Ignbpw?
Fm \ CXn-s\-p-dnv hj--fmbn Nn-X-NWw
\S-n-sm-n-cn-p-p. {]am-W- D-cn-p-p. Hmtcm imkv{Xn\pw AXn-t-Xmb {]am-W--fp-v. Nmm-I\pw Fnyqdpw
ImWp--Xns\ am{Xta kXy-ambn Fp-p-q. Ah {]-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. {]Xyw am{Xta Ahp {]am-W-am-bn-cn-p-p-q.
Nne A\p-am\tbpw AXnsIqsS Iqpw. Atm I-Xns
ASn-m-\-n A\p-am\w \Sn AXn-eq-sSbpw kXyw Ism {ian-pw. a\v Ncn-mnSv A\p-am-\-n-\v Fv kmwKXy-am-Wp-f-fXv? CXp-t]mse D]-am-\w, i_vZw, Am-]-n, A\p]-e_v[n Fo {]am-W--sfms thZm-n-I D]-tbm-Kn-p-t]m-

cm-dp-v. Fm AsXmw shdpw t\c-tm-p-I am{Xw. Bk-bpw temIhpw Hn-n-cn-p \ne Hcp Ap-X-{]-Xn-`m-k-amWv. B {]Xn-`m-ks B-cy-`-cn-X-\mb Hcp inip-hn-s\-tmse
In-cn-m am{Xta Hp-I-bp-q. In-cn--W-sa-n a\p
ImSn t]mse-bm-I-Ww. AXn\v AsssZz-Xm-\p-`hw Dm-I-Ww.

95
hn]p-e-X-bm hnt\m-Z-hnZy ambm
hyh-ln-X-bmbv hne-kp hniz-hocyw
Ch-fn-h-fn--h-Xo-bm-bnSpw X
h-b-h-a-WvU-I-Sm-l-tIm-Sn-bmIpw
hn]p-e-X-bm
hnt\m-Z-hnZy

ambm-hy-h-ln-X-bmbv
hne-kp
hniz-hocyw
Ch
Ch Cv

Ah-Xo-bm-bnSpw
X Ah-bhw

AWvU-I-Sm-l-tIm-Sn-bm-Ipw

A-Xn-cp-I-fn-m
Hcp B\-tm--h-amWv
{]]--{]-Xn-`mkw
amb-bm Bhr-X-ambn
{]I-S-am-Ip
hniz-ho-cy-amWv
Ch.
Cu hniz-hocyw ChnsS
{]]--cq-]-n
{]Xy--am-bn-o-cpp.
hniz-ho-cy-amb Ch-fpsS
Ah-b-h--fmWv
F-a oc-]-Y-.

Kmcn kpJmhv F imkv{X- Dancing Wuli Masters

Fsmcp {K-sa-gp-Xn-bn-p-v. Cu {K-n Atlw {]]s
Du-tc-Wp-f
- psS kwL-\r-ambn-mWv hn-p-X
- v. kwLSnX Du-]S- e
- s
- -bmWv wuli F ssN\okv ]Zw-sImv Aam-p--Xv. B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xw-t]mepw Du-I-W- \rw
sNpp Fp ]d-bp-tm \mcm-bW
- K
- pcp hniz-X{- s Hcp hnt\mZ-hn-Zy-bm-bn-mWv Fp-X
- v. B hnt\m-Zh
- n-Zyv am\-f
- n- (dimensionless). B_v sFo hymJym-\n-p-X hniz-Nn-{X-n\v
\mev am\-f
- m-Wp-ff
- X
- v. \ofw, hoXn, Db-cw, Ne\w Fn-hb
- mWv B
\mep am\-. Fm AXn-cpI-fn-m \S-cm-Ps
- B\-tmhw
`mc-X
- ns mythologyI-fn shdptX ]d-p-t]m-cp Imev]-

\n-IX
- b
-
- . sNdnb AWp-hnepw _rl-mb BIm-i
- nepw {Xknp\np hniz-ho-cy-ns Xn-s
- Im-mWv {]]-h
- n-em-kwXs kw`-hn-p-X
- v.
hniz-ho-cys Ch FmWv Kpcp ]d-bp-X
- .v ambmin-bm-WXv.
in inhs hma-`m-Ka- m-W.v in ssN\-mv yin BWv. Cu insb-Xs
- -bmWv _Kvk elan vital F-Xp-sIm-p-t-in-p-X
- .v {iocma-Ir-jW
v ]
- c
- a- l
- w-k {_s tZhn-bm-bn-mWv Zin-p-X
- .v AXp-sImmWv Kpcp hniz-ho-cys Ch Fp hnfn-p-X
- .v Cu ImWm-hp
{]]hpw AXn-\
- p-d
- p-Xpw Cu tZhnbpsS AwK-hn-t-]
- am{Xam-W.v amb hnt-]i
-
- n-sIm-mWv temIs Dm-n-m-Wn-p-X
- .v

96
AWp-hp-a-J-WvU-hp-akvXn \mkvXn-sb-n
s\ hne-kp-n-cp-`m-K-ambn cpw
AW-bp-a-\--c-akvXn \mkvXn-sb-o
b\p-`hw \ne-bp \np-t]mIpw
AWphpw
AJ-WvUhpw
AkvXn \mkvXn
Fn-s\
Ccp-`m-K-ambn
hne-kpp
cpw AWbpw

A\-cw
AkvXn \mkvXn
Fo A\p-`-hhpw
\ne-bp \np-t]mIpw

Ghpw sNdpXpw
Ghpw hepXpw
Dbpw Cm-bvabpw
FXc-n-ep Zzzm--I-X-bn
B-k--bpsS cp hi-ambn
{]Xo-X-am-Ip-p.
Bm-\p-`-h-tmsS Zzz-
\inpw.
A\-cw
Dspw Cspw
Fp A\p-`-hhpw
\ne-\n-m-\m-ImsX
A{]-Xy--amIpw

Ghpw sNdnb Hn-s\-bmWv AWp Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Ghpw

hep-Xn-s\-bmWv AJWvUw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. At\Iw AWp-
tNmWv Cu {]]--nse Hmtcm hkvXphpw Dm-bn-p--Xv.
Fm hkvXp-fpw Hn-p-tN-cp-tm AXv AJ-WvU-am-bn. BkXyw Htc-k-abw sNdp-Xnepw sNdpXpw hep-Xnepw hep-Xp-am-Wv.
AXv Al--bpsS cq]-sa-Spv kp-Nn-X-ambn s]cp-am-dm-dp-v.

Al AWpXzw ssIh-cn-p-tm-gmWv kp-NnXXzw Dm-Ip-Xv. Xs hyn-K-X-amb kpJ-n-\p-thn am{Xw Pohn-p-n-Sv

Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw \nIr-jvS-amb Hcp hyn-Xz-n-tev Xmgp-IbmWv sNp--Xv. Fm kp-Nn-X-amb Hcp a\-ns\ Ifv
hnizs apgp-h kvt\ln-m Ign-bp Hcp AJ-WvU-t_m-[am-bn-o-cp-hm\pw \app Ign-bpw.
{]]w ISp-Ip-a-Wn-tbmfw Npcp-n-bn-cn-p Hcp Ah--bn
\nmWv s]mn-s-dn--Xv. As\ s]mn-s-dn {]]--amWv
Ctm hnI-kn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. Dn-s-bp-n Npcp-n-tmIp-tm \fpw s]mn-s-dn-mdp-v. \-fpsS s]mn-sdn
t{Im[m-th-i-n-emWv ]cn-W-an-p-I. AtX- t]m-se-X-s-bmWv
a\v D-bp-tSbpw Cm-bva-bp-tSbpw {[ph--fn Xn De-bp-Xv. D {]Xym-im-P-\-I-am-Wv. Cmbva \ncm-im-P-\-I-am-Wv.
Fm CsXms tXm-ep-I am{X-am-Wv. CsXmw sIpt]m-Ipw. Xo sISp--Xp-t]m-se. As\ sIp-t]m-Ip Ah--bnemWv \nhmWw kw`-hn-p--Xv. {io_p \nhmWw Fp ]dbp-Xv a\-ns {[ph-n-Sb
- n-ep- Btm-f\w \ne-bvp--Xns\-bm-Wv. \nhmWw Dtbm Cm-bvatbm A. AXp sNdptXm
heptXm A. AXp hmK-Xo-X-amb A\p-`-h-am-Wv. {]]--{]-Xo-Xn-Isfmw \ne-bn-msX \ne-p-t]m-Ip Cu A\p-`-h-km-I-eys FSpp-Im-Wn-m-\mWv Cu tmI-n-eqsS Kpcp {ian-p--Xv.

97
AWp-h-dn-hn aln-am-hn-ew-K-an-m
XW-bp-a-J-WvU-hp-ap ]q-amIpw
A\p-`-hn-bm-X-dn-ho-e-J-WvUamw NnZv
L\-anXp au\-L-\m-ar-Xm-_v[n-bmIpw
AWp
Adn-hn
aln-am-hn
AwK-an-msX
AWbpw
AJ-WvUhpw Av
]q-amIpw
A\p-`-hn-bmsX Adn-hoe
AJ-WvUamw

Poh
tIh-e-amb Adn-hns
al-X-z-n
imco-cn-IX Ap-t]mbn
hnebw {]m]npw.
AJ-WvU-amb kXyw Atm
]q-Xsb {]m]npw.
kzm\p-`qXn hcmsX CX-dn-bn.
AJ-WvU-amb

NnZvL-\-anXv

au\-L-\m-ar-Xm-_v[n-bmIpw

NnZvL-\-am-WnXv.
au\w L\o-`q-X-amb Aar-Xkm-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.

IS-cb
- nse ]psm-Sn-bn Xn-\n-n-cp Pe-IWw ISen hoWp. s]s-Xv IS-embn amdn. IW-n\p IS-em-Ip-hm Hcp
s\mSn aXn. ]t, Hcp-]m-Sv Imn-cp-n-p-thWw IS-eW
- b
- p-hm. AWphmb Poh F{X-sb{X k-cn-mWv Bm-hns Xoc-s-n-bn-cnp--Xv. B aln-X-hn-im-e-Xsb I-tm Pohs Dn-s-bpn\nv Hcp kzcw hp. \ns t{kmX-mWv Cu A\-X
- .- Cu
A\-X
- b
- n Aen-bm-\mWv \o P\n-X
- v. AXmWv \ns kmbp-Pyw.
Pohs PohXzw Adn-hns al-Xz-hp-ambn Iep-cpIn Hm-bnop. JWvUn-Xa
-
- m-smcp t_m[w. A\p-`h
-
- ns ]qn-a.
tX IpSn-n-n-m Hcm-tfmSv tX\ns a[p-cn-as
- b-p-dnv Fs\
samgn-bm-\mWv? ]d-mepw Abmv a\-n-em-hp-Ib
- n-. A-cm-mhns tX\nw kzm\p-`q-Xn-sIm-pXs \pW-bW
- w. ]ns Hpw
anm Ign-bp-Ib
- n-. B-im-n-bpsS AKm-[X
- b
-- n au\w XnSw
hp \npp. L\o-`q-Xa
- mb au\w! Nnm-cl
- n-Xa
- mb `qanI! AarX-ns \oe-km-Kcw!

98
CXp-hsc \msamcp hkvXp-hn--dn-o
eXn-kp-J-sa--\niw IYn--bmte
aXn apX-em-bh amdn-bm-ep-am-
kzX-b-gn-bm-X-dn-shp sNmn-tS-Ww.
AXn-kp-J-sav
A\niw
IYn--bmte
CXp-hsc
\mw
Hcp hkvXp
C-dn-oe
aXn apX-em-bh

amdn-bmepw
B-kzX

IqSp-X kpJw thWsav

Ftmgpw
]d-bp--Xp-Im-cWw
C{Xbpw Ime-am-bnpw
\mw
GI-amb B-hkvXp
ChnsS Adn--tX-bn-.
\m\m-Xz-{`-a-n\v CS hcp-p
Nn-I
Cm-Xm-bmepw
B-kzXzw

