The Immature Insects Libro

TME
IMMATUR
.
F.
CHU
How To Know
THE IMMATURE
INSECTS
An
illustrated
families of
CO
key
many
suggestions
them.
for identifying the
of the
orders
and
immature insects with
for collecting, rearing
and studying
=o
a
a
o
m
o
H. F.
CHU.
Ph.D.
Zoologist Institute of Zoology,

National Academy of Peiping.
Peiping, China
1946-47 Visiting Professor
Iowa Wesleyan College
M.
C.
COMPANY PUBLISHERS
BROWN Dubuque,
Iowa
'Ûttimd'KtH
Copyright
H. E.
^"^^îlAtunc Sctiu
949 by
Jaques
Library of Congress Catalog Card
Number A50-2933
ISBN 0-697-04807-1 (cloth)

ISBN 0-697-04806-3 (paper)
THE PICTURED-KEY NATURE SERIES
How
To
Know The
AQUATIC PLANTS,
Prescott,
1969
BEETLES, Jaques, 1951
BUTTERFLIES, Ehrlich, 1961
CACTI, Dawson, 1963
EASTERN LAND SNAILS,
ECONOMIC PLANTS,
Burch,
Jaques,
1962
1948,
1958
FALL FLOWERS, Cuthbert, 1948
FRESHWATER ALGAE,
FRESHWATER FISHES,
Prescott,
1954, 1970
Eddy, 1957, 1969
1968
1963
IMMATURE INSECTS, Chu, 1949
INSECTS, Jaques, 1947
LAND BIRDS, Jaques, 1947
LICHENS, Hale, 1969
GRASSES,
Pohl, 1953,
GRASSHOPPERS,
Heifer,
LIVING THINGS, Jaques, 1946

Booth, 1949, 1970
MAMMALS,
MARINE ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS, Schultz, 1969

MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS, Conard, 1944, 1956
PLANT FAMILIES, Jaques, 1948
POLLEN
AND
SPORES, Kapp, 1969
PROTOZOA, Jahn, 1949

ROCKS AND MINERALS,
Heifer,
1970
SEAWEEDS, Dawson, 1956

SPIDERS, Kaston, 1952
SPRING FLOWERS, Cuthbert, 1943, 1949
TAPEWORMS,
Schmidt,
TREMATODES,
Schell,
1970
1970
TREES, Jaques, 1946
WATER
BIRDS, Jaques-Ollivier,
1960
WEEDS, Jaques, 1959
WESTERN
TREES, Baerg, 1955
Printed in United States of America
INTRODUCTION
NSECTS
constitute the largest
group
of the
animal kingdom.
There are over seven hundred thousand species which
have been named and described and still a large number

of new species is being added to our knowledge every
Because
year.
of the great diversity of their
behavior and
From
habits, their study is filled with interest.
the econo-
mic point of view, some insects are considered beneficial
and others
know
injurious
human
to
beings.
The
better
we
our insect enemies and insect friends, the better are our chances
of anticipating protections or of
preparing and conducting our defenses
against them.
Insects are highly different in their
young and
their adult stages.
For example, the butterflies fly in air and feed on nectar of flowers
while their caterpillars live on plants and
chew
these coarse tissues;
mosquitoes suck blood while their larvae dwell in water;
do not feed
do great damage
at all but their larvae
are thousands of differences in their
body
to
structures
know
between
the adult insects
ture insects.
From
and
either the
we know
aspect the more
ways
insect parents
it
and
to
of living
and also
of the
We
their children.
also necessary to
is
many moths
our crops. There
know
the
need
imma-
economic standpoint or the evolutionary
of the
immature stages the better we un-
derstand the adult insects.

Unfortunately our knowledge of the immature insects
is
still
far
away from complete. Much work must still be done in this interesting
and very important field. This book is compiled from the available
literature and designed to make it as easy as possible to acquire a
ready knowledge
illustrated
keys
of the
immature
insects.
It
contains a
for identification of these insects to orders
principal families.
number of
and their
For advanced study, important references are giv-
book the author feels like an explorer entering

an uncharted region. At best there will be ommissions and mistakes.
I shall be grateful for any corrections or constructive suggestions to
en.
In attempting this
put into later printings of the book.
The excellent
W. P. Hayes, Professor of Entomolon the immature insects during the time
instruction of Dr.
v)ogy. University of
Illinois
HOW
when
TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS

was a
the author
made the book

Iowa Wesleyan College,
student in his classes has
possible. Dr. H. E. Jaques, Professor of Biology,
has given encouragement and invaluable suggestions. My wife, Y. S.

and in many other ways. The author
Liu has helped with drawings
wishes
thank them most sincerely
to
January
1,
1949
4^
We
much
kind help.
China
Peiping,
have found
and an
for all their
Dr.
Chu
-^^
/^
":>
a thoroughly trained Entomologist

a most faithful friend. He has given
the preparation of this manual in a com-
not only
excellent teacher but also
time and thought to
parative
new and
sects will find
it
difficult field.
highly helpful.
We
feel certain that students of in-
CONTENTS
Page
What Are Immature

The Importance
What Immature
Where
How
How
Immature Insects
Insects
to Collect
to Collect
to
of
Insects
Look Like
Immature Insects
Immature Insects
Rear Immature Insects
3
6
19
21
26
Pictured-Keys to Orders of Immature Insects
28
Pictured-Keys to FamiHes
54
Order Protura
54
Order Thysanura
55
Order Collembola
58
Order Plecoptera
59
Order Ephemeroptera
62
Order Odonata
67
Order Orthoptera
69
Order Coleoptera
72
Order Hemiptera
129
Order Homoptera
135
Order Neuroptera
140
Order Trichoptera
146
Order Lepidoptera
149
Order Diptera
189
Order Hymenoptera
Some
Important References
Index and Pictured Glossary
210
217
224
WHAT ARE IMMATURE

DEVELOPMENT OF INSECTS.
to
form one
cell fertilization results
within the eggshell.
This
is
INSECTS
When an egg
and a sperm unite

embryo begins to develop
embryonic development and all
and
called
the
that takes place after hatching or birth is
postembryonic development.
completed when the insect is fully grown and capable
of producing young.
The
life
cycle
is
METAMORPHOSIS.
The term metamorphosis is derived from

Greek words, nieta, change, and morphe, form, designating a
change of form. The plural is metamorphoses. It is defined as the series of changes through which an insect passes in its growth from the
egg through the larva and pupa to the adult, or from the egg through
the
the
nymph
a)
to the adult.
Gradual or simple metamorphosis.
In many insect
species the
similar to
the adult externally, except for the
complete absence of wings. But
after a period of growth the wing
may appear, attached to the outside of the body as small wing
pads.
The more developed the
young insect becomes, the more
it resembles
its parents.
Such a
development is called a gradual
young are very much
or
simple metamorphosis. The
young of such insects are called
nymphs. They commonly have
Fig. 1. The life stages of chinch bug,
Blissus leucopterus (Say)
a-e, 1st
the same habits as their parents
to 5th instar nymphs;
adult; g,
eggs. (U.S.D.A.)
and the nymphs and adults frequently feed together. An example is the aphids where both adult and
young are habitually found associated on the same plant. Grasshopper nymphs and adults both eat grasses and clovers and may be found
hopping about together in the pastures. The insects of gradual or
:
f,
simple metamorphosis include the orders Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera,

Odonata, Embioptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Dermaptera, Thysanoptera,
Corrodentia, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Hemiptera and Homoptera. All
these insects are collectively known as the Heterometabola.
b)
Complete or complex metamorphosis.

In this type of metamorphosis, the young are very different from their adults. There
are no external traces of wings. The young are known as larvae
and the adult is preceded by a pupal stage. The insects having
this type of metamorphosis are collectively called the HoiometaJboia and include the orders Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Mecoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, Strepsiptera
and Hymenoptera.
1
HOW TO KNOW
THE IMMATURE INSECTS
Fig. 2. The life stages of Anomala konsano Hayes Cr McColloch: a, egg; b-d, 1st to 3rd instar larvae; e, pupa; f,
adult.
c)
(Redrawn from Hayes)
No metamorphosis
The insect of this type of

metamorphosis have no distinct external
changes in development, except in size.
When the young hatches from the egg it
resembles its parents and scarcely shows
any changes in appearance during the
or Ametabola.
course of development. This is especially

true of a small number of wingless insects
belonging to the orders Protura, Thysanura and Collembola.
These insects shed their outer coat (molt)

from time to time to permit more comfortable growth, but all of these successive
stages appear very much the same except
in size.
Some would call these immature
stages "nymphs" but "young" seems to be
a more accurate and preferred term.
Fig.
3.
a,
Protura; b, Thysanura.
HOW TO KNOW
Me tamo rpho sis
HOW
IMMATURE STAGES OCCUPY A LARGER PART OF THE

CYCLE.
LIFE
The egg stage usually lasts but a few days, sometimes

even shorter, or the egg may hatch before it is laid, as is the case in
Many
the aphids.
insects hi-
bernate in the egg stage in

which event the egg period
may last several months.
The growing stage is usually much longer than other
The nymph
stages.
of
the
Magicicada septendecim (L.) Lives
periodical
cicada,
underground from
13 to 17
years as compared with the

30 or 40 days of
life
and
egg
stage.
flies
live
6.
Life
cycle of the Japanese beetle,
adult's
as adults for only
a few hours,
Fig.
its
weeks of its
While some May-
6 to 7
their
nymphal
believed to occupy
stage
is
three
years.
Many
insects
spend their winter time in

the pupal stage. In general, insects spend considerably more time in
their immature stages than they do as adults.
Popillia
japonica
Newman.
LARVA AND NYMPH ARE HEAVIER FEEDERS.
When a survey
made, the nymphs are usually found
to take the same kind of food as their adults. Larvae on the other
hand, usually feed differently and consume much more than their
adults. Take the order Lepidoptera as a good example; the caterpillars
eat a large quantity of food while a good number of moths do not feed
of the feeding habits of insects is
at all.
The zoological position

ANIMAL EVOLUTION AND ADAPTION.
some animals that are of degenerate form in the adult stages has
been established only by study of their embryonic and larval stages.
The larvae of barnacles show that these animals belong among the
crustaceans, and the peculiar parasitic barnacle, Sacculina can be
of
recognized as a crustancean only during its larval existance. Likewise,

the tunicates were found to be Chordates only by a study of their larval
characteristics. The adults of the Coniopterygidae look like aphids but
are regarded as Neuropteia because of the structures of their larvae.
The degenerate form of the aduhs gives no clue to their real position
among animals. Among insects there are many highly interesting
and adaptation. A knowledge of the

a much clearer understanding in both of
points to study in their evolution
immature stages makes

these fields.
for
HOW TO KNOW
INSECT CONTROL.
The injurious insects give us a clear idea

immature insects. It is the larvae of the Codling
moth, Carpocapsa pomonella Linne, for example which feed on our
apples, not the adult moths. The maggots of the Mediterranean fruitfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedeman), do serious damages to fruits, but
the adult flies except for laying eggs are quite inoffensive. Note also
of the
importance
of
Gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), the Browntail' moth, Nygmia

phaeorrhoea (Donovan), and many Wire worms (Elateridae), White
grubs (Scarabaeidae), Cut worms (Noctuidae); their larvae cost us
millions of dollars every year. We need to know the morphological
structures, life histories and habits of the immature insects in order to
successfully conduct measures for their control.
the
WHAT IMMATURE
INSECTS LOOK LIKE
EGGS
Insects develop from eggs
different species.
As a
which
rule, insects
differ greatly in size
and shape
in
tend to lay eggs proportionate to

eggs are those of the CoUembola.
their own size. The smallest known

The eggs of one of the small headed flies measure 0.15 by 0.18 millimeter. The eggs of the clover seed midge and of the Tingidae are
also minute. The other extreme is found in the eggs of the giant silk
moth, those of the polyphemus moth being 3 millimeters in diameter.
The shapes of insect eggs are described in the following:
(a) Flat
and
scalelike (Fig.
Take for example

moth and the orien-
7).
the eggs of the codling
moth.
tal fruit
Fig. 7. Eggs of the codmoth, Corpocopso
ling
pomonella
(b)
L.
Spherical (Fig. 8). The eggs of many species, such as the swallow-tail butterfly, the
green June beetle and many other ScaraV
1.
-J
1
baeidae
are spherical.
Fig.
(c)
Conical
(Fig.
9.)
cabbage worm,
_
_.
foil
t,
..
Eggs of the
army//orm,
Fig. 9.
Lophygma
do
frugiper
(Smith
Abbott).
Cr
violet tip,
i
conical
m
.
The
Pieris
8.
Eggs of a
butterfly.
eggs of the imported

rapae (L.) and the
Poiygonia interrogationis Fab., are

-j
v
j
f
j
shape and deeply
ridged.
,
HOW
TO KNOW
(d)
THE>
Elongate
IMMATURE INSECTS
(Fig. 10).
Many eggs are elongate,
as for example, the eggs of leafhoppers,
hoppers and tree
Eggs
row
of this
tree-
crickets.
type are often inserted in nar-
cavities such as hollow grass stems or in
burrows made with the ovipositor or lend

Fig.
,^r10. Eggs:
a,
themselves readily
j
sugar-
cane leafhopper, Perkinsaccharicida Kirkcidy; b, Mexican bean

beetle, Epilachna vorivestis Mulsant; c, housefly,
sielia
Musca domestica
(e)
to
being
laid in compact
-a
r-
arOUPS
^
^
L.
With appendages (Fig. 11). The eggs of a

water scorpion have eight or more filaments \ y,
radiating from the upper rim. Pentatomid ^%i^;v7ii
eggs are usually beset with a circle of spinej ^
around the upper edge. Reduviid eggs have
a definite cap at one end. The poultry louse
has a striking egg, white and covered with
11. Eggs: a, PodiFig.
glass-like spines. The free end of this egg is sus maculiventris Say; b.
Tricorythodes alMayfly,
with
lid
which
furnished
a
bears at its apex lectus (Needham).
a long lashlike appendage.
.
'
'
m'
HOW
TO
KNOW
NUMBER OF EGGS.
The sheep-tick and the true female of many
aphids, for instance, produce but a few eggs (as few as 4). On the
other hand, the egg mass of the dobsonfly may contain 3,000 eggs,
and a parasitic fly, Pterodontia Uavipes (Cyrtidae) has been reported
as laying 3,977 eggs. The social insects lead the list. A termite queen
may lay 1,000,000 eggs during her Hfe. Queen ants and queen honey
bees likewise are highly prolific.
WHERE THE EGGS ARE LAID
Fig.
14.
The whole story
of
where
insects
Eggs: a, Boll-weevil parasite, CerGmbycobius cyaniceps;

b
Bollweevil parasite, Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashrri.; c. Range
caterpillard. Asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi (L.);
e, egg moss of Culex
pungens Wiedemann; f, egg mass of the gypsy moth, Pofhetrio
dis
par (L.); g, Rosy apple aphid; h, apple leaf roller; i,
grasshoppersheep louse; k, Hypoderma lineata (De Villiers); I, katydidJ,
m/
/
Snow tree cricket; n, Oeconthus niveus (De Geer)
/
HOW TO KNOW
lay their eggs
a complicated one, but very
is
Insect eggs
interesting.
may
are generally laid in situations where the young, upon hatching,
Species that feed upon foliage usually lay their
readily find food.
eggs upon leaves
The
of the correct plant.
the right species of food plant for
ability of adult to recognize
seems remarkable.
offspring often
its
Aquatic insects lay their eggs in or near the water. Parasites generally lay their
eggs
eggs upon or within
and Anoplura lay

There are also
their
many
foliage or in the
Some
their host.
flower
flies
lay their
aphids or other soft-bodied insects. The Mallophaga
in clusters of
eggs upon the hair or feather
Some
special cases.
of their hosts.
upon
insects lay their eggs
ground and the young are compelled
to
seek
their
The twisted-winged insects (Stylopids) often lay their young

upon plants where they must wait until certain solitary bees visit these
plants. The young then grasp the legs of the bees and are carried to
nests where they find theii hosts. The eggs of walkingsticks lie dorhosts.
upon the ground. With the ap-
mant beneath leaves
or other debris
proach
eggs hatch and the nymphs must find the leaves
of Spring, the
of their host plants.
Insects such as leafhoppers
and aphids, many
of
which feed upon herbaceous annual plants during the summer, seek
woody
Many
plants on which to lay their eggs
leaf-mining insects of
the
orders
when
winter approaches.
Lepidoptera,
Hymenoptera,
fruits and
young when they
Coleoptera and Diptera insert their eggs into wood, leaves,

seeds, thus offering ready access to food for the
hatch.
The
Fruit Flies
ly into the fruit in
and many Snout Beetles
which
insert their
their larvae will develop.
treehoppers and leafhoppers lay their eggs within

protection
of
The
eggs
direct-
tree crickets,
woody
plants for
eggs.
the
Some
Chalcids oviposit in seeds.

sect
eggs are sometimes
In-
car-
by
the adult for better pro-
tection.
The Hydrophilid beetles
ried
of the
subfamily Sphaeridiinae
carry the eggs attached to their
hind
may
legs.
Certain Mayflies
carry two eggs adhering
to the posterior
-
until
end
opportunity
of the
is
body
found
to
them into the water.

Reaches often carry an egg
drop
Fig.
15.
Oothecoe
mantid
of
Mantid;
ootheca
a,
b, cross-section
phosmid; d,
c,
German cockroach.
^^gg (ootheca) at the tip of the

abdomen. The females of the
HOW TO KNOW
water bugs, Belastoma, Serphes and

Abedus deposit their eggs on the back of
males where they remain until hatched. Some
giant
most interesting cases are those insects which

impose upon other species. The water boatman, Ramphoconxa acuminata, attaches its
eggs to the body of a crayfish. The human
bot fly, DermafoJbia hominis, uses the mosquito to transport its eggs to man. The botfly visits marshy places where mosquitoes
are emerging. It seizes a mosquito and deposits 10 to 12 eggs on the abdomen and legs
of the mosquito, after which it releases its
hold. When the mosquito visits man, the
warmth of his body causes the botfly eggs
to hatch and the young maggots dig into the
flesh of the victim. The females of the Euro-
pean
beetle, Clythra quadrimaculata, deposit
eggs on the foliage of birch or other

trees. These are covered with excrement and
resemble small bracts of the plant. The ants
pick these up apparently mistaking them for
bits of vegetable refuse, and take them into
their nests. When the eggs hatch the larvae
their
16. Eggs on the back

of male insects: o, Phyl-
Fig.
b.
laciniata;
lomorpha
Western water bug, Abe-
dus
sp.
live in
the ant's nest
as
guests
(called inquilines).
The ravenous larvae known as

aphid lions hatch from eggs held
erect
on slender threads
and are
(fig.
17)
thus supposedly prevented
from eating the unhatched eggs.
Fig.
17.
Eggs of the ophid
lion.
NYMPHS
The term nymph
is
obtained from the Greek word meaning bride
or maiden. In mythology, a nymph was one of the inferior deities of

Nature, represented by a beautiful maiden, who inhabitated the
mountains, forests and water. In entomology, a nymph is one of the
immature instars of insects with a gradual metamorphosis. The immature stages of Orthoptera, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Thysanoptera, Anoplura, Dermaptera, Mallophaga and Corrodentia are known
as nymphs. Nymphs have certain characters in common. The wings
develop on the exterior of the body (some in the later instars). Compound eyes are usually present, and the species are mostly terrestrial.
HOW
They have no resting stage (pupae) before the aduU is reached. The
body form and structures as well as the feeding habits are generally
similar to those of the adult.
Fig.
18.
Nymphs:
ter;
et,
a,
g,
even
instar.
in species that
Fig.
pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Fors-
aphid.
In the Thysanoptera, there
second or third
b,
Anoplura;
f,
grasshopper;
(Redrawn from Conn. Agr. Expt. Stc. c, Western crickAnabrus simplex Haldeman; d, plant bug; e, AAallophaga;
19.
is
wing pads until the

lack wing pads
Thysanoptera and the male
no indication
In Corrodentia,
develop wings.
In
the
of
nymphs
Bean thrips, Hercothrips fasciatus (Pergonde): a,

egg; b, newly hatched nymph; c, mature nymph;
d, prepupa; e, pupa. (U.S.D.A.)
what appears to be a pupa. In

formed. The nymphs of Notonectidae, Corixidae, Belostomidae, Nepidae and some other smaller
families of Hemiptera are semi-aquatic. They descend beneath the
Aleyrodidae and Coccidae, there
the
is
male Coccidae, even a cocoon
waters and remain there
for
is
a considerable period
are air breathers.

10
of
time, out they
HOW TO KNOW
NAIADS
In mythology,
and give
life
a naiad was one
and perpetuation
nymphs believed to live in,

and fountains.
applied to the nymph with aquatic
of the
to lakes, rivers, springs
In entomology, the term naiad is
There are altogether only three orders of insects which

habits.
possess
immature
stages that are termed
naiads. These are the
Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Odonata. The
naiads have some char-
common.
All
naiads are aquatic
(ex-
acters in
cept a few exotic species); they have closed
breathe
spiracles,
means
Fig.
20.
Naiads: damsel
(Plecoptera);
of
to
c,
of
gills,
by
and
have mouth parts of

the chewing type. Most
Ephemeroptera are believed
(Odonata); b, stonefly
Mayfly (Ephemeroptera).
fly
them are predacious, but the naiads

be herbaceous.
of
Naiads are generally quite uniform in appearance. The legs are

body is flattened and campodeiform and they are very active in water. The naiads of Plecoptera and the Ephemeroptera have
conspicuous caudal filaments, varying from two to three
in number. In the damselflies (Zygoptera), the caudal
appendages are modified into leaf-like form and known
as tracheal gills. Tracheal gills are located on various
long, the
parts of the body. In Plecoptera, they are usually located on the underside of the thorax, although some
species have gills on the head or on the abdomen. In
Ephemeroptera, the
are located on the abdomen.

is modified to form a traIn the damselflies, there are three
gills
In the dragonflies, the rectum
cheal
gill
chamber.
plate-like gills at the posterior
end
di the
abdomen.
Fig.
21.
Rectal
of
tracheae
dragonfly.
LARVAE
The term larva
derived from the Latin word for mask, having

reference to the ancient belief that the adult form was masked or obscured in the larva. In entomology, the larva applies to the immature
stage between the egg and the pupal stages of the insects with complete metamorphosis. There are several characters in common. A larva has no trace of wings and compound eyes are never present. The
is
11
HOW TO KNOW
shape and the appendages ordinarily are very different from those of
the aduh; while the body is often soft, thin skinned, or weakly sclerotized.
TYPES OF LARVAE
1.
Campodeiform
acteristics
of
(Fig.
22),
The
char-
a campodeiform larva
are flattened body and long legs with

cerci or
sent.
caudal filaments usually pre-
The larvae
of
most
roptera, the Trichoptera,
of the
many
Neu-
of the
Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Carbidae, Staphylinidae,

optera,
and
the naiads of Plec-
Ephemeroptera and Odonata
are campodeiform.
Fig. 22.
Larvae: o, ground beetle,

Dobsonfly,
b,
sp.;
Pterostichus
Corydalus cornutus
(L.)
This
form
of
a modified
the campodeiform in which the
body
is
flattened but the legs are short-
Carabiform
er.
(Fig. 23).
is
Generally there are no caudal
fila-
The majority of the Chry somebeetles and many other Coleoptera
ments.
lid
(Lampyridae, Carabidae, Melyridae) exhibit this type.
Fig.
a, Caraboid instar of
larva;
saw-toothed
b,
beetle, Oryzaephilus suri-
23.
meloid
groin
namensis
12
(L.)
HOW TO KNOW
3.
Eruciform
legs
24).
(Fig.
This
type of larva
and prolegs are present and
the
cylindrical, the thoracic
is
head
is well formed.
illustrated in the Lepidoptera, Tenthredinidae
Fig.
4.
24.
Scarabaeiform
It
is
well
and Mecoptera.
Larvae: a, alfalfa caterpillar,

Eurymus eurytheme
(Boisduval); b, tomato hornworm, Protoparce sexta
(Johnssen); c, tussock moth, Hemerocampo vetusta
Boisduval; d, tomato fruitworm or corn earworm,
Heiiothis obsoleta Fabricius. (U.S.D.A.)
(Fig. 25).
The acarabaeiform larva
is
cylindrical
and
curved in U-shape with a well
head
developed
and usually
with thoracic legs but without

prolegs.
There are a pair of
spiracles
on the prothorax and

abdominal spir-
eight pairs of
This type
acles.
typical
It
^^
Fig. 25.
Larvae: a, Anomalo konsana Hayes

McColloch; b, clover leaf weevil,
Hypero punctata (Fab.)
.
&
Elateriform (Fig. 26).
These
also
of
larva
is
Scarabaeidae.
represented
by
the
Bruchidae, Ptinidae, Anobiidae,
Q^d Other Coleoptera.

^
larvae are cylindrical in
shape with a thick tough body wall.
much
is
the
of
The setae are
reduced, the legs are usually present but short.
They resemble both

larvae.
This type
is
the
vermiform and carabiform
well represented
by
the Elateri-
dae, Tenebrionidae, AUeculidae, Ptilodactylidae
and
Eurypogonidae.
Fig.
26.
False
wireworm, Eleodes letcheri von-
dykei Blaidell.
13
HOW TO KNOW
Platyform
type
(Fig.
short,
is
extremely
flat.
27). This
broad and
The legs
are short, inconspicuous or
They are found in

and
Xanthogrammci of syrphid
larvae, the larvae of some
slug caterpillars and those
absent.
the genera Microdon
water pennies, Pse-
of the
,< Redrawn
eBoving and Craighead) b, Sadd
Fig. 27. a,
Molamba
from
badk slug
Clemens.
7.
lonota
caterpillar,
l-ec.
Sobine
pheus, hister beetles,
etc.
stimulea
Vermiform (Fig. 28).The larvae of this

type are more or less wormlike. This
designation is indefinite but is usually
considered to include larvae that are
cylindrical in shape, elongate and withMost of
out locomotive appendages.
the larvae of Diptera are like that. This
,,..^
is also true of the larvae of woodboring lî"''
beetles, some sawflies and the flea
Fig. 28. Larvae: a, cabbage
beetles of the genera Systena and Epiroot mag'got, Hylemyio bros(Bouche); b, buffalosicae
trix. The larvae of fleas and many paraSimuiium
pecuarum
gnat,
Riley; c, common cattle grub,
sitic Hymenoptera also belong to this
,.
'
Hypoderma
type.
lineatum
under host
Villiers)
(De
skin.
(U.S.D.A.)
8.
This is a kind of complex meta(Fig. 29).

types of larvae, including: a
several
are
which
there
morphosis
robust and sluggish second
less
more
or
minute active first instar, a
Hypermetctmorphosis
in
instar,
and a similar but legless
Neuroptera
(Mantispidae),
third instar.
Coleoptera
It is
represented in the
(Meloidae,
Carabidae,
Sta-
phylinidae, Rhipiphoridae), Strepsiptera, parasitic Diptera (Acroceratidae,
Bombyliidae, Nemestrinidae, Tachinidae), and Hymenoptera
(Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, Perilampidae).
The larvae
of
this
instar of Meloidae, Strep-
The
and Mantispidae are called tiiungulins. They receive this
name because the legs have three claws. The fifth instar of Meloidae
type often have special names.
first
siptera
14
HOW TO KNOW
is
called
a coaictate larva or a pseudopupa. The first instar of

a pcorasite of the Hessian Fly, resembles a crustacean
Platygaster,
Fig. 29.
and
is
called
a naupWiioxm
secondary parasite
mg a
Life srages of Epicauta vittoto Fabricius.
of the fall
The
webworm,
larva.
first
is
instar of Perilampus,
called
a planidium, mean-
diminutive wanderer.
COMMON NAMES OF LARVAE

common names has been emphasized by many
We wish we could have common names
or all the more important insects. Only a few orders now have comnon names. The larvae of Lepidoptera are known as cateTpillars. The
The importance
of
Entomologists in recent years.
erm gzubs
Maggots indicate
and Caddiswoims the larvae of
|Trichoptera. A number of common names have been applied to the
larvae of certain families: the Geometridae are called inchworms or
jpeasuring worms; the LimacodMae are known as siug caterpillars; the
Psychidae are called bagworms; the Chrysopidae are named aphidfions; the Myrmeleonidae are known as an/-iions. The Elateridae are
called wireworms and the Sphingidae are known as hornworms.
me
is
applied to the larvae of Cpleoptera.
larvae of Diptera, Cyclorrhapha
Some common names
are derived from the larval habits, such as
HOW TO KNOW
cu
30. Larvae: a,
Fig.
sp.;
part
leaf rollers,
leaf
leaf
skeletonizers,
d,
Anopheles
sawfly larvae;
U.S.D.A.)
sp.; b, ground
e, aphid lion;
c, Protyphylox
Stenophylax sp. (In
beetle;
f,
frorr.
miners,
casebearers,
webworms,
tent
cutworms, armyworms, borers, leaf

leaf folders, gall
of the hosts
caterpillars,
tiers,
makers,
etc.
loopers,
Names
are usually used in
in-
dicating the insects of that particular

host, for
example, corn borer, tobac-
co hornworm,
etc.
The part
host which the insects attack
used
in
the
common names
of
is
of
the
also
the
larvae, such as the elder shoot borer,
pink bollworm, tomato fruitworm,

Fig.
bag
31. The formation of the

in early stages of Thyrido-
pteryx
worth.
ephemeraeformis
Hay-
Common
etc.
names, unless standardized,
are often confusing.
(U.S.D.A.)
The common names of insects with economic importance have been

standarized by the American Association of Economic Entomologists
which include a number of names for the specific larvae.
t>UPAE
The term pupa, derived from the Latin word meaning baby or
child, was proposed by Linnaeus on account of its resemblance to a
papoose or baby bound in garments. The term was first used in connection with the chiysalis of Lepidoptera. The pupa is defined as the
resting stage or inactive period of all insects with complete metamor16
HOW TO KNOW
between the larva and the
phosis, the intermediate stage
prepupa
er term
refers to the last larval instar of
retain the larval form

exists in
many
and mobility but cease
some
adult.
Anoth-
insects
which
This condition
to feed.
orders of insects, notably the Diptera, Hymenoptera
and
Coleoptera.
TYPES OF PUPAE.
The pupae
of insects
can be classified with
reference to the degrees of freedom of the
appendages.
1.
Obtect
(Fig. 32).
appressed
pupa.
in
to the
This
many
is
If
the
body,
it
appendages are closely

said to be an obtect
is
a common type in the Lepidoptera,

and in more primitive
of the Coleoptera,
Diptera.
Pupae of this type are covered with a tight-fitting, more r less transparent skin which holds all
the parts except the end of the abdomen practically
immovable.
pupae
of
Chrysalis
is
a term often appHed
the Lepidoptera,
especially
of
'^
cl
to the
Fig. 32.
the butter-
ilS^ tos
fhes, and by some would be restricted to those

pupae bearing markings of silver or gold.
pupae:
o'^'e
a,
e a'n*o
bSS:o'^^/ornworm'
qêmaVu\l*a**Ha
worth.
2.
Exarate
When
(Fig.
33).
appendages
the
are not closely appres-
body but are

an
exarate pupa. The Neused
to the
free,
it
is
said to be
roptera, Tricho
most
of the
and a few
doptera
pte
r a,
Coleoptera
of the Lepi-
(Tischeriidae)
have exarate pupae.

Fig.
33.
Pupae:
Colorado potato bee

Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Soy);
Hesperophylax Ep.
a,
17
HOW TO KNOW
3.
The appendages are not visible

(Fig. 34).
and are obscured by the larval skin before the
Coarctate
at all
last
moult, in the coarctate pupa.
This type
found
is
in
more specialized Diptera (Cyclorrhapha) and

certain Coccidae and Stylopidae.
its
pupal state
in
the
The length
of time in
is
which an
remains
insect
Much goes on
highly variable.
in
within
that the insect
is ready to emerge but

moves so rapidly with some species
remains as a pupa for only a few days.
Many
pass the winter or other unfavorable
the pupal case before the adult
the whole process
insects
time in the pupa stage.

pleted
many
tering the species

loss of
When
their
growth
com- ^^9-^ âgSt^^Hy-
is
larvae travel for a day or two thus
a brood.
and lessening
scat-'^^y'^^g^'*'**'*'***
the chances for total
These larvae usually select some pro-
tected spot before settling
PROTECTION OF PUPAE.
down.
Most pupae are concealed in one way

or
another
from
from
such
also
as excess
ed
of
variations
their
moisture,
of
and
enemies,
adverse
influences
sudden markshock
temperature,
and other mechanical disturbance.

vision against such influences
ly
made by
Many
the larva in
is
Pro-
usual-
its last instar.
and coleopterous
larvae burrow beneath the ground and
there construct earthen cells in which
to pupate. The larger number of insects,
lepidopterous
however, construct cocoons which are

special envelopes formed either of silk
or of extraneous material
er er
by means
stance.
braconid
a,
Rig. 35. Cocoons:
cocoon; b, empty braconid cocoon; c, cocoon of the cloverleaf weevil; d, cocoon of the
aphid lion. (U.S.D.A.)
utilize
of
ground
Many
Arctiid larvae
18
togeth-
that
sub-
Thus many wood-boring larvae

chips. Larvae which transform
in the
hairs
bound
threads of
select particles of earth.
use
their
body-
and Trichoptera use pebbels, veg-
HOW TO KNOW
etable fragments, etc., these larval cases

functioning as cocoons. In these instances
the substances are held together by means
of
a warp
cocoons.
of silk
large
including
some
choptera,
many
and worked up
number of other
to
form
insects,
of the Neuroptera and TriLepidoptera and Hymenoptera and the Siphonaptera, utilize silk
alone in making their cocoons. Among
the Tenthredinidae, cocoons of a parchment-like or shell-like consistency are fre-
Fig.
36. Cases of the
bagworm, Thyridopteryx
ephemeraefor mis H a -
some cases the outer cocoon enan inner one of more delicate texture which may be called a double cocoon. The naked pupae of butterflies are suspended by silk on the cremaster at the caudal end of
In the Diptera (Cyclorrhapha), inthe abdomen.
stead of spinning a silken cocoon or constructing
quent: in
closes
worth.
a case of extraneous material, the larva practices an interesting economy by retaining about
one
itself
of
its
own
cast,
case called a puparium.

val skin
but
is
pupal
is
dry skins
to
form a
This next-to-the-last
lar-
not discarded at the time of pupation
retained until the adult breaks out of the

skin.
Fig.
37.
butterfly pupa.
WHERE TO COLLECT IMMATURE INSECTS

Insects are so highly diversified in their food and ways of living
that one may find at least a few insects almost any where he looks.
When we consider their habits the insects fall into groups which may
be rather definitely located.
A.
CHARACTERIZED HABITATS:
Aquatic
Those insects that
dwell in water or are more or

be aquatic. About five per
cent of all the insects are aquatic and still another three per cent are
closely related with water. In a strict sense,* the truly aquatic insects
are those which employ gills to separate the oxygen from the water in
which they live. Other insects "obtain their oxygen from the air but
because they are closely related with water are said to be semiaquatic
insects. If we take a count of the insect orders, almost half of them
have aquatic or semiaquatic species. The Ephemeroptera, Odonata,
Plecoptera and Trichoptera, with rare exceptions, are strictly aquatic.
1.
Insects.
less closely related with
water are said
19
to
HOW TO KNOW
The Neuroptera, Hemiptera, Diptera,

Hymenoptera are only partly aquatic.
Lepidoptera.
and
on the
Coleoptera
Some Collembola
live
surface of water.
Most insects feed on plants. We can find

Phytophagous Insects.
them on or in the plants. Others in like manner feed in dead woods
or decaying plant materials. All these are said to be phytophagous.
2.
Those insects that secure their food by living

3. Parasitic Insects.
within other animals are known as endoparasites. Ectoparasites live
and feed on other animals from the outside as with lice. Many insects
live within dead or decaying animal and plant materials and are said
to
be sapiophagous.
These insects exi.st beneath the surface of

Most of the orders contain some species with subterranean
habits. Remarkable examples are ants, termites, social wasps and
bees which live together of their own. Numerous insects lay their eggs
4.
Subterranean Insects.
the
soil.
in the soil, such as the grasshoppers, earwigs, beetles, flies, etc. Among
the Coleoptera, the Cicindelidae, Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, Meloidae
and Elateridae are outstanding examples. With the Diptera, the Tipu-
Bibionidae. DoUchopodidae, Rhagionidae, Empididae, Asilidae,

Bombyliidae and Anthomyiidae commonly hide the eggs within the
ground. Lepidopterous larvae and pupae frequently hibernated in the
soil. Comparatively few nymphs dwell in the soil except certain rootfeeding Aphididae and Coccidae and the immature mole crickets. The
cicada nymphs on the other hand spend a long time underground.
lidae,
B.
SOME CHARACTERISTIC MARKINGS:
Damaged
Defoliated plants, skeletonized or partial eaten

Plants.
leaves, holes bored in plant stems or in fruits, etc., are good indications for locating the insects which did this damage.
1.
When a collector sees busily working ants,

2. Associated Animals.
he can find aphid colonies near by. From the noise of bees or flies,
we can often find their nests or their larval breeding places. On the
host animals, we can usually find predators and parasites.
A number of insect families, such as the Chir3. Sweet Secretions.

midae, Aphididae and Coccidae give off a molasses-like sweet secretion known as "Honey dew". This is easily observed and helps to
locate the insects producing it.
4.
Insect
feces.
Many
quantities of coarse foods
caterpillars
for
instance
eat
such
and discharge such large amounts
of
large
waste
material from the digestive tract as to give a clue to their presence.

Furthermore, from the characteristic shape of the feces, certain species
can be
identified.
Not only the abnormal growth of plants

Abnormality of Plants.
but also the malnutrition of plants can lead us to find the insects re5.
20
HOW TO KNOW
sponsible for these stunted conditions. The gall-insects and leaf miners are readily located within the galls and the mined leaves. Manyother insects can be found on malnutritive plants even though the insect pests are feeding underground.
Fig.
Q, Wool sower gall, Andricus seminator Harr.; b, Spring rose

gall, Rhodites bicolor Harr.; c, goldenrod ball gall, Eurosto
solidaginis Fitch; d, Dryophanta galls, Dryophanta lanata Gill;
e mine of Phyllocnistis populiiella Cham.
38.
HOW TO COLLECT IMMATURE

1.
Sweeping.
INSECTS
There are usually numerous nymphs and larvae that

weeds, shrubs and trees. Sweep the net back
live or hide in grass,
and forth on those plants in order to get those insects into the net.
This method of collecting can usually give large returns. The contents of the net should be examined often and the specimens removed before they are damaged by this vigorous treatment.
2.
Trapping.
Many
insects are attracted to food, certain chemicals,
We
or places of shelter.
can use cans or bottles sunk
and baited with molasses,
larvae can be trapped in this
into the
ground
Not only the nymphs or

way, but the eggs may also be laid by
fruits
or meat.
the adults.
3.
Digging.
Many
in the earth.
square foot of
4.
Hand
a matter
You
soil
Picking.
of fact,
subterranean insects can be collected by digging

be surprised at the large numbers of insects a
will
may
we
contain.
This
use
simply pick them up
it
is
the simplest
frequently.
method
When we
to collect insects.
see the insects
As
we can
our hands. However, some insects have

mouth parts which may hurt the hands, thereuse a pair of tweezers or forceps on some species.
in
nettled hairs or strong

fore,
it
is
advisable
to
5. Netting in Water.
For the aquatic insects, a water net can be
used for scraping the bottom or passing through vegetation in water.
Occasionally the aerial net is used in water, but it is quite poor
economy.
21
HOW TO KNOW
Rinse the aquatic plants or bottom mud in a sifter. Many

can be collected on the screens of the sifter (See Fig. 41). Subterranean insects may be easily secured by running the ground litter
or soil through a sifter.
6.
Sifting.
insects
Separating.
Field soils, debris and animal nests or discharges can
in a separator with a light on the top for heating. Some separators employ a stream of water to remove the insects from the debris.
A good number of unusual insects may be collected in the receptacle.
Those insects are usually small and active, or they feign death when
disturbed, and can not be collected readily by ordinary methods. If
heat is being used as in the Berlese trap, great care should be taken
that the material does not catch fire. Your specimens may not only
he damaged in this way but you could also have no place to work
the next morning.
7.
be put
COLLECTING APPARATUS
The sweeping net needs to be strong enough to

Sweeping Net.
stand rough beating and sweeping. For the bag, 6-ounce drill, heavy
1.
HOW TO KNOW
Many

a few strokes
prefer a shorter handle;
of
a saw
will take core
of that.
2.
Water
Net.
The triangular dredge has some advantages over

other types because
no matter which side
rests on the bottom
one of the blades
will
cut
into
the
ground when the

Fig.
40.
strument
is
in-
dragged.
triangular dredge.
This dredge has a net of fairly close mesh, sturdy fabric. It may be
drawn behind a boat or the net may be rolled into a compact body and
thrown out to some distance from the shore then drawn back by its
long cord. In the absence of a dredge net, a garden rake can be used
to good advantage.
The debris at the bottom of the water course is
dragged out on the bank and examined for the insects that are hiding
within it. As the water runs out of the debris the insects try to get
back to the body of water also.
3.
Sifter.
Any
mesh bottom
size of the
upon
al
container with
will serve this purpose.
meshes
in the screen
wire-
The
depends
the size of the insects, but for gener-
purposes eight meshes
be found
useful.
ing box which
to the inch will
Figure 41 shows a
good
is
sift-
for collecting soil
insects.
Several sieves with different sized meshes

will help separate the insect
catch.
The
process should not be rushed, but the water

turned on gently or
will
be damaged.
Fig. 41. Sifter: A, water; B,

screen;
C,
funnel;
D-F,
screens, from coarse to fine;
G, water exit.
23
many
of the
specimens
HOW
Separator.
4.
lese funnel.
It
known as
the Ber-
consists of a funnel over
which a
a recep-
This
is
also
The funnel leads
placed.
sieve
is
tacle
which contains liquid preservative.
the top of the funnel
which the heat and

they
until
fall
the
water or steam
often
is
is
is
Over
placed by
the receptacle.
Where a
funnel.
bulb
light drive the insects
into
special container
light
into
employed
constant
surrounded by a water jacket or
support
to
source
available the funnel
of
fire
hot
may be
coils of
tubing which greatly reduces the
down
rack or
hollow
hazard.
Separator:
42.
Fig.
A, container; B, light;
C, funnel; D, screen;
E,
5.
preservative.
Aspirator.
This
is
also
known as a
Fig.
43.
lent to collect small insects either
stones, bark, etc.
6.
Its
construction
suction bottle.
It
is
conven-
Aspirator.
from the sweeping net or from under

is illustrated
in the figure 43.
Different sizes of bottles and vials are needed

Other Apparatus.
specimens. Tweezers, forceps, pocket knife, small
for storing insect
shovel or spade, note book, labels, etc., are all important in collecting
insects. It is preferable to have a collecting bag to store those tools
for fieldwork.
HOW TO
PRESERVE SPECIMENS
For facihtating permanent study and handling, the insects must be

killed and carefully preserved to make good specimens. It is impor24
HOW TO KNOW
tant that the
insect
specimens be kept
body should
retain
its
in
as good condition as possible. The

shape and the colors should like-
correct
wise be kept as true to life as possible.

isfactory to cover all these aspects.
No one method
is
entirely sat-
Immature
insects are not ordinarily mounted on pins, but 70% to

alchohol or other special liquid preservatives are used. Occasionally the small-bodied specimens need to be mounted on slides for microscopic study. Before the insect is placed in the preservative it should
80%
killed by putting it into boiling water for one to five minutes. The
length of time in boiUng water depends entirely upon the size of the
specimen. It will be sufficient when the specimen become swollen up.
This method of fixing is found even better than by injecting the preservative into the insect body.
For exhibition purposes, the larvae are often inflated and kept in
dry condition. However, that is not desirable for scientific study, for
be
during the process of
inflation,
many
appendages could be damaged and the body color is sometimes

cuticular
I
j
(h^^^^r~''i~^~y'Tfr^^^^^
^^""^"-^-'^-uKAz^^x^-^-'^'^^
changed.
Inflating
larvae is rather
simple; place the larva on a clean blotter or a piece of paper and press the
body contents out by gently rolling a

round pencil from just back of the head
to the end of the abdomen. Insert the
drawn end of the glass tubing into the
anal opening of the larva and secure
it in place with the clips.
Blow gently
Fig.
44.
An
infigted
mounted
and
larva.
into the glass tubing so that the larva

.
IS
,.
distended to
its
normal
size but not
and warm it gently in an oven until dry. A lamp can be

used for heating and a chimney or a tin can can be used as an oven.
For blowing air into the body, it is better to use a hand bellows. An
expansion bulb js desirable to give an even flow of air. When the
specimen is thoroughly dry, remove it from the glass tubing and mount
it on a kitchen match by inserting the match stem into the anal opening and then mount the match stem on a pin (see Fig. 44). If the specitoo loose on the match stem, glue may be added.
men
Specimens must always be accompanied by labels in which briel
information of date, locality and collector are recorded. For the liquid
distorted,
i.*?
preserved specimens, the label should be written with India ink or

black pencil and the label put in the preservative with the specimen.
For the pinned specimens, the label should be pinned below the speci
man.
1.
Peterson recommends the following preservatives:

X.A. mixture:
Xylene
95% ethyl alcohol

Good for caterpillars,
part.
part.
coleopterous larvae and Tenthredinid larvae.
25
HOW TO KNOW
2.
X.A.A.D. mixture:
Xylene
Commercial refined isopropyl alcohol
6 parts.
Glacial acetic acid
5 parts.
4 parts.
Dioxan
Good
3.
4 parts.
for lepidopterous larvae
and coleopterous
larvae.
K.A.A.D. mixture:
Kerosene
part.
95%
ethyl alcohol or
refined commercial isopryl alcohol
7-9 parts.
Glacial acetic acid
part.
Dioxan
part.
Good for maggots, lepidopterous larvae, hymenopterous larvae and

pupae, coleopterous larvae and neuropterous larvae. But it does not
produce satisfactory specimens where larvae possess a thick exo
skeleton, namely wireworms and similar species or among some aquatic insects especially immature stages of Zygoptera and Ephemeroptera.
field are dropped into the killing solution
they are completely distended. If narrow
vials are used for large larvae they should be places in a horizontal
position until the larvae straighten out and become firmly set. This
may take from one to several hours depending upon the species. At
the end of this period the larvae should be transferred to ethyl alcohol.
Larvae possessing a firm exoskeleton may be preserved in 75 7o ethyl
alcohol, while soft bodied forms killed in K.A.A.D. mixture should be
preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol to prevent any collapse.
Larvae collected in the
and kept submerged
HOW TO
until
REAR IMMATURE INSECTS
For studying the life history or identifying the adult stage, the immature insects are often reared in the laboratory. Rearing insects is
quite a technical job. The natural conditions under which the immature insects were found should be simulated as closely as possible.
The following is just a brief account of the more important aspects.
Screen cages of different sizes are desirable for rearing

The food plant can be cultured in soil or in water
and put in the cage. For rearing a large number of isolated individual
insects it is usually difficult to provide a large number of cages and
bottles or vials are used instead.
1. Cage.
immature
insects.
The kind of food material the insect feeds on must be deFood.

termined at the start. Ordinarily the rearing container is not large
enough for putting the entire food material inside, so fresh food should
be suppLed every day. For example, leaves or the other parts of
plants should be provided for the phytophagous insects and they always should be kept fresh. Insects that infest seeds and those that
2.
26
HOW TO KNOW
cause plant galls
tight container.
left in
be reared by enclosing the seeds or galls in a

wasps may be reared from their hosts by
Parasitic
keeping the host
be
may
until the adult parasites
the original food material
emerge. Boring insects can

in a cage until they
and kept
emerge.
Humidity plays an important part
3.
Humidity.
If
the condition inside of the container is too dry the food material
becomes unsuitable
for the insects.
On
in rearing insects.
the other hand,
if
the humidity
be deposited on the sides of the container

and frequently the death of the insect will result. To adjust the humidity of a vial or a bottle, changing of the materials of the stopper is
sometimes found practicable. A cork stopper can keep the humidity
is
too high, moisture will
much
higher than a stopper of cotton. Insects that feed on decaying

animal matter should have the cage provided with slightly moist soil
or sand.
4.
Insects that are being reared often die during the pupal
Pupation.
This requires a careful study of the pupation habits.
stage.
sects
make
silk or soil
out forming
cocoons and some
any covering.
Soil
just
pupate in the
must be added
to the
Some
in-
soil with-
cage
to
meet
a successful fearing will not be obbe removed artificially from its enclos-
the needs of the insect, otherwise

tained.
The cocoon should not
ed pupa
for
it
is
necessary
pupae should be kept

too high temperatures
5.
in
may
condition.
and
Cold can
cause the pupae
Preserve the different stages.
different stages
The over-wintering
the pupae and
emerge too early.
to protect the insect.
good
For
life
to
kill
history study, no\ only the
need
to be preserved, but also

and cocoons which are very imThese should all be carefully labeled.
different instars
the cast larval skins, pupal cases
portant in scientific study.
6.
Recording.
Every change
of the insect, both
morphological and
The student may devise

his own form of records but should keep them uniform and with all
the necessary details. Careless observations and records are worse
than none at all; the latter can not be misinterpreted.
physiological, should be recorded at once.
27
HOW TO KNOW
The following form
is
recommendated
for recording the life history:
HOW TO KNOW
lb.
If mouth parts of chewing, rasping, or piercing and sucking types,

they are not retracted within head; if retracted the mouth parts
are usually hook-like (legless maggots) or of usual sucking type
(Anoplura, etc.); legs ordinarily present, tarsi composed of 1 to 5
segments, when one-segmented, possessing only one claw; wing
SriE^NVM
Fig. 47.
a. Head of Harpalus vagans LeConte with chewing

mouth ports; b, Head of a thrips with piercing and
/osping mouth parts; c, Lateral aspect of the thorax of a damselfly; d, Piercing and sucking mouth
parts; e, Head of a maggot and mouth hooks.
pads present in some orders, when present the sides of the thoracic segments and sterna are usually divided into smaller scler*
ites; all appendages absent among some larvae and puparia.
Fig. 47
2a.
Antennae absent.
Fig. 48
Order
The members
er,
of this order are
whitish, wingless
parts,
insects
no eyes but with a pair
head, nine-segmented
segmented abdomen
abdomen
in adult.
species have been described.
Fig. 48..
Microen-
tomon perposHlom.
29
PROTURA page
54
very minute, slend-
with
retracted
mouth
of pseudoculi, pointed
in
young and twelve-
Less than a hundred
HOW TO KNOW
2b.
Antennae present
3a.
Antennae consisting of 10 or more segments; cerci usually multiarticulate, long and filiform, or specialized into forceplike structures;
abdomen usually 11-segmented, without a furcula or collophore;
mesothorax never overlapping and concealing the prothorax.

