Environmental Management

Term Paper Presentation

Organic Agriculture in India

Group Submitted to: Prof. K. Balooni

Group 5, Section D
Anupam
193

Deep 199

Daisy 197

Mahesh
221

Neeti 225

Agriculture in India

Pre Green Revolution Era

- Ramayana
- Mention of several manures like oil
cake, excreta of animals in
Arthashastra

Green Revolution Era

- Use of plant protection
chemicals including all pesticides like

Present Day Scenario

(Organic Farming)

fungicides, insecticides, weedicides were

- contains more

- Mention of organic manure in Rig

Veda, Green Manure in Atharva Veda,
etc

used extensively to protect plant from

pest

vitamins, minerals, enzymes,

trace

- Mention of Kamdhenu, the

celestial cow & its importance in soil
fertility

- the pesticide residue persistence in

- At least one third of what you take

out from soils must be returned to it
implying recycling or post-harvest
residue Holy Quran

products, irrigation water are

- improves the soil quality

matter of serious concern as their

presence

- high demand

3/18/2010

and diseases
agricultural produce, food commodities,
animal, feed, fodder, animal

elements and even cancer

fighting antioxidants
- Higher yields

is more than maximum residue limit

Agriculture in India
Trends in developing economies .
Criteria

India

Bangladesh

Kenya

Agricultural
Overview

18.6% of the GDP

and involves 60% of
the total labour
force
largest overseas
exporter of cashews
and spices

1315% of
Bangladesh's annual
export earnings &
20% of the
country's GDP,
employing 60% of
the total labour
force
Land is fertile, but
yields are usually
low due to a lack of
capital for input

> 50 % of export
earnings & 24 % of
GDP
sector includes
large-scale
commercial farms,
plantations &
specialist
horticultural units

17,77,000

1,82,000

Area under Organic 28,00,000

Farming (Million Ha)

3/18/2010

Agriculture in India
.. trends in developing economies
Criteria

India

Bangladesh

Kenya

No. of Organic Farms

332

100

300000

Major Organic Crops

Tea, rice, bananas, cotton,

wheat, spices (mainly
pepper and ginger), coffee,
nuts, pulses, and herbal
products

Tea, Shrimps, Cotton, Rice

Vegetables, fruits, coffee,

beans, nuts, essential oils,
dried herbs, cosmetics and
pharmaceutical products

Initiatives

NPOP, INDOCERT, ICCOA,

etc.

NayaKrishi Aandolan

KOFA, KOPA

Farming Methods

Use of organic manure

Aerobic & anaerobic
composting
Green manuring
Pests managed through
neem

Mixed cropping & crop

rotation - highly effective
method for pest
management & nutritional
health of the soil
Compost made of water
hyacinth

Trees are excellent for fuel

wood and charcoal

3/18/2010

Agriculture in India
India Agriculture production hub ??
Agriculture & allied sector
contributes nearly 22 per cent of
GDP
60 % of the area sown is
dependent on rainfall
India is the largest producer in
the world of milk, cashew nuts,
coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and
black pepper
second largest producer of wheat,
rice, sugar, groundnut and inland
fish
World's largest cattle population
(281 million)
Average growth of Agriculture and allied sector during the tenth five year plan was meager
2.4 %

Agriculture in India
Growing Concerns
Economical or environmental sustainability ?
Agriculture subsidies - helping or hampering ?
Small land holdings fragmentation
Inadequate irrigation facilities
Slow progress in implementing land reforms
Modern agriculture practices - awareness, cost, land size ?
Socio-economic backwardness
" 1,500 farmers committed mass suicide in India after having been driven into debt by crop
3/18/2010
6
failure "

Agriculture in India
Recent Policies & Initiatives
Farming
Practices
Farmers

Focus on organic, bio-dynamic farming

Agriculture credit, Kisan Credit,
Special rehabilitation package for distressed farmers
Agriculture debt waiver and debt relief scheme 2008