AgnbmX Adn-shv
sNmn-tSWw

Agn-hn-m Adn-hm-sWv
samgn-n-tSWw

kpJ-hn-jb
-
- p ]nmse ]cw ]mbp a\p-jy Bimn Fsv Adn-bp-n-. kpJ-hn-jb
-
- sf hn]p-es
- -Sp-n-smn-cn-p imkv{Xhpw kmt-Xn-I-Xbpw Htsd {]hr--am-bn--gnp. Hmtcm cmjv{Shpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-\ne-hmcw sa-s-Sp-phm imkv{X-km-t-Xn-IX-Isf hnI-kn-np-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.
\ hoSv, \ Im, \ hkv{Xw, cpNn-Ic
- a
- mb `-W
- CsXms
kpJm-t\z-j-W-ns ]mX-bn-ep-ff Is--ep-I-fm-Wv. Hcp kpJn\nv AXnepw sa-ap- thsdmcp kpJ-n-te v AXmWv
\psS ap{Zm-hm-Iyw. AXp-sImv Zn\w-{]Xn ^mj amdp-p. A`ncp- N n- I amdp- p. _- DS- p- h mp- s Im- n- c n- p- p.
AXn-kp-J-sav A\niw IYn--bm-te. kpJw thWw kpJw
thWw FmWv ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. ]ns FhnsS-bmWv
\apv \s Adn-bp-hm t\cw? \mw \psS {]im-n-bpsS Xocv
Cn-cn-t\-c-sa-nepw Ccp-n-ptm? \psS Bm-hns {]W-ha-c-sf C\n-a-tbmsS Bkz-Zn-n-p-tm? \mw \psS Bmhns Bg-ta-dnb hnlm-b-n t`Z--fn-msX Hcn--se-nepw hnebn-n-ptm? Csp ]d-tbn hcpw. \mw Hpw Adn-n-n-.
Fm Adn-bm thn-bm-bn-cpp Am-Z-an-I-fn t]mbn ]Tn-Xv. Am-Z-an-I aXn-hn-\n-I-fm-Wv. aXn Fm _pn-bm-Wv.
hyh-t-Zn-p _pn. aXn hn-p-tm AXns\ Al-Xn
Fp ]d-bpw. Al--Xn-bn\npw ]Sp-p-b-s PohnXw
]fp-p-sIm-mcw t]mse-bmWv. sNdn-sbm-cm-LmXw aXn. XIp
Xcn--W-am--Ipw.
Fsmw {]bm-k--fmWv a\p-jy A\p-`-hn-p-Xv? GIm-Xbpw \ncm-ibpw DXvI-WvTbpw `oXn-bp-samw Hcp-hs hynXzs Imp-Xn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Fmepw \mw Adn-hm-fm-sc-tmse kwkm-cn-pw. F\n-ss Adn-bm-sap hp ]dbpw. Fm B-kzm-X{yw B\p-`q-Xn-I-am-Wv. AXp {]imn-bpsS el-cn-bmWv. hnjm-Z--hn-bn-m NnZm-Im-i-am-Wv. AXns\-bmWv B-kzX Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Hcn-epw \in-p-t]mIm Cu Am\w hopw hopw \mw Adn-p-sImn-cn--Ww. ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ibpw thWw.

99
Adn-h-l-sa--Xp-c-p-ta-I-am-am
hc-W-sam-gn--h\\y\pp hmZw
Adn-hns\ hn-l-a-\y-am-Ip-sa-m
edn-hn-s\-bn--dn-bm-\p-am-cp-an-.
Adnhv
Alw FXp cpw
Bh-cWw Hgn--h\v
GIamw
A\y\v
hmZ-apv
Adn-hns\ hnv
Alw
A\y-amIpw Fm
Adn-hns\
Cv Adn-bm\pw
Bcp-an

Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw

tIh-e-amb Adnhv
Rm Fp cpw
ambm-ad amdn-b-h\v
GIamWv.
Bh-cWw Hgn-bm--h\v
Cm-cy-n X-ap-v.
]c-a-amb Adn-hn\nv
Rm
thsdbm-sWp hm
Cu Adn-hns\
ChnsS Adn-bm\pw
Bcpw Dm-bn-cn-p-I-bn.

awKfw ]mSp--Xn\p apmbn AXns

knmw Hcn-qSn Ac-nv Dd-n-p-p. B knmw CXmWv. Adnhpw Rm\pw c-. GI-am-Wv. ]t, Cu GIXzw Adn-bm-h-sc-p-dnp ]cn-K-W-\bpw Kpcp hnp-If-bp-n-. AXp-sImmWv Bh-c-W-sam-gn--hp am{X-amWv Adn-hn-tbpw Al-ntbpw GIm--IX D-bn sXfn-p-h-cp-p-q. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp
B GIm--I-X-bpsS Pohn-p kmy-am-bn-cp-p. kh-nepw
Xsbpw, Xs kh-nepw I-dn-bp-h
- Imcp-Wy-im-en-If
- mWv.
Atd-_y aW-em-c-Wy-n sImp-]n-Sn lnwk-In-S-bnepw
{]hm-N-I-\mb apl-Zp\_n Imcp-Wy-ns ]qo-I-c-W-amb
PohnXw temI-n\p ImWnp-sIm-Sp-p. Pdp-k-te-anepw tPmZm
\Zo-X-S-fnepw tbip hnfw-_cw sNbvX kvt\l-k-tiw AssZzX-t_m-[-n\nv Dd-h-sIm--Xmbn-cp-p. Rm\pw Fs ]nXmhpw
c Fp ]d tbip [nm-cn-b-. Ffn-b-h-\n Ffn-b-hs
kzc-amWv AXn [z\n-p-X
- v. AssZz-X
- ns emfn-Xy-n [nmc-ns kzcw tIp-Xv Am-\w-sIm-m-Wv. Adn-h-l-sa-Xp-c
- p-ta-Ia
- mw. F{X at\m-lc
- a
- mb {]Jym-]\
- a
- m-Wn-Xv. Fm Cdm-

Jnhv Hcp kq^n-h-cy CtX- kXyw temI-n-t\mSp sXm-bn-Sdn-sImv hnfnp ]d-p. A\ lv Rm\mWv kXyw Fv.
Atm At-ls Kf-tZwsNbvXp. Cu Ak-ln-jvWpX t{]mml-\o-b-a-.
A\lJv Fv akq Alv F kq^n-k-ymkn
samgn--tm AXns Aw km{-Zm-bnI-hm-Zn-Iv lrZ-bI-tTm-c-am-bn-op. Rm\pw kXyhpw c FmWv AXns
Aw. kzm`m-hn-I-amb m\-n cn-. ]t, ssZh-n\pw
a\p-jy\pw CS-bn Am-\-ns hen-sbmcp ]SpX Cn-p-v.
B ]SpX ambm-a-d-bm-Wv. AXp t]mbm a\p-jy ]pXn-sbmcp hkm-cm-a-n-tep {]th-in-pw. temIw Hmbn ImWm B{K-lnp kp- Xncn--dn-tb Hcp kwKXn, Zzz- ]q-ambn
Ap-t]m-I-Ww Fp-f-f-Xm-Wv. Adn-hns\hnv Rm A\y-am-sWp
hcn-I-bm-sW-n Rm kzbw Dbnm Hm-bn-o-cm CSbp-v. cp D-I Hcn-epw km[q-I-cn--s-Sm-hp--X-. Cu
hnizw apgp-h\pw Htc-sbmcp D-bm-Wv. AXns Xmf-`-{ZX \
A\p-\n-anjw A\p-`-hn-p--t]m-cp-p-apv. Rm Csp hcn-I-bmsW-n Adn-hns\ Adn-bp-hm ChnsS Bcpw Dm-bn-cn-p-I-bn-.
AXp-sImv Rm\pw Adnhpw Hm-Wv. Fshnv Adnhpw C. Adnhns\hnv Rm\pan. a{a-[p-c-amb kwKo-X-at Cu D!

100
AXp-an-Xp-a kZ-a-lw k
nZ-ar-X-sap sXfnp [oc-\mbn
kZ-k-ZnXn {]Xn-]-n-bp ktm
anXn arZp-hmbv arZp-hmbv Aan-tS-Ww.
Alw
AXpw CXpw A

kZw A
kn-Z-arXw
Fp sXfnv
[oc-\mbn
kZv AkZv CXn
{]Xn-]-n-bv
kZv Hmw CXn

Rm
AsXpw CsXpw ]d-bm-hp
Hpw-X-s-b-.
Rm kns A-hpa,
kpw Nnpw B\-hp-amWv
F sXfn A\p-`q-Xn-bp-mbn
A`b\mbn
kn-t\mSpw Ak-n-t\mSpap
{]Xn-]n Cm-Xmbn
kmb HmwIm-c-n

arZp-hmbv arZp-hmbv
Aan-tSWw

arZp-hmbn arZp-hmbn
Aan-tS-Ww.