Order THYSANURA page 55
Fig. 49
They
known
as
silverfish
and
are
bristletails,
About 400 spehave been described.

They are found in the
soil, in rotting wood, un-
slickers.
cies
der stones, or in leaf-deposits
of
forest
floors,
and also live in the nests

of ants and termites.
Fig.
49. a,
pismo
3b.
sp.;
Compodeo
c,
frogilis
Meinert; b, L-
Jopyx minemus.
Antennae consisting
of not
more than
segments; cerci never pre-
sent nor specialized into forcep-like structures;

ed,
if
segments are
collophore
may be
visible; generally
abdomen
6-segment-
possesses a furcula and a
present; mesothorax
may overlap and conceal

COLLEMBOLA page 58
Order
the small prothorax. Fig. 50
Springtails are small insects rarely exceeding 5
mm.
in length,
and
occur in almost all situations. They

are found in the soil, in decaying
vegetable matter, among herbage,
under bark
of trees, etc.
cies live in the nests of ants
few speand ter-
on the surface of
and several are littoral
mites, other occur
fresh water
Fig.
50.
Entomobryo comporafa.
or marine.
phagous
In habits they are saproor
1,500 species
30
phytophagous.
About
have been described.
HOW TO KNOW
4a. Tarsi usually consisting of 2, 3, or 4
segments, rarely of
of
5,
and very
rarely
single segment. Legs very rarely
wanting.
Thorax with
exposed
and
form; pleural
ually distinct
segments
all
generally
different
and sternal
and never
in
sclerites us-
concealed;
wing pads usually present; epicranial

suture does not extend to the clypeus;
may be
evident in
NYMPHS
external genitalia
later instars.
Fig.
Fig. 51
51. a, Adelphocoris ra-
pidus
(Say);
dif f erentiolis
Melanoplus
b,
(
Thomas
4b. Tarsi usually consisting of
a single
segment, or legs wanting, or segmentation of tarsi difficult to determine; more rarely tarsi of 2. 3, or 4
segments; thorax with all three segments similar in form and wing
pads wanting; or, wing pads pre-
and ventrally, the

thoracic segments not exposed; the
pleural and sternal sclerites never
sent, laterally
either
distinct^
not
differentiated
from notum or concealed by legs

and wing pads; epicranial suture
usually extends to clypeus; external genitalia not evident..
52. a. Pupa: Vespa macutota Kirby; b, Larva: Pteronidea

ribesii (Scopoli).
Fig.
Fig. 52.
.LARVAE and PUPAE.
17
NYMPHS
5a.
Mouth
parts adapted
for piercing
and suck-
ing,
or
and
rasping.
Fig.
53.
for
piercing
c^rpfos
.14
Fig.
53.
Mouth
piercing
31
parts: a, piercing
and sucking.
and rasping;
b,
HOW
5b.
Mouth parts
chewing.
adapted
Fig. 54
for
Fig.
54.
Chewing mouth
larva;
6a.
b,
parts:
a,
carabid
grasshopper.
Labium when extended, usually 4 or more times as long as broad,

and when folded serves as a mask that
covers the other mouth parts; plate-like gills may occur at caudal
end of abdomen; aquatic life. Fig. 55. Order ODONATA page 67
scoop-like in structure
The damselflies
and dragonflies are
the members of this
order which includes
about 5,000 describ-
ed
species. The
are exten-
naiads
sively aquatic, living in various sitfresh

i n
uations
Many live
water.
hidden
mud,
in
etc.
sand or
Without
exception all the

naiads are predacious, feeding upon
Fig. 55. a, Agrion sp.; b, labium of Libellula Igctuosa
forms o f
various
Burmeister; c, Libellulo luctuosa Burmeister.
aquatic life. The
principal external changes involved during metamorphosis include an
increase in the size of the compound eyes, and during the last few
instars, ocelli become evident; the antennal segments increase in number, and the wing-rudiments undergo certain changes with the result
that the developing hind
gills
6b.
change
Labium
wings overlap the anterior
pair; the
caudal
in the Zygoptera.
of
normal type, not modified into a scoop nor hinged. ... 7

32
HOW TO KNOW
7a. Tracheal gills

like)
in
(plate,
feather,
usually occur on
some small
or
tassel
abdomen
Plecoptera); 2
or
Abdomen
without
or thorax without
segmented
long
caudal end; short cerci
The presence
of gills
easily determined
or preservative.
insect as to not
tracheal
abdo-
of
and
gills
filaments
tail-like
may
many
long,
3,
segmented tails present at caudal end

men; aquatic life. Fig. 56
7b.
finger-
or thorax (none
exist
at
as well as their type
is
more
55
pjg.
/^
Mayfly
*^^
the specimen is floated in water Tracheaf |ms.^

They are often so fine and may lie so close to the
if
be readily apparent
of the gills, of course, is to extract
in dry specimens.
The function
oxygen from the water. The gills
are extensions of the tracheal tubes.
8a. Tracheal gills (plate, feather, or tail-like) located
gins of abdominal tergites only; 3 tails
(in
on
lateral
mar-
some family only
2),
fringed with rather long setae, occur at caudal end; tarsi possess
1
Order
claw. Fig. 57
About
62
1,500 species of Mayflies ore
described.
and long
EPHEMEROPTERA page
Their
lived, in
naiads
some
are
aquatic
cases, this per-
iod is believed to occupy three years.

Between the naiad and the imago, there
is a subimago stage which differs from
the mature imago in its duller appearance and its somewhat translucent
wings which are usually margined by
prominent fringes of hairs.

essentially herbivorous,
fragments of the plant

Fig.
Heptogenia sp.
Hexagenia bilineata Say
57.
a,
They are
upon
feeding
tissues.
forms, however, are believed to

nivorous.
33
Certain
be
car-
HOW TO KNOW
bunches or single, often located

on the ventral aspect of the thoracic segments; in some cases they
occur on the jaw, on the proximal and the last segments of the
abdomen; (may be absent in Nemouridae and Capniidae); 2 dis-
8b. Tracheal gills, usually iinger-like
tinct
tails
the caudal
Fig. 58
(cerci),
end
usually without long fringes of setae, occur at

abdomen; tarsi possesses 2 claws.
Order PLECOPTERA page 59
of the
The
stoneflies constitute
a small order, about

The naiads are
1,500 species being described.
aquatic, they live under debris in eddies or un-
der stones in clear fresh water and feed largely
upon the larvae of Mayflies and midges, but

some are thought to feed upon vegetable debris. The time occupied in development appears
to range from about a year to four years.
58.
Fig.
Topoperia
media (Walker).
9a.
Antennae not more than 5-segmented; body strongly depressed;

head larger and broader than prothorax; ectoparasitic life.
Fig.
MALLOPHAGA
Order
59
The
biting lice or bird lice are
ectoparasites of birds
mals.
About
2,800
been described.
sists
dead
of
and mamhave
species
Their food con-
dry and nearly or quite
cuticular
substances.
Eggs
are glued separately to the feathers or hair.
resemble
size.
59. a, Variable hen louse, Lipeurus
caponis (L.) (Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta.); b.
Large chicken louse, Goniocotes gigas
(Taschenberg) (Ohio Expt. Sta.).
Fig.
9b.
The
The nymphs closely
their
adults
except
in
distribution of the biting
lice is quite limited to their definite
Antennae more than 5-segmented.
10a. Prothorax usually
hosts.
10
subequal to mesothorax or larger; if prothorax

smaller than mesothorax then cerci are present, tarsi are
5-segmented and the legs are greatly elongated
11
is
much
34
HOW TO KNOW
10b. Prothorax shorter than and smaller than mesothorax or metathorax; cerci wanting; tarsi 2 or 3-segmented; labial palp 1 -seg-
mented; resemble aphids in shape.
Fig. 60.
The psocids, booklice,
Order
CORRODENTIA
or dustlice are the
mem-
bers of this order which includes about 1,000 de-
They feed upon the paste of book

and decaying vegand cereal products. They are found
scribed species.
bindings, fragments of animal
etable matter,
on tree trunks, under bark, in bird's

Eggs are laid in small groups on bark
or leaves and are protected by a meshwork of
silken threads. After hatching, the changes of development are slight. Six instars are recorded in
in houses,
nests, etc.
Fig. 60. Peripsocus

phocopterus.
11a.
certain species.
head and mouth parts usually vertical; in one famthe mouth parts project caudal and in another
family (Phasmidae) ceptalo-ventrad; among the Phasmidae the
Long axis
of
ily (Blattidae)
is much smaller than the mesathorax or metathorox

the legs are greatly elongated; the mouth parts of all the
species are of a generalized chewing type; antennae with many
segments. Fig. 61
Order ORTHOPTERA page 69
prothorax
and
The number
of
recorded
species
is
about 22,000. They possess greatly de-
and
veloped powers of running
leap-
The eggs are mostly cylindrical

and some are deposited in oothecae.
In many Mantidae and Locustidae the
ing.
nymphs shed a membranous covering

shortly after hatching.
The wing pads

second
or
There are commonly 6
in-
are usually present in the

third instar.
stars
passed
German cocka,
61.
germanica
Blattella
roach,
(L.); b, Melanoiflus differFig.
entialis
(Thomas).
35
in the
nymphal
stage.
HOW TO KNOW
lib.
head and mouth parts project cephalad or cepholoantennae usually located on the head capsule near
12
the mandibles; compound eyes may be absent
Long axis
oi
ventral; the
12a.
Head longer than broad; legs of moderate length and tarsi 4-segmented (frequently inconspicuous); color usually dirty white; exoskeleton frequently soft; ant-like in shape; live within sapwood
Order ISOPTERA
or dead wood. Fig. 62
The members of
known as termites
There are about
The
species.
this
order are
or white ants.
1,900
described
social life of the ter-
mites includes different types of

castes:
reproductive
the
castes
which have functional wings, the
winged forms and the wingThe sterile castes are

divisible into workers and solshort
less forms.
diers.
Fig.
62. Termites: a,
b,
12b.
Head
young queen;
young worker.
broader than long,
distinctly
tarsi 2 or
3-segmented.
13
13a. Proximal tarsal
segments of pro thoracic leg^ as long or longer

than the tibia and strongly dilated (bearing openings to silk
glands on ventral surface); proximal tarsal segments of other
legs or normal size and shgpe. Fig. 63
Order EMBIOPTERA
About 150 species have been described.

insects
generally
stones or under bark, etc.
ways
constructed.
These
avoid daylight, living beneath
When
treats they are able to
with equal agility.
Silken tunnels are al-
disturbed in
these
re-
run backwards or forwards
Eggs are
elongate-cylindrical
with a conspicuous operculum at one pole and are

laid in small groups.
The newly hatched yoimg
of
both sexes do not differ in any important characters
Fig.
63.
from the female parent.
Embia major
Imms.
36
HOW TO KNOW
segments of pro thoracic legs not dilated nor do

they differ greatly from the same segments of the other legs;
forcep-like structures occur at caudal end of abdomen.
Order DERMAPTERA
Fig. 64
13b. Proximal tarsal
About 1,000 species of earwigs are known.

They are probably omnivorous but seem to prefer animal food. When alarmed or molested,
the extremity of the
abdomen
is
often upraised
a threating
The eggs are deposited in the soil in
a group and the female rests over them. The
and
the forceps widely
opened
in
manner.
nymphs resemble
their parents
ceps are simple and
They pass
more
or
except the
less
for-
styliform.
4 to 6 molts before reaching the adult
stage.
Fig.
64.
Forficula sp.
14a.
Mouth parts external, visible and in form of a trough-like tube or

15
a cone; wing rudiments usually visible. Fig. 65
14b.
parts intemaL short piercing

withdrawn into head parallel
with meson, with no external labium;
wing rudiments absent; tarsi scon-
Mouth
stylets
sorial type.
Fig. 66
Order
ANOPLURA
Fig.
SECTIOH TU8
NIOUTH OPEWiA/*
neSTOMAL
TetTH
65.
Head
of thrips.
The sucking lice ore bloodof

ectoparasites
sucking
mammals and around 500
species have
ed.
fest
Of
been describtwo species inand about a dozen
these,
man
occur on domestic animals.

The louse lays up to 300
eggs, which are usually attached to a hair or fibre.
The egg period is about a
week. Three moults occur
during the life and the young
Fi^. 66. Hog louse, Hoematopinus odvanticius Neum. (U.S.D.A.); b, its mouth
37
resemble the adult in external features.
HOW TO KNOW
15a.
Mouth
margin
parts in form of
of the
that only
a cone located between the ventro-caudal
head and
and inconspicuous
the prothorax showing maxillary palpi
mouth parts are asymmetrical
labial palpi;
one functional mandible
exists
short distance from tip of mouth-cone;
may
which
tarsi
in
project
smalL
apparently
1-segmented, clawless and possess- single, protrusible pads; body

cylindrical, usually less than V& inch long
and pointed
Order
end. Fig. 67
Approximately 3,100 species

described.
They have
in
kinds
all
wood and
apex of
They are generally four
stars before the adult stage is reached.
is of
of
fungi.
the habit of curving the
abdomen upwards.
genesis
caudal
have been
of thrips
They are found among
growing vegetation, as well as
at
THYSANOPTERA
the
frequent occurrence.
favorite feeding
ground
for thrips is within the
heavy damand nymphs may be readily

shaken from flowers out upon a white cloth or paper
and picked up by a small brush moistened in the
preservative in which the specimens are being
placed. A separate vial should be kept for each
species of plant and the species of plant recorded
on a paper slip with lead pencil and put in the vial.
flowers of plants where they often do
age.
Fig. 67. Green house

thrips,
Heliothr i p s
haemorrhoidolis
(Bouche).
15b.
and
Mandibles
within
Both
adults
maxillae
trough-like
usually
tubular
enclosed
labium
which
usually projectSL caudad between the thoracic

legs;
labium
may be
absent,
if
labiiun is cone-
--U.Aai'-'M
shaped, maxillary palpi and labial palpi are

absent.
in-
Partheno-
Fig.
Fig. 68
16
parts.
38
68.
Piercing
and sucking mouth
HOW TO KNOW
IGa.
The mouth

a
parts, consisting of
segmented labium enclosing
needle-like mandibles and maxillae/ arise from the cephalic poi^

tion of the ventral aspect oi the head capsule; in some aquatic
species the mouth parts appear to rise from the caudal portion
of the head capsule; among these the legs usually show some
kind of adaptation for aquatic locomotion and the prothoracic
legs may be modified for grasping.
Order HEMIPTERA page 129
Fig. 69
Together with the order Homoptera there

are approximately 52,000 species recorded.
The Hemiptera are true
bugs. The great majority of
the species
are phytophagous and
feed upon the juices of
living plants, causing
great losses to agricultural
crops, but
some are predacious

and also attack birds
and mammals, including man. Most of them
are terrestrial and othFig.
69.
a,
Triphleps
i^b.
The mouth
&
(Redrawn
Green stink bug,
(White)
trietieolor
from U.S.D.A.); b
Acrosternum hilore
c,
ers
aquatic
or
semi-
aquatic.
(Say).
a labium (may be absent) and

and maxillae, arise distinctly from the
head capsule or from the meson between
parts, consisting of
needle-like mandibles
caudal portion of the
the thoracic legs; no aquatic species.
Order
Fig. 70
Fig.
70
Aphid;
(L. );
a
d,
&
&
b, Idiocerus
Aleyrodes
g,
Two
provancheri
sp.,
e,
HOMOPTERA
Von
Magicicada
D.;
c.
septendecim
different instors of Stietocephala sp.
(U.S.D.A,
33
page 135
HOW TO KNOW
There are about 52,000 species when counting the Homoptera and
Practically all the members of Homoptera are
Hemiptera together.
phytophagous and mostly injurious to agriculture. Except for the cicadas, the Homoptera are mostly small insects. The aphids or plant
lice, the scale-insects, the spittle bugs or froghoppers, the treehoppers,
the leaf hoppers, the whiteflies, the jumping plant lice and the planthoppers are
17a.
all destructive insects.
Never any trace of wings

wing pads; compound
or
eyes never present; wormlike; a feeding and active
stage. Fig. 71..
The members
.LARVAE.
.18
of this active feed-
ing stage of the insects developing
by complete metamorphosis vary

widely in structure, size, habits,
color, etc. They are usually heavy
feeders and often represent the
most destructive stage of the speThey may be short or long
cies.
lived which has much to do with
Fig.
the length of the Ufe cycle.
17b.
71.
a,
Hydropsyche
sp.;
b,
Plum
curcuho,
Conotrachelus
n e n u p h a r
(Herbst.); c, Pterostichus sp., d, Cerura vinulo L.
Legs and wing

pads encased in
a n extra membrane, not used
for
locomotion,
usually incapable
of being moved;
compound
eyes
visible imless adults
are
eyeless;
a nonfeeding and
resting stage.
Fig. 72.
PUPAE. 45
Puparium of frit fly, Oscineila frit (L.);

Hesperophyiox sp.; c. Pupa of Leptinotorsa decimlineato (Say); d. Pupa of Vespo mocutoto Kirby; e. Pupa of Corydoius cornutus (L.).
Fig. 72. a,
b. Pupa of
40
HOW TO KNOW
LARVAE
legs absent or represented
by paired fleshy swellings on mesothorax and metathorax or on all thoracic segments
19
18a. Thoracic
18b.
Segmented thoracic legs always present on 2 or all thoracic segments. .34
by unsegmented, fleshy, paired protuberances

(called pedal lobes) on 2 or 3 thorac-
19a. Thoracic legs represented
ic legs.
Fig. 73
19b. Thoracic legs
never present
20a. Adfrontal areas, spinneret,
Dendroetonus fron-
73.
Fig.
Zimm.
foils
20
22
and one
or
more pairs
of simple
eyes
usually present; prolegs with crochets on 3rd to last abdominal
segments (except Nepticulidae without crochets on prolegs of 2abdominal segments). Fig. 74. .Order LEFldDOPTERA page 149
7th
The order is a large

numbering about
Eggs
110,000 species.
one
are highly variable in

size,
shape,
ing, color
ment.
sculptur-
and arrange-
Larvae
are
known as
caterpillars,
and have
segmented
thoracic
pairs
of
The abdominal
segments bear prolegs
legs.
which ore armed with

crochets.
Fig.
74. A, Cephalic aspect of the head of Ceramlea picta (Horr.); B, Caudal aspect of
the labium of Cirphis unipuncta (Haw.);
C, The maple case-bearer, Paraclemensia
acerifoliella
(Fitch)
a,
larva;
b,
case.
The
head
bears adfrontal areas.
20b. Not so.
.21
41
HOW
Body straight and of more or less uniiorm diameter throughout;

usually 2 spiracles on thorax (pro- and meso-).
Order HYMENOPTERA page 210
Fig. 75
21a.
Fig.
At the present time, at least 120,000 described

species are known. The ants, bees and social
wasps live in colonies. The larvae vary in form
ranging from caterpillar-like sawfly larvae to the
legless larvae of bees and ants. They live in nests
constituting a colony or are solitary. Most are
phytophagous but many are parasitic. Hypermetamorphosis occurs among many parasitic forms.
Gall-makers and leaf-miners are also found among
the members of this order.
Clover
75.
secd-cholcid,
Bruchophofus
funebris
How-
ard (U.S.D.A.)
21b.
Body U-shaped with mid-abdominal segments of greater diameter

than those near the caudal and cephalic ends; usually with 1
spiracle on mesothorax. Fig. 76. ... Order COLEOPTERA page 72
the largest order of insects and comprises
all the known members of the
class Insecta and no less than 264,000 described
species. The habits of the larvae vary greatly,
This
is
about 40 percent of
7 ;
"
k^^y^
'^-
76. Large Chest-
Fig.
Curcuiie
Fab.
nut weevil,
probotcidcus
insects.
(U.S.D.A.)
22a.
With partial (caudal portion non-sclerotized or absent) or com23

pleted head capsule
22b. Without
23a.
most are terrestrial and phytophagous; some ore

predacious, or carnivorous, or saprophagous; some
are aquotic or semiaquatic. Many species are also
in the nests and communifies of other
inquilines
^
With
distinct sclerotized
partial sclerotiied
24b.
Mouth
29
24
head capsule
23b. With complete sclerotized

24a.
head capsule
head capsule
parts of normal chewing type
and antennae
25
distinct
30
parts highly modified, frequently by hook-like mandibles

Order DIPTERA page 189
apparently absent. Fig. 77
Mouth
or-
It
includes about 80,000 described
species.
The larval habits present a
great diversity: phytophagous, fungivorous,
Fig.
77.
Spornopoiius fulvus
Wied.
saprophagous,
predacious
and parasitic. Most are terrestrial.

some aquotic OT semiaquotic.
42
HOW TO KNOW
25a.
25b.
Head capsule
Head capsule
directed distinctly cephalad

directed ventrad or
26a. Usually with
31
somewhat cephalo-ventrad.
one or more
al folds or depressions
lateral aspects of the
distinct
on the
26
cephala-coud-
lateral
and
ventro-
abdominal segments; body
U-shaped.
Order
Fig. 78
Fig.
Hills
COLEOPTERA page
72
Black
78.
beetle,
Dendroctonus
ponderosoe
Hopk.
26b. Usually without such folds or depressions
ventral aspects;
on
lateral
or
latero-
body not U-shaped
27
27a. Adfrontal areas, spinneret,
or
more
pairs of
simple eyes and prolegs with crochets usually
Order LEPIDOPTERA page 149
present. Fig. 79
Fig. 79. Tischeria
malifoliella
Clem.
27b. Not so
28
28a. Larvae
may be
pointed at one or both ends
U-shaped; live within plant tissues, or in
and
mud or
may
paper-like cells; one pair of simple eyes

occur. Fig. 80..
80.
Clover
seed chalid, Bruchophagus gibFig.
bus (Boheman)
43
.Order
HYMENOPTERA page
210
HOW TO KNOW
28b. Lanrae usually long
and

slender; (a) terristrial species: spiracles
on several abdominal segments, the caudal pair

(b)
aquatic species
may have
gills
much
is
larger:
or breathing tubes at caudal
end of abdomen. Fig. 81.

Order
DIPTERA
page
Fig.
81.
MyiotroM
<>'
more
29a. Larvae usually U-shaped,
both endi and larger in
or less pointed at
mid-region;
so),
reduced
a pair
to
oi
morium
mum
sensoria. Fig. 82... Order
Men<
mouth parts
opposable
(or
nearly
sharp-pointed mandibles or to sclerotized plates
fused with the cephalic segment or

82.
Fig.
within
live
plant tissues or live in cells or nests;
may be
189
-.
to
more fleshy
HYMENOPTERA page
210
lini.
(Bruckley)
(U.S.D.A.)
Larvae epindle-like or peg-like with

cephalic ead pointed and mouth parts
usually
bedded
in the prothorax; or the
or 2 hook-like structures
em-
mouth
parts greatly reduced; aquatic species
may show
legs
Fig.
83.
a,
ftlifltli
b,
Sulata
(Loew);
phid lorva.
cinsyr-
Labrum a
4orial
"sf*^fî^n
84. Q, Flat-headed
borer,
ClirvB^toHiri*
or several vemtral pro-
gills.
Fig. 63
90a.
Fig.
and a caudal breathing tube or
single lobe; ambula-
worts
may
occur on ab-
domen; many species

wood.
apple tree
Fig. 64.
fMrt
..Order
live
in
COLEOPTERA
page 72
(U.S.D.A.); b, Round-heoded apple tree borer, SMrd tmndida Fab. (U.S.D.A.).

(Oliv.)
44
HOW TO KNOW
30b.
/a
Y,
and
clypeus
x^^^^^^v^-*^^
^
-^^jrVX
ad
^'*^^^
M ~^î
r^
Labrum
^
O
subdivided
into 3 parts with
85.
o.
Heed
of
CI.,;
b,
C-Lx
on the
lateral
portions;
head
deeply
retracted
within
pro thorax; aquatic or semi-
^^^îi
sp,
later-
groups
o^ setae or spines
aquatic.
Fig
sometimes
C- Jil'lJ^ iv
\C^~^^^}i/
'/
Fig.
85.
O'êr DIPTERA page 189
e.
ComptocNidiHS byssinus Schrank.
31a.
Head capsule
peg-like, etc., variable in
^.-7p^|-^]^~J^~;;^^^
'^-.L:U:,;L4L:Xi^^
Fig.
31b.
86.
TMMto
ed type.
/f^ A
32a.
Fig. 86.
32
Mouth
parts opposable
or parable. Fig. 87.
ikiMnnis Say.
iibli*
not of
or depressed type
3.5/.^f.^J.5l^ ffî^^r^
O^^^^Û^^tJZ^^^
87.
size,
iut Loew.
Head capsule round type
Fig.
shape and
usual rounded or depress-
7|-7~^?^~^-7^^
32b.
Chewing mouth
33a.
Abdomen with 11 segments; spiracles, ii present, inconspicuous;

several long setae on thorax and abdomen.
Fig. 88
Order SIPHONAPTERA
There ore approxima+ely 1,100 described species,
The larvae are small,
.2 /^./A/^/z/i^^^/*-/
parts usually distinct
33
'
^
^
Fig.
floors of
88.
CrtMliyNM fMciafm
human
habitations
cylindrical,
noiiparasitic
^^ upon a miscellaneous diet of vegetable

^^^ animal debris and
even the ieces of their
adults. They frequent the
<^^^
v-^
Bosc.
and the nests
of their hosts.
When
fully
grown, the larvae spin imall cocoons in which they transfer into the
pupae.
A^-^<su^^
33b.
^^hr'^fZ-^l'-^^
^*^^-^^^^*'''''^!b?5in*t^^
'*^%*i*<'^^^^'Svu>*^
'
*^^^
>di^^r-^^^!^Ni^ U-?
most abdominal seg-
Order
:iZ':'.:'iW^-"*-'i.':z'
Fig.
Abdomen with 9 or 10
gBants; spiracles usually present on mesothorax
COLEOPTERA
P^KTe 72
89. MIfNiIHiM 4klNi Lc.
45
HOW TO KNOW
on
34a. Prolegs absent
on

abdominal segments (rarely present
1st to 8th
8th)
35
34b. Prolegs present on 2 or
more abdominal segments.
39
.,
35a.
Head
directed cephalad
41
35b.
Head
directed ventrad or cephaloventrad
38
Head capsule may be deeply imbedded
38a.
prothorax;
many
may
in
also possess adirontal area;
species slug-like in form.
Order LEPIDOPTERA page 149
Fig. 90
Fig. 90. Soddle backed slug caterpillar,

Sobine stimuleo
(Clemens).
36b.
Head capsule
not deeply
embedded
in
prothorax and without
adirontal areas
37
37a.
One
pair of simple eyes present
or absent; 2 pairs of spiracles
on thorax
(pro-
and meso-); body
usually eruciform. Fig. 91.

91.
Fig.
Order
.
..^
Kirby.
Ve$p mocutoto
HYMENOPTERA page
*^ ^
210
38
37b. Several pairs of simple eyes present
may be present;
on mesothorax only;
38a. Several pairs of simple eyes
spiracles usually present
body U-shaped.
Order
Fig. 92
Fig.
92.
72
Anomalo
Hayes
kansanot
Ct
COLEOPTERA page
McColloch.
and in a close cluster usually present; mesoand metathoracic legs distinctly larger and project more
38b. Several simple eyes
thoracic
laterad than the prothoracic legs
Order
MECOPTERA
This small order represents some 350 species. The larvae are mostfew feed upon vegetable matter. The larvae bear a
ly carnivorous,
close resemblance to caterpillars.
48
HOW TO KNOW

39a.
^^^^^^T-^X^Y^^Y^^r^^^r^y^^
^^^^^'^\'U'f\*'fj'll*^^
'W^Y^^^^^^^
Fig.
39b.
93.
Panorpa rufescens
^'^^^-
Order
Fig. 93
Head with never more than

tirely
Head usually with more than 10

simple eyes on each side, closely
grouped; prolegs on abdominal
segments 1st to 8th or 3rd to 8th
inclusive; anal end resembles a
SUcking disk.
10 simple eyes
MECOPTERA
on each side or en-
wanting
40
40a. Prolegs usually present on abdominal segments 3rd to 6th and

last, crochets present; adfrontal areas usually present; 1 to 8
pairs of simple eyes usually present.
most LEPIDOPTERA page 149
Fig. 94
Fig.
94.
a, Cerura vinula <L.

b, Corn earworm,
(Hbn.); c, Euxoa auxiliaris Grate.
;
Heliothis
armigera
on abdominal segments 2nd to 8th

and last, sometimes 2nd to 6th,
^nd to 7th and last; no crochets
present; no adfrontal areas; one
pair of simple eyes usually pre-
40b. Prolegs usually present
sent. Fig. 95.
95. Imported currantworm,

Pteronidea ribesii (Scopoli).
Fig.
Order
HYMENOPTERA page
210
claw (stout spines about base of clow

42
create impression that there are 2 or more claws)
41a. Thoracic legs with single
may
41b, Thoracic legs with 2 distinct claws.
47
.44
HOW TO KNOW

42a. Single claws on thoracic legs;
and
mandibles
sickle-shaped
maxillae. Fig. 96.
Family SISYRIDAE,
Order
NEUROPTERA page
This family contains

cies
of
rather
as spongilla
140
some 20 speknown
small insects
flies
since
the
larvae
feed on Spongilla and other fresh96.
Fig.
Smoky
water sponges, as well as on algae
alderfly,
Sialis
in-
fumota Newman.
and bryozoa.
The small, elongate
on objects overhanging water from which the

larvae drop into the water upon hatching. Pupation takes place under
objects along shore or within the soil above the water line. The pupa
eggs are laid
is
in clusters
covered with a double walled silken cocoon.
Perhaps less than 5000 species

of these are rare.
a few
Some
have larvae
of the families
of
Neuroptera are known and
of the larvae are helpful friends of
many
man. Only
that are aquatic but all the families
are similar in having pupae that are enclosed in a rather spherical
cocoon.
42b. Single claws with spur or spine about the base;
parts
chewing mouth
43
43a. Thoracic legs
elbowed and
may
possess stout
spines at base of claw; prolegs and cerci
may
occur at caudal end of abdomen; aquatic forms
may
possess abdominal
gills.
Order
Fig. 97
COLEOPTERA page
72
This odd appearing larva belongs to the crawling
water beetles (family Haliplidae), and
members of the
slender and not likely
other
looking for them.

Fig.
97.
Pelto-
dytes sp.
48
family.
to
is
similar to
They are small and
be observed unless one
is
HOW TO KNOW
webs
43b. Larvae live in cases or
on or about the base

gills
may be

in water; thoracic leqt possess spurs
claw; no proleqs, but the caudal hooks;
ol
present on thorax and abdomen.
Order TRICHOPTERA page 146
Fig. 98
The
order
has
approximately
described species. The
4,200
lar-
vae are known as caddisworms

and are mostly aquatic, but a few
are terrestrial. The eggs ore deposited in the debris at
the
tom
to
tic
of
water or attached
and
plants
bot-
aqua-
other objects in the
water and are protected with gelatinous masses or strings. The larvae construct characteristic cases
or silken retreats. Their food hab-
Fig. 98. a, Case of Brochcentrut

sp.; b, Case of Limnephilus indivii-
its
c. Case of Astenophylos
Case of Trloenodes floviscensc Banks; e, Case of Hclieepsyeh* sp.; Larva of Hydropsyche sp.
us Walker;
sp.;
d.
The immense numbers
make them very
to
known
some are
be carnivorous.
to
which these interesting larvae develop
important as food for fish and doubtless a very large
percentage of the larvae contribute
to the
they are used extensively as fish bait.
dance
are varied, most of them ore
likely herbivorous but
in the debris of flowing
growth
of fish.
They may be found
streams or attached
to
Naturally
in
abun-
rocks under water.
Pupation usually takes place within the water, often within the
val case but sometimes outside
it
and within a
silken cocoon.
lar-
Some
species burrow in submerger logs or in crevices in the rocks to pupate.
The adult may emerge under water or bring the pupal case
surface of the water to effect
its
to
the
escape.
and maxillae usually of normal chewing type; on the

abdomen among terrestrial species cerci usually occur on the 9th
segment; among aquatic spe-
44a. Mandibles
cies the
be
may
may be
caudal segmentCs)
tube-like
or gills
present. Fig. 99.

Fig.
99
Order
Harpalus vogons LeConte.
49
COLEOPTERA page
72
HOW

and
44b. Mandibles and maxillae long

suctorial type; aquatic species
with hooks at caudal end;

inal segments. Fig. 100
sickle-shaped, of mandibulo-
may possess abdominal prolegs

may be present on most abdomOrder NEUROPTERA page 140
gills
About 5,000 species
the
of
order
have been described. The larvae exhibit great diversity
structure
mode
of
they are
and
but
life,
all carniv-
orous; in a consider-
proportion
able
the species they are

aquatic.
Fig.
100.
Golden-eye lacewing, Chrysopa oculato

Say (Redrawn from Smith); b, Corydolus
cornutus (L.); c, Mandibulo-suctorial mouth,
Q,
parts.
PUPAE and PUPARIA

45a.
Appendages, including mouth parts, invisible on exterior, or, if

they are fused with each other and to the body wall to
form a continuous covering; obtect type.
51
(see Figs. 107 and 109)
visible,
45b.
Appendages
distinctly visible
fixed position; resembles
and
free,
mummy;
even though held
in
exarate type.
46
(See Figs. 101-106)

46a.
Body
strongly
compressed;
mm.; wing
pads absent; antennae minute;
mandibles of piercing type;
length less than
compound eyes
Fig.
101.
Pupa
Ctenocephalides
46b.
absent. Fig. 101.
Order SIPHONAPTERA
of dog flea,
canis
(Curtis).
Body rounded or flattened, not strongly compressed; antennae

47
Tnd wing pads usually prominent
50
HOW TO KNOW

47a.
FlAQELkUM"
men. Fig. 102.

most HYMENOPTERA page 210
102. a, Chewing and lapping

mouth parts, b, Pupa of Vespa
macutata Kirby.
Fig.
47b.
Mouth parts
positors
18a.
for
Mouth parts for chewing and

lapping; mandibles present;
usually a median or bifurcate
lobe or tongue (the hypopharynx) arises from the labium;
distal segments or ends of
the 12 or more segmented
antennae usually adjacent to
and frequently parallel with
the meson; paired oviposifrequently visible
at
tors
caudal end; a distinct constriction usually present between the thorax and abdo-
chewing only; no
distinct
tongue or paired ovi48
present
Antennae long, always with
12 or
more segments; wing rudiments

49
not elytra-like
48b.
Antennae shorter than body, if elongated, with numerous stout

segments and much longer than the body, usually 11 or less
segments and distal segments usually far removed from meson;
wing rudiments always
and located between the distal

and metathoracic legs on the ventral aselbowed sharply at end of femur.
most COLEOPTERA page 72
elytra-like
portion of mesothoracic
pect; legs
Fig. 103
The pupae are mostly

in
some
of the
of exarate type, but
Staphylinidae they are obtect.
Pupation takes place mostly in earthen cells

in the soil, but also occurs within the food
plant.
Certain Curculionidae
with the product of
the
make cocoons
Malpighian
tubes,
while several of the Lamellicornia use the

contents of the posterior caecum.
ombycidae construct pupal
Many
Cer-
cells largely im-
pregnated with carbonate of lime. The pupae

Pupa of the
potato beetle,
Leptinotarsa
decimlineata (Soy).
Fig.
103.
Colorado
of
the Coccinellidae are often protected
by
the persistent remains of the last larval skin.
51
HOW TO KNOW
49a.
Head abnormal in shape; head capsule and

mouth parts elongated; antennae with 16 or
more segments, arise from the head capsule near
the compound eyes and not from the beak as in
some weevils (Rhynchophora).
Fig.
Order
104
MECOPTERA
Fig. 104. Pupo of

Bittacus pilicernat
Westw.
49b.
Head normal
in shape;
mouth
parts not greatly elongated.
50
50a. Mandibles short, stout, curved, nearly cylindrical; they usually

project cephalad or nearly so
abdomen
and
cross each other; thorax
frequently bearing filamentous
gills;
and
usually found in
cases or webs constructed by the larvae (Micropterygoidea of the

Lepidoptera
may
also fall into this group,
aquatic and not over 4
mm.
but
they
are
non-
in length).
Order TRICHOPTERA page 146
105
The appendages are quite free from the body, and

abdomen is armed with dorsal spines which enable the pupa to work its way out of its habitation.
The pupae of some species are able to swim freely.
the
105. Pupa
of Hespcropkylax sp.
Fig.
52
HOW TO KNOW
and
50b. Mandibles large

other. Fig. 106
stout never overlapping or crossing
The pupae
each
and with
all the
tion occurs in the soil or in
able
to
work
their
way
140
enclosed in a silken
of this order are free,
cocoon, curved with the head and

other,
each
NEUROPTERA page
most
abdomen near
tip of
appendages visible. Pupamoss, etc. The pupae ore
out to the surface.
Fig.
106. Pupa
of Corydalus
cornutus (L.).
51a. All
appendages
face smooth or
ly resembling
similar (blunt);
invisible
made up
on
exterior, the ectol sur-
of concentric rings, usual-
a barrel with two ends somewhat

caudal and thoracic spiracles of last
larval stage usually visible as remnants or scars;
hardened or leathery larval exuviae (called

puparium) contains a pupa or a hibernating larva
this
within; coarctate type. Fig. 107.

107. Puparium of Zonosemata electa
(Say).
Fig.
51b.
chiefly
CYCLORRHAPHA, Order DIPTERA page
189
The cases possessing the appendages of the developing adult

on the lateral and ventral aspects of the thorax, yet more
or less fused to each other and in most instances to the body
visible
covering; obtect type
., .
52a. Distinct
respiratory
52
projecting
organs present on the dorsocephalic region; one pair of wings.

Fig. 108.
chiefly
NEMATOCERA,

Fig. 108. Pupa and cocoon of
Simulium venustum Say.
(U.S.D.A.)
53
HOW
52b. Distinct respiratory projecting organs absent on the dorsocephalic region; spiracles usually present on mesothorax and some of
the abdominal segments; functional mandibles absent (except
among Micropterygoidea); paired galeae of maxillae usually pre-
sent along ventro-meson; antennae adjacent to mesal margins of

wings; 2 pairs of wings, outer pair may conceal inner pair.
most LEPIDOPTERA page 149
Fig. 109
The lepidopterous pupae are of 2 main types:

the Incompletae which have the appendages
often partially free and more than 3 of the ab
dominal segments are mobile. Dehiscence is accompanied by the freeing of segments and appendages previously fixed. The pupae exhibit
considerable power of motion, usually emerging from the cocoon to allow of the escape of
the adult. (2) The Obtectae which are smooth
and rounded and the only free segments in both
sexes ore the 4th, 5th and 6th. Dehiscence takes
place by an irregular fracture. The pupa rarely emerges from the cocoon and a cremaster is
(1)
saîisCt
Pupa of the
European corn borer,
generally present.
Pyrausta nubilalis
(Hubner).
PICTURED-KEYS TO FAMILIES
ORDER PROTURA
la.
Mesa- and metathoracic spiracles and trachea present.

Family EOSENTOMIDAE
Fig. 110
Practically
nothing
is
known concerning
the
life
They have been found in

damp situations under leaves, bark and stones, in
rotten wood, decaying vegetation, turf and himius
histories of the proturans.
soils.
Fig.
110.
Eosen-
tomen ribogai
Berlese.
lb. Spiracles
and trachea absent
54
HOW TO KNOW
2a.
Abdominal terga each with one
or three transverse sutures.
Family
Fig. Ill
ACERENTOMIDAE
The proturans are minute whitish organisms.

largest species scarcely attain 2
mm.
in length.
The
They
are widely distributed in Europe, Asia and America.
in. Aeerentomon doderoi

Fig.
Silvestri.
2b.
Abdominal terga without transverse
sutures.
Family
Fig. 112
PROTENTOMIDAE
Proturans are peculiar in that they walk only on the
middle and hind legs and hold the fore legs in front
and above
Pig.
112.
the head.
Micro-
entomon perposillom.
ORDER THYSANURA
la. 3
caudal appendages; compound eyes present (Suborder Ectotro-
phi). (See Figs.
lb. 2
and
113
114)
caudal appendages; compound eyes absent (Suborder Endotro-
phi). (See Figs. 115
118)
55
HOW TO KNOW
2a.
styli
large, more or less contiguous; ocelli present;

present on thoracic coxae, also on abdominal segments 2-9.
Fig.
113
Compound eyes
Family
MACHILIDAE
and slickers are the comjnon

The family contains about 150 described
species. They inhabit grassy and woody areas. Some
are tenants in caves and some inhabit the nests of
termites. At least six instars have been reported. In
Bristletails, silverfish,
names.
the
Pig.
lis
first
two instars scales and
styli
are absent.
113. Machi-'
morithno
Leach.
2b.
Compound eyes small, widely separated; ocelli absent; styli absent on thoracic coxae, but present on abdominal segments 7-9 or
FamUy LEPISMIDAE
8-9. Fig. 114
About 200 species are known. They are commonly called the bristletails, fish-moths or slickThey are found in dry hot places, among
ers.
leaves, under stones, debris, caves, buildings and
the nests of ants and termites. They feed upon
dry vegetation or plant products. They are also
fond of paste, glue and rayon cloth. The silverand the fire brat,
L.
fish, Lepisma saccharina
Thermobia domestica (Packard) are common in
buildings.
Fig.
14.
Thermobia
domestica (Packard).
absent on
2a,, Styli
Fig.
115
1st
abdominal segment.
Family
CAMPODEIDAE

Most species are from the Palaearctic,
Neorctic and Neotropical regions with
very few known in the Oriental regions.
They are blind and occur
Pig.
is
115.
Campodeo
frogil-
Meinert.
56
in
damp
places.
HOW

- _
3b. Styli present
on
segment
cbdominal
first
,
srY<<JS
Fig.
of
1 1
1st
6.
Ventral ospect
to 4th abdominal
segments
4a. Cerci with glandular
opening at apex.
Family PROJAPYGIDAE
Fig. 117
There are only 5 species known, distributed

Mediterranean regions of Southern Europe
in the
and Northern Africa, and in Mexico and South

America. They are small blind insects with a
pair of short segmented cerci.
Anajapyx
117
Fig.
vesiculosis
Silvestri.
4b. Cerci without

Fig.
opening at apex.
Family lAPYGIDAE
118
About 100 species toe described. The young have

segmented cerci which are replaced in the last moult
by pincerlike cerci. It is reported that

young are carried beneath the body of
protection.
Fig.
118.
lapyx
minemus.
57
the eggs
and
the female for
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER COLLEMBOLA
la.
lb.
Body more or
segmented
Abdomen
and
less cylindrical
elongate;
abdomen
(Suborder Arthropleona)
plainly
2
subglobular, segmentation obliterated or vestigial.