Awareness

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

Agri - marketing
Kisan call centers

Improved
Quality
Seeds

Technology Mission on oil seeds (TMOP), pulses and

maize

Food
security

National food security mission (NFSM)

National horticulture mission

Around 55% of the farms in India are organic by default as majority of the farmers cannot
3/18/2010
7
afford to buy chemical fertilizers

Agriculture in India
Policy initiatives under consideration

Cooperatives
Amendment of Seeds Act, 1966
The pesticides Management Bill, 2008

Around 55% of the farms in India are organic by default as majority of the farmers cannot
3/18/2010
8
afford to buy chemical fertilizers

Concept of Organic Farming

Basic know how .
inputs

Natural
and farm
resources

Avoid
usage of
chemical
inputs

pest control

Environm
ent &
Local
farming
system

Organic Farming

Biological
diversity and
heterogeneity

Nutrients rich
yield

Around 55% of the farms in India are organic by default as majority of the farmers cannot
3/18/2010
9
afford to buy chemical fertilizers

India Global footprints

Organic farming exports
India 2008-2009

Vision India 2012

Exports

$ 87 mn

$ 1 bn

Market
Share

0.2 %

2.5%

Area

8.65 lakh ha

20 lakh ha

State

Exports (Metric ton)

Kerala
West Bengal
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Punjab
Himachal Pradesh
Maharasthra
India (Total)

1232
937
476
471
541
521
375
6472

Stake holders in Organic Agriculture

Government
Regulations

Policies

Research

NGOs supporting Org. Agriculture

Extension

Organic Competence Centre

Representing farmers interests

Information extension
Market development promotion
eg. OFAI, BAAI, SOA

Collect info and knowledge

Documentation & dissemination
Training & extension services
Policy initiatives, networking (ICCOA)

Producer Organizations
Cooperatives
Producer groups
Companies, projects
eg. PDS, Ecofarms, Agrocell, Maikaal

Certification Bodies
Inspection
Certification
Standard development
e.g. IMO, SKAL, Ecocert, APOF

Farmers

Processors
Consumers

Traders

Maintaining quality through supply chain

SCM model in organic agriculture ..
Farmer Selection
Site Externality
Trust Transaction Cost

Neutral 3rd party

certification
Cost ?

Supply
Chain and
Quality
Measures

Harvesting/Threshing/Stor
age
Clean Equipment

Quality Inputs Seed

Certification Agency

Technology Checks
e.g., Basmati Rice

Implications Conventional to organic Conversion

transition from conventional to organic farming
YEAR 1

Costs tend to initially be slightly

higher as farmers invest (mostly
labor) to adjust their fields to
organic standards

Yields have tended to suffer by

about one-third immediately
after conversion as both farmer
and soils adapt

YEAR 2

YEAR 3 & 4

After the first year of conversion,

yields climbed steadily and tend
to approach the baseline yields of
the previous system

By the third and fourth years,

when certification occurs
farmers have received an
average 20%-30% higher prices

Initially, the selling price tends not

the change since organically
managed crops can always be sold
as conventional.

Conventional V/s Organic Farming

Benefits and risks associated

Income = (Yield x Price) x Risk Factor Production Costs

Stabilized Yield

Reduced Risk Production,

biological, Financial,
Price fluctuation etc

Reduce Input Cost

Conversion Benefits
Improved the net-farm incomes
Reduced the risk of pesticide poisonings, lead to more self-sufficiency
Improved food safety and reduced vulnerability, and improved the access to networks
supporting knowledge exchange and political participation.

Risks
Risk and uncertainty related to the conversion period, such as temporarily declining yields
and the lack of experiences and information

Limitations, Potential & Challenges

weighing the potential of Organic Agriculture
Market Information

Limitation

Potential

Challenges

Training
Storage Facility
Consumer awareness
Government Support
Certification cost
Geographical
Climatic
Ill Soil
Decreased Yield
Growing demand
Policy Initiatives
Integrated Universities
Infrastructure and Funds for
scientific studies

Organic farming in Dry lands of India

Issues and promotional strategies

Issues
Land
Degradation

Food
Security

Employment

Wind
Erosion

India's National Project on Organic Farming

(NPOF 2005) has given top priority to the dry
lands

Initially promote non-certified

organic farming
Promotional
Strategies

Integrate efforts of supporting

agencies
Encourage decentralized input
supply
Develop organic farming cluster of
villages

Soil and
Climate
Condition

Agripreneurs: Business Opportunity ?

an example of alumni of IIM Kozhikode

Orex Health Foods

Established: September, 2009
Founder : Chaitanya Varma, IIMK, Batch of 2008
Owns three organic ready-to-eat food outlets
Serves IT Business Parks in Hyderabad
Handling Certification Cost
NGO Vested Interests
Unavailability of whole range of organic food
Deadlock in Demand and Supply

India was exporting organic products to the value of only Rs 730 million in 2003 and in 2007
this figure touched Rs 3000 million constituting almost 0.2 percent of the organic world market

North East India: Organic Farming

Case Study

The seven sisters :-land surface of 262230

km2-80% dependence on organic farming
Jhum cultivation: Traditional method
Around 70.77% cropped area under shifting
cultivation
Large areas covered with forest

Rapid
population
growth: food
insufficiency?
?

Threat to
forest
resources??

North East India: Salient features

Socio-Cultural
integrated with the socioeconomic fabric of rural society
Community based practice-equity
Almost completely lacking in feudal fetters
plays a central role in uniting villages and clans, and integrating the people
egalitarian mode of production, with women playing an important
economic role

Economy
Food sufficiency rather than income generation
No market structure; only 2% of boundaries shared with mainland India
Prevents them from being subject to the whims of the larger capital
market
local modes of commerce

Ecological
Sustainable
Appropriate crop-mix or short-duration crops (particularly leguminous) for
maintenance and enhancing of the soil fertility status

North East India: Case study

NAGALAND

Pre-capitalist livelihood
generation activity for food
sustenance
gross state domestic product is
$1.4 billion in current prices
90% population dependent on
agriculture
Driven by sustainability
Local market
MOKOKCHUNG
Usurpation of forest resources
Indian Governments new Look
East policy with respect to trade
and commerce-negative impact
on jhum
Military insurgency, land for
jhum occupied, by the armed
Indian state

North East India: Case study

conflict over Jhum cultivation
Society

of

scientists:

Sustainability of jhum
cultivation, Food insecurity
of the local population due
to the wrenching away of
their primary mode of
sustenance

Trade promoting entities,

private entities: wishing
to utilize the land for
specific
profit-making
ventures???

North East India: Case study - Solution

Alder based Jhum
cultivation in Nagaland

Aji
Ngui Assoni: Rice Fish Cultivation in
Arunachal Pradesh
Fixed
Annual
Annual
capital (Rs) investment turnover
(Rs)
(Rs)

Annual
profit
(Rs)

Return to
fixed
capital
(%)

Return to
Profit to
investment turn over
(%)
(%)

62000

48723

78.58

192.75

25277

74000

65.84

North East India: Future

Harnessing the potential .

Potential to be largest organic food

producer and major export center for
global organic market

The synergy between comparative

advantage and price-competitiveness

Public-private partnership should be

encouraged and state government
must come forward to create
investment friendly environment

Consumer Analysis - Kozhikode

Only organic
store in city,
established
6 months
ago
Cereals
supplied
from
Kolhapur

Major factor
price and
not healthy
living

Element
Organic
Store

Exports are increasing very fast and

demand increase will need atleast
doubling of production in coming years
Awareness
among
public very
low

Farmers in
Waynad
supply spices
under free
trade
agreement
Kerala

Very less effort from government side.

Villages and farmers have to take initiative
to shift to organic farming. First few years
very bad
Internal bickering between Finance
minister, an organic farmer and
Agricultural minister harming the state

Strong integrated policy initiatives needed

Reference: Mr. Sudarsanan Nair, Element Organic Store, Kozhikode

India should target to reach at least Rs 40 billion by 2012 (domestic market and exports),
thereby capturing approximately 2.5 percent of the current global market for organic products

Recent developments

GB Pant Agricultural University in Uttarakhand does

extensive research in this area .

Kerala declared some

areas in Wayanad and

Idukki hill districts as fully
organic ... ...

It has enrolled about 52,000

farmers and earmarked 71,000

hectares across the state to use
only organic material for growing

Karnataka government has set up an

crops, vegetables and fruits ....

support of Rs.100 crore this fiscal .....

When government banned rice

exports, the farmers who had

cultivated organic rice incurring
more expenses faced huge
losses .

organic farming mission with budgetary

This is the beginning in the governments

efforts at declaring some panchayats as
fully organic by next year, leading to
conversion of the whole State as organic in
the long run .....

Policy / Initiatives in Kerala

Kerala has an accredited organic certifying agency
catering to the needs of the farmers.

launched two brands, namely Kerala Organic and

Kerala Naturals to market organic farm produces

Marketing of organic produce is also being experimented

in many places like Organic Bazaar in
Thiruvananthapuram, Eco-shops in Thrissur and
Kozhikode and, Jaiva Krishi Sevana Kendram in Kannur

Self help groups of women are encouraged to undertake

organic farming of vegetables in some panchayats.

520 small and medium farmers in Marappanmoola village of wayanad district, owning on an
average less than 2 hectares of land have organized themselves & now cultivate a mixed variety

Organic Policy in India & Recommendations

Ensure seed sovereignty of the farmers

GM free villages
Availability of Affordable and locally suitable seeds
Compact Area Group approach in organic farming
Organic farmers groups, clubs, SHGs and cooperatives
Improve soil quality and ensure water conservation measures
protect traditional water , rain water conservation
testing facilities for soil, water, micronutrients and microorganisms
Conserve and improve agro-biodiversity
Kaipad, Pokkali and Kole as agricultural heritage of Kerala

Organic Policy in India & Recommendations

Intensive campaign
Organic Melas
statewide awareness programmes on the advantages of organic produce
workshops, seminars for consumers, teachers, traders, farmers, government officials
Channels for marketing of organic produce

direct marketing / linkages by farmers groups with end user institutions

existing vegetable, fruits and grocery vendors
organic farm produce outlets
Tourism industry source organic produce

Availability of quality organic manure to the farmers

crop rotation, tree crops, cover crops, leguminous crops, green manure
Link organic municipal solid waste to farms > organic matter recycling
Ensure farm inputs for organic farming
ensure markets for good quality input materials at reasonable price
training for local resource persons

Organic Policy in India & Recommendations

encourage the use of organic farm produce in food industry

Develop a simple certification process

Jaiva Keralam developed as a brand
Provide financial incentives for promoting organic farming
interest-free loans toespecially small and marginal farmers
assistance during conversion period
Introduce organic farming in education institutions
Introduce organic farming in educational institutions through academic inputs
Integrate of various departments, local self-governments and
organizations

The market for organic produce from and within India is expected to grow six to seven times in
the next five years - INR 40 billion by 2012

Dispelling myth of un-sustainability

Example of Cuba .

Food and Agriculture Organization says

Conversion of global agriculture to organic management
would result in a global agricultural supply of 2640 to 4380
kcal/person/day, increase production by 56 per cent
Organic farms use 33 to 56 per cent less energy per ha
than conventional farms
An example of Cuba
A country with 42,402 sq. miles of land and with 11.3
million people, is completely organic

Questions ??