Sid SigSys 1 Introduction To Signals and Systems PDF

College of Engineering and Computing
ENG 343 Signals and Systems

Winter 2014
Introduction
Dr. Sidra A. Shaikh
Reference Books
Fundamentals of Signals and Systems: Using the
Web and MATLAB
Edward W. Kamen. Ans Bonnie S. Heck.
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. ISBN 013168737-9
Signals and Systems

Oppenheim, A. V, Willsky, A.S., and Nawab, S H. 2003.
3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 0138097313
Wednesday, 26 February 2014
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
Topics to be covered
Reference in the
Week #
1
Textbook/
Topic/Material Covered in Class/Lab
Course Material
Introduction: Continuous and discrete-time signals Operations on signals Time Domain Chapter 1, Textbook #1
Properties of signals Elementary signals Continuous- and discrete-time systems
Interconnections of systems.
System Properties.
Chapter 1, Textbook #1
Chapter #1, Textbook #1
6
7
8
Representations for Linear Time Invariant Systems: Convolution Properties of

convolution
Difference and differential equations
- characterizing solutions
Fourier Representations of Signals: Discrete time periodic signals - the discrete time
Fourier series
Continuous time periodic signals
- the Fourier series Discrete time non-periodic signals
- the discrete time Fourier transform Continuous time non-periodic signals
- the Fourier transform Properties of Fourier representations
Chapter #3, Textbook #1,
10
Applications of Fourier Representations: Frequency response from time-domain system

descriptions
Fourier transform representations for periodic signals Convolution and modulation
revisited
- mixing periodic and non-periodic signals
The Fourier transform representation for discrete-time signals
Sampling continuous-time signals

Reconstruction of continuous-time signals from samples
Revision
3. & 4
11
12
13
14
15
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Chapter #2, Textbook #1

Chapter #5, Textbook #1.

Chapter 2, Ref book #1.
Chapter 5 Textbook #1, Lab Manual.
Marks Distribution
Assessment Tool/Component
Learning
Outcome to be
Assessed
Weightage
Class/homework, assignments
10%
Class tests 1 & 2
30%
Practical/laboratory/field work
20%
Semester-end final examination
40%
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SIGNALS?
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What is a Signal?
A signal is a pattern of variation of some form

Signals are variables that carry information
Examples of signal include:
Electrical signals
Voltages and currents in a circuit
Acoustic signals
Acoustic pressure (sound) over time
Mechanical signals
Velocity of a car over time
Video signals
Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time
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6/20
Signals Represent Information

Whether analog or digital, information is
represented by the fundamental quantity in
electrical engineering: the signal .
Stated in mathematical terms, a signal is merely a
function.
Analogue signals are continuous-valued;
Digital signals are discrete-valued.
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
Analog Signals
Analog signals are usually signals defined over

continuous independent variable(s).
For Example, Speech is produced by your

vocal cords exciting acoustic resonances in your
vocal tract.
The result is pressure waves propagating in

the air, and the speech signal thus corresponds to
a function having independent variables of space
and time and a value corresponding to air
pressure:
s (x, t) (Here we use vector notation x to

denote spatial coordinates).
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
Digital Signals
The word digital means discrete-valued and implies

the signal has an integer-valued independent variable.
Digital information includes numbers and symbols

(characters typed on the keyboard, for example).
Computers rely on the digital representation of

information to manipulate and transform information.
Symbols do not have a numeric value, and each is

represented by a unique number.
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SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION
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10
How is a Signal Represented?

Mathematically, signals are represented as a function of one
or more independent variables.
For instance a black & white video signal intensity is
dependent on x, y coordinates and time t f(x,y,t)
On this course, we shall be exclusively concerned with signals
that are a function of a single variable: time
f(t)
t
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Example:R Signals in an Electrical Circuit
vs (t ) vc (t )
R
dv (t )
i (t ) C c
dt
dvc (t ) 1
1
vc (t )
vs (t )
dt
RC
RC
i (t )
vs
+
-
vc
The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time
vs, vc
Step (signal) vs at t=1

RC = 1
First order (exponential) response
for vc
t
Note, we could also have considered the voltage across the resistor or the
current as signals
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12
Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous-Time Signals
Most signals in the real world are

x(t)
continuous time, as the scale is
infinitesimally fine.
Eg voltage, velocity,
Denote by x(t), where the time interval
may be bounded (finite) or infinite
Discrete-Time Signals
Some real world and many digital
signals are discrete time, as they are
sampled
E.g. pixels, daily stock price (anything
that a digital computer processes)
Denote by x[n], where n is an integer
value that varies discretely
x[n]
Sampled continuous signal
x[n] =x(nk) k is sample time

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13
Signal Classification
Continuous-time
Discrete-time
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Signal Properties
Particularly interested in signals with certain properties:

Periodic signals: a signal is periodic if it repeats itself after a fixed period
T, i.e. x(t) = x(t+T) for all t. A sin(t) signal is periodic.
Even and odd signals: a signal is even if x(-t) = x(t) (i.e. it can be reflected
in the axis at zero). A signal is odd if x(-t) = -x(t). Examples are cos(t) and
sin(t) signals, respectively.
Exponential and sinusoidal signals: a signal is (real) exponential if it can
be represented as x(t) = Ceat. A signal is (complex) exponential if it can be
represented in the same form but C and a are complex numbers.
Step and pulse signals: A pulse signal is one which is nearly completely
zero, apart from a short spike, d(t). A step signal is zero up to a certain
time, and then a constant value after that time, u(t).
These properties define a large class of tractable, useful signals and will
be further considered in the coming lectures
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EVEN AND ODD SIGNALS
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Even an Odd properties of Signals
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Even and Odd functions

A real function xe(t) is said to be an even function of t if
A real function xo(t) is said to be an odd function of t if
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Even an Odd properties of Signals

Even and odd functions have the following
properties:
Even x Odd = Odd
Odd x Odd = Even
Even x Even = Even
Every signal x(t) can be expressed as a

sum of even and odd components
because:
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Even and Odd components

Given the definition, any signal can be
decomposed into a sum of even xe(t) signal
and odd xo(t) signal.
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USEFUL SIGNAL OPERATIONS
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Useful Signal Operations
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Time Reversal
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Time Shifting
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Time Shifting
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Time Shifting
Signal may be delayed by time T:
or advanced by time T:
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Amplitude Scaling
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Addition of Signals
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Addition of Signals
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Multiplication of Signals
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Time Scaling
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Time Scaling
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Time Scaling
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Time Scaling
Signal may be compressed in time

(by a factor of 2):
or expanded in time (by a factor of 2):
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COMBINATION OF SIGNALS
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Combination of Operations
Combination of operations on signals
- Easier to determine the final signal in stages
- Create intermediary signals in which one operation is
performed
Note: Both Method 1 and Method 2 give the same answer
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Ex. Time shifting and Time scaling (1/2)
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Ex. Time shifting and Time scaling (2/2)
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Note: Both Method 1 and Method 2 give the same answer
41
SYSTEM?
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42
What is a System?
Systems process input signals to produce output signals
Examples:
A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a system
that transforms the source voltage (signal) to the voltage
(signal) across the capacitor
A CD player takes the signal on the CD and transforms it
into a signal sent to the loud speaker
A communication system is generally composed of three
sub-systems, the transmitter, the channel and the receiver.
The channel typically attenuates and adds noise to the
transmitted signal which must be processed by the
receiver
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43
How is a System Represented?
A system takes a signal as an input and

transforms it into another signal
Input signal
x(t)
System
Output signal
y(t)
In a very broad sense, a system can be

represented as the ratio of the output signal
over the input signal
That way, when we multiply the system by the
input signal, we get the output signal
This concept will be firmed up in the coming weeks
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44
Example: An Electrical Circuit System

R
vs (t ) vc (t )
R
dv (t )
i (t ) C c
dt
dvc (t ) 1
1
vc (t )
vs (t )
dt
RC
RC
i (t )
vs
+
-
vc
vs(t)
vc(t)
first order
system
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
vs, vc
Simulink representation of the electrical circuit
t
46
References:
Online Resources
Fundamentals of Signals and Systems: Using the Web and MATLAB
Edward W. Kamen. Ans Bonnie S. Heck.
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. ISBN 013168737-9
Signals and Systems
Oppenheim, A. V, Willsky, A.S., and Nawab, S H. 2003.
3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 0138097313
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
47

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College of Engineering and Computing

ENG 343 Signals and Systems

College of Engineering and Computing

Signals and Systems

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Topic/Material Covered in Class/Lab

Chapter #1, Textbook #1

Representations for Linear Time Invariant Systems: Convolution Properties of

- the Fourier transform Properties of Fourier representations

Chapter #3, Textbook #1,

Applications of Fourier Representations: Frequency response from time-domain system

Chapter #4, Textbook #1,

Sampling continuous-time signals

Chapter #6, Textbook #1,

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

Chapter #2, Textbook #1,

Chapter #2, Textbook #1

Chapter #5, Textbook #1.

College of Engineering and Computing

Class tests 1 & 2

Semester-end final examination

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

A signal is a pattern of variation of some form

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Signals Represent Information

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Analog signals are usually signals defined over

For Example, Speech is produced by your

The result is pressure waves propagating in

s (x, t) (Here we use vector notation x to

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

The word digital means discrete-valued and implies

Digital information includes numbers and symbols

Computers rely on the digital representation of

Symbols do not have a numeric value, and each is

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

How is a Signal Represented?

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Example:R Signals in an Electrical Circuit

The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time

Step (signal) vs at t=1

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing