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Wikipedia - Media Coverage of North Korea
Wikipedia - Media Coverage of North Korea
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Media coverage of North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) is hampered by
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a lack of reliable information. There are a number of reasons for this. Media access to the country is
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severely restricted. Much information about North Korea is filtered through South Korea, but the
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longstanding conflict between the two countries distorts the information that is received. Another source
for information about North Korea is the testimony of defectors, but defectors are not necessarily
reliable. In the absence of solid facts, many reports are based on unsubstantiated claims and rumors.
Critics have said that the world's media has a hunger for sensationalist stories about North Korea, and
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this demand creates a supply. For all these reasons, there have been many examples of unreliable
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1 Difficulties in reporting
1.1 Lack of reliable information
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2.2 Defectors
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2.3 Sensationalism
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2.4.2 Death of Kim Chol
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Difficulties in reporting
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Media coverage is hampered by a lack of reliable information.[1][2] The verification of facts is notoriously
difficult.[3] Even intelligence agencies struggle with the task. Former US ambassador to South Korea,
National Security Adviser, and CIA officer Donald Gregg has described North Korea as the "longestrunning intelligence failure in the history of US espionage".[4]
Isaac Stone Fish of Foreign Policy has described the country as an "information black hole".[5] According
to Ralph Cossa, president of the Pacific Forum of the Center for Strategic and International Studies,
"Anyone who tells you that they know anything for certain about North Korea is either trying to kid you
or trying to kid themselves."[5]
South Korean journalists and media experts have described this as a "systemic problem".[6] Due to the
popularity of North Korean news, stories are frequently widely circulated in the global media with
minimal fact-checking or analysis.[7][8]
[ edit ]
Media in North Korea are under some of the strictest government control in the world.[9] The main local
media outlet is the Korean Central News Agency.
North Korea has a high level of security and secrecy. Communication with the outside world is limited,
and internal communication also seems limited at times.[5] Reporters Without Borders describes North
Korea as the world's most closed country, [10] ranking it second last in the Press Freedom Index.
The North Korean government places stringent restrictions on foreign reporters, visitors, and even
residents of foreign origin. Freedom of movement is severely curtailed, interactions with local people are
supervised, and photography is heavily regulated. Because of this reporters often find it difficult to check
stories and establish hard facts.[7][11] Many analysts and journalists have never visited North Korea or
have had very limited access. As a result, their books and articles may rely on speculation and scanty
information gleaned from a single, uncorroborated source, such as a defector.[12]:5966, 107, 11718
When foreign journalists do visit the country, they run into problems, because North Korean and foreign
journalists have different understandings about the role of the media. North Koreans expect foreign
journalists to behave like Soviet journalists during the Cold War, while Western journalists would like to
exert the freedom of the press more widely.[13] Researching topics like prison camps are out of bounds,
and North Korean officials are often reluctant to give statements on the record. As with tourists, foreign
journalists are always accompanied by minders, and any encounters with locals have been arranged.[14]
Foreign journalists have access to the Internet, making real-time reporting possible. [14] Although control
is strict, foreign journalists are only rarely expelled from the country.[15] Photographer Eric Lafforgue was
banned from returning after taking many candid photographs.[16]
The Associated Press opened a video-only bureau in Pyongyang in 2006. In 2012, the bureau became
the first Western all-format bureau in the country.[17] The bureau does not have a full-time presence.
