,.

,.,

...,,

..

Rock
and
Dee .
Yells.
Part 1,
. Mechanics of Boreholes ..
----, E2-tiE
7/94/7T&,-# fld~ti~
7./ @cg/Co7
.
?
Q&s2ti<
~~y
dA
Hock rnechmics p.rovidI
s the .necessary
theories to explain
.

ground, the triaxiaSstate Q13stressis distu~bed and tl~e

rock will have

the tendency to fillthe space. The change oftho stress cor:ditionre- u

/
su.~ts in deio?mation. The deforms.tion~in ,general,consists of m
R12s V
tic and a permanent compbnent. The elastic deformations ms.ybecome
hi@ier inrocks t~ithstrong cohesion, as,these can sto& considers-ble

.
elastic stresses. At relatively shallowdepths,most rocks are in an
,,

elastic state of stress$ no appare.nt

pernmnent del?ormationsare px%sen.t.
Elastic,stresses &*ound

--

,+.

...+.+----

..-

. .....

.. ..

. .

..

..

. ..

. .

borehole

... +.. . . .->-------...-.. -.=. ... ..... --..

.
-..

. .

.. --

. . ..

.. .

.,.

..

. .

4
.. ...

. .

...-

+. . ... . ..

..~s.,..-... .... . .. . . ...... .:.../ ,. .:.. ,s...s: .-,~-.. ,. !-.

-.,.-.

-.

..

----

._-_-::.;

;-...

~.~,

. . .

-__-&.:

-
--

= -----

-.
1---

.!

.-&

.
..-

..-

...-. . .

..-.

. . . . . ---.-

--

.-.

*.7.7

,
.:...~~~~~

++

...

.,.

,-.

-!

...
J

i
.{

,,r.

7%

7?-1-:.-.:,

,-

- $

**..*

1)

rials have m = 8to 20, they transmit vary small horizontal strQss~s.
For ideally eilasticmaterials, like steel m = 3.3~ the

traltititt@.

~cIrplastic materials the Poigson,constamt is almost 22 alnost hy~o static stre

S3 condition,
As the borehole approach~s to.the con~id~redpoint, theuniform stress distribution starts to change,sm.dthe resulting .nbw

--
..- -..
.,
.

do not f62.lowat all T300ke

Ss law,

so

that the c;Lassics.1.

olasticitiy

theory has .novalidity ~or them, HaweverI,the classical elasticity

For ideally elastic materials, like

steel

= j

3 j ,the trmumd-tted

horizontal stress is smmwha$ less tharhalf

of the vertjCS3.strass,
,,
Fon plastic materials the Poisson cJAtant
.,
.,
static stress bondition~
,

is almost 2, almost hydro-

AS the borehole app~oache.~

to the c~l~ideredl?oint.
he i-

._>

zont al
h.ori
fi$JLU??
~~ where tl-MJ

vt3rtiAd

Stre

Sses

in

main t-he
the

$Jl
1-

/.

the

T*(2I23C
r%t

.- ..

L_,--------.=...
.............-}

J,,., i

/r.

, ),

.,
I

f,

.,

,..

p.

mud hydrostatic pressure.

:.
a rsdid
The mud hydrostatic pressure creaims,,

pvessure on tha

.,! .,

,,0-

,,
,. .-.,

:;:.;
. ..
...1

ft in mud-fi2.3.ed
boreholes~
Yield
....i-nImreholes

...

..
,.

. . .
..,

<.
1
1.

. .

,,

.,

Cormo??.
Whatever is the yieldsfracture or plastic flowjthe stress
will-decrease considerably

so .thst the rnaximaof stresses will be

not more on the wall Of the circular cross sections but inside in the

.,

and ik.iS
Et

reliable

~p~~O&lGkl

fOP

l?10St

.,
.-

,.

)!

pending differential equations for the stressfunctions,,and the ~res,/.

ses outside the extended.zone
will
becomeg

*b..i

7El)
,,..

and the ?&actian stress

zon6 diameter(==
b)&d

the

ib)

...-.--. ..-.
.

FIGURE
7

.
.
$:.
,,
(.

,,
1

/
I.x

-:..,:

..-----+..

--

-l.-p.

--

..

.+.l

..:;

::1

...!..!-

, i.

..+;:

.
.

..$.
/

~::

.!

.!,.,

.;

:,
:!

.(
,

.,

-.--.
,.

,.:4
)

,..
.[{

---:3
:4-.+.:-,
!

!:
.

., .-i

A
. ..,

!
/

*XI:

;>,,,,/

...
~
...
.>

,,

.;
.

---

-.

..

.
.

,..

. ..

,,
. .

,-:,

,
t

...-..,
, .,,-...<!
.,,
.!,..

~ >,
,

.....

.
..

,:.

,!,,!.

.
. >..

,i

..

.,

!,.,

.,,
,,,

:,]

,. .-.

.,1

. .
.,

,-.

..:.: :,l,.,.!.,;

.... . .

-.,

.
#

.A

l,-..,

.,.

,.

-. ...,
. . :, I

.,. ,

if
~1

flt
i.

-
,,.

(,

. . ..-.
<.

,.

.-

..

-i

,.

!?ric<tiall

:,0(!;:

coeffic

O.-ir
J,,
)
/.,,,
.*
. -,

. ..