(Suborder Symphypleona)
2a. Prothorax well developed, with
granulated.
Fig.
definite tergum; cuticle usually
Family
119
PODURIDAE
These are the springtails and snow-
The
and are often white or colorless. The snowflea,
AchoTutes nivicolus Fitch is a widely
fleas including about 315 species.
young
Fig.
Achorutes ormotus
119.
i.
live
.,
on
2b. Prothorax greatly reduced, without
120
Fig.
life
species which
the surface of snow.
distributed
Nicolet.
lated.
a secluded
a tergum;
Family
tx
often occurs
cuticle
not granu-
ENTOMOBRYIDAE
There are some 600 described speThe marsh springtail, Isotoma

palustris (MuUer), is a widely distributed species. It may be found in
wet leaves, moss and soil and often
appears on the surface of fresh
water pools.
cies.
Fig.
Entomobrya laguna
120.
Bacon.
3a.
Antennae
Fig.
stout, not
longer than head; thorax very large.
Family NEELIDAE
121
THORAX
small family composed of 4 spe-
cies.
They are
globular
and
bristly
with very short antennae inserted on
AA^re/^/^
the middle of front of the head, with
eyes present or absent and with the

furcula about twice the length of the
They may be found under

dead bark and in decaying vegetation.
antennae.
Fig.
121.
Neelides
folsomi.
58
HOW TO KNOW
3b.
Antennae more slender longer than head; thorax not exceptionally

Fig. 122
Family SMINTHURIDAE
large.
The family
200
species.
is
composed
These
of
about
are
very active and often occur in im-
mense numbers
springtails
moist places on
in
The
and the antennae
on the back portion of the
the surface of the soil or water.
head
is
inserted
vertical
head. Various species of living plants

Fig.
122.
Sminthurides
lepus
constitute their food.
Mills.
ORDER PLECOPTERA
key
present on
(This
la. Gills
Fig.
123
is
compiled from Claassen and Prison.)

2 or 3 abdominal segments.
Family PTERONARCIDAE
first
The naiads
of this family are all herbivorous.
live in the small
They
upland spring brooks and are un-
move rapidly, getting around awkwardly.

Upon being taken out of the water, they curl up. remaining motionless for some time.
able to
Pteronarbadia Hagen.
123.
Fig.
cella
2
lb. Gills absent on first 2 or 3 abdominal segments
2a. Venter of thorax covered with large over-lapping shield-like plates.
Fig.
124
SubfamUy PELTOPERLINAE, PERLIDAE
The single genus Peltoperla

distributed over the Eastern,
Southern and Western United
The naiads are herStates.
bivorous and can be distinguished from other families by
the large shield-like pro-, mesoand metanotum, short abdomen, wide legs, short cerci and
head bent under the body.
is
Fig. 124. a, Peltoperlo arcuola

Ventral aspect of thorax.
Ndm
59
HOW TO KNOW
covered with large over-lapping shield-like
2b. Venter of thorax not
plates
on thorax
absent on thorax
on the venter of prothorax.
3
4
5
3a. Gills present

3b. Gills
4a. Gills
Fig. 125.
NEMOURIDAE
..Family
The naiads are herbivorous and
live
mostly in the
small upland spring brooks. They are uniform throughout in color.
Ne125.
Fig.
moura sinuata
Wu.
4b
on
Gills
all
three thoracic segments.
Family PERLIDAE
126
The naiads are
all
carnivorous and brightly col-
They are mostly found
ored.
in rather swift run-
ning water.
This
It
is
the best represented family of stoneflies.
furnishes in
its
immature as well as
stages great quantities of food for
same time competes with them

smaller forms of insect
Fig.
life in
fish,
for
its
adult
but at the
many
of
the
the water.
Togoperia
(Walker).
126.
media
5a. 1st
and 2nd
tarsal
segments together less than half as long as

labrum 3 to 4 times as wide as long; lab-
3rd;
ium
2-lobed;
body
flattened
and
127
Fig.
brightly colored.
Family PERLIDAE
The eggs of stoneflies are very small but are produced in immense numbers, as many as 6000 for
one individual. They are laid directly into the
water.
Fig.
127.
Peria
vcrticalis Banks.
60
HOW TO KNOW
and 2nd tarsal segments together as long as 3rd

more than hali as long; labrum not
5b. 1st
very
much wider than
4-lobed;
body more
long;
or at least
labium
or less cylindrical,
not brightly colored; herbivorous.

Fig.
128
Fig.
128. Labium;
hostata Banks; b,
venoso Banks.
6a.
Hind wing pads diverging considerably outward from the body.

Fig.
FamUy NEMOURIDAE
129
The members
of this family are
widely distributed.
Their tails are characteristicly short.
The adults are
usually dork colored.
129. LeacFig.
Iro dcpta
Classen.
6b.
Hind wing pads wider than fore wing pads and not divergent outFamily CAPNIIDAE
ward from the body. Fig. 130
The smallest known
stoneflies
belong
to this
com-
paratively small family.
The naiads are herbivorous and live in small

The color of the naiads is brown or
water-courses.
blackish.
Fig. 130. Capnia

vernalis New-
port.
61
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER EPHEMEROPTERA
la.
Thorax shield-like covering most abdominal segments;

visible.
Family
Fig. 131
The naiads ore
flat
and
disk-like.
The
concealed by a large shield-like thorax.
caudal filaments are
short.
gills
in-
PROSOPISTOMATIDAE
They
gills
live in swift
water, and are vegetable feeders.
It
are
Their three
running
belongs
to the
old world.
Fig.
131.
sopistoma
ceum
lb.
2a.
Profolia-
Fourcroy.
Thorax not
shield-like; gills visible
Mandibles extending anteriorly far beyond the head;
mose
gills
short; gills not
2b.
Mandibles
3a.
The projecting part

ing laterally.
of
Fig. 132
plumose
plu-
mandible shorter than head; gills extendFamily POTAMANTHIDAE
upon silt-covered stones and

The mandibles are tusk-like
The gills are long and plumose. They
The naiads
muddy
live
bottoms.
but short.
feed on the vegetation of their area.
Potaman-
3b.
The projecting part
of
mandible almost as long as head;
gills ex-
tending dorsally
62
HOW TO KNOW
head with 2 tubercles; mandibles curved outwards at tips;

Family EPHEMERIDAE
r-^tennae with long cilia. Fig. 133
4a. Front of
The naiads live in muddy bottoms or muddy water.

The body is elongate and more or less cylindrical.
The mandibles are long and tusk-like. The caudal
filaments are IcJbg and almost equal in length.
Fig.
genio
133. Hexobilineota
Say.
Not
4b.
so.
Abdomen
5a.
with 6 pairs of
the lateral ones.
Fig.
gills;
median caudal filament
shorter than
Family PALINGENIIDAE
134
The mandibles are large and protruding. The

median caudal filament is shorter than the lateral
ones. They live in Europe and Asia.
Fig.,
134.
genio
Polin-
sp.
5b.
Abdomen
with 7 pairs of
gills;
median caudal
filament as long as or longer than the lateral

ones.
FamUy POLYMITARCIDAE
Fig. 135
The naiads sometimes dig into mud. The mandand tusk-like. The caudal filaments
ibles are long
are equal in length.

Fig,
135.
Compsurus
sp.
63
HOW TO KNOW
6a.
Eyes dorsal; body
6b.
Eyes
lateral;
distinctly flattened
body more or
less cylindrical
7a. Caudal filaments shorter than abdomen;
on the ventral side

Fig.
of 1st
136
1st
pair of gills inserted
abdominal segment.
Family OLIGONEURIELLIDAE
The body is more or less cylindrical with small

and short gills. Long hairs may be present on the
fore legs.
Fig.
7b.
136. Ohgoneuria sp
Caudal filaments longer than abdomen; 1st pair of gills inserted

on the lateral sides of 1st abdominal segment.
Fig. 137
Family ECDYURIIDAE
The naiads live in rapid waters, clinging to stones

and other objects, where the waves break over lake
shores and on the margins of gently flowing streams.
The body and appendages are flattened, the head
large and the gills leaf-like.
Fig.
137.
Hepta-
genia sp.
8a.
Abdominal
gills
inserted dorsally
8b.
Abdominal
gills
inserted laterally.
64
10
HOW TO KNOW
The 2nd pair
9a.
ing pairs.
of
abdominal
gills
normal, not covering the remain-
FamUy EPHEMERELLIDAE
Fig. 138
The naiads are often

species the venter of
They often
strikingly colored.
some
In
abdomen forms a sucking
disk.
cling to the underside of stones in swift
waters.
Eph-
138.
Fig.
maralla sp.
The
9b.
1st
Fig.
pair of abdominal gills very small;
and covering the remaining
large
2nd pair exceptionally
pairs.
Family
139
The naiads
sand or
live in
mud
CAENIDAE
bottoms.
They ore
peculiar in having the second pair of gills covering

the succeeding pairs.
are mostly of small
Fig.
139.
The members
of
this
family
size.
Tri-
corythus sp.
10a.
Claws
of
middle and hind legs as long as the
tibiae.
FomUy AMETROPODIDAE
Fig. 140
There
is
rather wide
tion in the naiads of the

flies.
to
be predacious. They appar-
their
many
Amathropus
sp.
65
times during
development. They belong
in the eastern
140.
May-
few are even thought
ently molt
Fig.
varia-
hemisphere
HOW TO KNOW
10b.
11
middle and hind legs shorter than the tibiae
caudal filaments with very short hairs, or with longer
hairs fringed on both sides.
Family LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE
Fig. 141
Claws
of the
11a. Lateral
The naiads are elongated with three

equal caudal filaments as long as the
body and with long slender
leaf-like
or string-like gills.
Fig.
141.
Blasturus cupidus Say
caudal filaments with long hairs on the inner side only.. 12

margin of the abdominal segments with tooth-like
Family SIPHLONURIDAE
projections. Fig. 142
lib. Lateral
12a. Latero-caudal
The naiads
live
in rapidly
running
water and sometimes occur in cataracts
and waterfalls. They have small head

and slender legs.
142.
Fig.
tus Say.
Siphlonurus
12b. Latero-caudal
olterna-
margin
like projection.
Fig.
abdominal segments without toothFamily BAETIDAE
of the
143
The naiads are found in waterfalls, cataslow currents and open waters. They
racts,
may
still
be also found among aquatic plants in

The family is large and widely
pools.
scattered.
Fig.
143. Gollihaetis flue-
tuons
(Walsh).
66
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER ODONATA
la.
Abdomen
stout,
usually
than
wider
head, with 3 short, triangular or spinelike appendages at tip (Suborder Anisoptera, dragonflies). Fig. 144
_ -tAref\Ai.AJ'/'fiJ>A9t
3
Dorsal
144.
Fig.
obdominol
dragonfly
lb.
Abdomen
gills at tip
of
(Sub2
order Zygoptera, damselilies). Fig. 1^5
be noted
will
of
slender, usually narrower than head,
with 3 long, leaf-like tracheal
It
aspect
segments
naiad.
that both the imature stages
and
the adults of the damselflies can be separated at
One does
sight from those of the dragonflies.
not
145.
Fig.
selfly
2a. 1st antennal
segment shorter
than the
Dorsal as-
abdominal
of
pect
segments of a dam-
always find distinguishing characters so obvious.
remaining
naiad.
segments
to-
gether; lateral gills 2-sided.

Fig.
Family
146
The naiads
of this large
very abundant.
Fig.
nura
146.
sp.;
Isch-
a,
b,
caudal
lat-
gill.
67
prolific
family ore
by fish and other aquatic

numbers escape to become
cate creatures are eaten
eral
and
large percentage of these deli-
associates, but large

adults.
COENAGRIONIDAE
HOW TO KNOW
2b. 1st antennal
segment as long as the remaining segments togethFamily AGRIONIDAE

147
er; lateral gills 3-sided. Fig.
This family of broadwinged damselflies
smaller than the proceeding one.

larger
Tig.
sp.;
147.
b,
caudal
3a.
a,
and
is
much
The naiads are
sturdier.
Agrion
lateral
gill.
Labium
spoon-like.
Fig.
Family LIBELLULIDAE
148
This
is
the large family of dragonflies in
abundance and numbers of

The immature forms may be found
among the debris of almost any shallow
body of water.
point both of
species.
Fig.
148.
a.
Libellulo
b,
Burmeistet;
luctuosa
Lateral aspect of head;
labium.
c,
3b.
Labium not
spoon-like.
Family
Fig. 149
The members
of this family
AESCHNIDAE
average larger
than those of the preceeding family, though

there are
much fewer
individuals
and
Their naiads while not as abundant

collected rather readily.
Fig. 149. a,
b.
Lateral
Aeschno
aspect
sp.;
of
head.
68
species.
may be
HOW
TO
KNOW
ORDER ORTHOPTERA
la.
Hind
lb.
segment or obsolete.
Subfamily Tridactylinae, GRYLLIDAE
150
Fig.
Fig.
with
tarsi
150.
Hind
Ellipes
tarsi
They are pigmy crickets, scarcely

more than 10 mm. long, with the fore
tibiae fossorial and the hind femora
enlarged for jumping. The terminal
end of hind tibiae provided with
movable elongated plates called matatory lamellae. They inhabit damp
places and near water. They can
also burrow into sand.
minuta Scudder.
with more than
segment
2a. Fore legs greatly modified, either
or
digging
for
adapted
lor
grasping Fig. 151a
Fig.
151b
151. a, Fore leg of a mantid; b, Fore leg of
Fig.
a mole cricket.
2b. Fore legs
normal
3a. Fore legs
adopted
for digging.
Subfamily Gryllotalpinae, GRYLLIDAE
Fig. 152
The subfamily
consists of about 50 species.
They
are called mole crickets, because of their fossorial
They
fore
live
tibiae
in'
mud
vegetable feeders.
Fig.
et,
152.
Mole
crick-
Scapteriscus dida.
etylus
Lotr.
and
their
along
burrowing habits.
waterways and are
HOW TO KNOW
adapted
3b. Fore legs

Family
for grasping. Fig. 153
MANTIDAE
About 1.550 species are describThe name, praying mantids, is

applied because their fore legs are
ed.
held in front of the face as
if
pray-
They appear to be wholly carliving

nivorous and devour only
ing.
prey.
153.
Fig.
mantis, Tenosinensis Saussure.
Chinese
dera aridifolia
4a,
Hind legs much larger than other
pairs,
adapted
for
jumping.
5
(See Fig. 159)

4b.
Hind legs
usual
of
size,
not adopted for jumping.

9
(See Fig. 161)
5a.
Antennae usually much
short-
er than the body; auditory or-
gan when
base
of the
present,
near the
abdomen.
154
Fig.
6
Fig.
154. A grasshopper, showing
the auditory organ on abdomen.
5b.
Antennae usually as long as or

longer than the body; auditory or
gan, when present near the base of
the fore tibiae. Fig. 155
Fig. 155. A fore leg with auditory organ on tibia.
and middle tarsi 2-segmented, hind

tum greatly extended, often beyond the
6a. Fore
Fig.
3-segmented; prono-
tarsi
tip of
the
abdomen.
FamUy TETTIGIDAE
156
About 650 species have been described. They

They
can swim and dive in water. Eggs are laid in
the soil. These are the pygmy or grouse locusts.
are herbivorous and found in wet places.
Fig.
156.
granulatum
Aerydium
(Kirby).
70
HOW
6b All
TO
KNOW
3-segmented; pronotum normal
tarsi
size.
Family LOCUSTIDAE
The family contains about 8,000
known species. The common name
157
Fig.
grasshopper is generally applied

to the nonmigratory species and
locust is applied to the migratory
forms.
crops.
They are all destructive to

The migratory locust, Lo-
cusia migTatoria
serious
(DeGeer), 3rd
L.
and
is
is
the
instar.
4-segmented
7a. Tarsi
7b. Tarsi 3-segmented.
most
distributed
widely in most of the Eastern

Hemisphere.
It
breeds in
dry
grassy areas. Grasshopper eggs
are often laid underground.
Melanoplus femur-rubrum
157.
Fig.
pest
8
Fig.
Family GRYLLIDAE
158
About 1,150 species have been

described.
Ihey are generally
called crickets, and are both her-
Snowy
Fig.
158.
thus
niveus
bivorous and carnivorous.

They
hide themselves in holes in the
ground or under stones and deOecan- bris and some live on trees, shrubs
tree-cricket,
(N. Y.
(DeGeer)
Agr.
and
Expt. Sta.).
grass.
Nymphs and
adults
are often found together.

8a. Auditory organ usually present on the fore tibiae.
Fig.
Fig.
et,
Family TETTIGONIIDAE
159
59.
Mormon
crick-
Anabrus simplex
Haldeman.
8b. Auditory
Fig. 160
Fig.
spina
160.
They are commonly called long-horned

grasshoppers or katydids, about 7,000 known
species.
They can produce stridulatory
sounds by the fore wings of the males. They
are both herbivorous and carnivorous, living
in grass or trees. The eggs are often inserted
in the stems of plants.
organ never present on the fore tibiae.

Subfamily Stenopelmatinae, TETTIGONIIDAE
Stenopelmatus
Brunner.
longi.
The subfamily includes about 300 described species. They are mostly carnivorous, living in caves, in holes, under stones and other concealments.
These camel crickets and related forms
are given their own family by some
systematists. The adults are wingless
and strongly resemble the nymphs.
71
HOW
TO KNOW THE IMMATUI^ INSECTS
meso- and metathorax modified either long and

form or short and in leaf form; antennae shorter than
Family PHASMIDAE
the body; cerci not segmented. Fig. 161
9a. Prothorax small,

in linear
iôrtôifA^
They are commonly known as walkingsticks and

because of their body structures closely
resemble the twigs or leaves. Over 700 species are
vegetable feeders.
All of
them are
described.
The nymphs and aduhs of many species appear much
alike for most aduhs are wingless. The eggs are often
leaf insects
dropped
Fig.
16
1.
ingstick,
at
random.
WalkD a i
f e
pheromero
morato (Say)
9b. Prothorax large, projecting over the
head; antennae as long as or
longer than the body; cerci segmented.
Family BLATTIDAE
Fig. 162
About 1,200 species of cockroaches are known

and they occur under dead leaves, moss, refuse
and on flowers and bushes. The most familiar domesticated species are the
German
cockroach, Blai-
American cockroach, Periplaneta ameiicana (L.), and the Australian cockroach, Periplaneia australasiae (Fab.). They have
been distributed throughout the entire world and
are household pests. The females may often be
seen carrying their egg cases which are presently
tella
cSkr!>a?h,''"B7.T.
telle
germanica
germanica
left for
(L.),
the
hatching.
(L.).
ORDER COLEOPTERA
(The key
is
mainly compiled from Boving and Craighead,
and Van Emden,

la.
1942.)
Legs consisting of 5 segments (coxa,

trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus) and
1 or 2 distinct claws (except in instars
of MicTomalthus which are legless or
have 2-segmented legs). Fig. 163
2
72
v^
's^
\
f^'9
'63.
leg.
1931.
HOW
lb.
Legs consisting
oi
trochanter, femur
and
segments (coxa,
tibiotarsus)
and
claw; or less than 4 segments; or

even vestigial or absent. Fig. 164... 13
1
^
Fig.
2a.
Mandible with molar
structure. Fig.
165
164.
leg.
The food habits of an insect possessing chewing mouth parts can usually be judged fairly accurately
by
the
size
and character
of
the
manFig.
These structures are
dibles.
when
it
comes
to
"first
securing food.
It
line"
is
organs
165.
right
mandible.
interesting to note that insect
jaws meet on a vertical plane instead of a horizontal one as with the
mammals.
2b.
Mandible without molar
structure. Fig. 166. ...
Fig.
166.
left
mandible.
abdominal segment extended terminally into a single, conical,

a simple, transverse, narrow sternal plate; legs short, conical; claws of subequal size.
Fig. 167
Family CUPESIDAE
3a. 9th
straight process; ventrally with
very
small
family
ranging into both hemispheres,

tralia.
is
a wood
Aus-
Cupes
borer, as are
other
memThey
of the
are
medium
and
may
bark.
73
of
bers of the family.
most
Fig.
167. a, Cupes eoncolor Westn.; b, a leg; c,
ventral aspect of 9th and
10th abdominal segments.
including
The larva
sized borers,
be found under
HOW
3b. 9th
abdominal segment with terminal process bent downward and
directed toward a similar but

al plate; leg (in instar in
upward bent process from
which
the stern-
developed) provided with a
fully
long, slender tarsus carrying 2 claws of equal length.
Family
168
Fig.
It
MICROMALTHIDAE
consists of
American
a single North
species,
Miciomal-
The biology
of this insect is most remarkable. It combines in its life
thus debilis Lee.
cycle 7 or 8 forms of larvae,
and exhibits both oviparous

and ovoviviparous paedogene-
*iÊc rs OF
168.
Fig.
Micromaithus delibis Lee.

sis.
4a.
Cardo very large;

segment.
2 pairs of gills
on the
tip
of
9th
abdominal
Family GYRINIDAE
Fig. 169
They are called whirligig beetles

swimmers.
cies.
or surface
There are about 450 described spe-
The eggs are
laid
on objects
The
They pu-
in water.
larvae are aquatic and predacious.
pate in flimsy cocoons attached to rocks, water

plants, etc.
Fig.
sp.;
169. a, Dineutes
Maxilla of a
b.
gyrinid
4b.
Cardo
larva.
of
normal moderate
size or small;
never have
/)
2 pairs of gills
Fig.
on the
tip of
9th
170
CMiAmia
abdominal segment.
5
Fig.
la
170. Maxilof a carabid
larva.
74
HOW TO KNOW
5a. Labial palpi latent; mentum and ligula fused into an unpaired anFamily RHYSODIDAE
teriorly bilobed piece. Fig. 171
Rather more than 100
/^-Îfi'.V
..h,aoiA
j/v/v/.*'
species
have been
de-
scribed.
Nothing
ap-
be known about
metamorphoses.
The larvae are probably
Look for
predacious.
them under decaying
u^-u
DOrK.
pears
to
their
r
Fig.
171. a, Clinidium sculptile

aspect of labium.
5b. Labial palpi distinct
Newn:;
b,
Ventrol
and segmented.
6
172
Fig.
abdominal segment present; 8th abdominal
6a. 9th
segment never terminal. (See
.îuenijmm
Fig. 174)
Fig. 172.
Ventral
aspect of labium.
6b. 9th
abdominal segment rudimentary; 8th abdominal segment long,

segment oi the body.
conical, appearing as the terminal
(See Fig.
10
177)
abdominal segment developed as a pygopod

purpose
7a. 10th
7b. 10th
Fig.
for
locomotory
8
abdominal segment not developed as a pygopod.

Family HALIPLIDAE
173
They comprise about 100 widely
distributed species.
Their larvae possess segmentally arranged groups of
freshy process
and are aquatic
adults live together
among
insects.
Larvae and
aquatic plants and
may
be collected readily by raking these plants out on

the shore.
Fig. 173. Peitodytes sp.
75
to
HOW TO KNOW
8a. 2 or 3 pairs of
ment.
Fig.
hooks present on tergiun
174
abdominal segFamily CICINDELIDAE
ol 5th
The family
consists of about
and their adults

ore called tiger beetles. The
larvae live in vertical or slant-
2,000 species
ing,
cylindrical
burrows often
more deep in which

they can move up and down
by aid of the dorsal hooks of
a
foot or
abdominal segment.
fifth
They are predacious and found
along the sandy banks of rivers and bodies of water, in wet
meadows, and in damp partially shaded canyons.
the
Fig.
8b.
174.
Megacephola
No hooks on
Carolina
5th abdominal tergum
9a. Terminal setae of tarsus
single or absent.
rig.
9b.
175.
(L.)
much
Terminal setae
bicuspidate.
shorter
Fig. 175
Harpalus viridiaeneus
ol
tarsus
Beauvois.
much
than
claws;
retinaculum
Family
CARABIDAE
The family is very large,

comprising around 21,000 described species. The larvae
are carnivorous and living
in the soil, grass, under debris or dead bark. Pupation
takes place in a cell in the
ground. They are elongate,
usually flattened and grublike, and often very active.
longer than claws;
retinaculum
FamUy OMOPHRONIDAE
Fig. 178
The members of this small family live

sand and debris along water
courses. They are comparatively rare.
in the
Fig. 176. a, leg

Mandible of
b,
Omophron sp.
Omophron;
Omophron; c,
of
76
HOW TO KNOW
10a.
Head
nutant; mandible falcate
acle absent.
and simple;
This
all
HYGROBIIDAE
a small family comprising

They are found
is
aquatic species.
in the Eastern
Fig.
8th abdominal spir-
Family
Fig. 179
Hemisphere.
177. Hydrobia tarda Herbst.
(Redrawn
from
Boving
and
Craighead)
10b.
Head
porrect;
mandible not simple; 8th adbominal spiracle
minal. (See Fig. 178)

11a.
Mandible with
nor
Fig.
II
distinct retinaculum, inner
margin neither sulcate
tiibular; legs fossoriaL
Subfamily Noterinae, DYTISCIDAE
178
The members
of this small sub-
family ore rather minute in

r
Fig.
ter*
178. o, Noferus sp.;
size.
Their larvae must feed, of course.
CL
b,
On
mandible.
tiny
animol formS.
lib.
Mandible without distinct retinaculum, inner margin either sulcate or tubular; legs ambulatory or natatory.
(See Fig. 179)
12
1 2a.
Prothoracic presternum large and subquadrate; gtUa present, subquadrate or triangular; gular suture double or anteriorly biiui^
cate. Fig. 179
Family DYTISCIDAE
The family contains more than 2,000 speTheir adults are
cies.
known as predacious
and dytiscids.
The larvae are predacious and feed upon
diving beetles, water beetles
many
kinds of aquatic animals including

moUusks, worms, tadpoles, salamanders and
fishes. Because the hunting life, the larvae
are
Fig. 179.. a, Dytiscus sp.;

b, Ventral aspect of head.
sometimes
called
water
tigers.
Their
pupae ore terrestrial and pupation takes

place above the water line.
77
HOW TO KNOW
presternum transverse, narrow and band-shaped;

gula absent; gular suture median and simple.
Family AMPHIZOIDAE
Fig. 180
12b. Prothoracic
The family consists of the single genus,

Amphizoa, with only 3 aquatic species.
They inhabit rocks and logs in fresh water
streams
along
America and
a,
180.
Fig.
sp.; b. Ventral
the
Pacific
coast
of
N.
species in Tibet.
Amphizoa
aspect of
head and prothorax.
13a. 8th
Fig.
abdominal segment glandular, discoidal and terminal.

Family PAUSSIDAE
181
3/
10^
4j/%^%^
^
'f
Fig.
%S^'if
-*^,_/
^
181.
Paussus
More than 300 species are known.

They are adapted to a myrmecophilous
^* ^ metamorphoses of this family
have received very little attention. Its
known members are all exotic.
kannegieteri
Wasm.
13b. 8th
abdominal segment not glandular and not discoidal
14a. Cerci segmented, individually
movable
15
14b. Cerci solid or absent
15a. (a)
28
Galea usually inserted on the
abdomen with only
14
palpifer;
if
absent, then the
8 distinct segments; or (b) galea less often
inserted on stipes (to the outside of lacinia), but

then the mandible serrate, the cerci 2-segmented,
and the
10th
ways with a
Fig. 182
abdominal segment almost
al-
pair of recurved ventral hooks.

114
Fig. 182. Maxilla.
78
HOW TO KNOW
15b.
Galea never inserted on the
palpifer; often ab-
abdomen always
sent or fused with the lacinia;
with 9 to 10 distinct segments;

is
serrate, the cerci absent or
the mandible
if
1-segmented.
16
183
Fig.
Fig. 183. Maxilla.
16a.
Mandible with a usually large, asperate or tuberculate molar part.

184
Fig.
fe. ?r^^-'
'
17
184.
Fig.
16b.
molar
Mandible without asperate or tuberculate

without molar part
17a. 10th
Two
mandibles.
usually
part,
21
abdominal segment provided with a pair
recurved hooks.
of
SubfamUy Limnebiinae, HYDROPHILIDAE
Fig. 185
C^cA
The members
of
small
this
sub-
family are for the most pdrt found
on the Pacific
coast,
and are com-
paratively small in size.

Fig. 185. a, Ochthebius mipressus; b. Tip of abdomen.
17b. 10th
abdominal segment without terminal hooks but sometimes

18
with a pair of long setae
appendices on pro thorax, 1st and

abdominal segments; antenna very short and 2-segmented.
Subfamily Hydroscaphinae, HYDROPHILIDAE
Fig. 186
18a. Spiracles absent; balloon-like
8th
It
is
a small subfamily,
com-
prising only 4 or 5 species adapt-
ed
^<5;5'CA'\^
/T 1/^ ^ÎLSk-^'
a.?\Sj^^\
/7^^:<X>f^^-^.lE
Fig.
186.
Hydroscopho natons Lee.
18b. Spiracles present;
no
'
for
an aquatic
running
^^^
^""^
j^Q^
springs.
species
west.
balloon-like
mented
is
The
found
appendices;
life.
water,
one
in
They
oc-
including
American
our
antenna
South-
3-seg-
19
79
HOW TO KNOW
19a.
Apex
Fig.
of
mandible multiserrate; cerci
1-segmented.
short,
Family PTILIIDAE
187
The larvae and adults

er-winged"
beetles
wood, fungi and
of these 'feath-
live
in
in
decaying
They
ant's nests.
are very minute, some of the smallest
known
beetles belong to this family.
187. a, Nossidium omericonum Mots.; b, Mandible.

Fig.
19b.
Apex
of
mandible
biiid or trifid; cerci
often multianniilated. (See Fig. 188)
20a.
2-segmented, last segment

20
Mandible with vestigial retinaculum.

Fig.
Family LEPTINIDAE
188
This
its
is
a very small family.
are practically
unknown
Its
but
have been found in rotten wood,

nests of birds and of field mice.
habthey
in the
Fig.
88. a, Leptinus testoceus
Mull; b, Mandible.
1
20b.
Mandible with
Fig.
189
distinct
retinaculum or prostheca, or both.

Subfamily Anistominae, SILPHIDAE
They are found among damp herbage, in fungi, under bark, etc. They
are fairly abundant but their very
small
size
results
rather poorly known.
Prionochaeto
a,
189.
Fig.
Soy; b, Mandible with retinaculum;
c. Mandible with prostheca.
80
in
their
being
HOW TO KNOW
21a.
Mala
(lacinia
and galea) and
stipes fused.
22
Fig. 190
Fig.
21b.
Mala
segment-like, movable. Fig. 191. ..Family
This
is
one
including
MAJLA
190.
Maxilla
STAPHYLINIDAE
and
The adults
of the largest family of insects
more than
20,000
species.
The larvae are typically
are called rove beetles.
campodeiform and often closely resemble the Cara-
The larvae of certain species are definitely

known to be carnivorous and predacious. Certain
bidae.
larvae ore pupal parasites of cyclorrhaphous Diptera

Fig.
22a.
191.
and undergo hypennetamorphosis.
Maxilla.
Mandible with apex simple/ recurved and bent away from the
sagittal
plane of the larva.
Family PLATYPSYLLIDAE
Fig. 192
>i^f<:c//fvf^
The family consists of a single species,

the beaver beetle, Platypsyllus castoris
Rits., which is an ectoparasite of the beaver in Europe and America. The biology of
the immature stages is not known.
Fig.
192. a, Mandible;
Plot/psylius castoris Rits.
22b.
23a.
b,
Mandible with apex
differently shaped,
Galea present, often developed as a small,

hairy lobe on top of lacinia. Fig. 193.
23b.
never recurved,
Galea and lacinia fused
.24
25
81
23
HOW
24a. Lacinia with entire surface asperate; terminal
segment
of maxil-
lary palpus subulate; ligula trilobed.

Fig.
Family SCAPHIDIIDAE
194
The members
or
of this family are fungivorous
occur in rotting
Less than
adults.
wood both as
100
species
larvae and
are
known
in
North America although some species are very
common.
Fig.
194.
Scaphi-
a,
soma convexum Say;

b,
Ventral
aspect, of
labium..
24b. Lacinia not asperate, or only along posterior margin; terminal
segment
Fig.
of maxillary
palpus not subulate; ligula bilobed.
FamUy SILPHIDAE
195
The carrion
beetles,
sexton beetles are the
members
adult
burying
beetles
common names
of this family
and
of the
which include
The eggs are

dead animal bodies and their larvae
lead a saprozoic life. However, some are
predacious and feeding upon snails or other
insects; others are found among plants and
about 1,600 described species.
laid in
fungi.
Fig.
195. a,
b. Mandible;
25a. Ligula
Silpha
c.
sp.;
Labium.
either
deeply bilobed
absent; labrum fused to

Fig.
anteriorly,
become
or
nasale.
26
196
196. Dorsal aspect of head.
Fig.
82
HOW TO KNOW
25b. Anterior
Fig.
margin

labrum
of ligula entire;
short elytra of the adult sstaphy-
b,
a,
Dorsal aspect
Oligota oviformis
26a. Cerci long
the
result
otten
resembling
er
.197.
in
linids
closely.
Fig.
movable.
most STAPHYLINIDAE
The
head;
Casey.
distinct, often
197
larva
each
and adults
other
The many species range
widely in
rather
rath-
size.
of
tmd 2-segmented; antennae more than twice as long
as head; ligula bilobed; 6 ocelli on each side.
Subfamily Steninae, STAPHYLINIDAE
Fig. 198
The members of this subfamily are rather fihort

and thick as compared with most staphylinids.
They live in sand and debris at the edge of water
courses and seem to be predacious.
Fig.
198.
Stenus so.
26b. Cerci absent or small
and immovable; antennae not longer than
head; ligula absent; less than 6
ocelli
on each
side,
sometimes no
27
ocelli
83
HOW
TO
expanded
27a. Terga
KNOW

body
laterally;
oval;
Fig. 199
It
antenna club-shaped.
Family SCYDMAENIDAE
more than 1,200 species of small

They mostly occur in moss, under
includes
insects.
bark or
pears
to
in ants' nests.
be known
Scarcely anything ap-
of the
biology of the fcan-
ily.
scydmaenid
27b. Terga not expanded; antenna not club-shaped.
Family PSELAPHIDAE
Fig. 200
The species mostly
live in ants' nests
bears a resemblance to ants.
and
the adult
The biology of the
larvae is little known. More than 3,000 species have

been described. Their size is small.
Fig.
200.
Eup-
lectus confluens
Lee.
28a,
Hypermetamorphosis present; mandible without molar
maxillary mala short, thick, almost

gular area present; cerci absent. Fig. 201
part;
Hypermetamorphosis
is
a condition
vestigial;
29
that prevails
among a relative small percentage of insect species.

Some of the instars are radically different from each
other in habits
and form or
between
tional instars occur
and
the adult.
28b.
No hypermetamorphosis;
than in 28a
in
some cases addigrown larva
Fig.
tral
the full
201. VenQspecT of
head.
different
combination
of
characters
31
84
HOW TO KNOW
29a.
Gula well developed; maxillae inserted at a considerable distance in from anterior margin of presternum; labial palpi 2-segFamily MELOIDAE
mented. Fig. 202
This family comprises no
less than 2,500 species.
The
are
blister
called
Eggs are laid in
adults
beetles.
The
masses in the soil.
newly hatched larvae called
primary
or
triungulins
lar-
vae, are campodeiform. They

are active and feed on egg
masses of other insects in
the soil, or they may attach
themselves to certain adult
hosts and ride to the nests
and feed upon the food or

devour the young. Then they
Fig. 202. a. Forms of meloid

Ventral aspect of labium.
larvae;
transform into scarabaeoid

type of larvae, and some into still a third type of larvae.
A prepupa stage is followed
by the pupa and then the
b,
adult.
29b.
Gula
area
short;
maxillae
extending
posteriorly to near the anterior

of
presternum;
mented, reduced
sent.
Fig.
labial
palpi
margin
not
seg-
to warts, or entirely ab-
30
203
Fig. 203. Ventral aspect

of head and prothorax of
Rhipiphorus solidoginio
Pierce.
30a.
ocellus on
each
side
of
head.
OceUi^
Fig. 204.
Genus Tefraonyx,
MELOIDAE
The larvae
Fig. 204. Tetraonyx

1st instar.
quadrimoculoto
of this
genus seem
other Meloids
that some systematists would errect a family (Tetraonycidae) for
F.
85
from
so
different
the
few members
of the genus.
HOW
30b. Several ocelli placed together

Fig. 205
on each side of head.

Family RHIPIPHORIDAE
The larvae of this family are of great

on account of their parasitic
habits. Metaecus paradoxus is a parasite in nests of Vespa, but the eggs are
laid in old wood. The larva becomes
an endoparasite and then changes to
interest
ouaus
Fig.
205. Phlpiphorus solidaginis
Pierce.
Pupation
ectoparasite.
place
takes
in
the cell of the host.
31a.
Mandible
bearing
an
accessory
ventral
condyle; with either a free galea well sep-
arated from a distinct lacinia or with
cri-
briform spiracles, or with both characters.

Fig. 306
32
-^
Cîe/t,f:o/ifM S/>''!*<l.e
206. a,
mandible; b,
Fig.
illa;
c,
right
A max-
cribriform
spiracle.
31b. Characters not so combined.
40
32a.
Median epicranial suture present; 10th abdominal segment well

developed, usually about as large or larger than the well developed 9th abdominal segment, sometimes fused with it dorsally,
when shorter than 9th abdominal segment, then provided with a
pair of large anal pads
33
32b.
Median epicranial suture absent; 10th abdominal segment much

smaller than the well developed 9th abdominal segment and always without anal pads, or both 9th and 10th abdominal segments
vestigial
37
33a. Stridulating organ present on mesothoracic leg;
abdominal terga not
plicate.
Fig. 207
34
Fig. 207.
leg.
ic
86
mesothorac-
HOW
33b. Stridulating organ absent, or present as

teeth
on dorsal inner margin
maxil-
of
lary stipites, usually working against a
granulate or
striped
area
on
central
side of mandibles; abdominal terga
34a.
cate.
Fig. 208
Anus
longitudinal
end
of
pli-
"^f^lPuÂT,^*
35
between 2 large
Fig. 208.
ic leg.
^'^
mesothorac-
pads
oval, often sclerotized
at
body; metathoracic legs normal.
Figc 209
Family
LUCANIDAE
The family consists of around 900 speThe adults are called stag beetles.
cies.
larvae
Their
live
largely
wood. The larval stage

to
complete
their
in
decaying
lasts 4 to 6
development.
takes place in a cell formed of
wood
Fig.
209.
indricum.
34b.
Anus
gnawed
species are very
large.
AMAt Pav'
vÂ^rAAi AM4C
Some
fragments.
years
Pupation
loee
Sinodendron
transverse;
eyl'
end
of
body
different; metathoracic legs reduc-
ed and much shorter than mesothoracic
legs.
Family PASSALIDAE
Fig. 210
It
reported that the parent beetles stay with the
vae and chew wood

their
into
a condition suitable
was
lar-
for
progeny. The metathoracic legs of the la#vae
are greatly modified and adapted to form an organ
which works across a
striated
area on the meso-
coxa, thus producing a squeaking noise.
Passalus sp.
87
HOW TO KNOW
35a. Lacinia
and galea separate.
36
Fig. 211.
211. Maxilla.
Fig.
35b. Lacinia
and galea
About
Family
Fig. 212
fused.
15,000 species are
SCARABAEIDAE
known
in
this
very-
large family. The larvae are typicqlly scarabaeoid
and feeding upon

some forms are recorded as being
myrmecophilous. The white grubs are best known
type, living mostly in the soil
plant tissues, but
larval
while
pests
the
Japanese
beetle,
June
and rose chafer are the serious adult pests.

The world's largest beetles belong here, and of
beetle
Fig.
212.
kansanas
Anomala
Hayes
course the largest grubs.
McColloch.
One
fairly large and widely represented group within this family,

Tumble bugs, are unique in their method of providing for their
young. A pair of beetles make a large ball of mammalian dung
which they roll, often for a considerable distance, and bury in an
excavation which they prepare. An egg is laid in the ball and the
grub makes its entire growth within the ball.
the
36a. Stridulating organs absent.
It
Fig. 213
is
Family
TROGIDAE
a small family composed
of three
genera and about 160 species. They most-
decomposing animal matand may be found in carrion.
ly live in dried
ter,
'
Fig. 213. o,
b. Antenna.
(L
Trox scobcr
L.;
HOW TO KNOW
36b. At least maxillary stridulating teeth present.
SCARABAEIDAE
Family
Fig. 214
The larvae
of
many
Scara-
baeids live in dung or other
decaying organic matter and

are of
little
consequence ex-
Many
on the
growing plants and
others
roots of
scavengers.
as
cept to act
are highly
feed
destructive.
214. o. White grub; b, Maxilla.
Fig.
abdominal segment of normal form and not terminal; 9th

abdominal segment large. (See Fig. 215)
38
37a. 8th
abdominal segment large and terminal; 9th abdominal seg-
37b. 8th
ment
38a. 10th
39
vestigial. (See Fig. 217)
abdominal segment almost obliterated and without
minal prolongation;
soft, ter-
ocelli absent.
Family DASCILLIDAE
Fig. 215
This is a group of small to med^ ium terrestrial and aquatic beetles.

The larvae have been found in
pasture land.
Some
500
species
are known.
215.
Fig.
38b. 10th
Dascilius davidsoni
abdominal segment well developed, with
paired, 2-segmented
side.
Lee.
and
soft
terminal un-
retractile prolongation; 5 ocelli
on each
FamUy HETEROCERIDAE
Fig. 218
The family is very widely

and about 100
species
are
known. The
larvae live in galleries which
distributed
they excavate in
Fig.
216.
Heterocercus ventrolis Melsh.
89
the
mud
bordering pools and streams.
HOW TO KNOW
39a. 3 terminal tufts of gills retractile into a pocket; antenna long and
multisegmented; one large ocellus and one small ocellus on each
side of head.
FamUy HELODIDAE
Fig. 217
It
is
small
family.
Their larvae are aquatic.
They
are
all
of
small
size.
Fig.
217. Prionoeyphon discoideus Say.
39b. Gills absent; antenna 3-segmented; 5 ocelli on each side of head.
Subfamily Nosodendrinae,
Fig. 218
BYRRHIDAE
The single genus Nosodendron contains 3 described

America and 1 from Europe.
The larvae have been taken in fungi, under bark and
species, 2 from North
around the flowing sap of trees. They are thought to

be predators on dipterous larvae. No information
concerning the pupae
Fig.
is
available.
218. Noso-
dendron
oali-
fornicus Horn.
40a. Gular region or
sent or absent;
dibles having
median gular suture preabsent, with man-
when
mola
or prostheca or ex-
traordinary structures except a pgeudo41
mola. Fig. 219
Fig. 219. o, Ventral aspect of head; b. Mandible.
40b. Gular region or gular suture absent; mandibles with

or no mola
90
pseudomola
118
HOW TO KNOW
articulating
41a. Maxillary
distinct;
when
area either large or
(except in Catogenidae, Epilachninae

inae).
Fig.
in-
mandibles with mola
indistinct,
and Lami-
^^'^-^^
42
220
220. Maxiilta.
Fig.
by
and cushioned; mandible without molar
41b. Maxillary articulating area absent, or very small, or concealed
mentum,
not
large
43
part
a well developed lacinia and a

42a.
finger-shaped, 1 or 2-segmented galea; mandible without a distinct molar part but with a longitudinal series of hairs at the
Family BYRRHIDAE
base. Fig. 221
Maxillary mala divided
into
The family has about 500

are called
in
need
pill
beetles.
of study.
The adults
species.
Their
The larvae
life
of
are found beneath turf or moss.
histories are
Bynhus
Amphicyrta dentipes are often injurious
and
Fig.
221.
fasciatus
pilula
The larvae
to
of
wild
cultivated plants.
a, Byrrhus
Forst.;
b.
Mandible.
42b.
Mala simple, or division either indicated by distal notch or present with lobe-like galea; mandibles with or without a molar part
66
but without a longitudinal series of hairs at the base
below the entire abdomen, or with movable 10th abdominal segment usually covering retractile gills at the end
of the body, or with mamillaeform appendices
from the 10th abdominal segment; mandibles
43a. Either with exposed gills
never perforate or deeply
cleft. Fig.
222
44
Fig.
of
43b. Gills or anal appendices usually
mandible either perforate or deeply

44a.
Movable
10th
absent; when present,

cle|t longitudinally
abdominal segment absent

91
223.
Tip
obdomen.
then
48
45
HOW TO KNOW
44b.
Movable
10th
abdomincd segment present be-
low 9th abdominal tergimi.

45 a.
Body
47
Fig. 223
cylindrical, without ventral gills
46
222.
Fig.
45b.
Body flat, broadly oval; with ventral

2nd to 6th abdominal segments.
freely exposed from
gills
Family PSEPHENIDAE
Fig. 224
The larvae are aquatic and

stones
0,j^^s
tened and
merged and
Fig. 224. Psephenus

contei Lee.
Their
disc-like.
attach
streams,
swift-flowing
in
cascades and waterfalls.
46a.
Tip
abdomen.
of
to
rapids,
They are flatpupae ore sub-
firmly attached to stones.
le-
Antennae comparatively long;
abdominal segment with a pair
10th
of large lobes usually carrying spinose diverticles.
Subfamily Ptilodactylinae,
Fig. 225
The
biology
needs
to
of
HELODIDAE
this
subfamily
be investigated. The larvae
Say are found

Only a
known in North
of Ptilodactyla seTricollis
,
in the
few
damp
species
America.
that
this
soil of forests.
are
Some
systematists believe
subfamily
belongs
where or as a separate family.

Ptilodactyla
serri-
9th and 10th ab-
dominal segments.
92
else-
HOW TO KNOW
46b.
Antennae
short;
10th
Fig. 226
abdomincd segment without diverticles.

Genus Eurypogon, DASCILLIDAE
Some
500
known
rather
widely-
species are
distributed
for this family.
are found in
damp
and are small
sized.
adults are dull colored

Fig
226.
a,
Eurypogon
Half aspect of head;

dominal segments.
47a. 8 pairs of
c,
niger Melsh; b.
9th and 10th ab-
of
They
places
The
and
rather soft texture.
abdominal spiracles, all projecting, either cribiform or

a deviating sinuous type.
Family CHELONARIIDAE
biforous but of
Fig. 227
Only one species

family
is
known
in
of this small
the
United
States.
Fig.
227. Chelonarium sp.
47b. Abdomiiôl spiracles vary from 1 to 8 pairs, either onnuliform or

regularly biiorous, never sinuous.
Family
Fig. 228
DRYOProAE
The larvae
of Dryops is stated to live

earth beneath stones. The
larva of one species of Psephenus is
said to resemble a trilobite except that
its lateral margins are notched.
More
than 400 species are known. The aduhs
are named "long-toed water beetles."
in
Fig.
228. Heimis aeneus Muller.
48a. 9th abdominal
damp
segment operculafe,
vertical
Fig. 229
and
terminal.
Family RHIPICERIDAE
This small family of "cedar

beetles" are dull colored
of
medium
life
Fig.
229.
Zenoa picea Beauv.
93
and
to large size. Their
history is not well
known.
HOW TO KNOW
48b. 9th al)dominal
segment otherwise
49
49a. Spirades cribriiorm; 10th abdominal segment terminal; prothorax

large and more or less depressed, usually covered with a plate
both dorsally and ventrally.

Fig. 230
Family BUPRESTIDAE
The flat-headed borers are a large

family which consists of about 8,000
described species. The larvae are
blind and legless but capable of excavating in all kinds of dry and
moist wood. They live in the trunks,
limbs and roots of trees. A few are
leaf miners and gallmakers; some
are highly destructive to fruit and
pjô rwoj? A;t
230. Western cedar borer,

Trochykele blondeli Mars.
Fig.
forest trees.
49b. Not so.
50
^trs:
50a.
Labrum
present.
60
Fig. 231.
Fig.
50b.
Labnmi
fused.
Fig. 232
51
Fig.
51a. Frontal sutures present (except in Throscidae and

head capsule and mouth parts are reduced or
ed)
Eucnemidae the
much
51b. Frontal sutures absent (except in Brachypsectrini

dae, both of which hove piercing mandibles)
52a.
Head capsule and mouth
parts very
much reduced
52
and Lampyri56
or extremely
specialized. (See Fig. 233)
52b.
Head capsule and mouth
specializ-
53
ports
normal
slightly
reduced
or
entirely
54
94
HOW TO KNOW
53a. Legs short but with normal segments.

Fig. 233
Fig.
THROSCIDAE
Family
The members of this small

family are of small size and
are known as "pseudo click
beetles". The adults are found
on flowers but not much is
known about the habits of the
233. ThroscMS sp.
larvae.
53b. Legs vestigial or absent.
Family
Fig. 234
EUCNEMIDAE
Less than 100 species

known for North
are
America. The larvae have
the head parts enlarged
Fig. 234. Melasis rufipennis Horn.
and closely resemble the
buprestid larvae.
They
bore in wood usually that is just beginning to decay and are fairly
7smmrir>,
common.
54a. Gular area well developed
and quadrate.
Fig. 235
55
Fig. 235. Ventral aspect of head.
54b. Gulor area small
gidar suture.
and
indistinct, or
represented only
by a median
Family ELATERIDAE
Fig. 236
This family is a large one

with about 8,000 known species. The larvae are called
wireworms and are well
known
Fig.
236.
pests
of
farm
and
garden. They are mostly

subterranean and phytophagous. Some are predacious
upon white grubs and a
number of species inhabit
wireworm.
wood and prey

upon the xylophagous lar-
decaying
vae.
95
HOW TO KNOW
and ventral prothoracic scleromes united into a solid cylinder; cervical membrane very large
and eversible forming a balloon-shaped sack below the head
Family CEBRIONIDAE
when raised. Fig. 237
55a. Larva strongly sclerotized; dorsal
This small family is

related
the
wire
to
worms. As for the Uni-
~
CMKyCAK
ted States our species

are southern or west-
I^CffOfÂ'^t llPAMPtr>
Fig
237. Cebrio antennatus Schfr.
ern.
and soft-skinned; dorsal and ventral prothoracic

parts not forming a cylinder; cervical membrane not eversible.
55b. Larva white
Genus
Fig. 238
RHIPICERIDAE
ândaiivLs.
The information
available
garding the habits of

is
very
limited.
It
this
is
re-
genus
reported
a mature larva of %anda.his

niger Knoch was taken from the
that
nymph
Fig.
of
a Cicada, having de-
veloped OS a porosite.
238. Sondolus niger Knoch.
abdominal segment with an unpaired pointed prolongation, or

paired cerci; bcdy with feather-like or spinose processes.
Group Brachypsecti. DASCILLIDAE
Fig. 239
56a. 9th
This group has but
one
known North American
species.
This family of Soft-bodied Plant Beetles, has less
than a thousand
habitat
tively
is in
known
species.
The most frequent
proximity to water but only a compara-
small percentage
of
larvae
and adults are
aquatic as with the species here pictured.

239. Brochypsectra ful-
Fig.
vo Lee.
56b. 9th abdominal segment without prolongation or cerci;

out conspicuous processes
96
body
with-
57
HOW TO KNOW

a transverse bridge.
Family CANTHARIDAE
57a. Epicranial halves meeting ventrally forming

Fig. 240
The family
HAJLf^
is
scribed species.
composed
of
Their adults are com-
monly called
1,300 de-
soldier beetles.
are deposited in masses
in
The eggs
the
soil.
The newly hatched larvae of some species are feebly developed and are
called
"prolarvae".
The
larvae
are
and have a velvety appearance due to a covering of
primarily carnivorous
fine
Fig. 240. a, Contharis sp.;
aspect of head
b. Ventral
hairs.
Pupation
takes
place
in
cells in the soil.
(appendages omitted).
57b. Epicranial halves not meeting ventrally.
58a. Frontal sutures present.
Fig. 241
58
Family
LAMPYRIDAE
There are about 2,000 described species. The adults
known as
and glowworms. The eggs,

The
larvae are predacious and feed upon small animals
including earthwoims, snails, crustaceans and insects.
are
fireflies
larvae and pupae are also sometimes luminous.
They are subterranean but several Asiatic species

are reported to be aquatic. Pupation usually takes
place in a soil cell beneath rubbish or on the surface
in moist situations.
Fig.
241.
Pho-
sp.
.59
58b. Frontal sutures absent.
97
HOW TO KNOW
59a.
Antenna 3-segmented with apical segment and a disk-shaped appendix; stipes and
mented. Fig. 242
mentum
separate; cardo present; galea 2-seg-
Family
It
PHENGODIDAE
reported that the species of ?h.en-
is
godes prey upon myriapods. Some larvae
have light-producing organs, and are very

attractive, sometimes displaying two or
more colors of lights. The adult females
ZRACoM
of
some species resemble
the larvae.
Fig. 242. a, Phengodes sp.;

b. Ventral aspect of head.
59b.
Antenna 1 or 2-segmented, distally covered with a large domeshaped appendix; stipes and mentiiin fused; cardo vestigial or
Family LYCIDAE
absent; galea 1-segmented. Fig. 243
They are similar to the lampyrids

which they are related. The adults
fly by day, and are not luminous.
to
Less than 100 species are

Fig.
243.
turn
F.
Calopteron
retieula-
j^^^^j^
known
for
America.
60a. Frontal sutures present
61
60b. Frontal sutures absent
65
61a. Lacinia distally

Fig.
armed with
or
more
spurs.
FamUy DERMESTIDAE
244
The family consists of about

550 described species. The larvae are covered with long or
short hairs and feed upon dead
animal and plant materials including skins, horn, hair, wool,
tallow, cxired meats, cheese, museum specimens and cereal
Fig.
244. a, Carpet beetle; b, Maxilla.
Some very serious

household pests belong to this
products.
family.
HOW TO KNOW
Fiq.
HOW TO KNOW
63b Mandible with a short or no prothecal process; median epicranial

64
suture usually not well developed, or entirely absent
64a. Antenna with the sensory appendix longer than the distal segFamily CISIDAE
ment. Fig. 248
This is a widely distributed family comprising probably over 300 species which
are found in old wood or
Some of the grubs
fungi.
eat paper and are known as
"bookworms"; other species
ore pests where grain feed
J-^Â^rA
stored.
is
Fig.
248. Enneorthron sp.
Antenna with the sensory appendix shorter than the distal segFamily OSTOMIDAE
ment or absent. Fig. 249
The well-known cadelle, Tene-
64b.
broides mauiitanicus L., feeds primarily upon grain and grain products, but sometimes also preys
on other insects which live in the
same medium. They are whitish
Fig. 249. Airora cylindrico Serv.
grubs and noticably flattened.
65a. Antenna without sensory appendix; ventral mouth pQrts apparentFamily CUCUJIDAE
ly protracted. Fig. 250
This
family of
flat
bark
contains
less
than
beetles
1,000
known
species but they
are so variable that the family

ing the protracted
linearis Lee.
65b.
appears at several places
250. a, Ventral aspect of head, show-
Fig.
mouth
in our key.
ports; b, Scolidio
Antenna with dilated sensory appendix; ventral mouth parts reGroup Bothriderini, COLYDIIDAE
Fig. 251
tracted.
Some
species of this group ore
some are predaupon wood boring insects,

and a few are parasitic. Look for
them on leaves or under the bark
phytophagous,
te
p^n^^^'l'^^^s
^^"'^
cious
of trees.
Deretophrus oregonensis
Horn; b, Antenna; c, Ventral aspect of
retracted
mouth
the
head, showing
Fig.
251.
a,
parts.
100
HOW TO KNOW
66a. Ventral
mouth parts
retracted. (See Fig. 251c)
66b. Ventral
mouth parts
protracted.
Fig.
67
(See Fig. 250).
FamUy CERAMBYCIDAE
252
The family is about sixth in size in the

order and contains about 20,000 described
species. Because of the large thorax the larFig.
252.
Roundheaded
apple tree borer, Saperda Candida Fab.
vae are called roundheaded borers. The eggs

are laid on or in the host plants and the female beetle sometimes girdles a limb so that
the larvae may feed on the dying wood. The

larvae feed as borers on both living and dead plants, and are very
destructive. Some of these larvae are known to live for many years.
The back of the mandible either with 2 long flagellate setae

and the body of the mandible partially fleshy or fully
sclerotized; or (b) the back of the mandible without long setae
distally, and the body of the mandible always fleshy, only with
the base, or the tip and the base sclerotized.
most LATHRIDIIDAE
Fig. 253
67a. (a)
distally,
The members of this famnumber more than 700

species and are found in
moss, decaying wood and
ily
fungi.
Pig. 253. a,
b. Mandible.
67b.
Cortodcre eottuloto
Reit.;
few have occured
in herbaria, dried carcasses
and
in ants' nests.
The back of the mandible without long flagellate setae

and the body of the mandible completely sclerotized
68a. Maxillary
galea.
mala with
Fig.
distinguishable
lacinia
distally,
and
69
254
Fig. 254.
Maxilla.
68b. Maxillary
mala
entire,
sometimes bilobed
anteriorly.
71
Fig. 255
101
68
HOW TO KNOW
69a.
2nd antennal segment more than 4 times as long as the basal

segment. Fig. 256
Family LATHRIDIIDAE
These "minute brown scavenger beetles" are
^vrfA/A>A<
Some
very small.
are pests in drugs and other
commercial products.
Both larvae and adults
are so small that they often escape detection.

Fig.
pect
69b.
256. Dorsal osof heod.
2nd antennal segment subcylindricol, 3 times or
less,
the basal segment

70a. Spiracles oimular, not
Fig. 257,
as long as
70
on tube; cerci not distinct.

Subfamily Eucinetinae, DASCILLIDAE
This subfamily contains only
small beetles.
a few
Their larvae are not
well known.
Fig.
257. a, Eucinefus sp.; b,
spiracle.
70b. Spiracles biforous,
on tubes;
cerci strong.
FamUy DERODONTIDAE
Fig. 258
The members
of
this
small
family live in fungi. They are
known as
Fig.
258.
Melsh; b,
a,
Derodontus moculofus
on tube.
the "Tooth necked"
fungus beetles.
spiracle
71a.
Mala
71b.
Mala obtuse, or with inner margin irregularly

78
toothed or notched. Fig. 260
falciform.
Fig. 259.
Fig. 260.
Maxilla.
102
HOW TO KNOW
spiracles,
73
Fig. 261
72a. Spiracles biforous.
The
openings along the sides of
..
^qpsA/ifiis
the thorax and abdomen of both immature and

adult insects which function in respiration take
various forms and numbers in different species.
Fig. 261. A biforus spiracle.
77
Fig. 262
72b. Spiracles annular.
Fig. 262. An annular spiracle.
73a. Spiracles at least some borne on tubes; cerci terminating abruptly with 2 or 3 conical processes. (See Fig. 263)
74
73b. Spiracles not at oil on tubes; cerci terminally pointed
or cerci absent. (See Fig. 265)
and simple,
75
74a. Labial palpus 1-segmented. Fig.

263.
Fig.
263.
Hesperobaenus
..Family
MONOTOMIDAE
sp.
74b. Labial palpus 2-segmented.
Famly RHIZOPHAGIDAE
Fig. 264
Fig.
75 a.
264.
Body
Rhizophagus grondis
cylindrical;
Fig. 265
Very little is known regarding the habits of the family.

The larvae of i?hizophagus are
predacious upon xylophagous
insects. Less than 20 species
are known for North America.
Gyli.
mandible with 3 apical teeth.

Subfamily Languriinae, EROTYLIDAE
(^m?333^333&
Fig.
265.
Langurki angustata Beauv.
103
This subfamily does not

contain many American species, but a few of them are
as plant
rather important
pests. The larvae are slim
whitish "worms" which bore
in the stems of clover and
other plants.
HOW
Bcdy
75b.
TO
fusiform;
KNOW
mandible with
76
2 apical teeth
edge
76a. Cutting
of
mandible be-
hind the apical teeth with a

single rounded projection; re-
266. a, Pharaxonotho kirshi Reit.;
Fig
b,
tinaculum short and broad.

Fig. 266. .Subfamily Cladoxeninae, EROTYLIDAE
Mandible.
76b. Cutting
edge
of
mandible behind the apical teeth multiserrate;
retinaculum long and slender.

Fig. 267
^triffACu
CRYPTOPHAGIDAE
Family
About 800 species are describThey are found on fungi and

decaying organic matter. A few
are found in the nests of ants and
wasps where they are thought to
be predators or scavengers.
ed.
Cryptophagus
Sturm.
saginatus
Mandible.
77a. Cerci absent.
Fig. 268.
Group Silvanini, CUCUJIDAE

The genus SiLvanus contains 55
known species. The larvae of
some
of the species are
very de-
structive to stored grain products,
Their small size

to get a good
start before being detected.
dried
268. Saw-toothed grain beetle,

Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)
Fig.
77b. Cerci present.
fruit,
etc.
often permits
them
Family CUCUJIDAE
Fig. 269.
This
family consists
of
about
The development
1,000 species.
of
many
and
species takes place in grain

grain products. A few are
predacious upon wood-boring

Fig
78a.
269.
sects
and also on
in-
termites.
Mentum
with only apex free, or small, or infusion with other areas (except in
Sphindidae, mentum free to base and distinct,
but appearing together with a mandible provided with retinaculum and a 9th abdominal
segment without cerci). Fig. 270
79
distinct
78b.
Cucuius clavipes Fob.
Mentum
by
with more than apex free, often free
developed and
distinct
104
to
Fig.
270.
Mentum
and maxilla.
base, always well

93
HOW
79a.
Head swollen

laterally,
normal shape and
and much broader than
thorax; cardo of
round and
position; maxillary articulating area
well developed; hypostomal inner margin concave between fossa

for
mandible and posterior end
Fig. 271
of cardo.
Genera Prosfomis and Dryocoia, CUCUJIDAE

Prostomis mandibularis, here figured is almost
cosmopolitan in its distribution. The group is a
relatively small one.
The family Cucujidae has about a thousand
known
Fig. 271. a, Prostoniis" mandibularis

Fab.; b, Maxilla.
species of rather widely diversified forms.

Both the larvae and the adults are often serious
pests of stored food products and as such have
been distributed world wide. Many of the species
live under the bark of trees, some being plant feeders and others feeding upon the small animal forms
they find associated with them. The larvae are
usually elongate and flattened.
79b. Different development of some, or
all, of
the 4 characters.
80a. Maxillae appearing protracted in front of the
mandiblular articulations by a complete or
80
JLABIUM
^-^"xfw^^''
partial elimination of the cardines.

Fig.
81
272.
Fig. 272. Ventral

aspect of head.
80b. Maxillae deeply retracted. Fig. 273
Fig. 273. Ventral

aspect of head.
81a. Cerci present; terga without glandular openingb.
105
82
HOW TO KNOW
81b. Cerci absent; terga with paired glandular openings.
Family
Fig. 274
These
beetles".
dant.
As
are
ORTHOPERIDAE
"fringe-winged
the
They are small but

the
name
fungus
quite abun-
indicates they live in
fungi.
Fig
274. Corylophodes mor-
ginicollis
82a. 8th
Lee.
abdominal segment
distinctly longer
than
7th.
Family CUCUIIDAE
Fig. 275
gnQ
TnnrTn['*T*T^
^^^''^^^^^'^^^'^^^''^*'^^^^
275. Laemophloeus
Fig.
tatus Say.
bigut-
The genus Laemophloeus contains

more than 320 species which occur
urder bark and some are destructive
to dried fruit and cereals.
83
abdominal segment about as long as seventh or shorter
a swollen abdomen, slightly sclerotized;
head and body white.
Genera Scalidia and Catogenus, CUCUIIDAE
Fig. 276
82b. 8th
83a. Larvae parasitic, having
The species here pictured is found

our southern states. Only a few
species of these two genera are
in
Fig.
276. Seolidla
linearis
83b. Larvae not parasitic

normally sclerotized
84a. Apical
segment
ing posteriorly.
Lee.
known
to
America.
and abdomen not swollen; head and body

84
palpus normal; hypostomal rods divergFamily PHALACRIDAE

277
of labial
Fig.
The larvae of Olibrus bore into stems

and pupate underground. Eustilbus apicalis Melsh. is a predator upon the pea aphids. There are some 500 species of these
"shining flower beetles".
Fig.
277. a,
sp.; b, Ventral
Phaiacrus
aspect of
a half head.
106
HOW TO KNOW
84b. Apical
lel.
segment
palpus minute; hypostomal rods paralSubfamily Smicripinae, MONOTOMIDAE
of labial
Fig. 278
Only two species of this interesting subfamily are known for North America. They
are southern in their range.
Fig. 278. a, Smicrips polmicolo Lee; b, Ventral

aspect of a half head.
Cardo (a) comparative small, narrow, often spindle-shaped and

longitudinally directed; or (b) large, about as long or longer than
stipes, triangular, and immovable, without posterior condyle.
85a.
Family NITIDULIDAE
The family comprises some 2,500
species. The larvae are mostly saprophagous. They are found in fruit and
garbage dimips, in cereals, under
bark of dead trees, in galleries of
woodboring beetles and in ants' nests.
Several genera are predacious upon
aphids and scale-insects. Pupation
takes place in a cell in the soil.
Fig. 279
Fig.
lus
tral
279. a, Glischrochiobtusus Say; b, Venaspect of head.
Cardo (a) moderate size, subtriangular, much shorter than stipes

and obliquely directed; or (b) fused with stipes to a large, movcdsle
structure with a posterior condyle
86
86a. Mentum well developed and free to base.
85b.
Fig. 280
Fig.
Family SPHINDIDAE
Present day knowledge of this

family is quite limited. The larvae
are found under bark and in fungi.
Only a few species are recorded for North America.
280. Sphindus omericonus Lee
mBMEUTUt^
86b.
Mentum
not well developed,
submentum, only free
often
fused
apically. Fig. 281
with
87
Fig.
281.
Labium.
107
HOW TO KNOW
87a.
Mandible with
large, multituberculate or multi-
carinate molar structure; cardo
and subtriangular.
Fig.
proper
distinct
282
88
Fig.
282.
Mandible.
89
87b.
Mandible not so
88a.
Body shape similar to a scale-insect; along the sides with flat

projections carrying spinulose setae.
Family MURMIDIIDAE
Fig. 283
The species here pictured is widely scatOnly a few other
tered in both hemispheres.
species ore
Fig.
ovolis
88b.
known
for
America.
283. Murmidius
Beck.
Body
FamUy ENDOMYCHIDAE
different. Fig. 284
The family has about 950 known
species.
commonly called fungus

beetles. The larvae feed upon fungi, dead
wood and vegetable refuse.
Their adults are
Fig.
284.
ulkei
Cr.
Rhymbus
108
HOW TO KNOW
B9a.
Mandible with reduced, smooth, and usually condyliform moiar

hypopharyngeal sclerome present.
structure; distinct
Subfamily Coccinellinae, COCCINELLIDAE
Fig. 285
The family
sisting
is
about
of
fairly large
3,000
one conThe
species.
adults are called ladybird beetles. Both

the adults and the larvae have the same
food habits. Among the few phytophagous species the genus Ephilachna are
very serious pests of agricultural crops.
Most of them are predacious and feed

upon aphids, scale-insects, mites and
other small insects. They have been
utilized effectively in the biological control
pupa; b, larva,
a,
89b.
90a.
90b.
molar
91a. 3 ocelli
on each
structure;
hypopharyngeal
sclerome
long, often branched, setiierous dorsal

91
setiierous dorsal
and
lateral processes.
92
Subfamily Ephilachnlnae, COCCINELLIDAE
The "black sheep"

ful
family
fall in this
unite to destroy as
plants as possible.
Mexican
beetle,
and
side, cerci absent.
Fig. 288
286.
larvae
90
Body without long
bean
The
produce a kind of protecfrom the joints of the legs.
or absent
Body armed with many

and lateral processes
Fig.
pests.
may
tive fluid
(U.S.D.A.
Mandible without
weak
crop
of
adults
285 Covergent lady beetle,

Hippodomio convergens Guerin:
Fig.
Epi-
vorivestris
iochaa
Mulsont.
109
of this otherwise
quite help-
subfamily. Larvae and adults
many
bean, squash and similar,
HOW TO KNOW
91b. 5 ocelli
on each
side; cerci well developed.
Family EROTYLIDAE
Fig. 287
has about 2,600 described species. The larvae live in the soil,
in stems of plants and on fungi.
It
Some
Fig.
287.
Clover stem
mozardi
ggrio
borer,
Latr.
colored.
Mentum and submentum
92a.
species are fairly large and

of the adults are brightly
many
Lan-
distinct.
Group Dacnini, EROTYLIDAE
Fig. 288
The
larvae
have
been
found in herbaceous plants.
They live in decaying wood

and are of little importance
economically.
Fig.
288. a, Penthe pimeira Fab.;
Mentum and submentum
92b.
Fig.
Lab-
b.
fused.
Family
289
They occur
I5
MELANDRYIDAE
in
dry
wood and
fungi or sometimes under bark.
The
larvae
cylindrical
Fig.
289. o. Melandrya striata Soy;
b,
are
slender
and may
often
and
be
found with the adults.
Labium.
93 a.
Body terminating
in
Fig. 290
^.
^^^
Fig. 290. Scraptia sericea

Meish.
a deciduous ovate appendix.

Group Scraptini, MELANDRYIDAE
The species of Scraptia occur in rotten
wood, fungi, etc. This is a small group
with but two genera and only
^ a few spe^
cies in America.
.
94
93b. Not so
94a.
Mandible with a
toil-like,
fleshy, hairy lobe

Fig.
hairy appendix or a
behind the base
of
mola.
95
291
Fig. 291.
mandibles.
94b.
Mcmdible not
Two
96
so.
110
HOW TO KNOW
95a. 3 large
of
and
2 or 3 small ocelli
on each side
ol
head; appendix
mandible tail-shaped.
Subfamily Byturinae,
Fig. 292
It
DERMESTIDAE
includes a single genus By-
few species. Both adults

and larvae are injurious to rasptuTus with
Fig.
95b.
292.
ocellus
berries.
Byturus unicolor Say.
on each side
head; appendix
of
Fig. 293
mandible lobe-like.
Family ANTHICIDAE
of
Well over
1,000 species of these

small beetles have been
described. They are widely scat-
rather
Fig.
Abdominal
96a.
^^^^^
293. Anthicus heroleus Csy.
^^^
O^^^^ ^^^7 numerous.
spiracles located in disk-like sclerites.
Family EURYSTETHIDAE
Fig. 294
Only a few species are recorded in

America for this family. All of them are
on the west coast.
Fig.
cus
96b.
97a.
294. Eurystethus
Melsh.
caiiforni-
97
Abdominal spiracles not located in disk-like sclerites
Mandible without molar structure; larvae parasitic with swollen
Group Bothriderini, COLYDIIDAE
abdomen. Fig. 295
The larvae
of Bothrideres
of
several
species
have been noted
to
be ectoparasites or predators of
other
Fig.
295.
Derataphrus
coleopterous larvae.
oregonensis
Horn.
97b.
Mandible with molar
structure.
98
Fig. 296
ill
HOW TO KNOW
Body elongate,
98a.
cylindrical or subcylindricaL or
Body elongate and strongly depressed with
98b.
iusiiorm..99
paral-
107
sides
lel
Cardo simple.
99a.
more
Fig.
100
297.
297.
Maxilla.
Fig.
Cardo divided
99b.
102
into 2 parts. Fig. 298.
Fig.
298.
Maxilla.
100a.
Mandible symmetrical.
Family COLYDIIDAE
Fig. 299
Some
Fig.
299.
Aulonium tuberculatum
Lee.
100b.
101a.
species are
known
Mandible asymmetrical
Mola
of
101
mandible depressed, with a grinding surihce on the
ventral or dorsal side or both.

Fig. 300
Family MYCETOPHAGIDAE
The members of this family
Fig. 300. a,
b. Mandible.
to feed
upon decaying vegetable matter,

a number of them are predacious
upon larvae or pupae of several
Cerambycidae.
Mycetophogus punctotus Say;
chiefly
wood
or
upon
lac
live
in
rotting
under bark, associated with fungi. The larvae of Berginus maindroni

Grouv. are reported to feed
and
the lac insects
in India.
101b.
Mola not depressed
Ill
102a. Cerci present
102b. Cerci absent
Most
small to
103
Subfamily Oedemerinae,
OEDEMERIDAE
members of this interesting family fall here. They are

medium size. The known larvae live largely in decaying
of the
wood.
112
HOW
1

on 2nd to 5th abdominal
Subfamily Calopodinae, OEDEMERIDAE
03a. Ambulatorial warts present ventrally
segments. Fig. 301
The larvae have been found

old
or under bark.
It
103b. Ambulatorial warts absent
104
104a. 9th
abdominal venter simple, without conical
104b. 9th
abdominal venter wdth a conical point on each

Fig.
302
points.
105
103
Fig.
and
302.
9th
dominal
ments.
105a.
Submentum and galea fused and heavily

Fig.
sclerotized.
Only a few genera and
many
not
303.
o,
Submentum and galea
mily.
They are mostly
this
small
fa-
Group Nosodermini, TENEBRIONIDAE

This
is
a small group
Phellopsis
106a. Cerci simple,
obcordata
Kby.
of most-
ly western beetles although the
species pictured
Fig. 305
or
for
fleshy.
Fig. 304
304.
species
known
western species.
Cephaloon
lepturides Newn.; b, LobFig.
Fig.
8th
abseg-
FamUy CEPHALOIDAE
303
-T,...^,
105b.
Calopus ongustus Lee.
301.
side.
in
is
very small subfamily.
'
Fig.
wood
is
found in the
^<^^*-
comiform and curved upward.

Group Sychroini,
MELANDRYIDAE
The one North American spegroup is here pictured. The adult is brown and of
medium size. Both adults and
larvae live under dead bark of
cies of this
Fig.
305.
Synchroo punctata
Nwn.
trees.
113
HOW TO KNOW
106b. Cerci with
a branch
at base. Fig. 306.
....Family PEDILIDAE
a small famsome 50 North

American species. The
This
is
of
ily
one pictured
306. a, Eurygenius companulotus
9th abdominal segment with cerci.
Fig.
107a. Venter of
9th
genus
Lee.
more
abdominal segment with
is
Members
ern.
Pedilus
westthe
of
are
frequent.
trans-
verse row of asperities, or small plates.

Fig.
108
307.
Fig.
307.
Ven-
aspect of
tral
8th and 9th abdominal s e g ments.
abdominal segment not so armed.

Family PYTHIDAE
107b. Venter of 9th

Fig. 308
This
CL
Fig.
L;
little
family of bark beetles
boasts less than 25 North Ameri-
^^
^^^ species. Adults and larvae

ore found under bark of pine trees
and occasionally Other species.
bÛX^
308. a, Rhinosimus ruficollis

Ventral aspect of 8th and
b.
9th abdominal segments.
abdominal segment at least twice as long as 9th, cerci excluded; a pair of pits in margin between cerci.
109
(See Figs. 309 and 310)
108a. 8lh
108b. 8th
and
9th
abdominal segments subequal,

margin between cerci.
excluded; a
cerci
single pit present in
(See Figs. 311

109a. 9th
and
110
312)
abdominal venter bearing asperities arranged in a continuFamily PYROCHROIDAE

Fig. 309
ous arch.
fs
*^<.nn
f^
j^^rn^
'jr\fv^'r' 7>i^7^\\
<]\
P^v^'l
^c/-.c,y
The larvae are found

bark or in
under
wood.
Adults
low
red
or
known as
Fig. 309. Neopyrochroa *emoralis Lee.;
b, Ventral aspect of 8th and 9th ob-
dominal segments.
114
have
areas of brilliant yel-
hp^ptlps"
DSeties
and are
"fire-colored
HOW TO KNOW
109b. 9th
ties.

in place of asperi-
abdominal venter bearing small plates
Genus
Fig. 310
Boios,
TENEBRIONIDAE
The species pictured is

a medium sized beetle,
both adults and larvae
being found under bark
of dead pine trees. Some
systematists wish to make
a new family Boridae.
Fig. 310. a, Boros unicolor Say;

b. Ventral aspect of 8th and 9th abdominal segments.
abdominal segment dorsally with a continuous row ol small

dark tubercles on the cerci and on the space between them.
Fig. 311
Family PYTHIDAE
110a. 9th
Look under bark
for all
stages
of
beetles.
The species
these
small
pic-
tured ranges from Labra-
dor through the

''^ho niger Kby.; b. Dorsal aspect
îôi^'A
of
9th abdominal segment with cerci.
\and
*"^
New
Eng-
5tntP<5
siaies.
abdominal segment only with 2 small tubercles proximally

on dorsal side ol each cercus.
110b. 9th
FamUy OTHNIIDAE
Fig. 312
The species pictured is found in the

Middle West. This small family has
only this one genus and but a few
Fig.
Ilia.
312. Othnius umbrosus Lee.
Antenna contiguous
Fig.
to
specieS.
mouth frame.
313
112
Fig. 313. Dorsal

aspect of head.
111b.
Antenna inserted some distance

frame.
Fig. 314
in
from mouth
113
Fig. 314. Dorsal
aspect of head.
115
HOW
112a.
Back of mandible opposite the cutting edge with sharp margin;

opposite the mola, excavate and without a spinose setose elevaFamily ALLECULIDAE
tion. Fig. 315
"combthe
These
are
clawed bark beetles". They
.mmxf^
are
closely related
look
Copnochroo
Fig. 315. a,
b. Mandible.
112b.
Back
The
tenebrionids.
f uliginose
Melsh;
like
the
larvae
wireworms and
in rotten
live
to
wood
mandible not as described above.
of
FamUy TENEBRIONIDAE
Fig. 316
One
the largest family of

Coleoptera comprising more than
10,000 species. The larvae bear
a close resemblance to those of
the Elateridae, but the labrum is
Alobates pennsylvanico
il6.
Fig.
DeGeer.
distinct. The majority of the species are scavengers, some feed upon grain or grain products and a
few are found in association with bark and wood borers. The wellknown mealworm, Tenehiio molitoi L., and the confused flour beetle,
Tiiholium coniusum Duval, are pests in mills and storehouses.
113a.
Molar part
of
of
mandible with the grinding surface transversely
and 2-segmented.
multicarinate; antenna short
Family NILIONIDAE
Fig. 317
The members
of this exotic family are
found in
South America.
Fig.
317.
chrodes
Mandible.
113b.
a,
sp.;
Leiob.
Molar part
of
mandible with the grinding surface either smooth,

antenna elongate and 2 or 3-segsegment minute or absent.
Family LAGRIIDAE
or bearing obtuse tubercles;
mented, distal
Fig. 318
This
is
family of
a
Fig.
318. a, Lagria sp.;
another
beetles.
The larva often feed on

They are elonleaves.
b
b,
still
bark
Mandible.
116
gate and cylindrical.
HOW TO KNOW
114a. 9 complete
abdominal segments;
10 th small.
115
(See Fig. 319)

114b. 8 complete
abdominal segments;
9tli
and
10th reduced.
116
(See Fig. 321)

115a.
No ocelli or but 1; cardo fused with stipes; coxae small and

FamUy HISTERIDAE
widely separated. Fig. 319
jy
Iv
hISS*
A \
y^
ai:<!aKfcsMaau^)-\u'-^*^>i^^
Fig.
319. a, Hololepta yueateea
Mars.; b,
consists of
This family
about 3,000 known species.
Many of the larvae are predacious upon coleopterous
and dipterous larvae and a
few species attack immature

stages of Chrysomelidae and
Lspidoptera.
A number of
them are myrmecophilous in
habitat.
115b. 6 ocelli; cardo distinct;
coxae large,
approxi-
mate.
Fig.
320.
Subfamily
Helophorinae,
HYDRO-
116a.
Head
from Boving
elevated; antenna
of the head than
321
margin
Fig.
320. Q, Helophorus aquaticus L. (Redrawn

& Craighead); b, Maxilla.
Fig
PHILIDAE
inserted
from
farther
the
lateral
the mandible.
is
Family
HYDROPHILIDAE
This
family
c o
prises about 1,700 species. The eggs of sev-
genera are enclosed in silken cases

and attached to grass
or floating objects, but
Fig. 321. a, Choetortria seminulum Herbst. (ReHelochares and Sperdrawn from Boving Gr Craighead); b. Dorsal aspect of a half head.
cheus fasten them on
their own bodies. The
larvae are chiefly vegetable scavengers, but a few species are predacious. The majority of species are aquatic or semiaquatic, but a
number of the subfamily Sphaeridiinae are known to be terrestrial.
eral
116b.
Head
margin
slightly
of the
inclined;
head than
antenna
is
inserted
the mandible
117
near
the
lateral
117
HOW TO KNOW
117a.
Abdominal segments soft, with short conical gills; last 3 abdominal segments attenuate, not forming a breathing pocket.
Fig. 322
Subfamily Spercheinae, HYDROPHILIDAE
The hydrophilids include many species of rather widely diversified forms
and
habits.
The species
of
this
sub-
family are exotic.
Fig.
322. Spercheus emorginatus
Schall.
(Redrawn
from Boving
117b.
&
Craighead)
Abdominal segments with well developed plates; last 3 abdominal segments forming a breathing pocket.
Fig. 323
Subfamily Hydrochinae, HYDROPHILIDAE
The members
of this
subfamily are
small and in consequence frequently
Fig.
overlooked.
The species pictured
known from
the Great Lakes area.
is
Hydrochus squamifer
323.
Lee.
118a.
Hypopharyngeal sclerome absent; mandible without a real molar

structure
118b.
119
Hypopharyngeal
mandible with a
ture.
sclerome
definite
present;
molar
struc-
Fig. 324
142
Fig. 324. a, Mandible; b.
Dorsal aspect of labium
119a. 9th
abdominal tergum armed with a pair
ed spine.
of cerci or
Family
Fig. 325
an unpair-
MORDELLIDAE
There are about 800 known speSome larvae are found in termite nests and the burrows of stem
and wood-boring insects. They are
possibly predacious, but that has
cies.
Fig.
325.
Tomoxlo bjdentota
been questioned.
Say.
118
HOW TO KNOW
119b. 9th
abdominal tergum without a pair
of cerci
and without an
unpaired spine
120
adbominal segment in front of anus provided with a pair

cushioned and adjacent lobes separated by a median, longitudinal groove often marked at the anterior end by a small
120a. 10th
of
and
transverse sclerome. (See Figs. 326
120b. 10th
abdominal segment
oval lobes separated

(See Fig. 333)
in front of
by a
onus without a pair
of soft/
125
Head
protracted; mandible dentate
121b.
Head
retracted;
-.
mandible not dentate
122a. Thoracic spiracle

Fig.
121
longitudinal groove.
121a.
thorax.
330)
pushed forward
122
123
margin of proFamily PTINIDAE
to the anterior
326
About 550 species have been describThe larvae are scarabaeoid form
and feed upon dead and dried animal
and vegetable matter. The storehouse
ed.
beetle,
ski),
is
stored
Gibbium psylloides (Czempina most destructive species to

products.
Several
species
are
reported as inguilines in ants' nests.

Fig.
326.
Niptus sp.
122b. Thoracic spiracle not reaching, anterior

Fig. 327
margin of prothorax.
Family ANOBIIDAE
There
are
around
species.
The
larvae
described
scarabaeoid
1,200
are
form, very small, and living in dead

and usually well-seasoned hard woods.
Many feed on animal and plant products.
Fig.
327.
Nevermonnia dor-
catomoides Fisher. (Redrawn

from Boving & Craighead)
The
furniture
beetle,
Anobium
striatum Olivier, the cigarette beetle,

Lasioderma seriicorne (Fab.) and the
drugstore beetle, Stegobium pamceum
(L.)
are serious pests.
119
HOW TO KNOW
1
23a.
Mandible without a dorsal, molar-like process; epipharynx witha large sclerome; lacinia mandibulae absent.
Family BOSTRICHIDAE
Fig. 328
out
There are about 400 known species. They are

known as branch and limb borers. The larvae are
scarabaeoid in form, feed in dead wood and may
be injurious
The very
to
furniture
interesting
circuit beetle,
and building
materials.
lead cable borer,
or
short-
Scobicia declivis (Lee.) here shown,
bores holes into the aerial lead telephone cables
causing the linemen frequent trouble.

Fig.
328. Lead cable

dec-
borer, Scobicia
livls (Lee.)
123b.
Mandible with a
like process,
sclerome
large
lacinia
dorsal,
in
molar-
against
grinding
epipharynx;
mandibulae present and
fleshy. Fig. 329
124
Fig.
329. a,
Epipharynx.
124a.
Abdominal spiracles subequal
Mandible;
b,
in size.
Group
Pacini,
LYCTIDAE
This small group lives in our western states.
124b. Last
abdominal spiracle much larger than the
The family consists

are
known as
the
of 60 species
powder post
furniture.
330.
and the adults
beetles. Their larvae
3- segmented legs, live

dead wood and are particularly destructive to
scarabaeoid in form with

in
Fig.
others.
FamUy LYCTIDAE
Fig. 330
Lyctus
cavicoilis Lee.
120
HOW TO KNOW
125a.
Hypopharyngeal
bracon
absent;
usually
with
segmented
legs
126
HYPopHH.K.rtSeAi,
125b.
Hypopharyngeal
bracon
usually
present;
without segmented legs. Fig. 331
136
Fig. 331. Ventral aspect of head, showing the hypopharyngeal bracon.
126a.
Mandible simple,
126b.
Mandible dentate,
teeth.
127a.
a broad transverse gouge127

a simple apex
distally either with
like cutting edge, or with
distally
with
from
Fig. 332
2 to 5
129
Prementum and mentum fused, bearing a common median escutcheon-like sclerome with a pair of light, circular areas anteriorly.
Family BRUCIDAE
Fig. 333
The members of this famnumber no less than 900

species and they are frequently known as pea and
bean "weevils". Their larvae
undergo a hypermetomorphosis in which the first instar is more or less carabif orm
with well-developed
legs. The first molt occurs
in the host and the body
becomes eruciform and mostly apodous and blind.
No
ily
AID
U-Si/SMef^n/j^
333,
Fig.
(L);
127b.
b,
a.
Pea weevil, BrHchus pUorum
Labium.
Prementum and mentum
less than 50 species are of
economic importance.
distinct,
ome
121
without escutcheon-like scler128
HOW
128a. Legs present

and
fully
Fig. 334
developed; body curved and plump.

SublamUy Sagrinae*. CHRYSOMELIDAE
The members
most primitive
Fig.
334.
Sagra
of this small
subfamily are the
of all the leaf beetles.
fe-
morato Jac.
128b. Legs absent;
body
straight.
Subfamily Orsodacninae*,
Fig. 335
CHRYSOMELIDAE
The adults feed on spring buds and

are highly variable.
Fig.
laris
335. Zeugophora scutelSuffr.
129a. Spiracles
on 8th abdominal segment biforous, terminal, and proa pair of spurs.

Subfamily Donaciinae*, CHRYSOMELIDAE
jecting like
Fig. 338
The larvae are aquatic and feed on

the roots or
plants.
in
the
stems
of
The pupae are enclosed
cocoons attached
to
roots
of
aquatic
in
tough
the host
plants.
Fig.
336. Donocio sp.
129b. Spiracles of 8th
abdominal segment not projecting
like spurs.. 130
is such a large one that some Coleopterists have proposed

o number of families. We have chosen to follow Leng and give
these ten groups subfamily significance.
* The family Chrysomelidae

splitting
it
up
into
122
HOW TO KNOW
1
30a.
Labrum smalL

and fused with
or indistinct
front
The genus pictured

Eastern Hemisphere.
and clypeus.
CHRYSOMELIDAE
Subfamily Clytrinae*,
Fig. 337
confined to the
is
It
is
represented in
North America by the genus Antipus.
337.
Fig.
o,
Clytro
quodri-
punctota L. (Redrawn from

b.
Boving & Craighead);
Dorsal aspect of head.
130b.
Labrum well developed and
131
free.
131a. Maxillary palpus 3 or 4-segmented (excluding

palpifer); 8th
laterally
minal.
abdominal spiracles present and

9th abdominal segment ter-
placed;
Fig. 338
132
Q
Fig. 338.
Ma)îlla.
13 lb. Maxillary palpus 2-segmented or less; 8th abdominal spiracles

if present, thus dorsally placed, or absent; 8th abdominal seg-
ment terminal with
free hind
margin
135
132a. Tarsus long, slender, without pul villus;
mandible compressed,
with 2 to a distal teeth.

Subfamily Eumolpinae*,
Fig. 339
CHRYSOMELIDAE
a large and important submembers are widely distributed and often highly economic.
This" is
family.
Fig.
339.
Chrysochtts
Its
ouratus
Fab.
132b. Tarsus of
moderate length, curved,
and usually with

palmate vdth 4
pulvillus;
,r
mandible
to 5 distal teeth.
Fig. 340
133
Fig. 340.
b. Leg.
123
a,
Mandible;
HOW TO KNOW
133a.
More than 1 ocellus on each side

antenna 3-segmented
133b.
head, usually 5 or 6
of
ocelli,
134
ocellus on each side, or none; antenna 2-segmented or less.
CHRYSOMELIDAE
Subfamily Galerucinae*,
Fig. 341
Their larval habits are varied,
feed
openly
on
the
leaves, others live in
ber are leaf-miners.

Fig.
Larger
341.
beetle,
Monocesto
elm
leaf
many
parenchyma of
roots, and a numIt is a large and
x
x
i-x
-i
unportant subfamily.
eoryli
(Say).
abdominal segments with ambulatory warts on ventral
134a. First 8
region; anal opening dorsal; labial palpus
-segmented.
Subfamily Criocerinae*,
Fig. 342
CHRYSOMELIDAE
Their larvae are fleshy grubs
which feed externally on the

leaves.
Some have the habit
&342.
Fig.
asparagi
Asparagus beetle,
b. Labium.
concealing themselves with

The
coverings of excrement.
asparagus beetle, Criocens asparagi (L.) is familiar to growers of asparagus.
of
Crioceris
(L. );
134b. Fiist 8
abdominal segments without any ambulatory warts; anal
opening ventral and placed in the middle
of the
sucking disk of
the 10th abdominal segment; labial palpus 2-segmented.
Subfamily Chrysomelinae*,
Fig. 343
CHRYSOMELIDAE
This family Chrysomelidae is one of the four

largest of the order,
prising
species.
com-
more than 25,000

The larvae feed
on leaves,
roots,
or
live
in stems, in galls, in leaf
mines, in ants' nests and

some are aquatic species.
They are most destructive
Fig.
343.
o,
Myochrous
denticolli Say;
Labium.
b,
insects
to
agricultural
crops. This subfamily contains
some common and
very interesting species.

124
HOW TO KNOW
abdominal segment terminal, with free hind margin; 8th

pair of abdominal spiracles well developed and dorsal.
Subfamily Hispinae*, CHRYSOMELIDAE
Fig. 344
135a. 8ih
^.
344. Chalepus oter

Wels.
The adults are usually wedge-shaped

with engraved elytra. The larvae often
feed on the surface of leaves or are
leaf-miners. They often conceal themselves with a covering of excrement.
Fig.
135b.
Tergum
abdominal segment often provided with an upbearing the cast skins or the excrement of the larva;
of 8th
right fork
8th pair of
abdominal spiracles
vestigial.
SubfamUy Cassidinae*, CHRYSOMELIDAE
Fig. 345
It
includes the tortoise beetles.
In
certain species the eggs are enclos-
ed
in
an ootheca. The larvae often
cover their bodies with excrement or

cast skin for protection
odd-looking
Fig.
345. Cassida nebulosa
and are an
lot.
L.
138a. Legs present, but small,
and usually 2-segmented.

Family BRENTIDAE
Fig. 346
Around 1,000 species have been

described. The immature stages
are passed in wood. The rostrimi
Fig.
of the female is used for boring

holes in which the eggs are laid.
The larvae are elongate and slender and provided with thoracic
346. Eupsalis minuta Drury.
legs.
136b. Legs absent, pedal lobes occupying their place
137a.
Head capsule
sides.
elongate, broadening posteriorly,
and with
137
straight
Family PROTERHINIDAE
Fig. 347
This is a very small family

consisting of 2 genera. Agiy-
Fig.
kins;
347. a, Proterhinus onthracias Perb. Dorsal aspect of head.
125
cyderes occurs in the Canary

Islands and New Zealand and
Protherhinus inhabits the Hawaiian and other Pacific Islands.
HOW TO KNOW
137b.
138a.
138b.
139a.
Head capsule narrowing

posteriorly
Abdominal hypopleuron subdivided
and with curved
sides... 138
into at least 2 lobes.
(See Fig. 352)
141
Abdominal hypopleuron not subdivided
139
Abdominal segments with no more than
2 transverse
dorsal
plicae. (See Fig. 350)
139b.
140
Abdominal segments with 3 or 4 transverse dorsal plicae.

and 349. .FamiKes CURCULIONIDAE and SCOLYTIDAE
Fig. 348
These two families are not separable by

larval characters.
The Curculionidae
ably the largest family of insects,
it
is
prob-
includes
about 40,000 known species.
348. Tychius pielFig.

(Cucur(Fab.)
rostris
lionidae)
The larvae feed on
roots, fruits, leaves,
seeds and
also live as borers and leaf miners. No truly aquatic

forms are known although the larvae of many species
live in the roots of plants growing in bogs and
marshes. The female usually uses her snout to make
a hole
in the plant
tissue into
which the eggs are
thrust.
The Scolytidae is also a large family comprising

about 2.000 known species. The adults are called
beetles. Their larvae live
'rRQtz.)"^"sco' ba^k beetles or engraver
iytidae(
in galleries in dead or healthy shrubs and trees. They
attack all parts of the plants. In the United States alone the annual
losses in destruction of timber has been estimated at about $100,000,000.
Fig. 349. Shothole borer, Sco-
126
HOW TO KNOW
More than
140a.
2 ocelli
Fig. 350
on each side; head retracted.

Subfamily Rhynchitinae, CURCULIONIDAE
The larvae
of
Rhynchites and Attelabus live in tun-
nels formed of
rolled
leaves
constructed
by
the
HrFOfLiu(l.ui^
adults.
The larvae
of the species pictured live in Helian-
a very common species, develops

and cultivated roses.
R. bicoloi,
thus.
within the hips of wild

Fig.
Rhyaeneus
350.
chites
Boh.
140b.
ocellus on each side;
head
protracted.
Subfamily Apioninae,
Fig. 351
This small subfamily
is
CURCULIONIDAE
cosmopolitan in
its distri-
The species here pictured makes galls on

the scrub pine. The larvae of Apion, a rather large
bution.
genus, Hve principally within the seeds of legumes
and other
Fig.
plants.
Some
are gall makers.
351. Pine gall
Podopion
weevil,
gollicolo Riley.
141a. Maxillary palpus 2-segmented.

Fig. 352
Subfamily Calendrinae,
Many
of
our most
larvae belong here.
CURCULIONIDAE
destructive
The larvae
"bill-bug"
of the larger
species bore into the stems of plants, principally
com and
grasses while the smaller
ones give their attention to seeds

352. a, Granary weevil,
Sitophilus gronorius (L);
Fig.
b. Maxilla.
127
and
grain.
HOW TO KNOW
141b. Maxillary palpus 1-segmented. Fig. 353.
The eggs are
laid in
which are made by the
make new
tunnels.
definite patterns
Fig.
PLATYPODIDAE
primary galleries
the
adults.
Often
The larvae then

burrows
the
which are characteristic
The ambrosia
species.
wood and
Family
beetles
live
form
of the
in
dead
cultivate fungi to feed their young.
353. a, Platypus
Say;
b,
compositus
Maxilla.
142a. Legs vestigial, without pointed tarsal segment, or absent; body

curved, fleshy, and with dorsal transverse plicae; 10th abdom-
segment small,
inal
in continuation of 9th.
Family
Fig. 354
Certain species of
PLATYSTOMIDAE
Brachyfarsus
dacious upon scale-insects.

B.
Fig.
354.
142b. Legs
are
larvae
preof
niveovariegatus Roel. attack the Chinese
wax
mormorius
The
scale, Ericerus pela
Chev.
Euporius
Oliv.
normoL with strong
tarsus;
body
elongate, cylindrical, covered with tergol

10th
abshields;
segment
dominal
well developed, as-
Fig.
355.
sericeum
Chestnut
timberworm,
Melittommo
(Harris)-
perate,
and placed
below
base
of
large 9th segment.

Fig. 355.
...Family
LYMEXYLIDAE
128
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER HEMIPTERA
la.
Aquatic or semi-aquatic
lb. Terrestrial
10
2a.
Antennae shorter than head, usually concealed
2b.
Antennae as long or longer than head, exposed
3a.
Bugs that
live within
3b.
Bugs that
live
4a.
Hind legs with
4b.
Hind leg without
5a.
water
on or near water
2 distinct
claws
tarsi
claws
distinct
Back swimmers; fore
with 2 claws.
Family
Fig. 356
The family
NOTONECTIDAE
composed of more
They are known
as back swimmers because they
swim on their back with oar-like
hind legs. They are common around
is
than 200 species.
edges
of
fresh
water ponds, lakes
and streams. They feed upon small

animals. Eggs ore laid on or in the
tissues of aquatic plants.
Fig. 356. Notonecta undulata
Say, 3rd instor.
5b. Fore tarsi flattened, without claws. Fig. 357. ...Family
CORIXIDAE
About 300 species hove been deThe common name is water

boatman. They live in fresh and
brackish water. Eggs are laid on
aquatic plants and other objects.
scribed.
Their food consists of all kinds of
organic ooze.
Fig. 357. Aretoeorixa
Say, 5th mstar.
aiternoto
129
HOW
6a. Tarsi
2-segmented aplca! appendages of abdomen short and
flat.
FamUy BELOSTOMATIDAE
Fig. 358
The family consists of about 150

species. They are commonly called giant water bugs or
described
electric light bugs.
short
and
The
raptorial; the
fore legs are
middle and
hind legs are for swimming.

live in fresh
They
water where they feed
on small aquatic animals.

Fig. 358. Beiostomo
Say, 5th instar.
fiumineum
6b. Tarsi 1-segmented; apical

der.
appendages
of
Fig. 359
abdomen long and slenFamily NEPIDAE
About 200 species have been described. They are

The fore legs are raptorial,
the middle and hind legs are long and linear. They
swim slowly, often crawling on objects in the water.
They are predacious and usually awaiting for prey.
They come to the surface for air and often hide under
called water scorpions.
stones near water.

Fig.
359. Water
scorpion, Ranatro fusca Palisot-Beauvois.
7a.
Body toad-shaped;
fore legs raptorial.
Family
Fig. 360
GELASTOCORIDAE
They resemble toads both in

shape and in method of crawling and hopping, which facts
have
given
the
name
"toad
bugs". About 60 species have
been described.
Cephalic view of a tood bug,
Geiastocoris oculatus (Fabr.)
Fig. 360.
130
HOW
7b.
Body not toad-shaped;
fore legs
simUar
to
middle legs.
FomUy OCHTERIDAE
These are shore-inhabiting bugs. The family includes only a single
genus, Ochterus and only three species have been described in the
United States.
8a.
They are
Head as long as
predacious.
all
entire thorax. Fig. 361.
The members
Family
of
HYDROMETRIDAE
family
this
are
called
water-measurers because they creep slowly
upon
tire
The body
the water surface.
slender and the head

thorax.
Only
is
very
is
as long as the en-
three
species have been
described in the United States.
Fig. 361. Hydrometra

martini Kirk, 4th in-
star.
8b.
9a.
Head
shorter than thorax
Beak 4-segmented; hind femur extending much beyond the apex

abdomen. Fig. 382
Family GERRIDAE
of
The
water-striders
skim
rapidly
over
and often congregate in

large numbers. They are predacious and
feed upon insects that fall into the water
or they sometimes jump to capture their
preys. Only about 20 species have been
the water surface
described in the United States as belonging to the genus Geriis.

Fig. 362. Gerris
Say, 1st instar.
remigis
few
water and are truly marine.
131
live
on
salt
HOW TO KNOW
Beak 3-segmented; hind femur not extending much beyond the

apex of abdomen. Fig. 363
Family VELIIDAE
9b.
The broad-shouldered water-striders are closeThe distal segment of
ly allied to the Gerridae.
and the
They are
predacious and live on the water surface. About
20 species have been described in the United
the tarsi, at least of the fore leg is bifid
claws are inserted before the apex.
States.
Fig. 363. Mesovelia
mulsanti White.
10a.
Beak 3-segmented
11
10b.
Beak 4-segmented
13
11a.
Body broad and
flat,
without wing pads; parasitic.
Family CIMICIDAE
Fig. 364
These are bedbugs and swallow bugs,

about 36 described species.
Among
them,
humans: the bedbug, Cimex lectularius L. in temperate and subtropical regions; Cimex lotundatus Signoret in tropical Africa and Asia. The former
has a straight posterior margin of the pro2 species attack
thorax while the latter

Fig.
364. Bed bug
lectularius
L.,
is
rounded.
Cimex
newly
hatched.
lib.
With wing pads; not
12
parasitic.
12a. Fore legs with greatly thickened femora.
Family
Fig. 365
This family of
PHYMATIDAE
"ambush bugs"
contains about 150 described species.

Fig. 365. a, Ambush bug, Phymoto
erosa fasciota (Gray); b, fore leg.
They feed upon many kinds

honey bees,
of insects including
132
HOW
12b. Fore legs
somewhat thickened.
Fig. 366
Fconily
REDUVIIDAE
About 2,500 species of the

assassin bugs have
been
described.
They are predacious and feed upon insects. Some species invade
habitations in search of insects and other household
pests, but often inflict wounds
on humans. A few species
Fig.
(L.)
366.
a,
Wheel bug,
(From Glover);
b,
Arilus
cristatus
which suck blood from

dents and other animals
Fore leg.
cluding
man
roin-
are carriers of
trypanosomes.
13a. Dorsal scent
glands prominent. (See Fig. 367)
14
13b. Dorsal scent glands not prominent.
14a.
16
Body broad and ovaL with more than 3 dorsal cd^dominal segments with scent glands.
Fanuly
Fig. 367
They
ore
shield bugs.
stink
bugs
or
5,000 species are
They are often destructive

and other agricultural
members
of the subfamcrops. The
ily Asopinqe are predacious upon
other insects and in consequence
known.
to
^SCNT
called
About
PENTATOMIDAE
orchards
ore counted as helpful.

367. Aerosternum hllaris (Soy)
Fig.
o,
1st
14b.
instor;
b,
later
instar.
Body elongate, with
less than 3 dorsal scent glands
133
15
HOW
15a.
Antennae inserted high on side

upper half of the eye. Fig. 368
of
head, about the position of the

Family LYGAEIDAE
About 2,000 species are deMost of them are de-
scribed.
crops:
structive to
the
chinch
bug, Blissus leucopterous (Say),
and the
ius
false chinch bugs, Nys-
are
spp.
Some
serious
pests.
species belonging to the
genus, Geocoiis are predacious
on other injurious
Fig. 368.
ous (Soy): a-e,

adult; g, eggs.
15b.
insects.
Chinch bug, Blissus leucopter1st
to 5th
instars;
f,
Antennae inserted low on side
of
lower half of the eyes. Fig. 369
head, about the position of the

Family COREIDAE
1,000 species have been deThey are destructive to crops.

The squash bug, Anasa iristis (DeGeer)
About
scribed.
is
very injurious
to
pumpkins, melons,
gourds and squashes. The nymphs are

often associated with the adults.
Leptocorixa voricornis Fab., 5th
instar;
(last)
b, Squash bug, Anasa tristis (De
Geer).
Fig.
16a.
369. a,
Body spinous; meso- and metapleuron fused

Fig. 370
into a single piece.

Family TINGITIDAE
About 700 species of lace bugs have been described. They are plant feeders. The eggs are
laid in the plant tissues and the young are
spinous.
Look on the underside
them.
Fig. 370. Corythucho

orcuata (Say).
134
of
leaves for
HOW TO KNOW
16b.
Body not spinous, meso- and metapleuron
distinct.
Family MIRIDAE
Fig. 371
They are called

bugs or leaf
bugs.
About 5,000
species have been
described. They are
plant
mostly plant feedbut some are

predacious. The tarnished plant bug,
ers,
Ly gus
Pig.
371. Tarnish plant bug, Lygus oblineotus
(Say)
(Say).
oblineatus
and
Creonti-
ades pallidus Rambur carry plant

diseases.
ORDER HOMOPTERA
la.
Beak
evidently arising from the

3-segmented. Fig. 372. 2
head;
tarsi
372. Cephalic
aspect
(o)
and
lateral aspect (b)
legs.
and
of head
Fig.
lb.
Beak evidently
tarsi
onies.
arising
between
the
fore
legs;
or 2-segmented; insects usually live in colFig. 373
6
Fig.
Beak (a)
between the
373.
arising
fore legs.
135
HOW TO KNOW
Large insects, live underground in
2a.
ed and adapted
nymph
stage; fore legs enlarg-
Family CICADIDAE
for digging. Fig. 374
About 1,500 species of cicadas

have been described. Eggs ore laid
in stems, twigs, etc. A few weeks
after
hatching,
into
the ground
the
nymphs crawl
and feed upon the
for a long period.

The 17-year cicada, Magicicada sep-
roots of plants
tendecim
17 years
nymph
Fig.
374.
Magicicada
o, nymph;
cicada,
Periodical
septendecim
b,
nymphal
2b. Smaller insects,
(L.)
skin.
of
stage.
spends almost the

its
cycle
life
in
full
the
strain living in the
southern states completes

cycle in 13 years.
seldom over hall an inch long;
fore legs not adapted
3a.
(L.)
live
its
life
on plants;
3
for digging
Antennae inserted on the sides
of the
checks beneath the eyes.
Family
Fig. 375
A/VTIA//\JA
FULGORIDAE
This family
is
represent-
ed in the United States by

about 400 known species.
They are called lanternflies and all are plant

Certain tropical
forms are luminous. Some
feeders.
afro
375. a, Cranberry toad bug, Phylloscelis
Germar; b, Lateral aspect of head.
Fig
3b.
Antennae inserted
eyes.
in front of
secrete
species
quantities of wax.
large
and between the

4
Fig. 376
Fig. 376. Front

ospect of heocL
136
HOW TO KNOW
4a.
Thorax with tubercles or spines.

Fig. 377
Family
About 200 known species
MEMBRACIDAE
of treehoppers are repre-
They are plant feeders.

in two parallel
shrubs. The nymphs ara dif-
sented in North America.
Eggs are
slits
in twigs of trees or
ferent
CI
laid in groups
from
arranged
their adults in the
absence
of the pronotal
process, but filaments or spinose projections are often
developed on the
tergites.
377.
Fig.
Stie^
tocephala
sp.
a,
4th instar;
b, 5th instor.
4b. Thorax without tubercles or spines

5a.
Hind
tibiae with
spines at the
tip.
or 2 stout teeth,
and crowned with
short, stout
Family CERCOPIDAE
Fig. 378
They are called
froghoppers
on
account of the frog-like appearance

of both the young and the adults.
They are also known as spittle-bugs

some genera hide
in a mass of white froth. The frothing is the result of a fluid issu^"5 &om the onus becoming blown
'" ^"^^^^^
^^ '"-
since the niunphs of
Fig.
378.
marius
a,
(
("ist'intel^mVcro"
(L.)
^d
instars),
.he lined spi,tb'i,!%*lf..:.T..n':
last
eatus
5b.
Hind
(L)
tibiae with
a row
of spines.
Family CICADELLIDAE
Fig. 379
There are more than 700 species of

leafhoppers
known
in the United States.
They are able to leap powerfully and

feed on many different kinds of plants.
The leafhoppers not only cause damage to cultivated plants but also trans379. The potato leafhopper,
Empoasca
foboe
(Harris)
2nd and 4th in-
Fig.
fer plant diseases.
stars.
137
HOW TO KNOW
6a. Tarsi with but
claw and

1
segment.
FamUy COCCIDAE
Fig. 380
The members
this
of
family ore scale-
insects,
mealy-bugs
They
and
others.
live
on the stems,
leaves,
roots
and
are the most serious

pests of horticulturists. However, there
are some useful species:
shellac
is pre-
pared from the
lac-
insects, Lacciiei lacFig.
380.
A, the scale, Mvtilospis citricola
mature stage with eggs;
b,
newly
Packard:
a,
nymph;
c,
hatched
secretion; d & e, intermediate stages.

ovilla Green, 1st instar. C, Florida wax
Ceroplbstes floridensis Comstock, different stages.
same with waxy

B,
Walkeriana
scale,
ca Kerr in India.
The wax is produced by Eiicerus pe-la
Chavannes in China; and the cochineal is composed of
dried bodies of Coc-
cus cacfi
6b. Tarsi with 2 clows
7a.
Hind legs
and 2-segmented
fitted for leaping. Fig. 381
L.
Family
CHERMIDAE
The members of this family have the ability

to jiunp and are called jumping plant lice. They
are plant feeders and often occur in large nimibers.
All of them secrete
honey dew and a few
produce galls on the leaves.
The nymphs are flat and possess large wing

pads and often have a marginal fringe surroimdSome are covered with a
ing the abdomen.
waxy
Fig.
ia.
381.
Psyda
Pear
secretion.
psyl-
pyricola
Foerst.
138
HOW TO KNOW
7b.
Hind legs not
leaping
fitted for
8a. Scale-like insects,
waxy
with
antennae inconspicuous.
filaments around lateral margins;
Family
Fig. 382
ALEYRODIDAE
The common name, whitefly is derived from the covering of whitish

powdery wax on the body of the
adults. The yoxmg produce quantities
of
Fig. 382. Aleyrodes sp.

a, dorsal aspect; b, lateral aspect.
The
greenhouse
vapoiaiioTum
cosmopolitan and a
honeydew.
whitefly,
Trialeurodes
(Westwood)
is
8b. Not as
general feeder.
8a
Family APHIDIDAE
9a. Cornicles usually present. Fig. 383
About 2,000 species have been deThe aphids have a complicated life history which is characterized by an alternation of parthenogenetic generation with a sexual generation. Moreover, they have alternations of winged and wingless
forms.
The host plants are also
changed in different seasons.
scribed.
COf{ÎCJLt-
Fig.
383.
Green
Myzus persicoe
instar;
b,
9b. Cornicles
peach
(Sulzer)
aphid,
:
a,
2nd
3rd instar.
always wanting.
Fig.
384
Family PHYLLOXERIDAE
This family
is
closely related to the
They are often red, orange

or yellow and are frequently covered with wax. The grape phylloxera
which feeds on the leaves and roots
of some common grapes is a well-
aphids.
known
Fig. 384. Phylloxera spp., rootinhabiting form.
139
species.
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER NEUOPTERA
la.
Mouth
parts chewing type. Fig. 385
Fig. 385. Dorsal

aspect of head.
lb.
Mouth parts mandibulo-suctorial
type.
4
Fig. 386
2a.
Abdomen
with lateral filaments

3
(see Fig. 389)
Fig.
386.
suctorial
ports.
2b.
Abdomen
Fig.
Mandibulotype
mouth
without lateral filaments.
FomUy RAPHIDIIDAE
387
There are 10 species described in the United States,
and
12 species in Europe.
known
Raphidia hermandi Navas
The adults are called snakeflies.

The larvae are found under bark and they are common in California under loose bark of the eucalyptus.
They are predacious and believed to be beneficial.
is
in Japan.
Fig. 387. Rophidia eblita Hogen.
140
HOW TO KNOW
abdomen with a caudal filament; sides

segmented filaments; without anal prologs.
3a. Tip of
of
of
body with
7 pairs
Family SIALIDAE
Fig. 388
The larvae
live in swiftly flowing
streams adher-
and also in trashy

places filled with aquatic plants. The full-grown larva leaves the water and transforms in an earthen
cell on the bonks of the streams or lakes. Two or
three weeks later the adult emerges. It is called an
alderfly.
ing to the lower side of stones
different kinds of small animals.

388.
Fig.
Smoky
Sialis
alderfly,
infumoto
New-
man.
3b. Tip of
abdomen
pairs of
legs.
without a caudal filament; sides of body with 8

unsegmented filaments; with a pair of hooked anal pro-
Subfamily Corydalinae, SIALIDAE
Fig. 389
About 80 species of dobsonhave been described. The
flies
larvae are found under stones

in
slow or swift water and are
predacious on naiads of dragonflies,
stoneflies
and Mayflies.
These larvae which are known

as helgramites are much used
for
.
PILAMENJ
bait
ing a
|iet
stones
in
stones are
mites
Fig.
389.
larva; b,
Corydolus cornutus
pupa.
L.
a.
141
They are
by holddown stream below
in
fishing.
rather readily caught
swim
the net.
rapids.
moved
or are
When
the
the
helgra-
washed
into
HOW TO KNOW
4a. Aquatic or semiaquotic
4b. Terrestrial
5a.
Mandibles and maxillae cunred

inal gills
slightly
upwards; without abdom-
but with spiracles; larvae live imder stones in or near
Family
water. Fig. 390
OSMYLIDAE
There are about 50 described species but none have
been found
in North
stones or about
America. The larvae lurk imder
moss
either in
or
near the
water.
Their food consists of dipterous larvae.
Fig. 390. Osmylutchrysops (L.)
5b.
Mandibles and maxillae cunred outward; with abdominal
gills;
larvae live in water cmd feed on sponges.
Family SISYRIDAE
Fig. 391
About 20 species have been described. The larvae

Accordingly the
feed upon fresh-water sponges.
"spongilla-flies."
They
may be also
adults are called
found on bryozoans and algae. Pupation takes place
in an oval loose double cocoon in soil or under stones.
Eggs are
laid in
masses on objects standing
in
or
overhanging fresh-water, and are sometimes covered
by a
Fig.
391.
silken
web.
Sisyro
umbrata Ndm.
142
HOW TO KNOW
Abdomen more
6a.
than two times longer than thorax; larvae with
Family MANTISPIDAE
hypermetamorphosis. Fig. 392
The family
known
two
consists of about 170
species.
different
The larvae are of
forms:
the
star is thysanuriform with
first
in-
squar-
second and later inbecome robust and eruciform with a small head and weak
ish head; the

stars
legs.
The fuUgrown larvae spin
cocoons and pupate within the
last
The habits of larvae

are parasitic on eggs of spiders
and also in the nests of Pilybia
larval skin.
Fig. 392.
o, newly
fully fed;
Montispo styrioco
Podo:
hatched;
instar
c,
last
1st
b,
instar
wasps.
6b.
Not OS 6a.
7a. Pro-
and mesothorox modified
into
a long and slender

Family
Fig. 393
neck.
NEMOPTERIDAE

and other small insects. They cover
themselves with dust particles and are found
in caves and buildings in semiarid regions and
desert. Pupation occurs in a cocoon of silk and
psocids
debris.
Fig.
393.
storeyi,
7b. Pro-
They belong
to the eastern
hemisphere.
Ptcrocroce
Withycombe.
and mesothorox normal
143
HOW
8a.
TO
KNOW
Antennae with long hairs; labial palps long and clavate, extended
head; mandibles and maxillae hid underneath the labrum (if long, straight and needle-like).
Family CONIOPTERYGIDAE
Fig. 394
in front oi
This family includes about 50
The adults look
like cphids.
their larvae leads

tera.
known
species.
The structures
of
us to regard them as Neurop-
The larvae feed upon aphids,
and
the eggs of red-spiders.
they
make a double cocoon
scale-insects
When
in
full-grown
which pupation
takes place.
]
394.
Fig.
Parosemi-
dalis flaviceps Banks.
8b.
Not as 8a
9a.
Empodium trumpet-shaped.
Fig. 395
Family
CHRYSOPIDAE
MFOPlUM
Nearly 500 species of green lacewings have
been described. Their larvae are known as

aphid-lions and feed on aphids, mites, leaf-hoppers, scale-insects and other small insects. The
eggs ore laid singly or in group on long slender
stalks.
In
some species
the larvae are protected
with trash or debris.
395. Golden-eye
lacewing, Chrysopo
oculota Say.
Fig.
9b.
Empodium
10a. Tarsi
and
10
not trumpet-shaped.
tibia of
hind leg fused into a single segment; mand11
ible with teeth
144
HOW
Not as 10a.
10b.

Family HEMEROBIIDAE
Fig. 396
This family consists of about 220 known species.

Their adults are called brown lacewings. The larvae
resemble the aphid-lions but
are
smooth without
Only the 1st instar larvae possess trumpet-shaped empodia which becomes pad-like and
greatly reduced in the later instars. They are predacious and feed on aphids, scale-insects, mealybugs, whiteflies, psyllids, etc. The eggs are devoid
tubercles.
of pedicels.
396.
Hemerobius pacificus
Fig.
Banks,
1st
11a. Sides
instar.
of
thorax and
abdomen with
projecting
Family
dilated posteriorly. Fig. 397
filaments;
head
ASCALAPHIDAE
About 210 species have been described. The larvae

resemble ant-lions in the form of the body, but they
have a
appendage on each side of the.

ambush on the surface of the
body more or less covered, and
finger-like
segment.
They
live in
ground, with the
wait for small insect prey.

Fig.
lodes
397. Uluhyalina
Latr.
lib. Sides of thorax
and abdomen without projecting filaments; head
not dilated posteriorly.
Family
Fig. 398
MYRMELEONTIDAE
This family consists of about
650
described
larvae are
They make
The
ant-lions.
sand to
and other wing-
pitfalls in
trap the ants

less
species.
known as
small animals.
some species do
not
However,
make
pits
but simply hide under sand or

debris.
Fig. 398. a.
pitfall.
Ant-lion, Myreleon sp.; b,
145
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER TRICHOPTERA
(Larval key to
some important
families,
adapted from Ross.)
ore-
la. Either
\^^^'^'^)
meso- or metanotum or both with sclerotized
shield subdivided into
separated
plates
or
mem-
branous. Fig. 399
u.x
^^^^
Fig. 399. Dorsal aspect of
>
thorax.
lb.
2a.
Both meso- and metonotimi each with a

embracing the entire notum
Abdomen
with
gills.
Fig. 400
single, sclerotized shield
fanuly
HYDROPSYCHIDAE
The larvae are campodeiform, often living greand about trash, logs, stones, etc.
or in running water. They spin loose silken nets.
Their food habits are both carnivorous and herbivgariously under
Fig. 400.
Hydropsyche sp.
2b.
Abdomen
without
gills. Fig.
Fanuly HYDROPTILIDAE
401
The
larvae
construct
cases
which open at both ends. They

feed on algae. A modified type
of hypermetamorphosis occurs in
the larval stage. The early instars
of some genera have a slender
body fitted for free,

and have no case.
401.
Hydroptila
woubesiona
Betten. (Redrawn from Ross)
Fig.
3a.
active
life
Anal legs projecting beyond 10th abdominal segment. Fig. 402
4
Fig.
of
146
402. Apex
abdomen.
HOW TO KNOW
Anal legs appearing as lateral

abdominal segment. Fig. 403
3b.
sclerites oi 10th
MiAi^ le^
Fig.
403.
Apex of
obdomen.
Dorsum
4a.
of 9th
Fig. 404
obdomincd segment with a sclerotized shield.

Family RHYACOPHIUDAE
The larvae
of the
subfamily Rhyacophilinae ore
predacious and free-living while the larvae of the
subfamily Glossosomatinae
are
the
saddle-case
makers.
These are the most primitive
of present-day cad-
disflies.
The larvae are campodeiform and possess
tracheal
gills.
404. Rhyocophila fenestro
Fig.
Redrawn
from Ross)
Ross.
4b.
Dorsum
of 9th
Fig. 405
abdominal segment without a sclerotized shield.

Family PHILOPOTAMIDAE
The larvae are campodeiform and Hve gregariousmoimtain streams where they construct
net-like cases in the form of either cyUndrical tubes
or broad sacks. Prior to pupating, the larva builds a
rough shelter of stone and encloses itself in a cocoon.
ly in swift
Fig.
405. Philo-
potamus sp.
( Redrawn from
Ross)
147
HOW
5a.
Claws
hind legs
of
much
shorter than those of middle legs.
Family
Fig. 406
Larvae
of
MOLANNIDAE
on the sandy bottoms
live
streams and lakes and construct
shield-shaped cases consisting of a

central
cylindrical
chamber flanked
on each side by an extension.

Fig. 406. o, Case of Molonno uniophila
phila Vorhies;
V
b. Middle leg; c,
Hir
find leg.
5b.
6a.
Claws
of
hind legs as long as those of middle legs
long, at least 8 times as long as wide.
Antennae
Family LEPTOCERIDAE
Fig. 407
.A^7-'/VA'A
All the larvae
make
variety of materials
cases using a
and
cases of various shapes.
wide
variety
lakes and rivers.
of
constructing
They
streams,
inhabit
ponds,
The larvae can
swim
freely with their legs outside the case.
They feed on vegetation.

a,
Lateral
Trianodes
Antennae
6b.
aspect of
flavescense
short,
Mesonotum with
7a.
Fig.
never more than 4 times as long as wide
sclerotized plates.
Family LIMNEPHILIDAE
408
There are about 400 described

species in this family. The larvae
are eruciform with a prosternal
tubercle or horn. They live mostwater and a few spewater. The genus
Enoicyla live only in damp moss
on land. The cases are tubular
ly in quiet
cies
in
swift
and ornamented with sticks, tiny

shells, sand and small pebbles.
They are herbivorous.
Fig. 408. a, Case of Astenophylox sp.;

b. Larva with case of Stenophylox sp.
c. Case of Limnephilus indivisus Walk
er.
148
HOW TO KNOW
7b.
Mesonotiim submembronous^ or with a pair of

bar-shaped
sclerites. Fig.
409
8
Fig.
409.
aspect of
Dorsal
meso-
thorax.
8a.
Mesonotum with a
pair of bar-shaped sclerites.
Family LEPTOCERIDAE
Fig. 410
is a large family of wide distribuThe cases are cylindrical or tapering and may be either straight or curved.
They frequent both running streams and
quiet water and are good swimmers.
This
tion.
M?;
,V^;
(Woker).
Leptocello
olbido
(Redrawn from
Ross)
8b.
Mesonotum without a
pair oi bar-shaped sclerites.
FamUy PHRYGANEIDAE
Fig. 411
Most
built in
of the larval cases are long
spiral.
They
ly running water.
marshes and lakes
some
species
are
live in
still
and
or slowr
In general they favor

for
their
taken
in
abodes, but
rivers
and
sureams.
A, Agrypnia ves(Walker)
larval
a,
411.
Fig.
tita
b, young larval case;

ocellifero
Ptilostomis
(Walker), anterior end of
case;
B,
larva.
Key
to the
ORDER LEPIPOPTERA
LARVAE of the more important
tomilies
la.
Thoracic legs present and segmented
lb.
Thoracic legs absent or reduced to fleshy swellings
2a.
Body with
side.
Fig.
arranged in a double row on each

Family MICROPTERYGIDAE
The larvae of Micropteryx
//TV^ b live on wet moss and are characterized by the presence of 8
pairs of segmented abdominal
prolegs. The larvae of Saba-
large, ovate scales,
Fig. 412
412. a, Micropteryx sp.; b, a scale,
149
tijica
OCCUr
among
liverworts.
HOW
2b.
Body with setae only
3a. Prolegs rudimentary or wanting; crochets absent
3b. Prolegs at least indicated
by rudimentary
crochets.
12
Fig. 413
Fig. 413.
Crochets.
4a. Front extending

Fig.
upwards
to vertex;
small species.
Family
414
COLEOPHORIDAE
This family contains about 1,000 describ-
ed species. The caterpillars are known as

leaf miners and case bearers. They feed
on leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of varFig.
414.
moiivorello
Coleophora
Riley,
ious plants.
Some
group a subfamily
systematists
of the
make
this
TINEIDAE.
4b. Front not extending to vertex.

Fig.
415
Fig. 415. Cephalic aspect of head.
5a.
Head retracted; body often with spines or secondary hairs; primary

setae obsolete; body with obscure incisures and usually with conFamily LIMACODIDAE
spicuous pits. Fig. 416
About 850 species are described. The larvae

known as slug-caterpillars. The
are slug-like and
body bears tubercles and stinging or poisonous

hairs. They feed on various plants.
Fig. 416. Saddle-backed slug caterpillar, Sabine ttimulea Clemens.
150
HOW TO KNOW
5b.
Head exposed; body with primary
6a. Setae iv
and v
distant
Fig. 417
setae
and strong
incisures..
.6
on abdominal segments; prolegs present.

rregeticuJa) Family INCURVARIIDAE
About 300 species have been described. The caterpilAdelinae are case^beorers and are known as
lars of the
fairy moths, while that of the Proxodoxinae are borers

in
seeds and stems of Yucca and other Liliaceae.
used here
this includes
McDunnough's superfamily
As
IN-
CURVAROIDEA.
417. Setal
map Of on abdominal s e g ment.
Fig.
6b. Setae iv
Fig.
and v adjacent; prolegs absent
418
'^
7a.
y,
few GELECHIIDAE
HOW
7b.
Body
8b.
somewhat
if
upwards to vertex
ocellus on each side, or none
ocelli on each side
cylindrical or flattened;
front extends
8a.
Head with
Head with
spindle-shaped,
the
8
9
11
9a. Front triangular; ocellus at front.
Family ERIOCRANIIDAE
Fig. 420
The
leaves.
toothed
Fig.
420.
Mncmonlea aurleyoneo WIshm..
mine in
pupae possess
mandibles. They are
caterpillars
The
closely related to the
MICRO-
pxERYGIDAE
10
quadrangular; ocellus lateral
widest at posterior end; body usually flattened; prolegs
when present, on 3rd to 5th abdominal segments.
Family GRACILARIIDAE
Fig. 421
9b. Front
10a. Front
The larvae are
of
two types: the young have a flat

They
head, ocelli very small and variable in number.

are miners of leaves, bark, or
caterpillars
fruits.
The full-grown
are cylindrical, with normal head, prolegs
well developed on the 3rd to 5th abdominal segments-
They mine,
web, or skeletonize the leaves. The azalea

imported from
or
leaf miner, Gracilaria azaleella Brants
Japan
to the
United States
is
a pest
in green house.
Fig. 421. Lithocolletis homodry-
Clemens
oJelio
(round form larva).
10b. Front widest at anterior end; body cylindrical; prolegs on 2nd
FamUy NEPTICULIDAE
to 7th abdominal segments. Fig. 422
They are called serpentine miners. The caterpillar is

minute, about 2.5 to 10 mm. long. They mine in leaves
and sometimes in fruits and bark. The mines are linear
or serpentine.
Certain species of Ectoedemia are gall
makers. Pupation occurs
Plum
422.
leof-miner, Nepslingerf ic u I o
londella Kft.
Fig.
152
in
a cocoon
in the soil.
HOW TO KNOW
Abdomen
11a.
with rudimentary prolegs, bearing crochets on 3rd to
Fanuly TISCHERIIDAE
6th segments. Fig. 423
The
caterpillars
moke
blotch mines in the leaves of
oak. But Tischezia znalifoliella Clemens

leaf
423.
Fig.
erio
makes trumpet
mines on apple.
Tiseh-
malifoliella
Clemens.
lib.
Abdomen
without prologs on 6th
segment
Family
GRACHARIIDAE
6-rti
12a.
Body with
tufted
or secondary hairs; at least 2
setae on tubercle vi of 6th abdominal segment, or
with additional setae on proleg. Fig. 424
41
Fig.
map
424. Setal
of 6th ab
dominal segment.
12b.
O///
Body without tufted or secondary hairs; tubercle

i with a single seta; tubercle vii with at most 3
setae, unless the proleg has a multiserial circle of
crochets.
Fig. 425
\.- spiffAC 1.1
0'"
13
Fig.
425.
Setal
map of 6th abdominal segment.
13a.
Without prologs on 6th abdominal segment

153
HOW TO KNOW
13b.
With prologs on 6th abdominal segment
14a. Crochets
ranged
in
prologs
of
circle
(sometimes
lipse
plete),
or
bands.
Fig. 426
in
or
14
arel-
incom-
transverse
15
Fig. 426. Crochets:
o,
bands; b, in incomplete
complete circle.
14b. Crochets
in
transverse
circle;
c,
in
forming a single band (sometimes
with a few vestigial ones in addition).

Fig.
37
427
Fig. 427.
in single
Crochets
band.
15a. Prespiracular wart of prothorax with 2 setae.
FamUy PYRALIDIDAE
Fig. 428
This family
is
the sec-
ond largest of the order

and about 10,000 species
have been described. The
larvae are largely phytophagous and some feed
upon dried vegetable matter. The meal moth, Pyralis iarinalis (L.) feeds on
cereal and cereal products.
The
caterpillars of
the subfamily
Schoenobiinae are borers in water
while Nymphula
nymphaeta (L.) and N.
stagnate! Donovan
are
plants,
Fig.
laris
428. a. Garden webworm, Loxostege simlLoxostege

(Guen.); b, beet webworn,
(L.); c, setal map of prothorax.
sticticolis
semiaquatic species Uving in silk-lined sacs on

water plants in Europe.
15b. Prespiracular wort of prothorax with 3 setae.

16
Fig. 429
Fig.
map
429.
of
thorax.
154
Setal
pro-
HOW
arranged in 2 transverse bands.
16a. Crochets of prologs
430
Fig.
17
^^'
430.
in
chets
bands.
Fig.
16b. Crochets of prolegs
circle
or
ellipse,
Cro-
two
arranged in
sometimes
broadly interrupted.
431
Fig.
22
Fig.
431.
plete
Crochets: a, in comincomplete
in
b,
circle;
circle.
a single series
bands formed of several
17a. Prolegs with
of crochets, or
series
of
with
alternate
crochets.
Family INCURVARIIDAE
Fig. 432
Fig.
432.
chets
in
Cro-
a single
series.
17b. Prolegs with 2 simple series of crochets.

Fig.
433
18
Fig. 433. Crochets
in two series.
18a.
Abdominal setae
iv
and v remote.
(Compare with Fig.

Family LYONETIIDAE
Fig. 434.
(BucculatTix)
435)
The caterpillars frequent forested areas and orchards. They are

mostly leaf miners. Those of Bucculatiix are first miners and later
skeletonizers. Pupation takes place
a cocoon. The cocoon of Bucand surrounded

by a palisade of erect silken fila-
in
Fig.
434,
Lyonetio speculello Clemens.
culatrix is ribbed
ments.
155
HOW
Abdominal setae
18b.
iv
and v adjacent.
Fig. 435
19
Fig.
435.
map
Setoi
of an abdominal segment.
19a. Crochets of anal prolegs
arranged in 2 groups.
FamUy GELECHIIDAE
Fig. 436
The larvae pictured here is scattered very widely and does heavy
damage
Fig.
436. Potato tuberworm, Gnori-
moschcmo opcrcuUllo
(Zeller).
19b. Crochets of anal prolegs in
20a. Front extending about
one
to
the fruit of tomatoes as
well as to potato tubers. It attacks

still
other members of the nightshade family also.
20
single series
third
way
to vertex.
(Cossula) Family
Fig. 437
COSSIDAE
The common goat moth, Cossus cossus (L.) of Europe, is an

example. The caterpillars bore
into the trunks and limbs of
broad-leaved
deciduous
trees
shrubs. They make

large tunnels in the trunk. The
larvae of the carpenterworm,
Prionoxystus roJbiniae (Peck) of
America, make large galleries
and large
Cossus liquiperdo.
in
trees
which usually cause
the death of the trees.
20b. Front extending at least
two
thirds
way
to vertex
21a. Spiracles elliptical, normal in size; those ol 8th

ment located higher than the others.
Fig.
The
caterpillars live as borers in roots,
and limbs
herbaceous
438. Squash-vine borer,

satyriniformis
of shrubs
plants.
and
Aegeria
trees
and
apiiormis
a common species which inand willows chiefly. The too

well known squash borer belongs here.
(Clerck)
is
fests poplars
Fig.
abdominal seg-
Family AEGERIIDAE
438
trunks
Mclittia
21
Hub-
ner.
156
HOW TO KNOW
21b. Spiracles circular, very small; the last pair about in line with
22a.
COLEOPHORIDAE
Family
others
Abdominal setae iv and v remote, or v absent

few small species. Fig. 439
in
a
23
Fig.
439.
Setal
map of an abdominal segment.
^'
-\
22b.
Abdominal setae
common
tubercle.
iv
and v adjacent,
often
on a
Fig. 440
27
Fig.
map
440. Setal
of an ab-
dominal segment.
23a. Prolegs with crochets arranged in

plete ellipse. Fig. 441
a single com24
441. Croin a single
complete ellipse.
Fig.
chets
23b. Prolegs with crochets arranged in a broken ellipse, or with additional rudimentary series at
the base of normal ones. Fig. 442
26
Fig.
442. Crochets in broken ellipse.
157
HOW TO KNOW
24a. Prespiracular setae of prothorax about as far from

as from each other; abdominal seta i higher than ii.
its
spiracle
Family LYONETIIDAE
Fig. 443
This small family of ribbed case bearers live
They are ofThe adults are usually brightly col-
as tiny leaf miners or skeletonizers.

ten flattened.
ored.
Fig. 443. Setal
of prothorax. .
map
24b. Prespiracular setae of prothorax about t^^ce as

far
from
its
each
spiracle as from
other.
25
444
Fig.
i
PF,0TH0KAK
Fig.
map
444. Setol
of prothor-
ax.
25a.
Abdominal setae
Fig.
much lower than
Family TINEIDAE
445
,11
The larvae of the case-making

clothes moth. Tinea pellionella (L.),
live
in
portable parchment-like
(T
SPIKACIS
Fig. 445. Casemaking clothes moth.

Tinea pelionella (L.) o, larva with
:
case; b, larva;
c,
map
setal
of on
abdominal segment.
25b.
Abdominal setae
Fig.
ii.
The webbing clothes moth,

Tineoia biselliella (Hummel), is
characterized by its larvae making webs with particles on which
they feed. Both feed on wool,
cases.
hair, skin, feathers
mal
not lower than
and other
ani-
matter.
ii.
Family HELIODINIDAE
446
^*^.
The
JP/KACLE
caterpillars are tiny either herbivorous or pre-
dacious.
mine
They feed on
in fruits.
Some
fruits
dators of mealybugs and

known as "sua moths."
Fig.
446.
Setal
map of an abdominal segment.

158
and leaves and some
species are believed to be prescale-insects.
They are
HOW TO KNOW
26a. Meso-
and metathorax with seta ia in front of ib and well sepabove level of spiracle.
arated; abdominal seta iv
Family HEPIALIDAE
Fig. 447
The
caterpillars are all
plant
borers
in-
cluding roots, stems, twigs of grasses, shrubs
and
trees.
often
Some
species are quite large
somewhat wrinkled.
and
Rather numerous
hairs arise from tubercules.
The larvae are
usually dusky, whitish or tinged with yellow.

MeiorHOKAX
Fig.
AODO/ÎNAK JFV7
447. a, Hepialus
The adults are narrow winged medium

large sized moths
and are known as
to
swifts.
hiimuli; b, setal map

of
mesothorax;
c,
setal map of an ab-
dominal
26b. Meso-
segment.
and metathorax with seta

iv below level of
abdominal seta
Fig. 448
'lib
ia
and
ib
closely associated;
Family
YPONOMENTIDAE
spiracle.
HOW
27a. Last pair of
abdominal spiracles placed dorsally and closer toFamily CARPOSINIDAE

line. Fig. 449
gether on middle
'^v
This family consists of about 100 described species.
The caterpillars are

in peaches in Japan.
fruit-borers.
One
species bores
HOW TO KNOW
30a. Setae
ii
abdominal segment closer together
of 9th
than on any other segments, frequently on the

plate.
same
31
Fig. 452
JefMe^r
Fig.
map
452. Setal
of 9th ab-
dominal segment.
30b. Setae
ii
of 9th
abdominal segment as
on other segments.
for apart as
32
Fig. 453
Fig.
453.
Setal
map of 9th abdominal segment.
31a. Crochets of prolegs uniordinal;
zontally placed.
The
seeds.
iv
and v
hori-
FamUy PHALONllDAE
caterpillars bore in plants or feed in
They and
454. <i,
Setol
of an abdominb, uniordinal crochet?
Fig.
map
al
abdominal setae
Fig. 454
segment;
161
their adult
moths ore small.
HOW TO KNOW
31b. Crochets of prolegs usually multiordinal;
in
a diagonal or
abdominal setae
iv
and
vertical line.
Family TORTRICIDAE
Fig. 455
The
caterpillars are leaf rollers.
are destructive to
many
kinds of trees and other plants.
The larvae vrhen disturbed wriggle
violently and may escape backwards from the nests of rolled
leaves. The spruce budworm, Archips fumiferana (Clemens) ana
the fruit tree leaf roller, Azchips
argyiospila (Walker) are impor-
^They
455. o, Clover-seed caterpillar.

Laspeyresia interstinctana Clemens; b,
setal map of an abdominal segment.
Fig.
32a.
Abdominal setae
and
Fig. 456
ii
tant pests.
close together.
fSchreclrensteinia;
Family HELIODINIDAE
t&ii
The members
feeders.
of this
genus
All are of small size.
sun moths are plant

The family is interest-
of
ing in that a few species are apparently predacious
a
Fig.
456.
map
of
on scale
insects.
Seta!
an abdominal segment.
0-SfVMX:
32b.
Abdominal setae
Fig.
and
ii
widely separated.
33
457
V/}
Fig.
457.
Setal
map of on abdominal segment.
162
HOW TO KNOW
33a. Front reaching less than half

Fig.
Fig.
dinal
The
way
to vertex; crochets triordinal.
FamUy COSSIDAE
458
458. a, Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina
L.;
b,
trior-
crochets.
heartwood of various kinds

The leopard moth, Zeuzeia pyrina (L.), the larvae
bore in the branches and stems of apple, beech, birch, cherry, currant,
elm, maple, oak, pear, plum, walnut, etc. The life cycle needs two
years to be completed.
of
caterpillars are mostly borers in the
woody
plants.
33b. Front reaching

thirds
way
more or
to the vertex,
less
two
and end-
ing in on attenuate point; crochets

uniordinal or biordinal; small species.
Fig. 459
34
Fig.
459.
ordinal;
34a. Crochets of prolegs biordinal. Fig. 460.
Crochets:
b,
a,
uni
biordinal.
35
Fig.
460.
Bior-
dinal crochets.
34b. Crochets of prolegs uniordinal. Fig. 461.
36
Fig.
461.
Uni-
ordinal crochets.
163
HOW TO KNOW
35a. 3 ocelli arranged closely together*

the other one. Fig. 462
The
webs
is
Fig. 462.
more widely separated from

Family
caterpillars
OECOPHORIDAE
usually
or rolled leaves.
live
One
in
species
destructive to parsnips.
Depressorio herocliono Oe
Geer.
Family GELECHIIDAE
35b. Ocelli evenly spaced. Fig. 463
The larvae pictured here is

a widely distributed and serious pest of
-..,-_...,,
Fig. 463. Pink bollworm,
gossypiella
36a. êtae
and
(Saunders).
iii
its
country
cotton.
It
appearance
first
m
.
made
in
our
,^ri
1917.
on 8th abdominal segment usually placed
just
above
slightly before the spiracle.
Fig. 464
B *.
u
Pectinophoro
Fanuly GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE
HOW TO KNOW
37a. Prespiracular wart
on prothorax with 3 setae.