Rather, the journalists can only stay for weeks at a time in the country before having to request
permission anew.[18] AP photographer David Guttenfelder has been visiting North Korea since 2000, and
has experienced the easing of restrictions over time. In 2013 he reported being able to upload
photographs onto Instagram without censorship.[19]
Agence France-Presse opened a bureau in 2016. Under an agreement with theKorean Central News
Agency, AFP will be able to send teams of journalists into the country. As part of the agreement, a North
Korean photographer and a videographer will produce content under AFP supervision.[20]
Criticism of coverage
Political conflict
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Since the Korean War (1950-1953), North and South Korea have
confronted each other over the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with a
permanent American garrison force situated in the south. Factual
reporting can be a casualty of this cold war.[3] Journalists and media
experts in South Korea have concluded that political hostility distorts
media coverage.[6]
North Korean authorities have attributed erroneous reporting on the
country to disinformation spread by South Korea and the United
States. Specifically, the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of
Korea, a DPRK-backed organisation, has accused the Chosun Ilbo, a
major South Korean newspaper, of employing "hack journalists" who
Defectors
[ edit ]
Felix Abt, a Swiss businessman who lived in the DPRK, argues that defectors are inherently biased. He
says that 70 percent of defectors in South Korea are unemployed, and selling sensationalist stories is a
way for them to make a living. He also states that the overwhelming majority of defectors come from
North Hamgyong Province, one of North Korea's poorest provinces, and often have a grudge against
Pyongyang and provinces nearby. He states that defectors in South Korea's resettlement process tailor
their accounts over time to become less mundane and more propagandistic. He criticizes journalists and
academics for not being skeptical about even the most outlandish claims made by defectors.[12]:11718
Similarly, academic Hyung Gu Lynn has commented that some defectors embellish or fabricate their
stories to sell books or lobby for regime change.[28] Representatives of the defector community in South
Korea have also expressed concern about the unreliability of defector testimony.[29]
The journalist Jiyoung Song has said that she has encountered numerous inconsistent stories when
researching defectors over 16 years. She noted that cash payments for interviews are standard, and
have increased over the years. The more exclusive or emotional the story is, the higher the payment.[30]
After extensively interviewing Shin Dong-hyuk, a prominent defector, the journalist Blaine Harden wrote
in 2012 that, "There was, of course, no way to confirm what he was saying. Shin was the only available
source of information about his early life." According to Harden, Shin confessed that his original story
about his mother, told in interviews to South Korea's National Intelligence Service and others, and in his
memoir, was not true: "Shin said he had been lying about his mother's escape. He invented the lie just
before arriving in South Korea."[31] In January 2015, Harden announced that Shin had admitted that the
account of his life that he had given Harden was also false.[32] Andrei Lankov commented that "some
suspicions had been confirmed when Shin suddenly admitted what many had hitherto suspected",
described Harden's book as unreliable, and noted that defectors faced considerable psychological
pressure to embroider their stories.[33]
Sensationalism
[ edit ]
In the absence of solid facts, many reports are based onsensationalist claims, distortions, and
unsubstantiated rumors. [3][34] While many of these stories emanate from South Korea,[7][8] some of the
most outlandish stories come from the Japanese media and Japanese scholars.[35]
John Delury from Yonsei University argues that there is a demand for sensationalist news about North
Korea: "There's a global appetite for any North Korea story and the more salacious the better. Some of it
is probably true but a great deal of it is probably not...the normal standards of journalism are thrown
out of the window because the attitude is: 'it's North Korea no one knows what's going on in there.'"[11]
Jean Lee, the former Associated Press Pyongyang bureau chief commented that "when it comes to North
Korea, the more horrible, the more salacious, the more entertaining, the more it fits into the narrative as
the North Koreans being these insane outliers", the more likely it is to be published.[36] Author and
retired British diplomat James Hoare wrote "The main emphasis in British [media] coverage of North
Korea is on the odd and the peculiar."[37]
According to Chad O'Carroll of NK News, these stories have a tendency to go "viral". They are very
attractive to online news organizations because they lure traffic to their websites. They also spread
rapidly. A hoax, a mistranslation, or a line of cautious commentary can escalate into a global media
sensation.[38]
The Washington Post's Max Fisher has written that, in regard to North Korea, "almost any story is treated
as broadly credible, no matter how outlandish or thinly sourced." Fisher quoted Isaac Stone Fish of
Foreign Policy joking that "as an American journalist you can write almost anything you want about
North Korea and people will just accept it".[39] Isaac Stone Fish himself admitted to painting a picture of
North Korea in the grip of a drug epidemic with very little hard evidence to back it up.[5][12]:107
The standards of fact-checking are so lax that journalists regularly report parodies as genuine stories.[40]
In June 2016, South Korea's financial markets were shaken by reports of the death of North Korean
leader Kim Jong-un, which originated from a parody news website.[41]
The research director of NK News believes that the overused stereotypical labels applied to North Korea
like "Hermit Kingdom", "secretive" and "unpredictable" make for "catchy headlines and are an easy
sell." [42] This, combined with limitations on reporting in the country, runs the risk of many stories
