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Founded on the principle that democratic elections form the basis for
legitimate government, the OSCEs Office for Democratic Institutions and
Human Rights (ODIHR) observes elections, reviews legislation and advises
governments on how to develop and sustain democratic institutions.
Assessments are conducted on the extent to which elections respect
fundamental freedoms and are characterized by equality, universality,
political pluralism, confidence, transparency and accountability.
Currently the OSCE Mission to BiH advises the Central Election Commission
(CEC) on legislative issues and observes its proceedings. Together with the
countrys Parliamentary Assembly, it organizes expert debates on electoral
legislation. The Mission also supports non-governmental organizations to
raise awareness of the importance of equal representation of women in
political life and helps them build up networks that strengthen their
participation. However, while these efforts provide nuanced and invaluable
support to these organizations, they are evidently having a limited effect in
terms of the number of women elected to office. While the normative shifts
relating to equal gender representation must continue to be widely promoted,
more immediate obstacles must also be tackled at the institutional and party
level.
The OSCE Mission to BiH Gender Unit was established in 2014 within the
Human Dimension Department and was tasked with providing assistance to
BiH in promotion of gender equality, as well as mainstreaming gender
perspectives into the Missions programmatic activities. In the beginning of
2016 the Gender Unit was moved to Office of the Head of Mission, as part of
the Policy and Planning Section, thus giving the Unit the possibility to
influence planning and programming at the level of the whole Mission. The
Gender Unit extensively cooperates with the BiH Gender Equality Agency, the
entity Gender Centres and Gender Commissions at all levels of government.
Main points of engagement include work on gender based violence,
implementation of UNSCR 1325 and gender mainstreaming of Mission
programmatic activities.
The Mission is currently implementing its second Gender Action Plan, for the
period of 2016-2018. This document seeks to improve mainstreaming as well
as reporting procedures and to establish the Missions priorities for the 20162018 period in order to promote gender equality and gender mainstreaming
within the organization.
3. Obligations and commitments in BiH
The BiH Election Law and BiH Law on Gender Equality prescribe the equal
participation and division of responsibilities between women and men in
public life and in the decision-making process. 1 The BiH Election Law requires
that every candidate list shall include and equally represent candidates of
male and female gender, with a minimum of 40% of each.2
1 Retrieved from: http://arsbih.gov.ba/ravnopravno-ucesce-zena-i-muskaraca-na-mjestima-odlucivanja/ 15.09.2016
2 Retrieved from https://www.izbori.ba/Documents/documents/English/Laws/BIHElectionlaw.pdf 22.09.2016
In addition to the stated legal obligations, eight political parties have signed a
pledge together with the Gender Equality Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
('Gender Equality Pledge for Political Parties' 3), which was developed with the
support of the OSCE Mission to BiH, to:
1) Fully respect the BiH Law on Gender Equality and to ensure adherence
to legally defined levels of womens participation in decision-making
bodies;
2) Equally promote male and female candidates and to provide all with
equal access to campaigning tools, media and financial assistance, in
order to ensure the fair treatment of party members running for office.
Under the Election Law of BiH, CEC rejects any candidate lists for municipal
and city-level legislatures that do not meet the 40% gender representation
threshold. This has been successfully enforced for the 2016 local elections,
and there are even guidelines on evenly distributing male and female
candidates on party lists. Crucially, however, the Election Law does not
govern the gender composition of party nominations for independent
candidates, mayoral candidates, or party list leaders. This is surely a major
contributing factor to the underrepresentation of women at the top levels of
political party structures.
4. Statistics4
The statistics for womens representation in the 2016 local elections are as
follows:
Mayoral Candidate Representation5
2016 - 417 candidates for mayor of whom 26 are women, representing
6.2%, 3 independent candidates6
2012 - 549 candidates for mayor of whom 39 were women 7, representing
7.1%
o There has been a decrease of 132 candidates for mayor (24%) and 13
women candidates less than in 2012 (a 33.3% decrease in real terms).