,,
,,

CM

so that it can give

olastic~tyz

generql idea my
TIM vokme

be e~lained

by

only

vay

rough vah.vas$but the

it.

expansion depen~s m

the reaction Btress which is

?
g

#
b

WLUMECXpANSiON
IN ffELATloNTo
OECRCASING WALL PRESSUWOF

- ~1
F:

~,w

<-{

~E*OLEs
;

ixdm
,.,.
..-+.

id.tam

i---------

. .

..

--

._._

---

Vtil.u%,
Zcldif no

tawhole, is

eualinatwd, -l

IiwaWall <rafmtian premswe

.. -

AND vER~lc~~ SHAFTS. -

.+
.

:
.

Ri.gvxe

ita

.1

.Fii&uFe3.0

..- .. . ....-... ...=...,.+---- .. .. ...... ~.------- ..... .. ---- .... .... .... . . . . ----. ... . ....,. .... .- -.- . ...

..
.... . J-->-

r...+
......I.. A=

Kk3x=69t3
nldri
stswtil$eel:

,/

..

. ,
,

.-..--. - ...-. .._

I
.
.
.

_-_..-

tended zone b may be calculated from the eauati.on:

On the figure 11 s chax%

J.Lj

is presented for the easy calculation

..

of this equation, which gives

US

the radius of the extend.

ed zoner from which the per.

manent deformation.
of the
rock is figured, This d&formation.israther slow,,.
brm5Buseof the internal
f~iC~iOn

of the rOc~O The

li.ters.tur6
does not contain
any daba ,wn the velocity of
f
the permanent defQnnation.of

is

Figure n
present, the permanent de.fo~at$ti~l

stress condition i.tis rather slip

and

fmi.nningofcristal

grains,

and at ~earlyhy&ostati.c highly

st~essed stateit is near to a viscous flowe

.
The iigura12 shows the radius of the extended zone for an as- .

<

sumed borehole, at d~pth down.to 20..000feetj on the leftside for

,
e~ty, on the right side for mud-filled ho~e.:The mud--$.ill~d
hole.

shows no perma..nmtdeformation do?m toabout .6(?oQ

f% depth, o~~lythe

.!

clay la~erS al% plastic..Safidstonerernaih~el.

astiicevenat mdre than
.
. ,.
...
. ...... .
.,
.-.
-...-----.,,
.<
.
i $ . . .
.-. .._
.-.,...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..-,.
=-..
..
.
..
-.
=..--_-,
.
.-.
..
-...;
.!;-:=.:-:,
$=.--.
.
.
.--.
..
.
....
...
...
.....>.:
..._.
......... .m... .....~+:..,-=.
..,
.G........ ----.
_-.,
..,.
...
.. .....=..
.:.:.,.,
.=-..
,
.-.
,.
..
----l:.
~_.=.L
--:
--.
,.,
.-,..:
..-
.-..
...
...-.
.
..,
_.
...:.>
........
.....
.,
:.,.
..-...,
.,...,
.____
......._............,
-..-:._
.._.
...
....-...
s.
-=.
-...+
:...
-.,..
.:
:~.-.:..:
=..
.,,
..-
-.*
--._________
.
.-.:
-.
...-.
-._.
.,...,...
_...
-_~..;::
:.
.
-.
.-.
-..
-,.
-.._=

-.

.-.-.
.
.,.
..-.,.
.
.,---.-.
.=.....p=-...---.:
-.
...
,..
..
...-...
.<
.. ..
.:
..,...
.. .....=...a.a.
-.
..*_&.-&.
a....
.&--&&_~+&
..
-..-..j.q.<e&J,>_
~>~
....._+.
Q-..:
L-.-:.
.-.
->:-..
-T--
A+
---L-:
- =,
....
...-...-S.+* .-.
.,-_.
.-----..=.-.-.....*_...-.,
....=-....
,:
.-,.=
- ......-----,.
-..~_-m...,..
....&=
...,--.-.<.
--L-.
me.
----.
..

-.

-.

10.000 ft depth,
b?s

tSedlmentaryrock-sare

-*

I?wlusor rf4EExrm&?g%oHf

--IJ--J---=$

more often stratified, with

alternate layers M rocks of
different properties. When
the Is.yersare relatively
thin and all of them in tha
elfisti.c
state, the rock may

in the nei@bQuring rocks.

Ccmclusj.on:
M

the foregoing.pages, elastic and pemnment

deformations Qf

...

,..

1--. .

.(

References:
.

1)

V. BIises$R.: Mechanilc

2)

V. K.arma.n$
T.: T. I(itteilg,lorscb.~sarbeiten d../.D.J.,No, 118,

d.,festen Korper im plnstisch-de~om~,blen

,,
Zustand, Mttinger Nachz.1913, pp. W:592

u. Mechanick, 4.s 1921f.2s . 323-33h ,

.,

*.,

..

. ,

f
,

1!. H.

Walton:

Mechanical Properties ofNon-Metal%ic Brittle Materi-

al.
s, New York,

1.958
.,

Olszak,

w.: Non-Homogeneity fin

Pergamon, London

Elasticity

snd Plasticity,

1959.

.,.-

Gall@, E.M.

Jour.

Sot.

Petr.