become little more than repetitions of known clichs.[13] The media portrayal of North Korea has been
described as a "cartoon caricature".[26][43]
Some defectors have commented that the news from North Korea is sometimes ridiculously different
from the country that they lived in.[44] Several visitors have reported that the North Korea that they
experienced was worlds way from the barren landscapes, starving people, and goose-stepping troops
portrayed in the media.[12]:5966[45][46]
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[ edit ]
[ edit ]
Over several years, many international news outlets have reported that North Korean media claimed
that Kim Jong-il shot five holes in one his first time playing golf, or achieved some other improbable
score.[66][67][68] The implication of the story is that the North Korean government attributes supernatural
feats to its leaders as part of a cult of personality. Despite the wide propagation of the story, no North
Korea media source for the report has ever been produced. NK News reports that "informal surveys of
North Koreans themselves revealed that no one in Pyongyang was aware of this legendary feat, unless
told it by a tourist."[57] Richard Seers, a British journalist who played at the Pyongyang Golf Club, asked
officials there, who indicated it was nothing more than an urban myth.[69] The Korea Times has traced
the story to Australian journalist Eric Ellis, who heard the tall story from the club professional at
Pyongyang Golf Club in 1994.[70]
How Americans Live [ edit ]
In 2013, a short film titled How Americans Live was widely disseminated on the Internet. The film
showed images, supposedly of the United States, with a stilted English narration making over-the-top
claims about various depredations experienced in American society, such as people being forced to eat
snow for sustenance. Spencer Ackerman of Wired called the film a "North Korean propaganda video"
while the Washington Post, in its analysis, declared the video's message to be "consistent with North
Korean propaganda". It was subsequently revealed the film was a satirical video created by British travel
writer Alun Hill and not, as reported, a North Korean "propaganda video".[71]
[ edit ]
as well. [74] In fact, during the funeral procession for South Korean
travel writer.[71]
See also
[ edit ]
Atrocity propaganda
Chojoongdong
Media of North Korea
References
[ edit ]
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2. ^ Alfred, Charlotte (28 April 2014). "10 Of The Craziest Rumors From North Korea, Fact-Checked" . The
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3. ^
a bc
Anna Broinowski (1 June 2015). "True or false: the 'kooky' North Korea stories they couldn't make up
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Taylor, Adam (29 August 2013). "Why You Shouldn't Necessarily Trust Those Reports Of Kim Jong-
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O'Carroll, Chad (6 January 2014). "North Korea's invisible phone, killer dogs and other such stories -
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"North Korea criticises 'reptile media' for saying Kim Jong-un ordered executions" . The Guardian.
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Abt, Felix (2014). A Capitalist in North Korea: My Seven Years in the Hermit Kingdom. Tuttle
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Carlin, Robert (17 May 2016). "A Second Look: Media Coverage of the 7th Workers' Party of Korea
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15. ^ Sudworth, John (9 May 2016). "BBC's Rupert Wingfield-Hayes and team expelled from North Korea" .
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16. ^ Styles, Ruth (10 May 2014). "The images Kim Jong Un doesn't want you to see: Haunting pictures inside
North Korea... taken by a photographer who has now been banned from the rogue state for life"
. Daily
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18. ^ Hauser, Christine (6 May 2016). "Dateline North Korea, but Still Reporting From a Distance" . The New
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Guardian
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inaccurate"
. Washington Post.
33. ^ Andrei Lankov (3 February 2015). "After the Shin Dong-hyuk affair: Separating fact, fiction" . NK News.
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39. ^
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Fisher, Max (3 January 2014). "No, Kim Jong Un probably didn't feed his uncle to 120 hungry dogs" .
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. NK News.
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Korea"
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. The Guardian.
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. Daily Mail.
46. ^ Allison Quinn (5 August 2014). "Letter to Kim Jong-un Takes Russian Schoolgirl to North Korea" .
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47. ^ "Kim Jong-un's Ex-Girlfriend 'Shot by Firing Squad' "
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49. ^ "Kim Jong Un's Ex-Lover Hyon Song-Wol 'Executed By North Korean Firing Squad After Making Sex
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50. ^ Ryall, Julian (August 29, 2013). "Kim Jong-un's ex-lover 'executed by firing squad' "
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69. ^ Dunsmuir, Alistair (December 20, 2011). "Kim Jong Il's golf feat an 'urban myth' "
. Golf Club
a b
" 'How Americans Live Today': Fake North Korean Propaganda Video Punks The Internet"
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74. ^ Sang-hun, Choe (20 December 2011). "North Korea's Tears: A Blend of Culture, Culture and Coercion" .
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78. ^
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Lankov, Andrei (2013-06-21). "Mein Kampf has little to offer a North Korean statesman; Why
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79. ^
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Further reading
[ edit ]
Pons, Philippe (2016). Core du Nord: un Etat-gurilla en mutation[North Korea: a mutating guerillaState] (in French). Paris: Gallimard. ISBN 9782070142491.
Journalistic
hoaxes
Propaganda legends