Family
Fig. 466
YPONOMEUTIDAE
'PROTHol\A\
Fig.
map
466. Setal
of prothor-
ox.
on prothorax with 2 setae
.38
on meso- and metathorax with 2 setae.

on meso- and metathorax with 1 seta.
,39
37b. Prespiracular wart
38a. Tubercle vii

38b. Tubercle vii
FamUy NOCTUIDAE
Fig. 467
About 20,000 species have been

described.
The caterpillars are
commonly known as armyworms,
cutworms, etc.
Night is their
usual feeding time, but when
very numerous they often spread
out during the day as well. Some
feed on seeds and some are stem
borers while the great majority
are foliage feeders. They are notorious pests of agricultural crops.
map
of mesothorax;
Fig. 467. o, Setal
b, Tomato fruitworm, or corn earworm,
The corn earworm, Heliothis armigeia (Hubner) is a cosmopolitan
ormigera (Hbn.); c, variegated cutworm, Peridromo margaritosa

(Howorth). (U.S.D.A.)
Heliothis
pest.
39a. Setae minute; tubercle reduced to obscure rings;
wide; prolegs reduced. Fig. 468
head usually
Family THYATIRIDAE
The larvae
spanworms
of
this
small family are
traveling like
the
geome-
There are known as the beautiful

mining moths, the "beauty" belonging
trids.
Fig.
468. Thyatira derasa.
39b. Setae
to the adults.
The naked caterpillars
sometimes live gregariously in webs.
They pupate in a cocoon.
heavy, almost always spinulose; with conspicuous tub40
ercles
40a. Tubercle
iii
of
abdomen with
Fig. 469
2 setae.
Subfamily Lithosiinae, ARCTIIDAE
The caterpillars possess tufted

hairs whicTi are much reduced in the
This subfamily includes
last instar.
about 50 North American species.
Fig.
469. Oenistis quodro.
The
165
caterpillars feed
upon
lichens.
HOW
40b. Tubercle
iii
of

abdomen with
seta.
(Utethesia) Family
Fig. 470
470. Fall webworm, Hy(Drury).

phontria cunea
Fia
(U.S.D.A.)
41a. Less than 4 pairs of
reduced. Fig. 471
ARCTIIDAE
The caterpillars of this family are covered with dense tufted hairs often reddishbrown and black. When disturbed they
often curl into a compact mass and are
called woolly bears or hedge hog caterpillars. The cocoon are made of silk and
the no-longer-needed body hairs.
They
feed upon a wide variety of plants. The
fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury)
lives gregariously in webs.
abdominal prolegs; sometimes anal prolegs
Family GEOMETRIDAE
About 2,000 species have been deThe caterpillars are called

loopers,
measuring worms, or spanworms because of their methods of locomotion. They feed chiefly on living
plants but a few are able to subsist
upon dry vegetable matter.
scribed.
Fig.
471. PolMcrita vernato

Peck.
41b. 4 pairs of
abdominal prolegs or more.
42
42a. Crochets on prolegs uniordinol.

Fig.
472
Fig.
472.
Uni-
ordinol crochets.
42b. Crochets
triordinal.
on prolegs biordinal or
Fig. 473
52
Fig.
473. o, Biordinal crochets; b,
triordinal
43a.
crochets.
Warts rudimentary or absent, or obscured by secondary
43b. At least wart vi (subventral) many haired

ary hairs sparse or absent above prolegs
166
and
hairs.
44
distinct; rêcond-
49
HOW TO KNOW
44a.
Anal plate bifurcated; head roughly papillose; 3rd ocellus very

Family SATYRIDAE
Fig. 474
large.
About 60 described species are rein North America. The caterpillars chiefly live on grasses and cereals.
The rice butterfly, Melanitis leda (L.), is
a pest of rice, barley, bamboo and sugar
cane in Asia.
corded
Fig.
44b.
474. Oeneis mocounii Edw.
Anal plate simple; head smoother; 3rd ocellus rarely much enlarged
45
45a. Spiracles ellipticaL larger; prolegs short
45b. Spiracles circular, small; prolegs slender,
Fig.
475.
46a.
or less stem-like,
PTEROPHORIDAE
More than 350 species have

been described. Most larvae are
stem borers and leaf rollers. Some
are of economic importance as
pests of ornamental plants and
agricultural crops. The adults are
the plume moths so named because of their finely split wings.
Grape-vine plume. Oxyptilus

Fitch.
Body with dense secondary
more
Family
with expanded planta. Fig. 475
periscelidactylus
46
setae.
Fig. 476
'/'':4^.
,47
"^/Â^rjerM
476. A body
segment showing
Fig.
the primary setae
and secondary setae.
46b.
Secondary setae very sparse
or
simple setae or a few subprimaries

167
absent
above
prolegs;
with
48
HOW TO KNOW
47a. Notch of lobrum deep, with parallel sides; anal prolegs as large
as others; with warts, more or less overshadowed by the second-
ary hairs. Fig. 477
few
NOCTUIDAE
This family of owlet moths is an

exceedingly important one, economically.
Cutworms hide in the earth
of gardens, cultivated fields, etc., by
day and come out at night to cut

off young plants at
ground level.
The corn earworm not only causes
heavy loss by feeding at the tips of
Fig. 477.
a, Corn earworm Heliioarmigera (Hbn.); b, cutworm,
Euxoa ouxiliaris Grote. (U.S.D.A.)
the maturing ears of corn but also

tunnels into tomatoes.
this
labrum acute, with convergent sides; anal prolegs much

reduced and not used; warts rudimentary and dominated by a
single hair (Melalopha) or absent (Datana).
47b. Notch of
FamUy NOTODONTIDAE
Fig. 478
These caterpillars are gregarious, and

pose often with the anterior and posterior
ends raised into the air and attached only
median prolegs. They frequently

possess dorsal humps or tubercles on the
body and are often brightly colored. Their
chief feed is the leaves of deciduous
by
478. Yellow-necked ca-
Fig
terpillar,
Dotono
ministrc
trees.
(Drury).
48a. Tubercle iv at about the

7th
and
8th.
same
level
on abdominal segments
This family includes

tive
tria
6th,
FamUy LYMANTRIIDAE
(Doa)
Fig. 479
many
destruc-
The gypsy moth, Porthedispar (L.) and the brown-tail moth,

species.
Nygmia phaeonhoea (Donovan) may

479.
Fig.
Hemerocampa
vetusto
Bdv.
cur in such large

pletely overrun
oc-
number as to comand defoliate large
areas of trees.
abdominal segment much lower than on other

segments; anal prolegs more or less reduced or modified.
Most NOTODONTIDAE
Fig. 480
48b. Tubercle iv of 7th
The
caterpillar
here
pictured
"puss moth". They never

attention.
The
is
fail to attract
backward
projecting
parts are anal tubes. This species feeds
on the leaves
Fig.
480.
Ceruro vinula
(L.)
168
of the
willow family.
HOW TO KNOW
49a.
With eversible mid-dorsal glands on 2nd abdominal segment.

Family LYMANTRIIDAE
Fig. 481
The
caterpillars
of
this
compara-
small family are usually

clothed with long hair-like scales
which are often sting producing.
They feed on the foliage of forest
tively
Tus'dA)^^'^^'''
49b.
No
antique
L.
trees.
eversible mid-dorsal glands
Family
50a. Spiracles circular, small

50b. Spiracles elliptical,
normal
50
PTEROPHORIDAE
51
in size
HOW
53b. Setae subequal or sometimes with setae
and prominent warts
and spines
54
54a. 8th abdominal

or tubercle
segment with a dorsal horn, or
plate,
55
54b. 8 th abdominal segment without

^
or tubercle
a dorsal horn, or
plate,
58
55a.
Body with numerous branching spines or enlarged
55b.
Body with
56a.
Head angulated or spined dorsally, or abdomen

dorsal spines; crochets of prolegs usually triordinal.
Family NYMPHALIDAE
Fig. 484
at
most 2 pairs
of
tubercles. ... 56
small spines on thorax
57
with several mid-
Fig.
484. a, Basilarchia ostyonox Fab:; b, Vanessa an-
tiopa.
About 4,000 species have been described. The caterpillars are

usually spiny but some are naked. The chrysalises are suspended by
the cremaster and the head is held downwards. They are often marked with silver or gold ornamentations. The adults are butterfhes.
56b.
Head rounded;
crochets biordinal.
....Family
Fig 485
The
485. Q, Samia cecropia
Fig.
L.;
b,
a proleg with
crochets.
57a.
Segments with
SATURNIIDAE
caterpillars chiefly
feed on broad-leaved deevergreen

ciduous and
They are called
trees.
giant or wild silkworms.
No less than 30 species in
oriental Asia are able to
produce usable silk.
6 or 8 annulets; prolegs not widely separated.
Family SPHINGIDAE
Fig. 486
About 900 species have been

described. The caterpillars are
called hornworms because of the
presence of a horn-like process on
abdominal segment. Some
larvae assume grotesque attitudes
which are thought to be responsible for the name "sphinx moth''
or "sphinx caterpillar".
the 8th
Fig.
486
Tobacco
porce sexto
hornworm,
(Johanssen).
Pro to-
170
HOW TO KNOW
57b.
Segments with
2 or 3 obscure annulets; prolegs widely separated.
Fig. 487
The
Chinese
487.
byx mori
Bom-
silkworm,
L.
58a.
Head
elevated, triangular
58b.
Head
not so
silkworm,
Bombyx
L. is
SPHINGIDAE
(Lapara) Family
59
59a. Crochets on prolegs forming
rupted.
Chinese
an important beneficial insect which has been domesticated

for more than 2,000 years. It was
estimated about 70 million pounds
of raw silk are produced each year.
mori
Fig.
BOMBYCIDAE
Family
on
ellipse, at
Fig. 488
most narrowly interFamily HESPERIIDAE
About 3,000 species have been deThe head of the caterpillars is

much larger than its prothorax which
forms a narrow "neck" and makes
them readily recognized. Its body is
widest at middle and tapering toward
both ends. They live exposed on plants
or within rolled and webbed leaves.
They feed chiefly on cereals and grasses. The adults are known as skippers.
scribed.
Fig.
488. Eporgyreus tityrus Fab.
59b. Crochets arranged
in
one band,
occasionally
interrupted.
rarely forming 2 separated bonds.

60a.
or
,60
Bands of crochets on prolegs reduced or interrupted at middls

and with a narrow spatulate, freshly lobe arising near the interruption.
LYCAENIDAE
Family
Fig. 489
The
caterpillars are largely
phytophagous and
ten found on leguminous plants.
Some
of-
are predaci-
ous and feed on scale-insects and other homopterous
nymphs.
short
few are myrmecophilous.
and broad,
slug-like
The body is
and the head is smaller
and narrower than the body.

Fjg.
489. Lycoe-
nid
larva.
60b. Prolegs with
band
of crochets continuous, without
near the middle
a fleshy lobe
61
171
HOW TO KNOW
Dorsum
61a.
When
prothorax bearing on eversible, forked scent gland.
of
the gland
retracted
is
a transverse groove
revealed:
is
body not hairy or spiny, but sometimes with fleshy filaments.

Fig.
FamUy PAPILIONIDAE
490
About 800 species have been deThe caterpillars feed on

a number of plants, but chiefly
on Citrus and Umbelliferae. The
scribed.
thorax of the larva
is
usually en-
larged, and sometimes possesses

protrusible scent
two eyespots.
490.
Fig.
gland on the dorsum which is

is often precalled osmeferium
cresphontes Cramer.
Papilio
sent
and
is
terpillar
is
ejected
when
disturbed.
the ca-
The adults
are the swallowtail butterflies.
61b. Not as 61a.
62a.
,62
Head and body
entirely without spines, high tubercles, or fleshy
63
filaments
62b.
Body with
63a.
Anal plate
63b.
Anal plate bifurcate
spines, higli tubercles, or fleshy filaments
entire,
65
34
rounded
at tip, bearing 2 distinct processes.
Family SATYRIDAE
64a.
Head apparently
64b.
Head smaller than
larger than prothorax.
prothorax. Fig. 491
Family
NYMPHALIDAE
Family PIERIDAE
About 1,000 species hove

been described. The caterpillars feed on many kinds of
plants but are especially fond
of cabbages and other crucifer-
ous crops. The cabbage butterPieiis rapae (L.) is a cosmopolitan species and the rape
butterfly, Pier is napi (L.) is also
common to both Europe and
North America.
fly,
FlQ.
491. Cabbageworm, Pirb
rpM
(L.
172
HOW TO KNOW
65a.
Mesothorox and sometimes several other segments bearing fleshy

Family DANAIDAE
Fig. 492
filaments.
The
caterpillars chiefly
feed on milkweeds.
monarch
Fig.
492. DQnoHS plexippus
butterly,
The
Dan-
aus plexippus (L.) is nearly a cosmopolitan species.

Its caterpillar is black and
L.
yellow.
The chrysalis
is
pale green and iridescent.
65b.
Body without fleshy filaments
Key
to the
PUPAE
of
Family
NYMPHALIDAE
of the more important families
LEPIDOPTERA
(Chiefly from E. Mosher, 1916)
With functional mandibles crossing
la.
Families
Fig. 493
in front of head.
MICROPTERYGIDAE & ERIOCRANIIDAE
^MAfiPiBl^
The pupation of Micropterygidae takes place

a dense, parchment-like cocoon. The pupation of Eriocroniidae takes place in a tough
cocoon in the groimd. The pupa uses its large
mandibles to cut its way out of th^ cocoon and
to dig up to the surface.
in
493. Mnemonico
Hricyna WIshm.
Fig.
lb.
Without functional mandibles, or indicated only as small tubercles

or lobes
abdominal segment movable on the 3rd; or appendages free

from fKxch other.
3
2a. 4th
2b. 4th
abdominal segment fixed
to 3rd;
appendages fused
to
each
19
other.
173
HOW TO KNOW
scxiLpTufÊp
y^^px
n(oTMoKA<lc
3a. Maxillary
palpi
present,
separated
^'*
-A^BsoThOitACi
- -A/^re/v/vA
from maxillae by a suture.

4
Fig. 494
MFTATHofiMJK.
Fig.
494. Cephalic aspect of
head and thorax.
3b. Maxillary palpi absent
4a.
Dorsum
in
4b.
of
11
abdomen provided with
fine spines, but not
arranged
rows
The anterior edge of some abdominal segments coyered with a row

7
sometimes with a second posterior row of spines
of spines,
5a. Maxillary palpi extending as

eyes. (See Fig. 497)
a band along
posterior
margin
of
margin of eyes.
.....A few GRACILARIIDAE
5b. Maxillary palpi not extending along posterior

Fig. 495
Hibernation takes place either in adult stage

or in pupal stage.
adult
is
When
in
pupal stage, the
well developed inside.
More than 200

are known.
species of the genus pictured
Many
Fig.
495. a, Lithocolietis hamadryadella Clemens; b, Lithoargentinotelcolletis
lo Clemens 9
174
of
them are highly economic.
HOW TO KNOW
abdominal segment covered by wings.

Family INCURVARIIDAE
6a. Spiracles of 1st

Fig. 496
Pupation takes place in a silken
cocoon
at
the
tnouth of the larval burrow.
Fig.
doxus
496. Proquinque-
punctellus
Cham.
abdominal segment exposed.

Family NEPTICULIDAE
6b. Spiracles of 1st

Fig.
497
When
larva
the
is
full-grown
it
drops to the ground and spins a dense,

flattened silken cocoon witnin the rub-
bish or on the surface of the
soil.
Fig. 497.
Nepticula piqtonello
.:
a, dorsal aspect;
b, ventral aspect.
Clemens
7a.
Middle abdominal segments, each with 2 rows
7b.
Middle abdominal segments, each with
8a.
Cremaster absent, or indicated only

without spines. Fig. 498
by a
row
of spines
of spines
spines; anal rise

Family AEGERIIDAE
a comparatively small
pictured Hves on Hiac and ash.
Fig.
is
498. Podo-
is
made
the larva.
This
scsio syrlngoe
(Harr.)
.
10
tuft of
Pupation takes place in the tunnel which
by
^^
175
family.
The species
HOW TO KNOW
Cremaster well developed/ forming a definite process; or anal
8b.
rise
9a. Last
9b. Last
Fig.
with spines
abdominal segment with a group
of
angular nodules.
Family PHALONIIDAE
abdominal segment with setae only.

Family TORTRICIDAE
499
Pupation takes place in rolled leaves or on

the bark of the host plant.
which are attached
Some
spin cocoons
to other objects or put with-
in debris.
Fig. 499. Laspeyresio

interstinctana Clemens: a, dorsal aspect;
b, ventral aspect.
(U.S.D.A.)
Notum
iOa.
of
Fig. 500
mesothorox prolonged into a long lobe.

Family GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE
The information
of the
pupae
of this family is
very
limited.
Fig.
500.
thopilo
Clerk.
Art-
pariono
Notum
10b.
of
mesothorax not prolonged
into
a long
lobe.
Family TINEIDAE
Fig. 501
Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon or larval

case.
Fig.
501. Tineo
pellionello (L.)3t
176
HOW TO KNOW
Ua. Dorsal head-piece much longer than the prothorax.

12
(See Fig. 502)

lib. Dorsal head-piece not longer than the prothorax
free from 3rd;
abdominal segment
12a. 4th
15
antennae and hind legs

13
not in subequal length
abdominal segment
12b. 4th
rigidly
fastened to 3rd; antennae and
hind legs subequal in length
14
Fig. 502
FamUy TISCHERIIDAE
13a. Labial palpi visible.
Pupation takes
The early stages are leaf-miners.
place in the Spring in the larval mine.
Fig.
502. Tiseh-
eria malifoliella
Clemens.
13b. Lfibial palpi invisible.
Family LYONETIIDAE
Fig. 503
Pupation takes place in a

cocoon which formed on the
leaf under two bands of
silk, or is sometimes naked
and suspended by a few
^\^
fiq
503.
Lyonatio tpculella Clemens.
silk
threads to a bent
leaf.
abdominal segments each with 2 deep punctures at

the anterior margin near the mid-dorsal line; 7th longer than 8th
(PbyUocnistis) LYONETIIDAE
to 10th together
14a. 3rd to 7th
14b.
Not so
15a.
Cremaster with a
15b.
Cremaster without a stem,
I6a. 1st
distinct stem.
abdominal spiracles
rows
its
(Peronea)
hooks attached
to
TORTRICIDAE
body
invisible; dorsal spines or setae
16
arranged
17
in transverse
177
HOW TO KNOW
16b. 1st
abdominal spiracles
Fig.
visible; dorsal spines or setae irregular.
504
Fteiily
Pupation takes place in a
which
Fig. 504.
chloris.
17a.
is
LIMACODIDAE
smooth silken cocoon
attached to the host plant.
Euclea
Mesothorax less than twice as long as

quadrangular, widely separated. Fig. 505.
metathorax;
.
maxillae
Family HEPIALIDAE
/fKONT
LABIAL pAtrus
PKOTHOlÂCK
vm/kbMr
The pupa
larval
is
rudimentary,
fitting
the
mandibles
are
slender,
burrow.
Its
but
sharply
Before emergence, the
defined.
pupa leaves
the larval burrow.
CU
Fig.
505. Sthenopis thufe Stkr.

b, lateral aspect.
a, ventral aspect;
17b.
Mesothorax more than twice as long as metathorax;
maxillae
18
longitudinal
abdominal segment movable on 2nd; abdominal segments

with an anterior row of spines and a posterior row of setae.
Family PSYCHIDAE
Fig. 508
18a. 3rd
The pupation takes place in the larval bag

The species pictured
ing to the host plant.
most common one
family
Fig.
is
of its
506. Thyrl-
worth.
178
is
family in our country.
fairly large one.
dopUryx ephemeroeformis Ha-
attach-
the
The
HOW TO KNOW
18b. 3rd
abdominal segment fixed on 2nd; abdominal segments with

Family COSSIDAE
both rows of spines. Fig. 507
The pupal stage passes
made by
This,
in the
burrow which was
the larva.
our most important species,
from Europe and
infests
many
was introduced
species of trees.
507. Leopard moth, Zeuzero pyrina L. cJ^
/ig.
19a.
Labium with
Fig.
3 lobes (pilifers distinct).
{f\S^~t^~^^'^^^'Â
20
508
i \\Wn '^^^''5'W
508. Anterior
part of pupa.
Fig.
19b.
Labrum simple
28
or bilobed (pilifers absent)
20a. Maxillary palpi present. (See Fig. 509).
21
20b. Maxillary palpi wanting
22
21a. Epicranial suture wanting; no deep dorsal groove between 9th

and 10th abdominal segments; 8th abdominal segment free on
7th in
male
iAUeYa)
YPONOMEUTIDAE
21b. Epicranial suture distinct at sides; or with a deep dorsal groove

between 9th and 10th abdominal segments; 8th abdominal segment fixed on 7th in both sexes. Fig. 509. .Family PYRALIDIDAE
.
Pupation takes place in various ways: some spin
The
cocoons in dead leaves or under rubbish.

aquatic species spend their pupal stage in
coon beneath the surface
Fig. 5U9. European

corn borer, Pyausta
nubilalis
(Hubner)
179
of the water.
co-
HOW TO KNOW
22a.
With a deep dorsal groove between 9th and 10th abdominal segSubfamily Epipaschiinae, PYRALIDIDAE
ments
23
22b. Not so
23a. Prothoracic
Fig. 510
femur exposed; antennae not swollen.

Family PTEROPHOIUDAE
Pupae usually suspend themselves by

on the host
They are
their
tail
plant.
often spiny.
The adults have divided
wings.
510. Pterophorus tenuidac-
Fig.
tylus Fitch.
23b. Prothoracic femur concealed; antennae swollen
24a. Maxillae in contact with eyes; tip of
mouth parts beyond
24
tip of
wings; pupa usually in a cocoon.
Family HESPERIIDAE
Fig. 511
in
Pupa is rounded, suspended by a Y-shaped

a cocoon.
This family has
girth
some 3000 known species some
of
which are economic.
Fig.
podes
511.
Col-
ethlius
Cr.
24b. Maxillae separated from eyes; tip of

of wings;
pupa usually exposed

180
mouth parts not beyond
tip
25
HOW
25 a.
Pupa normally exposed, rarely in

reaching forward to eyes. Fig. 512
cocoon;
mesothoracic
Family
legs
NYMPHALIDAE
Pupa suspended by the tail or in a girded thin

They are sometimes dull colored but are
often marked with silver or gold.
cocoon.
Fig. 512. Brenthia povonacello
Clemens.
-^
Pupa normally girded
25b.
at middle, rarely in cocoon; mesothoracic
legs not reaching forward to eyes
26
Body roimded; mouth parts not reaching the
26a.
tip of
Family
Fig. 513
The body
girded.
It
butterflies
is
of
pupa
short,
is
LYCAENIDAE
rounded and
closely
Our
smallest
usually smooth and small.
belong
wings.
to this family.
Fig. 513. Lycoenopsis ladon.
Body elongate; mouth parts reaching the
26b.
27a. Anterior
end
of
pupa with
tip of
wings.
27
2 points.
Fig. 514
FamUy PAPILIONIDAE
Pupa loosely girded and with two
points at the an-
terior end.
Most
1
Fig.
of the
members
in this stage.
\^
514. Popilto
Cra-
181
of the family
pass the winter
HOW TO KNOW
27b. Anterior
end
pupa with
of
point.
Family PIERIDAE
Fig. 515
The shape
spine and
is
of
pupa
is
angular ending in a single
Many
girded loosely.
species go through
several generations a year, making the pupal stage
very
short.
515. Collldryas eubule.

Fig.
28a. Tip of fore wings far beyond the posterior edge of the 4th ab29
dominal segment; prothoracic femur exposed
28b. Tip of fore wings not beyond the posterior edge of the 4th ab31
dominal segment; prothoracic femur concealed
29a. Maxillary
and
29b. Maxillary
pupa without movable segFomUy LYONETIIDAE

palpi exposed; with several movable ab-
labial palpi concealed;
ments
and
labial
30
dominal segments
Caudal end
30a.
abdomen with
of
lateral projections; maxillary palpi
Family
wanting. Fig. 518
COLEOPHORIDAE
Pupation takes place in the larval case ordinarily

fastened on the host plant.
Pfocrecnot(
Fig. 516. Coleophora malivoreilo Riley.
30b.
Caudal end
of
abdomen without
lateral
projections;
Family
palpi present. Fig. 517
Pupation takes place in a cocoon which
shaped and suspended
Fig.
thris
sis
517.
Sey-
eboraeen-
ZeMer.
182
in
its
maxillary
YPONOMEUTIDAE
larval web.
is spindle-
HOW TO KNOW
wings usually extending beyond 4th abdominal segment; if

body depressed, antennae adjacent on the middle;
first 4 abdominal segments usually longer than the remainder;
epicranial suture always present
32
3 1 a. Fore
not, then the
wings not extending beyond 4th abdominal segment; if beyond, then the maxillary palpi never present; first 4 abdominal
segments rarely longer than the remainder; epicranial suture
31b. Fore
rarely visible
35
Antennae 4/5 as long as
32a.
fore wings,
palpi distinct
32b.
meeting only at apex; labial

(Scythris)
YPONOMEUTIDAE
Antennae reaching almost to the tip of wings, meeting at middle

and sometimes diverging at apex; labial palpi usually concealed.
33
33a.
Antennae not diverging
33b.
Antennae diverging at apex
apex
at
34
35
34a. Prothoracic legs longer than
mouth
parts.
Fig.
Fig. 518
518. Depressaria heracliane
(Etbmia)
ETHMIIDAE
De Geer.
34b. Prothoracic legs shorter than
mouth
parts.
.A few GELECHIIDAE
35a. Fronto-clypeal suture complete. Fig. 519. ..Family
GELECHIIDAE
Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon.
The family
is a large one with several thousand

and numerous genera. The several species
of Recuivana mine within the needles of the conifers.
The other species pictured is a widely distributed pest
species
of stored grain, feeding

Fig.519. a. Spruce
leaf-miner, RecurV a r a piceaillo
Kearf; b, Sitotroi
ga cerealelia 01 iv.
(U.S.D.A.)
183
and pupating within the
grains.
HOW TO KNOW
35b. Frotito-clypeal suture obsolete in middle.

Fig.
Famay OECOPHORIDAE
520
Pupation takes place
in
hollow stem, or larval web,
or folded leaves, varying differently with the larval

habits.
The larvae are often case makers.
Fig. 520. Cryp'

tolechia querci-
cello
Clemens.
36a. Labial palpi exposed, lanceolate
37
36b. Labial palpi invisible or reduced to
37a.
Body with secondary setae

larval warts.
a small area
(often minute), not
Family
Fig. 521
41
arranged around
LASIOCAMPIDAE
Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon hidden

debris or other objects.
have a smooth exterior. The nearly 30 members

this genus do serious damage to trees.
Fig.
in
Both the pupae and the eggs

of
521. Molp-
cosoma
disstria.
Hubner.
37b.
Body with primary setae
only,
warts
with
setae
around
larval
38
38a. Prothoracic femur
38b. Prothorac.
or
exposed
39
femur concealed
40
abdomen with a group of pyramidal points, setae obscure;

mesothoracic legs touching maxillary palpi; 5th abdominal segment without special ridge
(Diatraea) PYRALIDIDAE
39a. Tip of
184
HOW TO KNOW
39b. Tip of
abdomen with a cremaster
or
hooked cremastrcd setae;
mesothoracic legs not touching maxillary palpi; 5th abdominal
segment with a special
The pupal stage passes
make
for
ways: some
in various
loose cocoons in leaves,
pupation,
NOCTUIDAE
Family
ridge. Fig. 522
some
many pupate under
enter the soil
debris on the
surface of the ground.
The more than 20,000 species of this great family

size and habits that anything said
about the family must be of a general nature. Many
vary so widely in
of the species ore highly
economic and some
most destructive plant pests

collecting
The scars
is
hkely
to turn
up some
of larval
warts with setae not arranged in
Family
40b.
The scars
group.
of
of the
Any
their
pupae.
522. Popoip*nebris Gn. $
40a.
trip
fall in this
of larval with setae
arranged in
circles.
NOCTUIDAE
circles.
Family LYMANTRIIDAE
Fig. 523
is
Pupation takes place in a silken

sometimes mixed with body setae.
cocoon
which
The pupae of the white marked tussock moth, here

taken as an example of the family, are easily located
since they are often wrapped in a dead leaf attached
to the tree or other food plant.
The wingless female
after emergence and fertilization usually deposits her
eggs upon the cocoon and covers them with a white
coat which is weatherproof but which makes the
Fig.
523.
Hem-
rocompo leucos-
whole assembly more conspicuous.
Ngma S. & A.
185
HOW TO KNOW
41a.
MaxUlary palpi present; on thorax and base

cremaster present.
Fig. 524
of
abdomen with a
crest;
Subfamily Galleriinae, PYRALIDIDAE
The caterpillars live ordinarily in the nests of bees

and wasps. The bee moths or waxworms sometimes
do serious damages in beehives. The pupae have
well-marked appendages and are enclosed within a
thick,
Fig.
524.
moth,
tough cocoon.
Wax
Golleria
melonello (L)(5^
41b. Not OS 41a

42a.
42
Antennae club-shaped; cremaster wanting.

iOeneis)
42b.
Antennae not club-shaped;
43a.
The larval warts with setae arranged
43b.
The larval warts with setae arranged not
44a.
Antennae reaching beyond the
44b.
Antennae reaching
so,
if
cremaster present
in circles
46
wings
45
half of fore
less than half of fore wings.
45a. Cremaster as long as 9th
few LYMANTRIIDAE
and
10th abdominal segments together;

Subfamily Pantheinae, NOCTUIDAE
with hooked setae

if
43
44
in circles
45b. Cremaster
NYMPHALIDAE
present, then
abdomen with flanged
plates.
Family ARCTIIDAE
Fig. 525
The
by coarse silk and

The pupation takes place mostly
under leaves or within debris on Ihe ground.
larval
*^^^
cocoon
body
is
usually formed
hairs.
The pupa shown here comes from the very combrick-red and black "banded woolly bear" cater-
mon
pillar
Fig.
525.
isobllo
S.
so
much
in evidence in the Fall.
Isia
&. A.
186
HOW TO KNOW
Body with secondary setae

Body with primary seiae or none
Body with rather coarse, short secondary
setae; cremaster rudi-
mentary. Fig. 526
Family
46a.
46b.
47a.
Pupation takes place in

silken cocoon.
lion
Fig.
526.
byx mori
of
48
white
or
BOMBYCIDAE
yellow
thick
The Chinese silkworm yields 70
raw
mil-
silk annually.
BomL.
Body with
47b.
pounds
47
fine, soft
Fig. 527
secondary setae; cremaster well developed.

Family NOTODONTIDAE
The pupa
en
cell.
is
often
naked and protected by an
earth-
Other species spin a scanty cocoon which
frequently contains
some
of the debris in
which
it
is
placed.
CJêÂsrei^
527. Phryganidia colifon

nica Pacic
Fig.
48a.
Antennae not pectinate; spiraculor furrows often present; frontoclypeol suture distinct at ends
49
48b.
Antennae pectinate; spiracular furrows

clypeol suture wanting. Fig. 528
rarely
present;
fronto-
Family SATURNIIDAE
Pupation takes place in dense silken co-
-V PKote^ SCAK
coons which have been utilized for
man.
Fig.
528. Somia ceeropio
187
silk
by
HOW TO KNOW
49a.
Antennae usually
width rarely greater than

then cremaster always
present; antennae never more than
the length of wings; epicranial suture always wanting; scar of dorsal horn of 8th abdominal segment usually present; labial palpi never visible.
Fig. 529
Family SPHINGIDAE
filiiorm, the greatest
that of the prothoracic legs,
ii
greater,
Pupation takes place in the ground in
Fig.
529. Tobacco
sexto
Protoparce
homworm,
(Johans-
sen).
49b.
an earthen cell which is made by the

soil and the body fluid. A few species
pupate on the surface of the ground in a
simple cocoon composed of leaves fastened with
silk.
Antennae usually broader near the proximal end, their greatest

width usually greater than that of the prothoracic legs; antennae
usually more than Va length of wings, if not, then epicranial suture is present, or the cremaster is wanting, or if present then bifurcate at the distal end or bearing hooked setae; dorsum of abdomen usually with a deep groove between 9th and 10th abdominal segments; scar of dorsal horn of 8th abdominal segment never
50
present; labial palpi sometimes visible
more than 3/5 length of wings; if not, then the

caudal end of body with hooked setae, or 3rd abdominal spiracle
concealed by wings; prothoracic femur often exposed; a deep
furrow usually present on the dorsum of abdomen between the
Family GEOMETRIDAE
9th and 10th segments. Fig. 530
50a. Maxillae usually
Pupation takes place in the
soil
with or without a
silken cocoon.
This rather large family includes

cies,
Fig.
530.
many
of
some
2,000 spe-
which ore well known.
Bre-
phos infans
Moesch.
seldom more than 3/5 length of wings; if so, then the

margin of mesothorax with a row of deep pits or entire
body punctate; 3rd abdominal spiracle never concealed by wings;
prothoracic femur never exposed; cremaster T-shaped.
Family NOTODONTIDAE
50b. Maxillae
posterior
188
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER DIPTERA
Key
to the
LARVAE
more important families
of the
(After John R. Malloch, 1917)
la.
Mandibles moving horizontally; head complete,

not, the posterior portion with deep longi-
ii
tudinal incisions, or the thorax
and abdomen
together consisting of 13 segments. Fig. 531.
Suborder
series
ORTHORRHAPHA,
NEMATOCERA
F.g. 531.
Head
of
Cuiex sp.
lb.
Mandibles moving
head incomplete,
vertically;
.-S
without a strongly developed upper arcuate plate.

2
Fig. 532
Fig. 532. Anterior part of body,
showing the mandibles.
2a.
distinct; mandibles
antennae well developed on
Maxillae well developed, palpi
normally
sickle-like;
the upper surface of
slightly arcuate sclerotized
dorsal plate. Fig. 533.
Suborder
ORTHORRHAPHA,
series BRACHYCERA
2b. Maxillae poorly developed, palpi visible only in

mandibles short and hook-like; antennae poorly
when
absent,
present situated upon
a few
a membranous
Suborder
Fig. 534
533. Doraspect of
head.
Fig.
sal
16
larvae:
or
surface.
developed
CYCLORRHAPHA^
rv
Fig.
534. a, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Calif. Exp. Sta.); b, Hessian fly, Phytophaga destructor (Soy)
(U.S.D.A.); c, Eristalis bastard! Macq.; d, Toxomerus politus Soy; e, Leucopis
Sriseora Fall (U.S.D.A.); f, Common cattle grub, Hypoderma
lineotum De Vill) in host sk\n (U.S.D.A.); g; Mediterranean
fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) with an anterior respiratory organ (Calif. Exp. Sta.).
^Key to families
is
not available.
189
HOW
3a.
Head incomplete; thorax and abdomen combined
consisting of 13
segments; larvae peripneustic; usually with a sclerotized plate on

ventral surface of mesothorax. Fig. 535. ..Family
CECIDOMYIDAE
The larvae ore mostly gall-makbut some are predacious on

scale-insects and others live in
decaying organic
matter.
The
Hessian fly, Phytophaga destructor (Say) is a serious pest of
wheat. The larvae live and feed
on the stem beneath the leaf
sheaths, where pupation also takes
ers,
Fig.
555.
Retinodiplosis
inops O.
S.
place.
3b.
4a.
Not so
Head and
thorax and
1st
and 2nd abdominal segments

abdomen with a
larvae with minute abdominal spiracles;
fused;
ventral
longitudinal series of sucker-like discs.
Family
Fig. 536
BLEPHAROCERATIDAE
The adults are called net-winged midges. The larlive in swift-flowing streams and feed on algae
and diatoms. They may be found clinging to the
vae
rocks.
Fig.
536. Bibio-
cephala
4b.
Pupation takes place in the water.
sp.
Head
free, or
if
retracted within or fused with prothorox the other
thoracic segments are distinct
5a.
Head complete; mandibles opposed.

190
HOW TO KNOW
5b.
Head incomplete
slits (2
posteriorly, either with
on dorsum and
sclerotized
and
on
deep wedge-shaped
venter), or ventral suriace
very poorly
the dorsal one posteriorly in the form of 4 slender
heavily sclerotized rods, with a weakly sclerotized divided plate on
Family TIPULIDAE
anterior hali of the dorsum. Fig. 537.
There are about 6,000 spe*

of crane flies describ-
cies
The larvae are commoncalled leather

jackets.
They are aquatic, semiaquatic, and some are terrestrial.
ed.
ly
feed upon decaying

wood, decaying vegetations,
They
Fig.
537. Tipula eiuta Loew.
fungi,
moss,
many
plant:*.
and
roots
few are
of
leaf
miners.
Sa. Thoracic
segments fused ond
dilated, forming
a complex mass.
Family
Fig. 538
CUUCIDAE
Around 2,000 species of moshove been described.

The larvae are aquatic and
quitoes
live in various types
water
and even
in
of fresh
brackish
and
salt water. The cxilicine

larvae rest under water surface with the body obliquely
placed while the anophelines
ore horizontally placed. Many
species of female mosquitoes
are the vectors of human diseases. Anopheles are respon-
sible
for
malaria and Aedes
cany
the causative agent

yellow fever and dengue.
6b. Thoracic
7a.
segments
distinct.
Larvae peripneustic, or with at least rudimentary abdominal
spir-
acles
7b.
of
Larvae amphipneustic or metopneustic

191
11
HOW TO KNOW
Larvae with rudimentary abdominal spiracles; mouth with a large

on each side which bears a nimiber of long
hairs and closes, fan-like, when at rest; posterior abdominal segments dilated, the last one armed on venter with a sucker-like disc
which bears concentric series of bristles; aquatic species.
Family SIMULIIDAE
Fig. 539
8a.
articulated process
About 300 species
of buffalo gnats or
black
The larvae live mostly in

swift fresh water and congregate in masses on
their webs on rocks in water. The larvae are
often so abundant as to completely cover the
rocks to which they are attached. The female
bites and causes painful swellings. They are
flies
are described.
disease carriers.
Simulium
Hagen; b, S.
venusfum Say; c, S.
sp.
(Utah Agr. Exp.
pictipes
Sta.)
though sometimes small abdominal spiracles;

processes; posterior abdominal segments
not noticeably dilated, the last one without sucker-like disc; ter-
Larvae with
8b.
distinct
mouth without
restrial
fan-like
species
Antennae elongate; body armed with
9a.
conspicuous bristles or
10
hairs
9b.
Antennae usually short and inconspicuous, sometimes apparently

absent; body without conspicuous bristles.
Family MYCETOPHILIDAE
Fig. 540
Around 2,000 species of the fungus gnats have been described.
The larvae inhabit damp places
in large numbers. They are active
and able to leap. Their food is
Fig. 540, Exechio nativo Johannsen.
decaying vegetation and fungi.
Some species are recorded as
pests of mushrooms.
10a.
Anal spiracles
ses.
at the apices of
a pair
of
long stalk-like proces-
Family SCATOPSIDAE
Fig. 541
The larvae live in dung, in

decaying organic matter, or under the loose bark of decaying
trees.
Kig.
541.
Rhegmoclema atrata
Their adults are known

or minute
as dung midges,
black scavengers.
Say.
192
HOW TO KNOW
Ancd spiracles not noticecd)ly elevated, situated near base of

dorsal surface of caudal segment.
Fig. 542
Family BIBIONIDAE
About 500 species of the March flies
have been described. The larvae live
in and feed on decaying vegetable
matter, dung, and the roots of grasses,
Fig. 542. Bibio olbipennis Say.
cereals and vegetables. They are sometimes very abundant.
10b.
11a. Dorsal surface of 1st
wart-like elevations.
Fig.
543.
and 2nd abdominal segments each with 2

Family DIXIDAE
Only around 10 species
Fig. 543
Dixo
have been described in

the United States. The
larvae are aquatic and
feed on algae. The body
is bent and moves by altemote thrusts of the two
sp.
ends
of the
portion
lib. Dorsal surface of 1st
is
body, the bent

foremost.
and 2nd abdominal segments without
vated processes
some
ele-
12
segments with narrow^ sclerotized straplike transverse bands; or the apical segment In the form of a
short sclerotized tube; rarely the ventral abdominal segments bear
12a. All or
of the dorsal
central series of sucker^like discs.
.Family
Fig. 544
PSYCHODIDAE
The larvae are aquatic or

terrestrial and some live in
drain pipes. They feed on decaying matter, dung, fungi and
sewage. The adults are called
sand flies or moth flies. Some
sand flies are the carriers of
human
Fig.
544.
Psychoda superba Banks.
diseases.
Flebatomus
argentipes Annandale
netti,
F.
&
Brun-
major Annandale,
F.
chinensis Patton & Kindle are

the carriers of kala azar.
12b.
Dorsum without narrow, sclerotized, strap-like bands; apical segment not in the form of a short sclerotized tube; ventral abdominal
13a.
segments never with sucker-like discs
13
Antennae undeveloped, appearing as pale roimd spots on side

head; ventral surface of head with sclerites contiguous anter-
of
iorly,
widely separated posteriorly. ...Family

193
MYCETOPHILIDAE
HOW TO KNOW
13b.
Antennae pedunculate, usually well developed; ventral surface

head with sclerites contiguous for entire length, not separated
of
14a.
14b.
widely posteriorly
14
Abdominal segments not sixbdivided

Abdominal segments subdivided by means
15
of
transverse con-
Family TIPULIDAE
15a. (a) Aquatic larvae very slender, tapering towards both ends;
without thoracic or anal pseudopods or surface hairs (except about
8 at apex of abdomen), (b) Terrestrial larvae sioUt, with well-defined segments which are armed with strong bristles, some of
which are lanceolate; pseudopods present.
Fig. 545
Family CERATOPOGONIDAE
strictions
The members
of this famare called biting midges,

punkies, or sand flies. Their
larvae are aquatic, semiaquatic or terrestrial.
The
latter live in moist himius
The
^^^
^ under bark.
aquatic species inhabit various types of water including seashore and salt lokes.
The adults suck blood from
ily
\^
'
\\/\\/C\\^\i}\)/
oV^Si^/l^SiJC^
^^'u^l (IaI
mJ^"^^^?^^^
AI
\I
4)F1^
**
\^-^
Fig.
545.
Forcipomyia specuiaris Coq.
other insects and mammals.