Leaders of Candidate Lists Representation
2016 - Out of 2,105 valid candidate lists, 238 lists 8 have women as the
leaders of the list, which comprises 11.3%. Brko District has one woman
as a list leader out of 38 lists for the Assembly
3 Retrieved from: http://arsbih.gov.ba/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Gender-Equality-Pledge-for-Political-Parties-2014.pdf
15.09.2016; the full text of the pledge can be found in Annex VI of this document.
4 The presented statistical information reflect the latest verified candidate lists by the Central Electorate Commission).
5 Out of five women who were elected for mayor of municipality in 2012, four are running for
office again in 2016.
6 Odak, Visoko an dGorade municipality
7 List of candidates retrieved from: http://www.izbori.ba/Rezultati/RezultatiPotvrdjeni/files/Lista_opstina_trka_8.html
14.09.2016
8 This number includes Brko District.
Recommendations
It is therefore apparent that parties must make a more concerted effort to
reform internal mechanisms, policies and norms concerning the selection of
and support given to female candidates Parties should recognize the value of
improving gender representation and the unique agency that parties
themselves have in doing so, even where they are not legally obliged to take
further action. The OSCE Mission is ready to assist parties in this process,
building on its successful partnerships and past achievements.
The OSCE Mission therefore calls on all parties to conduct internal gender
audits to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the partys approach to
gender equality issues and provide concrete next steps. The Mission is
committed to continuing assisting them in this process (having already begun
gender audits for several larger parties) and will offer further assistance in
the resulting capacity-building exercises.
It needs to be noted that 40 % quota is not applied to the independent
candidate lists which creates discrepancy in implementation of legislation
and therefore requires greater attention from the CEC and other electoral
authorities to ensure that women are given fair opportunities when running
for office.
The international community should present a more vocal and united front in
advocating for improvements to gender representation at all political levels in
BiH. This issue should be raised as a priority at each opportunity, particularly
when meeting with party leaders, senior political figures and electoral
officials.
Annexes
Annex I: Women Candidates for Mayor 2016
Name
Political Party
Municipality
Partija Demokratskog
Progresa (PDP)
Independent Candidate
Krupa na Uni
RS
Odak
FBiH
Odak
FBiH
Gradaac
FBiH
Petrovac
RS
6. Begi Jasminka
Demokratska Fronta
(DF)
Demokratska Fronta
(DF)
Srpska Demokratska
Stranka
(SDP BIH)
Doboj Jug
7. Malkoevi Amira
Tuzlanska Alternativa
Tuzla
Zaviajni
Socijaldemokrati
Mile Mareta
(SNSD)
Istoni Drvar
(Also ran in
2012)
RS
Mrkonji Grad
RS
(SNSD)
Jezero
X
(Also ran in
2012)
(Also ran in
2012)
11. Beganovi-ehi
Dina
12. Alji Merima
(SDP BIH)
Banovii
FBiH
Socijaldemokratska
Unija BIH
Naa Stranka
ivinice
FBiH
Zenica
FBiH
HDZ BIH
Busovaa
FBiH
Fojnica
FBiH
Demokratska Fronta
(DF)
Hadii
FBiH
Bosanskohercegovak
a Patriotska Stranka
Ilida
FBiH
1. Basari Ljiljana
2. Aneli-Grgi Luca
3. uki Mara
4. Avdi Maida
5. Banjac Slaana
8. Ivankovi Milka
9. Anii Divna
Visoko
(Acting)
X
X
(Also ran in
2012)
Entity
FBiH
FBiH
X
(Also ran in
2012)
RS
FBiH
(BPS)
(SDP BIH)
Novi Grad
Sarajevo
Novi Grad
Sarajevo
Vogoa
Naa Stranka
Demokratska Fronta
(DF)
(SNSD)
FBiH
FBiH
FBiH
Kalinovik
X
(Also ran in
2012)
RS
Independent Candidate
Gorade
FBiH
(SNSD)
Novo Gorade
RS
Socijalistika Partija
ajnie
Ujedinjena Srpska
Kostajnica
26.
Dejanovi Gligi
Biljana
(Also ran in
2012)
RS
RS
Name
Political Party
Municipality
Entity
SBB BiH
Bosanska Krupa
FBiH
2. Rajili
Snjeana
SNSD
Novi Grad
RS
3. Jankovi
Ljiljana
Novi Grad
RS
4. Vukovi
Snjeana
HDZ 1990
Oraje
FBiH
5. Avdakovi
Almedina
SDP BiH
Doboj Istok
FBiH
SBB BiH
Doboj Istok
FBiH
7. Begi
Jasminka
SDP BiH
Doboj Jug
FBiH
8. ehi
Jasminka
SDP BiH
Maglaj
FBiH
9. Krzi
Nermina
SBB BiH
Maglaj
FBiH
10. Aljuki
Nerminka
SBB BiH
Lukavac
FBiH
1. Brati
Dubravka
6. Kanti Eefa
Stranka za BiH
Srebrenik
FBiH
Socijalistika Partija
Ribnik
RS
SNSD
Mrkonji Grad
RS
Independent Candidate
Jajce
FBiH
SNSD
Jezero
RS
Socijalistika Partija
Osmaci
RS
Stranka za BiH
Donji Vakuf
FBiH
SDP BiH
Travnik
FBiH
Bratunac
RS
SBB BiH
FBiH
SDA
Visoko
FBiH
Bosanskohercegovaka Narodna
Stranka
Visoko
FBiH
SBB BiH
Breza
FBiH
HDZ BiH
Prozor-Rama
FBiH
Konjic
FBiH
Naa Stranka
FBiH
FBiH
FBiH
Naa Stranka
Centar Sarajevo
FBiH
Centar Sarajevo
FBiH
Naa Stranka
FBiH
FBiH
33. udi
Sabina
34. Smaji
Melisa
35. Komlenovi
Mileva
Naa Stranka
Novo Sarajevo
FBiH
Novo Sarajevo
FBiH
SNSD
Kalinovik
RS
Socijalistika Partija
ajnie
RS
37. Bodiroga
Radana
Bilea
RS
38. Ivankovi
Milka
Zaviajni socijaldemokrati-Mile
Mareta
Istoni Drvar
RS
Srebrenica
RS
36. Tadi
Zorica
39. Koevi
Vesna
Political Party
Municipality
1. Rudi Nikolina
Povratak Otpisanih
Laktai
2. Akamija Sonja
Stranka Penzionera/Umirovljenika
Bosne i Hercegovine
Hrvatska stranka prava Herceg-Bosne
Sarajevo
Sarajevo
3. Pinjuh Vesna
4. Lovri Ljiljana
5. Vidovi Gordana
Municipality
1. Behi Silvana
Biha
2. Demirovi Hasnija
Bosanska Krupa
3. ukanovi Dijana
Novi Grad
4. Ruii Jadranka
Prijedor
5. Kokanovi Sanja
Prijedor
Mostar
Modria
Odak
7. Popovi Slaana
Bijeljina
8. Popovi Marija
Bijeljina
9. Samardi Dejana
Bijeljina
Banja Luka
Doboj
Doboj
Doboj
Doboj
Doboj
Doboj
Doboj
Tuzla
Tesli
Zvornik
Zvornik
Zvornik
Zvornik
Zvornik
Zenica
Visoko
Jablanica
Trnovo (FBIH)
Gorade
Ljubuki
Stolac
Stolac
Trebinje
34. Ot Ivana
Trebinje
235.
236.
237.
238.
2. https://advokatprnjavorac.com/zakoni/zakon_o_ravnopravnosti_spolova_BiH.pdf
3. http://arsbih.gov.ba/279/
4. http://arsbih.gov.ba/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Gender-Equality-Pledge-for-PoliticalParties-2014.pdf
5. http://www.izbori.ba/Default.aspx?CategoryID=64&Lang=3&Id=1892
6. http://www.izbori.ba/Default.aspx?CategoryID=64&Lang=3&Id=1905
7. http://www.izbori.ba/Rezultati/RezultatiPotvrdjeni/files/Lista_opstina_trka_8.html
8. http://www.sarajevotimes.com/?p=66275