CXp-hsc \mw \psS Dsb ap ]e-Xp-ambn Xnp a\-n-emp-Ib

- m-bn-cp-p. Rm ip-amb t_m[-amWv FXv Hcp knm-a
- . kzw A\p-`q-Xn--Xs-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-m-Wv BZy-ta-Xs Rm
AXp-a CXp-a F cp \ntj-[
- f
- n-eqsS kwkn-a
- m-p-X
- v.
Fn A[y-kvXa
- m-bn-cp Fmw Rm Xn-f
- b
- p-Ib
- m-Wv. ssZhcmPyw B ae-bntem Cu ae-bntem A Fp tbip Xd-np ]dbm ImcWw, A-s\-sbmcp XmZm-y-_pn P\-f
- n Ccn-p-Xp-sIm-m-W.v Fnp lrZ-b
- n-tep Nqn A\p-`h
- s Dd-n-m\mbn AXp \ns lrZ-b
- n-em-Ipp Fp ]d-bp-p. Atm \mw
AXns\ hopw Hcp knm-a
- mbn ]cn-KW
- n-m ]mSn-. B-k
Hcp hkvXp-hns A-sa-X
- p-t]mse a\-n-em-n-bmepwt]mcm. AXv
kpw Nnpw Aar-Xhpw Ien-cn-p ckm-\p-`q-Xn-bm-W.v AXv
kzmX-{y-am-Wv. AXv A\-X
- b
- n-te-p- Fs AkvXn-Xz-ns
{]th-i\
- a
- m-W.v
F\nv `bw tXmp-n-. ImcWw Rm Fs-b
- msX thsd
Btcbpw ImWp-n-. Fs Rm Fn\p `b-Ww? Rm Fs
Xo{h-ambn kvt\ln-p-p. F\nv Rm\-msX thsd Bcp-an-. thsd
Fp ]d-bp-s
- Xmw RmX-s-bmWv. F\nv AXn-cp-If
- n-m-X
- n\m Rm A\-a
- m-W.v Fmw F\n-n-tm sXfnp ImWm
Ign-bp-p. Hcp hkvXp-t- fmSpw F\nv {]tXy-Inv Bkn tXmpn-. D-sXtm Cm-s
- Xtm hyh-t-Zn-m Ign-bm DbpsS \nd-hmWv Rm. Rm Akw-K\
- m-W.v Fs k Imcp-Wy-kmK-cw-t]mse arZp-ea
- m-W.v kpK-t- a-dnb Hcp ]qhpt]mse-bmWv Rm.
Rm ]cn-afw {]k-cn-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. FnXs B ]cn-afw
\nd-p-Ih
- n-bp-p. Fnse GIm-I
- X
- b
- n Fmw arZp-hmbn arZphmbn hne-bnv hne-bnv Hmbn amdn-bn-cn-p-p. Bg-ta-dnb au\w!
HmwIm-c
- ns kuay-amb \mZw! ]c-am-m-ZI
- c
- a
- mb Cu \nan-j
- ns
[\yX! AXv samgn-bm-\m-hp-n-..........

D]-kw-lmcw
Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-n\v Hcp-]mSv hymJym-\-fpw hni-Zo-I-cW-fpw Dm-bn-p-v. Aq-
- n Hcp hymJym\w F \ne-bv
CsX-gpXn-bp-p--Xv. CsXmcp lmUv_p-m-Wv. \app sImp-\S-m-hp Hcp ]pkvX-Iw. Fm, CXn ]Z-tZw sNbvXn-cn-pXpw Aw ]d-n-cn-p-Xpw Kpcp-hns Zi-\s BIth
B[m-c-am-n-sm-m-Wv. AXp-sImv hmp-Iv Aw ]dbp-tm \nLp-hn\npw t\sc A-sa-Spp ]d-bp-I-b-
sNbvXn-cn-p-X
- v. As\ sNbvXn-cp-s-n Iptd hmp-I CW- a n- msX Iqn- h - - X p- t ]m- s etb tXmp- I - b p- q. Kpcphpw
hmNym-n-\p-]-cn-bmbn hmp-Iv Hcp eyw Ipdn-p-p-v.
AXv Kpcp-hns `mj-bn-ep ss\]pWn hnfn-tm-Xp--Xm-Wv. FpX-s-bm-bmepw Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw Hcp alm-Zi-\-am-sWv a\n-em-p-hm Cu hymJym\w [mcmfw aXn-bm-Ipw. Bm-\p-`q-Xnv
Hcp ]pkvX-Ihpw klm-b-I-am-hp-I-bn Fp kXyw Kpcp-Xs
shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-p--Xm-W-tm. Adp-Xn-bn-Sm-\-cp-Xm-X A-hm-Mva-t\mtKm-N-cw CXn-sep Ncn-nSpw {]am-Ww? Bym-n-I-{K-- a\pjy\v Btm-p-JX (self-orientation) am{Xta Dm-n--cp-pq. kzm\p-`hw, kXym-t\z-j-Whpw Kpcp-Ir-]bpw kn-p-nSp\npw B\--kz-cq-]-ambn Ddphtc-Xm-Wv. Kpcp-hns
ImcpWyw \-fn-semw Aar-X-hjw sNmcn-b-s.