Some species ore the vectors
15b.
of filaria worms.
Larvae rarely very slender, generally of an almost xmiform thickness, rarely with the thoracic segments appreciable swollen but
not fused; abdominal and thoracic segments frequently with
rather noticeable soft hairs, the last segment almost invariably
with a conspicuous tuft of hairs on dorsum near apex; pseudopods almost always present, sometimes (very rare) only the
thoracic one distingmshable in terrestrial forms.
Fig. 546
Family CHIRONOMIDAE
Around 2,000 species of the

midges have been described. The
larvae are aquatic or terrestrial.
The aquatic species live in various types of water including salt
lakes and ORpn sea. Some feed on
Fig.
546.
the water surface, others make

s^^^^ cases and attach to rocks
or other objects on the bottom or
in mud. The blood worms are red
Comptoeiadius byssiniu.
colored larvae.
The terrestrial
species live in dung, fungi, mosses and decaying vegetation.
194
HOW TO KNOW
approximated, situated within a terminal or

or chamber, usually concealed; body entirely
shagreened or wholly or in part longitudinally striated
17
16a. Posterior spiracles
subterminal
cleft
widely separated, visible, situated on

apical segment, which may be tnmcated, sclerotized, or armed
with apical processes; or upon penultimate or antepenultimate
segment; body not shagreened or visibly striated
18
17a. Head not retractile; body flattened, surface finely shagreened,
16b. Posterior spiracles rather
sometimes with lateral abdominal spiracles, without vestigial

pseudopods; spiracular fissure transverse, sometimes rather small;
pupae enclosed
in larval skin.
Fig. 547
Family
About
STRATIOMYIDAE
1,200 species of the soldier flies
Some
described.
have been
larvae live in water and feed on
decaying matter and algae or prey on small aquatic

Some possess a long breathing tube on the
animals.
caudal end.
rotting
Some
live in
mud,
in fruit, in
dung or
wood.
547. Geosorgus viridos Say.
Fig.
17b.
Head
retractile;
body
cylindrical, surface not shagreened, usually
longitudinally striated;
abdomen
each segment; spiracular
with a girdle of pseudopods on
fissure vertical;
pupae
free.
Family
Fig. 548
Around
TABANIDAE
have been
The larvae are spindle-shaped, living in
water or damp places. The flies ore blood-sucking
insects and biting on warm-blooded animals including man. Some of them are disease carriers.
2,500 spedies of the horse flies
described.
F-ig.
548.
Tabo-
mts otrotus Fab.
195
HOW TO KNOW
18a. Posterior spiracles situated
upon apical segment,
18b. Posterior spiracles situated
upon penultimate or antepenultimate
19
segment
23
head and flattened apical plate of terminal

abdominal segment heavily sclerotized/ the former cone-shaped,
entirely closed except at extreme apex, not retractile; the latter
obliquely tnmcate and with projecting processes.
Fig. 549
Family XYLOPHAGIDAE
19a. Projecting portion of
The larvae ore found in the soil or imder the bark

They feed upon the larvae of other
of rotten trees.
insects.
The members
r^'ss
Fig.
better
known
of this small family ore related to the
soldier flies
and
to the horseflies.
549. Xylolugens
phagus
Loew.
head more or less retractile, not cone-shaped,

the movable portion not enclosed; apical abdominal segment
without a heavily sclerotized flattened terminal plate
20
19b. Projecting portion of
20a. Apical
abdominal segment ending
in 2 long processes
which are
fringed with long soft hairs; abdomen with paired pseudopods

fleshy dorsal and lateral appendages.
and
FamUy RHAGIONIDAE
Fig. 550
Some
larvae live in fresh
water with flattened body

while others live in dung,
wood
or fungi with cylindri-
cal body. They ore predacious and feed on small ani-
mals.
Fig.
550. Atherix sp.
make
Some Vermileo can
ant-trapping pits in
dust or sand similar to those
of the ant-lions. The adults
are known as snipe flies.
196
HOW TO KNOW
abdominal segment not as above; paired abdominal

pseudopods usually absent; other appendages always absent.. .21
20b. Apical
21a. Apical abdominal segment ending in 4 short pointed processes or

2 fleshy lips; internal portion of head with a large, arched, sclerotized upper plate, the longitudinal rods and other cephalic parts
on a horizontal plane
Family
RHAGIONIDAE
abdominal segment not as above, or the internal portion

head without arched upper plate, and the longitudinal cephalic
rods and other cephalic parts meet at right angles
22
21b. Apical
of
abdominal segment without projecting processes, spiracles

very small; parasites of spiders.
Fig. 551
Fanuly CYRTIDAE
22a. Apical
Around 200 species

known. The
first
of the
humpbacked
flies
instar larvae are caraboid in
with distinct segments and two
long
anal
are
form
bristles.
They feed on spider eggs and spiders. They change

to eruciform larva which is not so active as the first
instar.
Fig. 551. Pterodontia flavipes

Grog. ]st instar.
22b. Apical
abdominal segment frequently with projecting processes,

mud, earth, or decaying
spiracles large; species live in water,
vegetable matter.
Fig. 552
FamUy EMPIDAE and
family
DOLICHOPIDAE
Empidae: About 1,600 species of

the dance flies are known. The
larvae live in water or in decaying vegetation, dead wood, soil
and mosses where they feed upon
Fig.
552.
Dolichopus sp.
small animals.
Dolichopidae: About 2,000 species of the long-legged flies have
been described. The larvae are
mostly aquatic and feed on other
insects. Some are found in plant
stems or under tree bark.
197
HOW
situated upon the antepenultimate segment;

abdominal segments 1-6 subdivided, the body apparently consisting of 20 segments exclusive of the head
24
23a. Posterior spiracles
23b. Posterior spiracles situated upon penultimate segment; abdominal

segments simple, the body apparently consisting of 11 or 12 segments exclusive of the head
25
24a. Posterior dorsal internal extension of head spatulate at apex;

ventral posterior projections in the form of 2 short sclerotized
rods. Fig. 553
Family THEREVIDAE
T^n^r^rnTTTTsr-^^
=i^^^4^^'?4^<^^-'-^^^
553.
Fig.
Psilocepholo
About 300 species have

been described. The larvae
frequent sandy soil, fungi
^^^ decaying wood. They
feed upon earthworms and
O*^^
hoemorrhoidolis
Macquart.
Soft-bodied insectS OI
organic
matter.
adults are known as
decaying
The
stilleto flies.
24b. Posterior dorsal extension of head not spatulate at apex; ventral

posterior projections absent. Fig. 554
Family SCENOPINIDAE
About 50 species
have
been
described.
The
larvae ore sometimes found in houses under carpets or in furniture
and
also in decaying wood.
Their food habits are thought
One
species
is
to
be predacious.
thought to destroy the larvae of
carpet beetles.
Fig. 554. Ventral
aspect of head of
Scenopinus fenes-
tralis
L.
abdominal segment longer than ultimate, with a deep

transverse depression near its apex giving it the appearance of
2 distinct segments; ultimate segment terminating in a sharp ridge
with a median sharp point, on either side of which dorsally and
ventrally are situated 4 very closely approximated; hairs.
Family MYDAIDAE
Fig. 555
25a. Penultimate
Fig.
555.
Mydos clovotus
Around 100 specie. have

been described. Both adults
and larvae are predacious. The
larvae are found in decaying
wood. The adults are known as
m'ydas flies and ore often conspicuously marked.
Drury.
198
HOW TO KNOW
abdominal segment shorter than ultimate, or if longthen without a deep transverse depression; apical segment
not as above, the hairs not closely approximated
26
25b. Penultimate
er,
26a. Thoracic segments each with 2 long hairs, one on each side on
ventro-lateral margin; apical segment with 6 or 8 long hairs;
head well developed, forwardly protruded, and more or less coneshaped when viewed from above, appearing flattened when viewed from side; penultimate segment usually shorter than ultimate
or not much longer; body straight in life.
Fig. 556
Family ASILIDAE
Around 4,000 species of the
robber flies have been described.
The larvae inhabit soil
with decaying
Fig.
556.
Promochus vertebrotus Say.
organic
matter
where they prey upon other

insect larvae.
segments without hairs, if present, they are very weak;

apical segment without distinguishable hairs; head not mucli
26b. Thoracic
downward, not cone-shaped, with a dorsal protuberance when viewed from side; penultimate segment distinctly
longer than ultimate; body usually curved in a half circle in life.
Fig. 557
FamUy BOMBYLIIDAE
protruded, directed
About
1,800 species of bee

are known. The first instar larvae are slender and
legless with hairs on thorax
and anal region which disap-
flies
pear in the latter instars. They

are predacious or parasitic on
the larvae of bees and wasps,
Fig.
pupae of tsetse flies, caterpillars and also on the eggs of

beetles and grasshoppers. Some
Hemipenthes have been reared
557. Spomopolius ffulvus Wied.
from
ichneumonid
That would suggest

ore hyperparasitic.
Key
to the
PUPAE
of the
of
cocoons.
they
that
more important families
DIPTERA
(After John R. Malloch, 1917)

la.
Pupa not enclosed within the larval skin, if so, the head is distinct
as in the larva, or the puparium is slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, its texture
leathery, not sclerotized,
and the
anterior respiratory
organs not distinguishable; adult or pupa emerges through a

tangular split on dorsum of larval skin.
Suborder ORTHORRHAPHA
199
rec-
HOW TO KNOW
lb.
the larval skin; head always retracted, the

occupying a position on the inner side of the
ventral surface of the puparium; anterior respiratory organs distinct, either protruded from the antero-lateral angles of the cephalic
extremity or from dorsum of base of abdomen; adult usually
emerges by forcing off the rounded anterior extremity of the pupar-
Pupa enclosed with
sclerotized portion
in cap-like form, or the dorsal half of the thoracic portion

the lines of cleavage being along the lateral margins to a point at
base of abdomen; rarely emergence is through a rectangular
splitting of the dorsum of the puparium.
ium
Suborder
Fig. 558
Fig.
558.
CYCLORRHAPHA*
a, Toxomerus polltus Say; b, Phytophogo destructor (Say)

(U.S.D.A.); c, Sheep bot fly. Oestrus ovis L. (Ohio Exp. Sta.);
Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh); e, Leucopis griseolo Fall
d,
(U.S.D.A
2a.
Antennae much elongated,
distinctly visible beneath the pupal

normally curving well over upper margin of eyes and extending to or beyond base of wing, in some cases almost to apex of
wing; head without strong thocns (except in some Cecidomyiidae
and a few Tipulidae); thoracic respiratory organs much elongated
or sessile; abdomen sometimes unarmed in the species with short
3
Series NEMATOCERA
antennae
skin,
2b.
Antennae shorter, projecting downward and outward, not curving

over the eyes or reaching nearly to base of wing; head usually
with strong thorns or horns; thoracic respiratory organs sessile,
rarely stalk-like; abdomen usually armed with strong spines or
bristles, or if unarmed there are only 4 or 5 distinct pairs of abSeries
dominal spiracles
3a.
BRACHYCERA
21
several strong thorns in a vertical series on the median

living in galls, sometimes in the hardened larval skin
Family CECIDOMYIDAE
resembling a flaxseed. Fig. 559
Head with
line;
and
pupae
dif-
ways: some pupae are

naked, some are borne in puparia and a few in silken coferent
Fig.
*Key
COOnS.
559. Monardio sp.
to families
is
not available.
200
HOW TO KNOW
3b.
Head without
strong thorns, or
if
at
base
of
each antenna with a
protuberance, thus not sharp; pupae not living in galls, but usually free
and not enclosed
in larval skin,
if
enclosed the larval moult
does not resemble a muscoid puparium
4a. Thoracic respiratory
organs
abdomen
sessil;
without strong thorns
or leaf like elevations; legs straight
4b. Thoracic respiratory
organs stalked, or
if
the
sessile
abdomen
with strong thorns or leaf-like elevations, or the legs are recurved
abdomen and apex
against base of
of thorax, or the
coxae do not
conceal the stemopleura and the scape of the antennae
is
almost
globose; legs straight or recurved
5a.
Legs
short, apices of
of wings;
antennae
hind
short,
tarsi projecting slightly
beyond apices
curved across middle of eye.
Family BIBIONIDAE
Fig. 560
Pupation takes place in on earthen
cell
in
the
ground.
This family, numbering
some 500
species, contains
a few members which are sometimes exceedingly

The species pict\ired is our most comnimierous.
mon
one.
All of the
members
of the family
seem
to
be vegetable feeders.
Fig. 560. Bibio

olbipennit Say.
5b.
Legs elongate, usually
all tarsi projecting for
a considerable
dis-
tance beyond apices of wings; antennae elongate, extending to or
beyond base
of
wings
201
HOW TO KNOW
6a.
Thorax conspicuously swollen, almost globose,

declivous; stemopleura concealed.
Fig. 561
its
anterior profile
Family MYCETOPHILIDAE
Pupation takes place mostly in delicate cocoons and
a few ore suspended by some loose
silk
from the
sur-
face of fungi or other objects.
561. Leia
oblectobiNt
Loew.
Fig.
6b.
Thorax not conspicuously swollen, the anterior
profile not sloping
downward
7a.
Scape of antennae much swollen, globose; abdominal spiracles

small or absent; stemopleura enlarged, not concealed by fore
Family CHIRONOMIDAE
coxae and femora. Fig. 562
Some pupae
float
at
are
active
and
water surface, but some
remain in the larval tube. The

respiratory organs either consist
of a pair of branched filaments or
-.
Fig.
7b.
^^^
,
562. Tanypus
illinoensis
of
,.
Mall.
a simple
^
tube.
Scape of antennae not much swollen; abdominal spiracles distinct;

stemopleura not visible, concealed by large coxae and femora of
Family CECIDOMYIDAE
the fore legs
respiratory organs slender, long and tube-like; legs
extending well beyond apices of wings; body without
armature except a pair of hairs on anterior margin of head; stemoFamily CECIDOMYIDAE
pleura concealed
8a. Thoracic
straight,
such combination of characters;

with hairs or spines, or stemopleura exposed
8b. Species not in
202
abdomen usually
9
HOW TO KNOW
9a.
Pupa in a pocket-shaped or slipper-shaped cocoon consisting of

coarse threads, thoracic respiratory organ projecting from the wide
open end. Fig. 563
Family SIMULIIDAE
Pupation takes place in the pocket-like co-
coon which
is
made by
the larva.
The
res-
piratory organs are tube-Uke filaments which

Fig.
protrude from the cocoon.
Simuvenustum
pupa and
563.
lium
Say,
cocoon.
Pupa free, or if enclosed or partly so the cocoon is not pocketand respiratory organs do not consist of tube-like filaments.. 10
10a. Pupa when seen from above oval in outline; the abdominal base
9b.
like
not conspicuously narrower than thorax, so that the lateral outline is continuous; dorsal surface with strong integument
11
10b. Pupa with abdomen well differenciated from thorax; the dorsum
membranous, or if strong and almost sclerotized, then surface
with well developed spines
12
11a. Thoracic respiratory organs lamelliform, consisting of 4 flat
plates, the broad sides of which are contiguous.
Fig.
Family
564
BLEPHAROCERATIDAE
Pupation takes place in the

place occupied by the larvae
often results in large
Fig.
of
564. Bibiocephala sp.
lib. Thoracic respiratory
organs simple,
tube-like.
Family
Fig. 565
numbers
individuals being produced.
PSYCHODIDAE
Pupation takes place in the same habitat as that of
Fig.
the larvae.
The pupa usually carries the larval
uviae at
caudal end.
its
565.
choda
Psysuperbo
Banks.
203
ex-
HOW TO KNOW
abdominal segment terminating in 2 or 4 paddle-like or

iin-shaped organs which are fringed on all or part of outer surface by strap-like hairs; or ii the apical segment terminates in
2 long subcorneal processes, the tarsi are recurved against the
ventral surface of the base of the abdomen and apex of thorax
13
so that they do not extend beyond apices of wings
12a. Apical
abdominal segment obtuse, armed with short or elongate

spines or thorns; or if ending in a pair of long, slender processes
they are more or less oval in cross section and without strap-like
hairs; tarsi generally entirely straight, rarely the apices of the
18
hind pair incurved slightly, but never recurved as above
12b. Apical
filaments
organs terminating in numerous thread-like

Family CHIRONOMIDAE
13b. Thoracic respiratory organs consisting of a single stem, in some

cases with a few long, or many short, scale-like, surface hairs,
but never terminating in numerous thread-like filaments; occasion14

ally the thoracic respiratory organs not elevated
organs not elevated; stemopleura exposed.

Family CHIRONOMIDAE
organs conspicuously elevated
15a. Thoracic respiratory organs situated close to anterior

thorax; no stellate hairs on thorax and abdomen.
Family
organs situated close
margin
of
CHIRONOMIDAE
middle of thoracic
16
dorsum
16a. Apical
to
15
like plates.
in 2 or 4 broad, flat, paddle-
Family CULICIDAE
Fig. 566
The pupae are very active and float at water

by a pair of trumpet-like
respiratory organs on the thorax. This permits
their destruction by oil or poisons placed on
surface to breath air
the surface of the water.
Fig. 566.
Culex
sp.
204
HOW TO KNOW
16b. Apical
in
long
subcorneal
cesses
pro17
17a. Apical processes

of outer
armed with
short hairs at apices
and on middle
Family CULICIDAE
margin
17b. Apical processes
unarmed.
Family DIXIDAE
Fig. 567
The pupae closely resemble the pupae

.^
of Culicidae both in habit
and
in
appear
ance.
Fig.
567. Dixo sp.
18a.
Apices of legs not extending beyond apices of wings
19
18b.
Apices of legs extending beyond apices of wings
20
19a. Apical
segment of abdomen ending in 2 conical processes.

Family CERATOPOGONIDAE
Fig. 568
The information
of
pupae
of
this
family
is
very
limited.
Fig.
568.
pomyio
Pal-
sp.
19b. Apical
segment
of
abdomen ending
in 2
upper and 2 lower short
FamUy PSYCHODIDAE
thorns
205
HOW TO KNOW
20a. Thoracic respiratory organs long, bifid; apical abdominal segment rounded, without processes; abdominal spiracles pedunculate.
Fig. 569
Family SCATOPSIDAE
The biology
of the
pupae
of
this
family
is
not
known.
569. Rheg-
Fig.
moclema atrato
Say.
20b. Thoracic respiratory organs simple; apical abdominal segment

not rounded, generally armed with protuberances.
FamUy TIPULIDAE
Fig. 570
Pupation takes place at the

similar situation as the larval.
Fiq.
21a.
570. Pochyrrhina ferruginea Fab.
Pupa enclosed within
larval skin.
Family STRATIOMYIIDAE
Fig. 571
soil or
near the place where the larvae
under debris
live.
The family numbers more than 1,000 species.

The eggs are variously placed in mud, water or
waste materials.
Fig.
gaster
nine.
571. Neopoehymaculicornis
22
21b. îspa free.
206
HOW TO KNOW
22a. Prothorax with
spiracle.
a long aperture mesad
of
and connected with the

Family
Fig. 572
TABANIDAE
The pupae are cylindrical

and elongate with thoracic
spiracles connected subcutane-
ously with a large cavity on

the prothorax.
.Fig.
572.
Tobanus losiophthalmus Macq.
22b. Not as 22a

23a.
23
Head without strong iorwordly directed thorns, at most with 1

thorn on base of antenna which is directed to the side: abdominal
armature weak becoming gradually stronger towards apex of
basal abdominal segment; apices of hind tarsi at most extending
slightly beyond apices of wings; abdomen with 7 pairs of spir24
acles
23b.
Head usually with
strong thorns, or if absent, the abdominal arstronger on basal of 2nd segment than it is on apical,
or there are less than 7 pairs of abdominal spiracles; apices of
26
hind tarsi usually distinctly beyond apices of wings
mature
is
24a. Antennal sheaths much thickened at base, apical portion slender,

styliform, the whole directed almost straight downward.
RHAGIONIDAE
Family
Fig. 573
The
information
the biology of
this
Fig.
family
is
the
concerning
pupae of
quite limited.
573. Chrysopilus ornotus Say.
24b. Antennal sheaths thickened throughout their length, the apical

portion generally more or less distinctly onnulated, the whole
directed either straight sideways or in a slightly downward direction
25
25a. Antennal sheaths
showing much more than 10 annulations.

Subfamily Rhachicerinae, RHAGIONIDAE
25b. Antennal sheaths
showing not more than 10 annulations.

Family XYLOPHAGIDAE
Fig. 574
Information about the pupae

is
Fig.
574.
Xylophagus lugens Loew.
207
very limited.
HOW TO KNOW
26a.
without strong thorns; abdomen with 3 to 4 distinct pairs

and without spinose armature.
Family CYRTIDAE
Fig. 575
Head
of spiracles
Pupation takes place in web, or burrow, or under

the place
Fig.
some
other objects near
where the host
died.
575. Ogcodes costatus
Loew.
26b.
Head usually with
strong thorns, at least with elevated ridgeantennal sheath and several small carinated elevations; ab27
domen with 7 pairs of spiracles and spinose armature
like
27a.
Head
27b.
Head with more than
28a.
Abdomen with a single transverse series oi spines on each dorsal

segment; wing with a long thorn at base.
Family THEREVIDAE
Fig. 576
with 2 thorns.
2 thorns or with several short tubercles.. .29
The pupae are
free
and the pupation takes place
in the soil.
The adults of this small family are known as stilThe larvae are apparently predacious.
leto flies.
Fig.
576. Psilo-
cephala
haemMac-
orrhoidalis
quart.
/ 28b. Abdomen with
2 transverse series oi spines
on each dorsal seg-
Family
ment; wings without thorns at base
Little is known about the biology of the pupae.
208
SCENOPINIDAE
HOW TO KNOW
29a.
Upper pair of cephalic thorns directed sideways and slightly

upward; apices of wings extending to or very slight beyond apex
of 1st abdominal segment; apices of middle tarsi not extending
Family MYDAIDAE
to apices of wings. Fig. 577
The
r
jPI
is
Fig.
577.
available
information
about the biology of the pupae
very limited.
Mydos clovatus Drury
29b.
Upper pairs of cephalic thorns directed forward, at most slightly

divergent apically, generally slightly curved downward, or head
without strong upper thorn
30
30a.
Head with strong thorns, if absent the abdomen with dorsal

transverse armature consisting of very strong thorns and intervening long slender hairs; apices of antennae obtuse
31
30b.
Head very rarely with thorns, 2 carinate elevations present on

upper anterior margin; antennae with attenuated apices; body
32
without thorns, sometimes with bristles
31a.
Lower median portion of face with a closely approximated pair

which are occasionally fused almost to apices;
abdomen with transverse armature on dorsal segments consisting
of short flattened thorns and long slender hairs, the thorns usualof stout thorns
ly appearing as
if
attached
to,
rather than forming part of the

at bases and apices.
abdomen and sometimes turned up
Family BOMBYLIIDAE
Fig. 578
When
the
parasite
fully
is
grown then it leaves the host

and enters the soil for pupation.
Fig.
578.
Spogostylum
olbofasciotum
Macquart.
31b.
Lower median portion of face without thorns; abdomen with transverse armature consisting of alternating long and short thorns.
Family ASILIDAE
Fig. 579
soil.
However, the pupae have the

habit of coming to the surface
of soil shortly before the
Fig.
579.
Ceroturgus cruciatus Say.
209
gence
of the adult.
emer-
HOW TO KNOW
32a Cephalic armature consisting of 2 carinated elevations on upper

anterior margin, on each of which is a very long hair; antennal
sheath raised above level of face, tapering apically, directed
downward and slightly outward; proboscis often much elongated.
Fig.
Family EMPIDAE
580
Pupation takes
Fig.
580.
place
cocoon which
is
ed with wood
particles.
in
densely coat-
Dropetis nigra Meigen.
32b/ Similar to Empidae, but proboscis never elongated.

Fig. 581
Family DOLICHOPIDAE
Pupation takes place in an

earthen cell or in a cocoon made
by wooden fragments and silk.
The pupa possesses a pair of
elongate thoracic respiratory horns
which protruded outside of the
pupal cell or cocoon.
Pig.
581. Aphrosylus praedator
ORDER HYMENOPTERA
(From H. Yuasa, 1923)
la.
Body caterpillar-like, thoracic legs usually present; head much

more strongly sclerotized than the rest of the body; prolegs usually developed,
if
absent the body
is
caterpillar-like;
antennae
al-
most always present
and more than 1-segmented; mandibles

heavily sclerotized almost always with more than 1 tooth; ocelli
often present; larvae generally free living, or plant borers, a few
are gall-makers (But the members of the family Orussidae is parasitic)
Suborder
210
CHALASTOGASTRA
HOW TO KNOW
lb.
Body maggot-like,
soft,

head not strongly
legless;
unsegmented; mandibles weak
sclerotized;
antennae
almost never more than an
apical tooth; ocelli wanting; larvae parasitic, or parasitoidal, or
upon the food supplied by the
living
adult,
Fig. 582
Fig
a few are gall-makers.
Suborder
CLISTOGASTRA*
Some parasitic larvae with hypermetamorphosis; g, AphHold Aphelinidae; h, Chelonus sp. (Braconidae) ;
Euplectrus plathypenae How. (Eulophidae) ; j, Vespa macutoto Kirby (Vespidae); k .Monomorium minimum Buckley
(Formicidae)
582. a-f,-
elinus moli
i,
2a. Thoracic legs present, either
normal in form and
mented or modified; if modified, fleshy or

and body depressed
2b. Thoracic legs not distinctly
normal
conical,
head
3
segmented, mamma-like or wanting;
mamma-like, head and body never
3a. Thoracic legs
conical,
distinctly seg-
if
distinctly
depressed
if
17
in form, not seta-like, rarely nipple-shaped;
prologs usually present; subanal appendages wanting; antennae
usually with less than 7 segments
3b. Thoracic legs seta-like; prolegs wanting;

sent, setaceous;
Fig.
583
Around
583.
^'Key to families
Pamphilium
is
100 species
The larvae
have been
de-
leaves or
spin webs usually live gregariously
together. A few ore serious orchard
scribed.
Fig.
subanal appendages pre-
antennae very long, 7-segroented.

Family PAMPHILIIDAE
sp.
not available.
211
roll
HOW TO KNOW
4a. 10 pairs of prologs present
or 7-segmented.
6-

on each abdominal segment; antennae
Family XYELIDAE
Fig. 584
"^^^^^ ^^ species of the xyelid

sawflies have been described. The
larvae are free feeders on elms,
pines, hickory, butternut, etc. Pupation takes place in an earthen cell
.u^
the ,J
ground.
/ÎfRTra?i?R'^/5T}7?r^
isil?fl^?^!i?%/. s)?if::jDl!(H///^
'
Mogaxyelo
Fig.
584,
Cresson.
^"-^^
ry^
mojor
sometimes reduced or absent; antennae

never more than 5-segmented
5
4b. 6 to 8 pairs of prolegs,
5a. Thoracic legs
daws always
5b. Thoracic
normal
in form,
5-segmented;
legs
fleshy,
indistinctly
4-
tarsal
6
^^ff^'''y'''|p%^ J//'/
segmented; tarsal claws wanting.

Fig. 585.
Subfamily Phyllotominae,
.
modified,
if
present; prologs usually developed

i
|i
i
|
i||i
in
^^kJM'di-^^ -^^^^
^v^î^^^^^^^^-^^^^'s^^s^^^^'*^^^
TENTHREDINIDAE
^.
Fig.
8a. Prologs present
^^^
^
cerosi
585. Caliroo
2-8
,.
and
10;
antennae
elongate, conical, usually 5-segmented

6b. Prologs present
ments
2-7
only or
2-6
and
2-7
and
rarely on seg-
10,
10
7a. Thoracic legs 5-segmented,
L.
11
normal
in
form
7b. Thoracic legs 4-segmented, modified.
FamUy TENTREDINIDAE
Fig. 586
xriTmmjTi
(r^;,JlJî^^
C^
^^^.^-^
.Wi
b
li'i JL(k|[)>ll332fN
fi^^naisi'^^^*^*^^'^^^^^
^
Fig. 586. a, Emphytus sp. (Emphytinae);
Phlebotrophie
b,
mofhesoni MQcGiiilvray.
8a. 3rd
abdominal segment with
About 5,000 species of sawflies

have been described. The habits of
the larvae are various: leaf feeders,
^^^ miners, gall
makers and some
^P^^ webs.
Pupation usually takes

place in a parchment-like cocoon on
or in the ground. Many species are
-^
^
,i,. j^..,^*:,,^
destruotive.
seriously
6 annulets
on dorsum.
9
(See Fig. 587)
abdominal segment with more or

dorsum
8b. 3rd
212
less
than
annulets
on
10
HOW TO KNOW
conical, 5-segmented.
Antennae
9a.
FamUy TENTREDINIDAE
Fig. 587
This includes three subfamilies: Doler-
Emphytinae and Blennocampidae.

The oaks, members of the rose family
and grasses and sedges are frequent
inae,
Tomosthethus bor(Blennocampinae); b,
Norton (Doler>
Fig.
587.. a,
dus
Say
Dolerus
inae)
food plants.
similis
Antennae not conicaL 3-segmented, erect and peg-like.

Family DIPRIONIDAE
9b.
Fig. 588
About 70 species have been deThe larvae feed on the
scribed.
Fig. 588.
Fitch.
10a.
Neodiprion
Antennae
leaves of pine, spruce, cedar, etc.

The body is usually yellowish or
greenish with grayish or brownish
stripes of with rows of black spots.
lecontei
conical, 5-segmented;
tudinal sutures.
Fig. 589
labrum without secondary longiFamily TENTHREDINIDAE
WWWWWIM
Here
included
is
belandriinae,
Many
thredininae.
subfamilies:
Emphytinae and Tenbroad-leafed trees
and shrubs and ferns are attacked by

members of these groupS.
Fig. 589. a, Strongylogoster onnulosus Norton

(Selondriinae) ;
Tenthredo sp. <Tenthredininae).
b,
10b.
Antennae not conicaL

longitudinal sutures.
1-segmented;
Fig. 590
labrum with secondary

Family CIMBICIDAE
About 50 species have been describThe larvae are caterpillar-like,

body usually curled spirally and covered with a waxy bloom. They feed on
ed.
Fig.
590.
Abia inflato Norton.
the leaves of different kinds of deciduous trees and shrubs. Pupation takes
place in a parchment-like cocoon

an earthen cell under ground.
normal in form; prologs on abdomin12

with or without anal prolegs
11a. Thoracic legs 5-segmented,
al
segment
2-7, either
in
213
HOW TO KNOW
lib. Thoracic legs 6-segmented, or phothoracic legs
4-segmented and
others S-segmented; prolegs on abdominal segments 2-7

2-6
and
10,
very small.
Family
Fig. 591
and
10/
or
ARGIDAE
About 200 species have been

known. Larvae feed on broad-leaved
deciduous trees and shrubs. The
members of this family are widely
Fig.
591.
Hylotomo
scattered.
sp.
on the last abdominal segment, either normal or

13
fused on the meson, forming a single prominence
12a. Prolegs present
12b. Prolegs absent
on the
abdominal segment.
last
FamUy TENTHREDINIDAE
Fig. 592
"ji
liliTpK
L,/:J.\iLb^
The subfamilies Fenusinae and Hoplocampinae are included here. A number

of leaf
592. Koliofenuso ulmi Sun

(Fenusinae).
devall
Fig.
îes
miners ore included in the spe-
which
fall here.
13a.
Anal prolegs normal and separated
13b.
Anal prolegs united on the meson forming a single protuberance.

Family TENTHREDINIDAE
Fig. 593
KÎ^'T^^^XiUi^^
^^^^^''^'^^^^^^^
Fig.
14
The subfamily SoHoneurinae belongs

They are leaf miners on members
here.
593. Metollus rubi
^^ ^^^ 'OSe family.
Forbes.
14a.
Antennae 5-segmented; 3rd abdominal segment with 6 aimulets;

10th abdominal tergimi with several caudal protuberances.
Subfamily Hoplocampidae, TENTHREDINIDAE
Fig. 594
Q^^ffl^^^Ê^^
^^^
^ÎY?^
Fig.
14b.
594.
The larvae feed on the leaves

pear and other Rosaceae.
of
Henichroa dyari Rohwer.
Antennae
4-,
rarely 3-segmented; 3rd abdominal segment usually
with less than 6 aimulets; 10th abdominal tergimi with or without

15
caudal tuberances
214
HOW TO KNOW
15a.
An
eversible gland on ventro-meson of each abdominal segment

body often with numerous conspicuous setae, setae arising
from distinct tubercles; antennae 4-segmented.
1-7;
Subfamily Nematinae, TENTHREDINIDAE
Fig. 595
Some members of this rather

large subfamily are gall makers,
while others are known to feed
on the foliage of broad-leaved
and shrubs and on grasses
and sedges.
trees
Fig,
595.
Pteronidae ribesi Scopoli.
15b.
Without eversible glands; body never conspicuously setiierous;

antennae 3- or 4-segmented
16
16a.
Antennae 4-segmented; 3rd abdominal segment with 5 annulets;

abdominal segments 2-4 and 8, or 2-5 and 8 without a postsubspiracular sucker-like protuberance.
Fig.
FamUy TENTHREDINIDAE
596
The
Fig.
cray
16b.
596. Cladius
(Cladinae).
pectinicornis
Four-
subfamilies
Hoplocom-
pinae and Cladinae are both

included
here. Members
of
the rose family furnish food
for
some
of these species.
Antennae 1-segmented; 3rd abdominal segment with 3 annulets;

abdominal segments 2-4 and 8, or 2-5 and 8 with a postsubspus
acular sucker-like protuberance.
Fig. 597
-Aw^-'Fig.
597.
ACORDULECERIDAE
Around 100 species have been deThe larvae are free feeders
and gregarious on plant leaves.
''
Acordulecero
Family
scribed.
sp.
17a. Thoracic legs present;
lost
abdominal
segment
17b. Thoracic legs wanting; last

Fig. 598
process.
with
suranol
18
(See Fig. 599)
process.
abdominal segment without suranal

Family ORUSSIDAE
About 50 species of the parasitic

wasps are known. The larvae are parasitic on the larvae of cerombycid and
buprestid beetles. The pupae have a
long ovipositor which
Fig. 598.
is
Oryssus occidental-
Cresson.
hark
i-'wv.a..
215
is
held over the
HOW TO KNOW
18a.
Subcmal appendages present, vestigial and palpiiorm; ocelli pre.Family CEPHIDAE

antennae 4- or 5-segmented. Fig. 599.
sent;
^tÂMj^l, /^feetss^
noceii
Fig.
599. Jonus integer Norton.
Around 100 species of the stem

sawflies are known. The body of the
larvae is C-shaped with a small terminal abdominal appendage. They
bore into the stems of grasses, trees
and shrubs. Pupation takes place in
the
larval
burrow
within
thin
cocoon.
18b Subanal appendages wanting; ocelli wanting
19a.
Antennae 3-segmented; meta-spiracles

smaller than abdominal spiracles.
Fig. 800
19
iimctionless,
very much
FamUy XIPHYDRIIDAE
Less than 50 species are known. The
Xiphydrio
19b.
sp.
larvae are borers in
trees.
maples are known
be attacked
to
Birches
and
in our
country.
Antennae 1-segmented; meta-spiracles functional, as large as

Family SIRICIDAE
abdominal spiracles. Fig. 601
Around 50 species of the hornare known. The larvae are Sshaped and deeply segmented with
a horny abdominal process. They
bore in the stems of pines and other
tails
Fig.
601.
Tremex columbo L
broad-leaved deciduous trees that

are usually not perfectly healthy.
Pupation occurs in thin parchmentlike
cocoon within
the larvae.
216
the
burrows
of
HOW TO KNOW
SOME IMPORTANT REFERENCES

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Needham, J. G. and P. R.
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Ewing, H.
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HOW TO KNOW
Order PLECOPTERA
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Fall
Prison, T. H. 1929.
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Nat. Hist. Surv. 18:345-409.

1942. Studies of North American Plecoptera, with special reference
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EPHEMEROPTERA
Order
Morgan, Anna H. 1913.

Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.
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Mayflies.
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1935. The biology of

J. G., J. R. Traver, and Yin-Chi Hsu.
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Needham,
Osgood R. 1935. The eggs and egg-laying habits of North

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Jr.
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1925.
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Supplement Dec.
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Hayes,
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Kennedy, C. H. 1915. Notes on the life history and ecology of the

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Notes on the life history and ecology of the dragonflies of

Central California and Nevada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 52:483-635.
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Needham,
J.
G. 1903. The
In Aquatic insects of
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New
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Odonata, suborder Zygoptera.

Mus. 68(18):
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199-517.
The dragonflies of Illinois with

J. G. and C. A. Hart. 1901.
descriptions of the immature stages, pt. I. Petaluridae, Aeschnidae
and Gomphidae. Bull. 111. St. Nat. Hist. Lab. 6(1): 1-94.
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J.
G. and E. Fisher. 1936. The
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libel-
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Order
Blatchley,
W.
S.
1920.
ORTHOPTERA
Orthoptera of Northeastern America. 784 pp.
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218
HOW TO KNOW
1939. Identification of the eggs of MidJ. B. and R. C. Smith.

western grasshoppers by the chorionic sculpturing. Kans. Exp. Sta.
Tuck,
Tech. Bull. 48:1-39.
COLEOPTERA
Order
Anderson, William H. 1939. A key to the larval Bostrichidae in the

United States National Museum. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29(9):382391.
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Boving, A. G. 1925. Beetle larvae of the subfamily Gkxlerucinae. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 75(2): 1-48.
Boving, A. G. and F. C. Craighead. 1932. Illustrated synopsis of the
principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Ent. Amer. 11:1-352.
Boving, A. G. 1942. Descriptions of the larvae of some West Indian
melolonthine beetles and a key to the known larvae of the tribe.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 92:187-175.
Chu, H.
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F.
1945.
Amer.
The larvae
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25(l):l-70.
contribution toward a classification of the weevil

larvae of the subfamily Calendrinae in North America. Proc. U. S.
Cotton, R. T. 1924.
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F. C. 1915. Contribution toward a classification and biology
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fication of
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219
HOW TO KNOW
Muraycana, Jozo.
onomic study
1931.
contribution to the morphological
and
tax-
May-beetles which occur in the

nurseries of the Peninsula of Korea. Bull. Forest-Expt. Sta. Chosen
No. XI, pp. 1 - 108.
Fracker, S. B.
Mon. 2 (1)
of larvae of certain
The
1915.
classification of lepidopterous larvae.
111.
Biol.
169.
1 -
Rees, Bryant E. 1943. Classification of the Dermestidae based on

larval characters, with a key to the North American genera. U. S.
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Richter, P. O.
1940.
Kentucky white grubs.
Bull.
Kentucky Agr. Exp.
Sta. 401:71-157.
1944.
Dynastinae of North America with descriptions of the larvae

to genera and species, ibid. 467:1-56.
and keys
Rutelinae of Eastern North America with descriptions of the

larvae of Strigodermella pygmaea (Fab.) and three species of
1945.
the tribe Rutelini. ibid. 471:1-19.
Salisbury, Murl Beauford. 1943. The comparative morphology and

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Key to known pupae of the genus Caiendra,

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Satterthwait, A. F. 1931.
143-172.
St.
George, R. A. 1924. Studies on the larvae of North American

beetles of the subfamily Tenebrioninae with a description of the
larvae and pupae of Merinus laevis (Oliv.). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
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F. I. 1938. On the taxonomy of Rhynchophora larvae.
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key to the genera and most of
1939. Larvae of British beetles I.
the species of British Cerambycid larvae. Ent. Mthly. Mag. 75:
Van Emden,
257-273; 76:7-13.
1941.
Larvae
of British beetles
II.
key
to the British
LameUicomia
larvae. Ibid. 77:117-127; 181-192.

1942. Larvae of British beetles III. Keys to the families. Ibid. 78:206272.
1943.
Larvae
of
British
beetles IV. Various
small families. Ibid.
79:209-223; 259-270.
key to the genera of larval Carabidae. Trans. Roy. Ent.

Soc. Lond. 92:1-99.
1942.
Order HEMIPTERA
Butler, E. A.
1923.
682 pp. H. F.
&
biology of the British

G. Witherby, London.
Esselbaugh, Charles O. 1946.
Ann.
Ent. Soc.
Amer.
Hemiptera-Heteroptera.
study of the eggs of the Pentatomidae.
39(4):667-691.
220
HOW TO KNOW
W.
Funkhouser,
Biology of the Membracidae of the
D. 1917.
Lake Basin. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 11:181-445.

Hart, C. A. 1919. The Pentatomidae of Illinois with keys
genera. Bull.
Cayuga
to nearctic
Nat. Hist. Surv. 13(7):157-218.
111.
Hungerford, H. B. 1919. The biology and ecology of aquatic and senn

aquatic Hemiptera. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 1 1:3-328.
Karny, H. H. 1934. Biologie der Wasserinsekten. pp. xv+311. Wagner,

Berlin.
Radio, P. A. 1928. Studies of the eggs of some ReduvL uê. Kans.

Univ. Sci. Bull. 16:157-179.
1927. Studies on the biology of the Reduviidae of America North
Mexico. Ibid. 28:1-291.
of
Order
NEUROPTERA
Ross, H. H. and T. H. Prison. 1937. Studies of nearctic aquatic insects.

Nearctic alderflies of the genus Sialis (Megaloptera, Sialidae).
I.
Bull.
111.
Nat. Hist. Surv. 2K3):57-100.
Smith, R. C. 1922. The biology of the Chrysopidae. Cornell Exp. Sta.

Mem. 58:1287-1372.
1923. Life histories and stages of some hemerobiids and allied
species. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 16(2):12P-14B.
Order TRICHOPTERA
Winston A.
Elkins,
Trichoptera.
Lloyd,
no.
Lloyd
The immature stages

Amer. 29:65-81.
some Minnesota
of
Ent. Soc.
The biology of North Amierican caddisfly larvae.

Pharm. & Materia Medica. Bull. 21, Ent. Bull.
Lib. Bot.
pp. 1-24.
1,
Margey
Milne,
Ann
1921.
T.
J.
Bull.
1936.
J.
Immature North American Trichoptera. Psyche
1939.
46:9-19.
Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddisflies, or Trichoptera, of

Nat. Hist. Surv. 23(l):l-326.
Buckler,
Vols.
Cook,
W.
1886-1901.
Ray
I-IX.
W.
C.
1894.
News.
butterflies
Bull.
111.
and moths.
Society, London.
Cutworms
Dyar, H. G. 1893.
Ent.
Order LEPIDOPTERA
The larvae of the British
Illinois.
On
and armyworms. Minn.
St. Ent. Cir. 52:1-8.
the larval cases of North American Psychidae.
4:320-321.
classification of lepidopterous larvae.
Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 8:194-232.
on the classification of lepidopterous larvae.

Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 14:49-62.
classification of Lepidoptera on larval characters. Am. Nat.
1895.
1895. Additional notes
29:1066-1072.
221
HOW TO KNOW
A descriptive list of a collection of early stages of Japanese

Lepidoptera. Proc. U. S. Not. Mus. 28:937-956.
1905.
Forbes, W. T. M. 1911. Field key to sphingid caterpillars of the Eastern United States. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 4:261-262.
1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Cornell
Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68:1-729.
Jones, F.
M. and H.
B. Parks. 1928.
The bagwonns
of Texas. Bull.
Texas
Agr. Exp. Sta. 382:1-36.
Mosher, Edna. 1914. The classification of the pupae of the Ceratocampidae and Hemileucidae. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 7:277-300.
The
1916.
classification of
the
pupae
of
Saturnidae.
the
Ibid.
9(2):136-156.
1916.
Bull.
Pupae
1917.
based on characters of the

Lab. Nat. Hist. 12:12-159.
Maine species of Notodonloidea. Bull. Maine
classification of Lepidoptera
pupa.
111.
of
St.
some
Agr. Exp. Sta. 259:29-84.
Order DIPTERA
Banks, N. 1912. The structure of certain dipterous larvae with particular reference to those in human foods. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent.
Tech. Ser. 22:1-44.
1925.
Felt. E. P.
W.
Key
to gall
midges.
Bull. N. Y. St.
Mus.
257:1-239.
study of the leaf -mining Diptera of North America. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 78:1-228.
Frost, S.
1923.
T. 1922. Illustrated synopsis of the puparia of one hundred

muscoid fUes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 60(10):l-39.
1925. The puparia and larvae of sarcophagid flies. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 66(29): 1-26.
1926. Descriptions of larvae and pupae of two-winged flies belong-
Greene, C.
ing to the family Leptidae. Ibid. 70(2): 1-20.

Characters of the larvae and pupae of certain
Jour. Agr. Res. 38:489-498.
1929.
Hayes,
of
Wm.
P.
hnmature
1938-39.
insects. Pt.
fruit
flies.
bibliography of keys for the identification

I.
Diptera. Ent.
News
49(9):246-251; 50(1):
5-10, 76-82.
1944.
bibliography of keys to immature mosquitoes. Ibid.
55(6):
141-145, 184-189.
Heiss, E.
M.
Syrphidae
1938.
classification of the larvae
and puparia
of the
of Illinois. Univ. Bull. 16:1-142.
Johannsen, O. A. 1934. Aquatic Diptera. Pt. I. Nemocera, exclusive of

Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem.
164:1-71.
Aquatic Diptera. Pt. II. Orthorrhapha-Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha. Ibid. 177:1-62.

1937. Aquatic Diptera. Pt. III. Chironomidae; subfamilies Tanypodinae, Diomesinae and Orthocladiinae. Ibid. 205:1-84.
1935.
222
HOW TO KNOW
Aquatic Diptera. Pt. IV. Chironomidae; subfamily Chironominae. Ibid. 210:1-56.
1937.
Malloch, J. R. 1917. A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive

of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to
imagines in certain families.
Pt.
I.
Bull.
III.
St.
Lab.
Nat.
Hist.
12:161-409.
Phillips,
Venia
Tarris. 1946.
larvae (Trypetidae).
Thomsen,
L.
C. 1937.
Agr. Exp. Sta.
The biology and
Mem. Amer.
Aquatic Diptera.
Mem.
Pt.
identification of trypetid
12:1-161.
V. Ceratopoginidae. Cornell
210:57-80.
Order
Bischoff, H. 1927.
Ent. Soc.
HYMENOPTERA
Biologie der Hymenoptera. 597 pp. Springer, Berlin.
Duncan, C. D. 1939. A contribution to the biology of the North American vespine wasps. Stanford Univ. Pub. Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 8(ll):l-272.
Yuasa, H. 1923.
111.
Biol.
Mon.
classification of the larvae of the Tenthredinoidea.
7:1-172.
>^^^^^'
-^
'--^S.,^
223
INDEX AND PICTURED GLOSSARY

Aspirator 24
Anistominae 80
ANNULATIQN:
formation of Assosin bugs 133

ring-like ports or annul- Astenophylax 49, 148
Atherix 196
ets.
ANNULET: the ring-like sub- Attelobus 127
ATTENUATE: gradually tapdivision of a segment.
Abedus 9
Abia inflato 213
ACCESSOR\
secondary.
Acerentom'dae 55
Acerentomon doderol 55
Achorutes armatus 58
Achorutes nivicolus 58
Acordulecera 215
Acorduleceridae 215
Acrosternum hilare 39
Acrydium granulatum 70
ANNULIFORM:
Fig.
ring-like.
ering apicolly.
Atteva 179
Auditory organ 70, 71
Aulonium tuberculatum 112
Australian cockroach 72
Azalea leaf miner 152
603
Adelinae 151
Adelp'nocoris
rapidus
ADFRONTAL AREA:
31
''
area
and
between ths frontc

the adfror.tal sutur<
Fig.
602
Figui c
jiidae
Bock swimmers 129

Boetidoe 66
603
Bogworm
Ofnalo kcnsona 2, 46, 88

.nopheles 16, 191
,\noplura 37
(pi.
astyonox
170
BEAK: the
obitm striatum 119
ANTENNA:
Bosilorchio
119
jointed rostrum
of the front of head.
Fig.
605
antennae)
the segmented appendages

on toch side of the head.
Fig.
604
fifM-
Figure 602
ADULT:
the fully mature

form. 3
Figure 605
Aegeria oriformis 156

Aegeriidae 156, 175
Aeschno 68
Aeschnidae 68
Aglycvderes 1 25
Agrion 68
Agrionidae 68
Agrypnic vesTito 149
Airoro cylindrica 100
Aleyrodes 39. 139
Aleyrodldae 139
Alfalfa caterpillar 13
Alleculidoe 116
Aiobotes pennsy Ivan lea
Ambrosia beetle 128
AMBULATORIAL:
Bean thrips 10
Figure 604
Bean weevil 121
Bedbug 132
ANTEPE 'JLTIMATE: the Belostomo flumineum 130
seconc before the last.
Belostomotidae
30
Anthicidoo
Bee flies 199
Anthicus heroicus
Beet webworm 154
Anthophila pariano 164, 176 Berginus maindroni 112
1
Antipus 123
145
Aphelinidoe 211
116 Aphelinus mali 211
Aphididae 139
fitted
for
Ambush bug 132

American cockroach 72
a
collective
insects with-
out metamorphosis.
Bibio albipennis 45, 193, 201
Ant-lions
walking.
AMET030LA:
name for the
Ametropodidoe 65
Ametropus 65
Amphicyrta dentipes 91
Aphid lion 9,
Aphids 139
16,
18,
Bibiocephala 190
Bibionidae 193, 201
BICUSPIDATE: two-pointed.
144
Aphrosylus proedator 210

Apion 127
Apioninoe 127
APODOUS: footless.
APPENDIX: on additional
port.
Apple leaf roller 7

Apple skeletonizer 164
only AQUATIC: living wholly in

water.
thoracic and the
the last two pairs, Archips argyrospila 162
Archips fumiferana 162
of spiracles open.
Arctiidae 165, 166, 169, 186
Amphizoo 78
Arctocorixo alternota 129
Amphizoidae 78
ARCUATE: arched or bowAnabrus simplex 10, 71
AMPHINEUSTIC: having
the
first
lost or
Anajopyx
vesiculosis
ANAL
57
RISE: the anal openfrequently situated

on the summit of a moundlike
elevation known as
the anal rise.
ing
Anasa
is
tristis
134
Andricus seminator 21
AnisopTra 67
like.
Argidae 214
Armyworms 165
Arthropleona 58
Ascalaphidae 145
Asiiidoe 199, 209
Asopinae 133
Asparagus beetle
ASPERATE:
7,
124
roughened.
BIFOROUS: having two openings. Fig. 606
r y^^
INDEX
Black Hills beetle 43
Blastobasidae 164
Blasturus cupidus 66
Blatella germanica 35, 72
Biattidae 72
Blepharoceratidae 190, 203

Blissus leucopterus 1, 134
Blood worms 194
Booklice 35
00
Boll-weevil porasite 7
Bombycidae 171, 187
Bombyliidoe 199, 209
Bombyx mori 171, 187
Boros unlcolor 1 1
Bostrichidae 120
Bothrideres 1 1
Bothriderini 100, 111
larvae with flattened body Chrysomelidae 122-125

Chrysopa oculata 50, 144
and short legs.
CARDO (pi. cardines) bas- Chrysopidae 44
See Chrysopilus ornatus 207
al piece of maxilla.
1
Carpenterworm 1 56
Carpet beetle 98
Carpocapsa pomonella 5
60
Carposinidae
Carrion beetles 82
Cartodere costulata 101
1
50
moth
clothes
CATERPILLAR:
Brucidae 121
Bucculatrix 155
Buffalo-gnat 14, 192
Buprestidae 94
Burying beetles 82
Byrrhidae 90, 91
Byrrhus fasciatus 91
Byrrhus pilula 91
Byturinae 1 1
Byturus unicolor 1 1
Catogenus 106
Cattle grub 189
Cebrio antennatus 96
Cebrionidae 96
Cecidomyidae 190, 200, 202
Cedar beetles 93
Cephaloidae 113
Cephaloon lepturides
Cephidae 216
Cerambycidae 51, 101
Cerambycobius cyaniceps 7
Ceramico picta 41
Ceratitis capitate 189
Ceratopogonidae 194, 205
Ceratophyllus fasciatus 45
Ceraturgus cruciata 209
two appendages of
CERCI
the 10th abdominal segment, usually clender and
1
filamentous.
Cercopidae
37
Ceroplastes f loridensis
Cerura vinulo 40, 47
Chaetartrio seminulum
Chalastogastra 210
Chalepus ater 125
Checkered beetles 99
Chelonariidae 93
38
117
Chelonarium 93
Chelonus 211
18 Chermidae 138
Chestnut timberworm 128
Chestnut weevil 42
Chewing and lapping mouth
Cabbage butterfly 172

Cabbage root maggot 14,
Cabbageworm 172
Cadelle 100
Caenidae 65
Calendrinae 127
parts
51
CHEWING MOUTH
Caliroa cerasi 212

Callimerus arcufer 99
Callops nigriceps 99
Callydrias eubule 182
Fig.
607
fragilis
Cimicidoe 132
Cirphis unipuncta 41
pectinicornis 215
Cladoxeninae 104
CLAW: a hollow sharp organ at distal end of leg.
Cleridae 99
Clinidium sculptile 75
Clistogastra 21
Clover leaf weevil 13, 18
Clover-seed caterpillar 162
Cliver seed-chalcid 42, 43
CLYPEUS: a part of the
head, below the front, to
which the labrum is at-
tached
anteriorly.
elytra quadripunctata
Clytrinae 123
23
COARCTATE: a type of
pupa with the appendages
obscured with the larval
skin.
138
Coccidae
109
Cocoecia rosaceana 17
Coccus cacti 138
Cockroach 8, 72
COCOON a covering composed of silk or other materials and made by larva
Coccinellidae
51,
for the protection of larva and pupa.

Codling moth 5
Coenagrionidae 67
Coleophora malivorella 150,
182
Coleophoridae 150, 157,
182
Coleoptera 72
PARTS: Collecting apparatus 22
Collembola 58
COLLOPHORE: the ventral
tube of Collembola.
Colorado potato beetle 17,
98
Colydiidae
100,
Comb-clawed
111, 112
beetles
bark
116
cricket 71
Campodea
Cladius
of
larva
119
thin
CILIA (sing., cilium)
and scattered hairs.
Cimbicidae 213
Cimex lectularis 132
Cimex rotundatus 132
Cigarette beetle
Cisidae 100
Cladinae 215
125
Lepidoptera.
water-
Calopodinae 113
Colopteron reticulatum
Calopus angustus 113
Calpodes ethlius 180
on Cicadidae 136
Cicindelidae 76
feeding
animals,
158
Cassida nebulosa
Cassidinae 125
ô
Broadwinged damselflies 68
Brown lacewings 145
Brown-tail moth 168
Bruchophagus funebris 42
Bruchophagus gibbus 43
Bruchus pisorum 121
137
Cicadellidae
maxilla.
CARNIVOROUS:
Case bearers
Case-making
30
Broad-shouldered
striders 132
Camel
type
Brachycentrus 49
Brachycera 189, 200
Brachypsecti 96
Brochypsectra fulva 96
Brcchytarsus 128
Braconidae 21
Brenthia pavonace'la 181
Brentidae 125
Brephos infans 188
Bristletails
CARABIFORM:
Blennocampinae 213
Bookworm
Chrysobothris femorata 44
of Chrysochus auratus 1 23
Carabidae 76
Common cattle grub 14, 189

COMPLETE METAMORPHOS-
30, 56
Campodeidae 56
CAMPODEIFORM:
a type of
with flattened
larvae
body, long legs and caudal filaments. 12
Compsurus 63
Camptocladius byssinus
194
Cantharidae 97
Cantharis 97
Capnia vernalis 61
Capniidae 61
Capnochroa fuliginosa
45,
Figure 607
Chicken louse 34
Chinch bug 1, 134
Chinese mantis 70
Chinese silkworm 171
Chironomidae 194, 202, 204
CHRYSALIS: the pupa of

116
Lepidoptera.
225
IS: the growth of insects

from egg to larva and
then through the pupa to
the adult.
COMPLEX
METAMORPHOS-
same as complete
IS:
metamorphosis.
COMPOUND EYES: a group
of separate visual organs
known as ommatidia on
each side of the head.
INDEX
ELATERIFORM:
CONDYLE:
a process articthe base of the

mandible to the head.
Dacnini
CON DYLI FORM: condyle-
a type of
larvae with elongated cyl-
ulating
110
Damselflies
like.
32,
67
indrical
body and thick,
tough body wall.
light bugs 130
Electric
Danaidae 173
Eleodes letcheri 13
flour beetle 116
Danaus plexippus 173
Ellipes minuta 69
Coniopterygldae 144
Dance
flies
197
elytron)
ELYTRA
(sing.,
Conotrachelus nenuphar 40
Dascillidae 89, 93, 96, 102
the leathery fore wings of
Coreidae 1 34
Dascillus davidsoni 89
beetles.
Corixidae 129
EMARGINATION: a cut-out
Corn earworm 13, 47, 165, Datana ministra 168
place in the margin.
DECLIVOUS: sloping grad168
ually downward.
Embia major 36
CORNICLES (sing., corniculus)
a pair of dorso-lat- DEHISCENCE: the splitting Embioptera 36
of the pupal integument EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT:
eral tubules on the posin the emergence of the
the period of the develterior part of the abdomadult.
opment of an insect bewaxy
secrete
a
which
en
and
fertilization
Dendroctonus frontalis 41
tween
Fig. 608
liquid.
Dendrictonus ponderosae 43
the hatching of the egg.
Depressaria heracliano 164, EMERGENCE: the escape of
183
a winged insect from its
Derataphrus oregonensis 100,
nymph or pupal case.
Confused
111
Dermaptera 37
Dermestidae 98, 111
Derodontidae
02
Derodontus maculatus 1 02
Development
Diamond-back moth 159
Diapheromera femorata 72
Diatraea 184
Dineutes 74
Diprionidae 213
Diptera 189
DISCOIDAL: shaped like a
1
CORN FORM:
I
the
like
of an ox.
Corrodentia 35
Corydalinae 141
Corydalus cornutus
50,
53,
12,
141
horn
round plate.
Dixa 193, 205
Dixidae 193, 205
Doa 168
40, Dobsonfly 12, 141
Doierinae 213
Corylophodes marginicallls
106
Corythucha drcuata 1 34
Cossidae 156, 163, 179
Cossus cossus 1 56
Cossus liquidperda 156
COXA (pi., coxae) the basal segment of the leg. See
:
Dolerus similis 213

Dolichopidae 197, 210
Doiichopus 197
Donacia 122
Donaciinae 122
Emphytus 212
Empidae 197, 210
Empoasca fabae 137
EMPODIUM (pi., empodia)
the single pad-like or
fill-
form median process between the claws.

Endomychidae 108
ENDOPARASITE: one that
secures its food by living
within
other
animals.
Ennearthron
100
Entomobrya comparata 30
Entomobrya laguna 58
Entomobryidae 58
Eosentomen ribogai 54
Eosentomidae 54
Epargyreus tityrus 171
Ephemerella 65
Ephemerellidae 65
Ephemeridae 63
Ephemeroptera 62
Ephilachninae 109
Epicauta vittata
DORSUM: the dorsal surface. EPICRANIAL SUTURE: (epicranial stem) the suture
DOUBLE COCOON: some co-
coons contain an
inner
one within an outer one.
Dragonflies 32, 67
Drapetis nigra 210
Dredge 23
Drosophila ampelophila 189
Drugstore beetle 119
Dryocora
05
CRIBRIFORM: with perfor- Dryophanta gall 21
like
those of a Dryophanta lanata 21
ations
sieve.
Dryopidae 93
Criocerinae 124
Dryops 93
Crioceris asparagi 7, 124
Dytiscidoe 77
CROCHETS: the hooks on Dytiscus 77
the proiegs of caterpillars. Dung midges 192
154
Dustlice 35
Cryptolechia quercicella 184
Cryptophagidae 104
Cryptophagus saginatus 104
Ctenocephalides canis 50
Cucujidae 100, 104-106
ECDYSIS: shedding the larCucumber beetle 6
val skin between instars;
Cuiex 45, 189, 191, 204
moulting. 3
Culex pungens 7
Ecdyuriidae 64
Culicidae 191, 204, 205
Cupes concolor 73
Ectoedemia 152
Cupesidae 73
ECTOPARASITE: one which
Curculio proboscideus 42
lives and feeds on other
Curculionidae 51, 126, 127
animals from the outside.
Cutworms 165, 168
Egg 3
Cyciorrhapha 53, 189, 200
Egg types 5
Cyrtidae 197, 208
Efoteridae 95
leg.
36
Cranberry toad bug
Crane flies 191
CREMASTER: the terminal
spine of the abdomen of
pupa.
Creontiades pallidus 135
on the dorsal surface of

the head.
Fig.
609.
226
Figure 609
Epilachna 109
Epilachna varivestis 6, 109
Epipaschiinae 180
EPIPHARYNX: the inner
surface of the labrum.
Ericerus pe-la 138
Eriocraniidae 152, 173
bastard! 189
Erotylidae 103, 104, 110
ERUCIFORM: a type of larEristalis
vae having a Cylindrical

body and both thoracic
legs
and
proiegs.
Ethmia 169, 183

Ethmiidae 169, 183
INDEX
FURCULA:
Eucinetinae 102
Eucinetus 102
Euclea chloris 178
Eucnemidae 95
Euiophidae 21
Eumolpinae 123
Euparius marmorius 128
Euplectrus platypenae 21
Euplectus confluens 84
Eupsalis
minuta 125
European corn borer 53, 179

Eurosta solidaginis 21
Eurygenius campanulotus 114
Eurymus eurytheme
Eurypogon niger 93
Collembola; Grouse locust 70

in
the more or less forked GRUB: the larva of Coleoptera.
leaping appendage on the
Gryllidae 69, 71
4th abdominal segment.
Gryllotalpinae 69
Furniture beetle 119
FUSIFORM: spindle-shaped. GULA: the central part of
the head beneath, laterally bounded by the genae.
GULAR SUTURE: the line
between the guia and the
GALEA: the outer lobe of
genae. Fig. 611
the maxilla. Fig. 610
Eurystethidae 1
Eurystethuu californicus 1 1
Eurytoma tylodermatis 7
Euxoa auxiliaris 47, 168
EXARATE: o type of pupa
with appendages free.
EXCAVATE: with a depression that is not a circle
1
or a
Figure 61
Gypsy moth
Gyrinidae 74
segment.
Exechia native 192

EXUVIAE: the cast skin of
insects.
Galerucinae
plant
caused
tissue,
by
not of the plant

generally by insects.
Galleria melonella 185
Gallihaetis fluctuans 66
stimuli
itself,
form of a
Fall
Fall
Garden webworm
54
Gelastocoridae
30
sickle.
armyworm 5
webworm 166
168
124
GALL: abnormal growth of
FALCATE: sickle-shaped.
FALCIFORM: having the
7,
Figure 610
HABITATION
(or
habitat)
the region where the ani-
mal lives naturally.

Haematopinus adventicius 37
Haliplidae 75
Harpalus vagans 29, 49
Harpalus viridiaeneus 76
Helgramites 141
Helieopsyche 49
Heliodinidae 158, 162
183
GENITALIA: all of the geni- Heliothis armigera 13, 47,
80
FEMUR (pi., femora): a segtal structures; the repro165, 168
haemorrhoidalis
Heliothrips
ment of the leg, between
ductive organs.
38
trochanter and leg.
See Geocoris 1 34
Helmis aeneus 93
leg.
Geometridae 166, 188
Helochares 1 1
Fenusinae 214
Geosargus viridas 195
FILIFORM: slender and more German cockroach 8, 35, 72 Helodidae 90, 92
Helophorinae 117
or less of equal diameter. Gerridae 131
Helophorus aquaticus 117
Firebrat 28, 56
Gerris remigis 131
Fire-colored beetles
Hemerobiidae 145
Giant water bugs 1 30
1 1
Fireflies 97
Hemerobius pacificus 145
Gibbium psylloides 119
FISSURE: a slit.
GILL: a special, variously Hemerocampa leucostigma
FLAGELLATE: whip-like.
formed respiratory organ
185
Hemerocampa vetusta 13,
in aquatic
insects.
Flat-headed apple tree
borer 44
Glischrpchilus obtusus 107
168
Hemipenthes 199
Glossosomatinae 147
Flat-headed borers 94
Hemiptera 129
Flebatomus argentipes 193
Glowworms 97
Giyphipterygidae 164, 176
Henichroa dyari 214
Flebatomous chinensis 193
Flebatomus major 193
Gnorimoschema operculelle
Hen louse 34
Florida wax scale 138
Hepialidae 159, 178
156
FORCEPS: hook or pincer- Goat moth 156
Hepialus humuli 159
iike
processes
on
the Golden-eye lacewing 50, 144 Heptagenia 33, 64
caudal end of the abdo- Goldenrod ball gall 21
HERBIVOROUS: feeding on
men.
Goniocotes gigas 34
plants,
Forcipomyia specularis 194
Hercothrips fasciatus 10
Gracilaria azaleella 152
Forficula 37
Gracilariidae 152, 153, 174, Hesperiidae 171, 180
Formicidae 211
177
Hesperobaenus 103
FOSSA (pi., fossae) a pit. GRADUAL METAMORPHOS- Hesperophylax 17, 40, 52
FOSSORIAL: fitted for digIS: the growth of insects Hessian fly 189, 190
ging or burrowing.
from tre egg through the Heteroceridae 89
Fringe-winged fungus
nymph to the adult.
Heterocerus ventral is 89
beetles 106
Granary weevil 127
HETEROMETABOLA: a colFrit fly 40
Grape phylloxera 139
lective name for the inFroghoppers 1 37
Grape-vine plume 167
sects with gradual or inFRONTAL SUTURE: the arms Grasshopper 7, 10, 70
complete metamorphosis.
of the epicranial suture.
Greenhouse thrips 38
Hexagenia bilineata 33, 63
Fruit tree leaf roller 162
Greenhouse whitefly 139
HIBERNATION: a period of
Fuigoridae 136
Green lacewings 144
lethargy or suspended aniFUNGI VOROUS: feeding on Green peach aphid 139
mation in animals occurfungi.
ing during seasonal low
Green stink bug 39
Fungus gnats 192
temperatures.
Ground beetle 12
Gelastocoris
False chinch bug 134

False wireworm 13
Feather-wingQd beetles
Gelechiidae
oculatus 1 30
151, 156, 164,
227
INDEX
Hippodamia convergens 109 Ischnura 67
Lead cable borer 120

Leaf bugs 135
Leaf miners 150
Hispinae 125
Histeridae 117
Isia
Hog
Isotoma palustris 58
186
Isabella
Isoptera 36
louse 37
Leaf rollers 17, 162

Leafhoppers 1 37
Leather jackets 191
LEG: Fig. 614
Hololepto yucateca 117

HOLOMETABOLA: o collective name for the insects
meta-
complete
having
morphosis.
Homoptera 135
Honey dew 20
Hoplocampinae 214
Hornworms 170
Janus integer 216

Japanese beetle 4, 88
Jopyx minemus 30, 57
Jumping plant lice 138
June beetle 88
Horse flies 195

Housefly 6
Humpbacked
Figure
197
flies
Hydrobio tarda 77
Hydrochinae 118
Hydrochus squamifer
Hydrometra martini
Hydrometridae 131
riydrophilidoe
Leiachrodes
mixture 26
Koliofenuso ulmi 214
Katydid 1. 71
K. A. A. D.
118
131
Hylemya brassicae
Hylotoma 214
Hymenoptera 210
Hypantria cunea
Hypera punctata
14,
146
18
63
49
Lepisma 30
Lepisma saccharine 56
Lepismidae 56
Leptinidoe 80
Leptinotorso decemlineata
Lepidoptera
LABIAL PALPI:
Leucopis griseolo 189, 200

Leuctra decepta 61
Libellula lactuosa 68
HYPERMETAMORPHOSIS:
Libellulidae 68
LIFE CYCLE: the period of

time between fertilization
of the egg and the sperm
and the death of the in-
metamorphosis
of
kind
with several different larsucceeding
stages,
val
each
other.
7,
14,
189
Hypophyaryngeal bracon 121
HYPOPHARYNX:
HYPOPLEURON:
see tongue.
the lower
part of the epimeron.

Fig.
the appen17, 40, 51

dages on each side of the Leptinus testaceus 80
labium.
LcDtocella albida 149
LABIUM: the lower lip of Leptoceridae 148, 149
the insect. Fig. 613
Leptocorixa voricornis 134
Leptophlebiidoe 66
166
Hypoderma lineatum
614
Leopard moth
79, 117, 118

40, 49, 146
Hydropsyche
Hydropsychidae 146
Hydroptila waubesiona
Hydroptilidae 146
Hydroscaphinae 79
Hvgrobiidae 77
612
dividual.
Life history
Figure 613
LABRUM:
the
upper
the
of
lip
insect.
pupa or adult stage.

LIGULA: the centra! scler-
138
Laccifer lacca
28
LIFE STAGE: a definite period within the life of an

insect such as egg, larva,
Lace bugs 134

Lacewings 144
ite of the labium.

Limocodidoe 1 50, 1 78
Limnebiinae 79
Limnephilidae 148
Limnephilus indivisus 49,
148
Laemophloeus biguttatus 106 Lined spittle-bug 137
Lagrio 116
Linognothus vituli 28
Lagriidae 116
Lipeurus caponis 34
LACINIA
the
(pi., lociniae)
inner lobe of the maxilla.
see maxilla.
Lac-insects 1 38
Ladybird beetles 109
Figure 612
Lomellicornia
Lithacolletis
51
LAMELLIFORM: shaped
HYPOSTOMA:
like
leaves.
the area of Lampyridae 97

the head around the an- Longurio angustata 103
tennae, eyes and mouth. Languria mozardi 110
Longuriinae 103
Lantern-flies 136
Lopara 171
Laphygma frugiperda 5
Large chestnut weevil 42
lopygidae 57
Large chicken louse 34
lopyx minemus 30, 57
Larger elm leaf beetle 124
Idiocerus provoncheri 39
IMAGO: another name for LARVA (pi., larvae): the
adult.
Imported currantworm 47
impressed
INCISURE:
the
line marking the junction
of two segments.
Incurvariidae 151, 155, 175
Inflated larvae 25
INQUILINE: an insect guest
of other insects.
INSTAR: the stage of an
insect between two moults.
young
insects
with
of
metamorphosis,
preceding the pupal stage
and after the egg stage.
complete
3,
11
Lasiocampidae 169, 184

Lasiodermo serricorne 119
Laspeyresia
interestinctono
162, 176
Lathridiidoe
Laxostege
Laxostege
101,
102
154
154
similoris
sticticalis
228
orgentinotello
174
Lithacolletis
hamodryodella
152, 174
Lithosiinoe 165
Locusta migratoria 71
Locustidae 71
Long-horned grasshopper 71
Long-legged flies 197
Long-nosed cattle louse 28

Long-toed water beetles 93
Loopers
66
Lucanidae 87
Lycaenidoe 171, 181
1
Lycaenopsis ladon 181

Lycidae 98
Lyctidae 120
Lyctus cavicollis 120
Lygaeidae 134
Lygus ibiineatus 135
Lymantriidae 168, 169, 185,
186
Lymexylidae 128
Lyonetia speculella 155, 177
Lyonetiidae
182
155,
158,
177,
INDEX
MAXILLAE
maxiilo)
of jaws.
pair
Mnemonica ouricyanea
52,
the grindMOLA
ing surface of the manFig.
619.
dibles.
(or molar)
martirna 56
:.rhilis
^,o(axyela major 21?
MAGGOT:
135
Miridae
173
618
Fig.
56
AAachilidae
(sing.,
the second
larvae of certain
Diptero.
Magicicada
39, 136
septendecim
4,
a lobe; sometimes
applied to the galea and
MALA:
when
lacinia
Fig.
fused.
Figure 618
615
MAXILLARY PALPI
(sing.,
a pair of
appendages carried by the
palpus or palp)
See
maxilla.
Figure 619
maxilla.
Mayfly 6, 33
54
Meal moth
1
Mealworm
Molamba
16
Mealy-bugs 138
Measuring worms 166
Mecoptera 46, 47, 52
Figure 615
Mediterranean fruit fly 189
Megacephala Carolina 76
Melalopha 168
Meiandryidae 113
Malacosoma americana 169 Melandrya striata 110
Meiandryidae 110
Molacosoma disstria 184
Melanitis leda 167
Mailophaga 34
differentalis 31
MALPIGHIAN TUBES: the Melanoplus
femur-rubrum 71
excretory organs of the Melanoplus
rufipennis
95
Meiasis
insect, emptying into the
Melittia satyriniformis 156
hinc' intestine.
MANDIBLE: the first pair of Me!^ttomma sericeum 128
Meloidae 85
jaws. 73 Fig. 616
Melyridae 99
Membracidac 37
1
METAPNEUSTIC: having
only
of abdominopen.
the last
"-air
sp
al
MENTU;/,: the
ite
lab
sclerite
the
of
the lateral
mesothor-
ax.
MESOTHORAX:
or middle
thorax.
MANDIBULO-SUCTORIAL:
type
of
Fig.
617
mouth
parts.
See
-..
MESOPlEURON:
Figure 61
scler-
distal
labium.
the
of
the
Molar structure 73
Mole cricket 69
Mollanidae 148
Monarch butterfly 173

Monardin 2(X)
Monocesta coryii 124
minimum
Monomorium
Metaecus paradoxus 86
214
Metallus rubi
changes
50 METAMORPHOSIS:
insects as they
44,
211
Monotomidae 103, 107

Mordellidae
Mormon
118
71
cricket
191
Mosquitoes
Moth
193
flies
MOULT
the per(or molt)

shedding of the
of
covering
outer
or
skin
insects as they grow. This
called
also
is
process
ecdysis.
PARTS: a collective
name for the structures of
an insect's mouth, includmandible,
labrum,
ing
maxillae, labium and othappendages,
related
er
(See Figs. 46 and 47)
:
iodical
MOUTH
second MULTI ARTICULATE:

many segments.
segment of the
of form of
pass from
another.
lonata 14
MolGr.na uniophila 148
with
MULTIORDINAL CROCHETS:
the hooks on the prolegs
when they are of many
different lengths but all
arranged in a single row.
Murmidiidae 108
Murmidius ovalis 108
Musca domestica 6
METAPLEURON: the
sclerite of the metathor- Mycetophagidae 112
Mycetophagus punctatus 1 1
ax.
METATHORAX: the last or Mycetophilidae 192, 193,
202
third thoracic segment.
one
stage
to
lateral
Metcalf, Z. P. 3
Mesovelia mulsanti 132
Mexican bean beetle 6
Microentomon perposillom
Figure 617
Mantid 8, 69
Mantidae 70
Mantispa styriaca 143
Mantispidae 143
Maple case-bearer 41, 151
March
Marsh
flies
plant
Minute
193
springtail
29, 55
Micromalthidae 74
Micromalthus debilis 45, 74
Micropterygidae 149, 173
Micropteryx 149
Midges 194
Migratory locust 71
MINES: galleries made by
larvae between the upper
and lower covering of a
58
MYRMECOPHILOUS:
that
live
in
insects
ant nests.
Myrmeleon 145
Myremeleontidae
145
Mytilaspis citricola 138

persicae 139
Myzus
21
leaf.
brown
beetles
Mydaidae 198, 209

Mydas clavatus 198, 209
Mydas flies 198
Myiatropa florea 44
Myochrous denticolli 124
scavenger
NAIAD:
any
nymph
aquatic habits.
102
229
with
INDEX
NASALE: labrum
fused with
the head. Fig. 620
a type o pupa
appendages
the
having
oppressed to its body.
OCELLUS (pi., ocelli): the
simple eye.
Ochthebius mipressus 79
Ochteridae 131
Ochterus 131
Odonata 67
Panorpa rufescens 47
Papaipema nebris 185
Oecanthus niveus 7
Oecophoridae
64, 1 84
Oedemeridae 112, 113
Oeneis 186
Parasemidolis
OBTECT:
Figure
620
167
Oeneis macounii
Oenistis quadra 165

Oestrus ovis 200
swimming,
NAUPLIIFORM: when the Ogcodes costatus 208
larva resembles the naup- Olibrus 106
lius
stage
in
Crustaceae.
Needle miners 151

Neelidae 58
Neelides folsomi 58
Nematocera 53, 189, 200

Nemopteridae 143
Nemoura sinuate
61
60,
Nemouridae 60, 61
Neodiprion 213
METAMORPHOSIS
NO
(a-
with but
metamorphosis)
no change of
or
form during development.
Nosodendrinae 90
Nosodendron californicus 90
Nosodermini 113
Nossidium americanum 80
Noterinae 77
Noterus 77
Notodontidae 168, 187, 188
Notolophus antique 169
29
Notonecta undulata
Notonectidae 129
:
slight
NOTUM:
sects
of
bent horizontally.
Nygmia phaeorrhoea 168
NYMPH:
the young of inwhich have gradual

metamorphosis. 3, 9
sects
Nymphalidae 170, 172, 173,

181,
186
Nymphula mymphaeta 154

Nymphulo stagnata 154
Nysius
134
Phasmid 8
Phasmidae 72
Phellopsis obcordata
ferruginea 206
PAEDOGENESIS reproduction
larval
the
in
occuring
Pochyrrhina
stage.
Poieacrita vernoto
Palingenio 63
Polingeniidoe 63
PALMATE:
like
166
the palm of
fingerwith
the
hand;
like
processes.
small
PALPIGER: a small
tirely
absent;
indistinct.
Philoenus lineatus 137

Philaenus spumorius 137
Philopotamidae 147
Philopotamus 147
Phlebatrophia mathesoni 212
Photinus 97
Phryganeidoe 149
Phryganidia colifornica
populiiella
laciniato
Phyllomorpha
Phylloscelis
sclerite
bearing the labial palpus.

Pomphilidoe 21
Pomphilium 211
230
136
212
Phylloxera 139
Phylloxeridae 139
Phymoto eroso fosciata
Phymotidae
187
21
atro
Phyllotominae
pus.
113
Phengodes 98
Phengodidae 98
Phyllocnistus
sclerite
bearing the maxillary pal-
en-
repro-
PALPIFER: a
OBLITERATE: indistinct.
OBSOLETE: almost or
151
Pachyposa otus 169

nodding; with the
41,
dots
raised
acerifoliella
protuberances.
fleshy
(sing., ootheca)
the cose of an egg moss Pedilidae 114
PEDUNCULATE: set on a
of certain Orthoptera. 8
stalk or peduncle.
OPERCULATE: having the
form of a lid or oper- Peltodytes 48, 75
culum.
Peltoperla orcuata 59
Orsodacninae 122
Peltoperlinae 59
Orthoperidoe 106
Pentatomidoe 133
Orthoptera 69
Penthe pimelia 110
Orthorrhapha 189, 199
PENULTIMATE: next to the
last.
Orussidoe 215
Oryssus occidentalis 215
PERFORATE: a part dilated
Oryzaephiius surinamensis
or flattened and the remaining port cylindrical.
12, 104
Peridroma margoritosa 165
Oscinella frit 40
osmeter(pi.,
Peridroma
soucia 6
OSMETERIUM
eversible PERINEUSTIC:
in
spiracles
tubular
io)
being
a row on each side of
gland, capable of
the body.
projected through a slit
in
the prothorocic seg- Periodica! cicada 4, 136
ment of certain Papilionid Periplaneta omericana 72
172
Perpilaneta australosiae 72
caterpillars.
Peripsocus phacopterus 35
Osmylidae 142
Perkinsielia saccharicida 6
Osmylus chrysops 142
Peria hastota 61
Ostomidae 100
Peria verticalis 60
Othniidae 115
Perlidae 59, 60
umbrosus
115
Othnius
OVIPOSITOR: the tubular or Petronarcella badia 59
means
Phaiacridae 106
valved structure by
of which the eggs are laid. Phalacrus 106
Phaloniidae 161, 176
Oxyptilus pericelidactylus
Pharoxonatho kirshi 104
167
in-
3.
NUTANT:
tip
species
Paraclemensia
by direct growth
egg without fertilization by the sperm,
Oligoneuria 64
Paussidae 78
Oligoneuriellidae 64
Poussus kannegieteri 78
Oligota oviformis 83
weevil 121
OMNIVOROUS: feeding on Pea
Pear psylla 10, 138
and plant Pectinophora gossypiella 164
both animal
food.
PEDAL LOBES: legs that have
Omophron 76
been modified to become
Omophronidoe 76
a segment.
of
with
papillae.
duction
of the
the dorsal part of
Number
or
PARTHENOGENESIS:
OOTHECAE
Neopachygaster maculicornis 206

Neopyrochroa femoralis 114
Nepidae 130
Nepticula platanella 175
Nepticula slingerlandella 152
Nepticulidae 152, 175
Net-winged midges 190
Neuroptera 53, 140
Nevermannia dorcatomoides 119
Nilionidae 116
Niptus 119
Nitidulidae 107
Noctuidae 165-169, 185, 186
NODULE: a small abrupt
knot or swelling.
covered
flaviceps 144
living on or in
get
to
animals
other
the
from
nourishment
host. 27
for
fitted
superficially
PAPILLOSE:
PARASITE:
NATATORY:
Papilio cresphontes 172, 181

Popilionidae 172, 181
132
132
INDEX
^hytophaga
190, 200
destructor
PHYTOPHAGOUS:
upon
189,
MOUTH
feeding
AND SUCKING
PARTS:
621
Fig.
gans
Predacious diving beetles 77

PREDATOR: an animal that
preys on others.
PREPUPA: a quiescent instar between the end of
plants.
PIERCING
PSEUDOCULI: a
Potomanthus 62
Praying mantid 70
the larval stage and the

pupal stage, active but
not feeding.
Preservatives 25, 26
PRESTERNUM: a narrow anterior part of the ster-
num.
PRIMARY LARVA:
ly
the new-
hatched larva of the
in-
hypermetamortriungulin. 85
the setae
SETAE:
PRIMARY
Figure 621
borne on setiferous tubernumber
definite
in
cules,
Pieridae 172, 182
and position.
Pieris napi 172
opaca
80
Prionochaeta
Pieris rapoe 172
Prionocyphon discoideus 90
Pigmy crickets 69
robiniae
156
Prionoxystus
PILIFERS: the caudo-lateral
projections of the labrum. PROBOSCIS: an extended
structure.
mouth
Fig. 622
sects with
phosis. See
pair of or-
the head; their

undetermined.
PSEUDOPOD: a soft footlike
appendage, as on
in
nature
the
abdomen
of
caterpil-
(in
Coleop-
lars.
PSEUDCPUPA
the
larva
in
a
quiescent coarctate condition which
is
followed
by the true pupa.
Psilocephala
haemorrhoidclis
198, 208
Psocids 35
Psychidae 160, 178
Psychoda superba 193, 203
Psychodidae 193, 203, 205
tera)
pyricola 10, 138

Pteraphorus tenuidactylus
180
Pterocrace storeyi 143
Pterodontia flavipes 197
Pteronarcidae 59
Pteronidea ribesii 31, 47,
Psylla
215
Pterophoridae 167, 169, 180

Prodoxus quinquepunctellus Pterostichus 12, 40
Ptiliidae 80
175
Ptilodactyla serricollis 92
Projapygidae 57
Ptilodactylinae 92
unsegfleshy
PROLEG: a
Ptilostomis ocellifera 149
mented abdominal leg.
Ptinidae 119
Promachus vertebratus 199
PROMINENCE:
the dorsal face

of the prothorax.
Pine goll weevil 127

Pink bollworm 164
PLANIDiUM: the
hatched
larva
Prosopistoma foliaceum
Prosopistomatidae 62
62
the ventral
newly PROSTERNUM:
the prothorax,
some
of
chalcids.
PLANTA:
elevated part.
PRONOTUM:
Figure 622
the anal clasping
legs of caterpillars.
Plant bug 10, 135
face of
PROSTHECA: a mandibular
sclerite set with hairs, articulated to the basalis.
80 Fig. 623
PLATYFORM: a
type of lorvae with short, broad and

flat body, with or without
short legs. 14
Platyphylax 16
Platypodidae 128
PLUMOSE: feathered
be-
structures
PUPA: the
stage
inactive
resting,
holometabolous
between the larva
of
insects,
and the adult.

Pupae of Diptera 199
Pupae of Lepidoptera 173
PUPARIUM:
the-last
the
larval
next-towith-
skin
which many maggots

pupate for greater protection.
PUPATION: the
act of becoming o pupa; entering

the resting stage.
Puss moth 168
Pygmy locust 70
PYGOPODS: the appendages
Figure 623
of
the
abdominal
tenth
segment taken
Plum curculio 40
Plum leaf-miner 152
Plume moths 167
pulvilli):
(pi.,
pad-like
tween the claws.

Punkies 194
in
Plotypsyllidae 81
Platypsyllus castoris 81
Platypus compositus 128

Platystomidae 128
Plecoptera 59
PLEURON (pi., pleura) the
lateral region of any segment of the insect body.
PLICATE: with folds.
PULVILLUS
collective-
ly-
105
mandibularis
Protentomidae 55
Proterhinidae 125Prostomis
Proterhinus
Pyralididae 154,
184. 186
179,
farinalis 154
Pyrausta nubilalis 54,
180,
Pyralis
179
anthracias 125 Pyrochroidae 114

the first or Pytha niger 1 1
segment of the Pythidae 114, 115
PROTHORAX:
like
plume.
maculipennis 159
Ppdapion gallicola 127
Podisus maculiventris 6
Podosesia syringae 175
Poduridae 58
Polymitarcidae 63
Popillia japonica 4
Plutella
PORRECT:
projecting.
Porthetria dispar 7, 168
POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: the development of

an insect after hatching.
Pothamanthidae 62
Potato leafhopper 137
Potato tuberworm 156
anterior
thorax.
Protoparce
Ranatra fusca
Protoparce
1
quinquemaculata
17
sexto
13,
170,
88
130
Range caterpillar 7
Rape butterfly 172
PROTRACTED: extended.
Raphidia hermandi 140
PROTUBERANCE: any ele- Raphidia oblita 140
vation above the surface.
Protura 54
Proxodoxinae 151
Psoini
RAPTORIAL:
ing
Pseiaphidae 84
Psephenidae 92
Psephenus 93
Psephenus lecontei 92
Pseudo click beetles 95
231
fitted for graspprey.
and holding
RASPING
120
140
Raphidiidae
with
Rearing
MOUTH
file-like
insects
PARTS:
structure.
26
Rectal
tracea 1
Recurvaria piceailla
Reduviidae 133
183
INDEX
RETINACULUM:
of
process
tooth-like
the
mandible.
out prolegs.
Scatopsidae 192,
206
SCAVENGER:
a feeder on
decaying or waste matter.
Scenopinidae 198
Scenopinus fenestralis 198
Schoenobiinae 154
Schreckensteinia 162
Schymaenidae 84
SCLERITE: any piece of the
insect body wall bounded
by sutures.
Figure 624
SCLEROTIZATION: the hardening of the body wall
Retinodiplosis inops 190
by the deposit of chitinRETRACTED: drawn back or
ous substances in the exointo another part.
cuticula.
Rhachicerinae 207
Rhagionidae 196, 197, 207 Scobicia declivis 120
Scolytidae 126
Rhagoletis cingulata 44
Scolytus rugulosus 126
Rhagoletis pomonella 200
Rhegmoclema atrata 192, Scraptia sericea 110
Scraptini 110
206
Scythris 183
Rhinosimus ruficoliis 114
eboracensis 182
Scythris
96
Rhipiceridae 93,
624
Fig.
Rhipiphoridae 86
Rhipiphorus solidaginis
86
Rhizophagidae 103
Rhizophagus grandis
SECONDARY
85,
HAIRS: scattered hairs which have no
constant position.
Selandriinae 213
103
Rhodites bicolor 21
Rhyacophilidae 147
SEMIAQUAIIC:
reclosely
lated to water or partialaquatic.
SENSORIA: the circular openings covered by a memly
ulkei 108
Rhynchites aeneus 127
Rhynchites bicolor 127
Rhynchitinae 127
Rhysodidae 75
Rice butterfly 167
Rhymbus
Robber flies 199

Rose chafer 88
Rosy apple aphid 7
Round-headed apple tree
borer 44
on
brane,
or
the
antennae
borers
Rove beetles 81
101
hair-like
appendages,
hollow
structure.
in
SETAL: of or pertaining to
Sabatinca 149
,^ ., .-^
Sabine stimulea 14, 46, 150 Shining flower beetles 106
Saddlebacked slug caterpil- Shot-hole borer 126
lar
14,
46,
Sialidae
150
aiderfly
141
infumata 48, 141

Sifter 23
Silpha 82
Silphidae 80, 82
Silvanini 104
Silverfish 30, 56
141
Snowy tree cricket 7, 71

winged flower beetles
99
Soldier beetles 97
Soft
195
Soldier flies
Spanworms
Sparnopolius
65, 1 66
fuivus 42,
199
broad
and
rounded at tb; tip, more
slender at the base; spoon-
SPATULATE:
shaped.
Spercheinae 118
Spercheus 1 1
Spercheus emarginatus 118
Sphaeridiinae 117
Sphindidae 107
Sphindus americanus 107
Sohingidae 170, 171, 188
Sphinx caterpillar 170
Sphinx moth 170
SPINE: a large setae arising
from a calyx or a cup by
which it is articulated to
the cuticula.
SPINNERET: the opening of
silk
glands.
set
with
small
spines.
SPIRACULAR
FURROW:
furrow situated
cephalic
margin
on
the
the
movable abdominal segments
of
lepidopterous
pupae
SETI FERGUS: bearing setae.

Seventeen-year cicada 1 36
Sexton beetles 82
Sheep bot fly 200
Sheep louse 7
Shield bugs 133
Saddle-case makers 147

Sagra femorata 122
Sagrinae 122
, o-.
Samia cecropia 170, 187
Sandalus niger 96
Smoky
Snakeflies 140
Snipe flies 196
Snowflea 58
SPINULOSE:
legs.
Separator 24
Serpentine miners 152
SETA (pi., setae): slender
setae.
fôund-headed
Smicripinae 107
Smicrips palmicola 107
Sminthuridae 59
Sminthurides lepus 59
and
of
cephalad
of
the spiracle.
It
is
frequently extended almost
to the meson on both the
dorsal and ventral aspects.
SPIRACLE: the opening of
the respiratory
Spittle-bugs 137
Spogostylum
organ.
albofasciatum
209
Spongilia-flies 142
Spring rose gall 21
Springtail 58
Sialis
Spruce budworm 162

Spruce leaf-miner 183
SPUR: a spine-like appenMETAMORPHOSIS:
SIMPLE
dage of cuticula, connectsame as gradual metaed to the body wall by a
SAPROPHAGUS: feeding, on
morphosis.
joint;
generally on
the
dead or decaying animal
Sand flies 193, 194

Saperda Candida 44, 101
Simuliidae 192, 203

and plant materials.
feeding on de- Simulium pecuarum 14
SAPROZOIC:
caying animal matter.

Saturniidae 170, 187
Satyridae 167, 172
Sawfly 16
Saw-toothed grain beetle 12
Scale insects 138
Scalidia
linearis
SCANSORIAL:
100, 106
tibia.
Simulium pictipes 192

Simulium venustum 53, 192,
203
Sinodendron cylindricum 87
SINUOUS: curving
in
and
out.
Siphlonuridae 66
Siphlonurus alternatus 66
Siphonaptera 45, 50
Squash bug 134

Squash-vine borer
56
STADIUM:
similar to stage.
Stag beetles 87
STAGE: the interval between
moults.
Staphylinidae 51, 81, 83
Stegobium paniceum
119
Steninae 83
climbing on
Stenopelmatinae 71
Siricidae 216
Stenopelmatus longispina 71
SCAPE: the first or basal
segment of the antenna. Sisyra umbrata 142
Stenophylax 16, 148
Scaphidiidae 82
Sisyridae 48, 142
Stunus 83
Scaphisoma convexum 82
Sitophilus granarius 127
STERNUM: the underside of
Scorobaeidae 88, 89
Sitotroga cerealella 151, 183
the thorax, between the
SCARABAEIFORM: a type Skippers 171
coxal cavities.
of larva with U-shaped, Slickers 30
Sthenopis thule 178
cylindrical body and with- Slug-caterpillars
150
Stictocephala 39, 137
fitted
hairs.
for
232
INDEX
flies
Stilleto
SUBTERRANEAN:
208
198,
beneath
bug 39, 133

STIPES (pi., stipetes)
Stink
basal
stalk
the
the
linear
illa.
34
Tipula eluto 191

of Tipulidae 191, 194, 206
Tischeria molifolieila 43,
existing
surface
soil.
owl-shaped;
max- SUBULATE:
the
of
the
at
153
attenuate Tischeriidae
base,
177
153,
Toad bugs 130

Tobacco hornworm 170, 188
206
6
Tomato fruitworm 13, 165
STRIDULATING ORGAN: an SULCATE: with deep grooves. Tomato hornworm 13, 17
organ producing sound by Sun-moths 158, 162
Tomostethus bardus 213
rubbing two parts.
SURANAL PROCESS: the pro- Tomoxia bidentata
Fig. 625
cess above the anal seg- TONGUE (the hypopharynx)
Stoneflies
at
Storehouse beetle 1
Stratiomyidae 195,
tip.
Sucking lice 37
Sugarcane ieafhopper
ment.
Swallow bug
132
172
Swallowtail butterflies
Sweeping net 22
Sychroini 1 1
Symphypleona 58
Synchroa punctata 1
Syrian silkworm 169
TARSI
annulosus
213
STYLET: a small style or
Strongylogaster
STYLI
(sing.,
stylus)
tarsus)
labium.
see
leg.
Tegeticula 151
Tenebrio molitor 116
Tenebrionidae 113, 115, 116
Tenebroides
mouritanicus
the
100
the
process.
stiff
(sing.,
face of the
Tooth necked fungus beetles

102
Topoperia 34
Tortoise beetles
25
Torticidae 162, 176, 177
Toxomeris politus 189, 200
Tabanidae 195, 207

Tobonus atratus 195
Tabanus losiophthalmus 207
Tagoperia media 60
Tarnished plant bug 135
Figure 625
a sensory structure attached to the upper sur-
TRACHEA
(pi.,
tracheae)
ringed tubes belonging to
respiratory
the
system.
:
TRACHEAL
GILLS: the flattened or hair-like processes

in
aquatic
larvae
through which oxygen is
absorbed from the water.
Fig.
629
appendages on
side of the abdo- Tenodera aridifolia sinensis
70
men in Thysanura.
Tent caterpillars 169
Fig. 626
Tenthredinidoe 212-215
Tenthredo 213
TERGITE: dorsal sclerite of
small
under
a semgent.
the dorsal part of
a segment.
Tetraonyx 85
TERGUM:
Figure 629
blondeli 94
Tettigidae 70
Tree-cricket 71
Tettigonidae 71
Treehoppers 137
Therevidoe 198, 208
Thermobio domestica 28, 56 Tremex columba 216
Trioleurodes vapororiorum
Thorn skeletonizer 164
139
Thrips 38
Trioenodes flovescense 49,
Throscidae 95
148
Throscus 95
Tribolium confusum 116
Thyatira derosa 165
Trichoptera 52, 146
Thyatiridoe 165
Tricorythodes allectus 6
Thyrididoe 160
Tricorythus 65
ephemerThyridoptei-yx
Tridactyiinoe 69
aeformis 16, 19, 160,
Triodopteryx ephemerae178
Trachykele
Figure
626
STYLIFORM: ending
long
slender
in
point.
SUBANAL APPENDAGE:
the
beneath
the
segment.
SUBIMAGO: a winged stage
in
after
Mayflies
just
emergence from the pupa
appendage
anal
and before the
last moult.
SUBMENTUM:
a sclerite of Thysanoptera 38
labium next to the Thysanura 55
mentum. See labium.
TIBIA (pi., tibae)
cal segments of"
Fig. 627
TIBIOTARSUS: the
of the tibia and
sus when fused
form is
Fig.
160
TRIORDINAL CROCHETS:
the
the apithe leg.
segments
the tartogether.
628
hooks of the prolegs when

in three different lenghts
but arranged in a single
row.
Triphleps tricticolor 39
TRIUNGULIN: the first instar of Meloidae, Montispidae and
Strepsiptera.
85
TROCHANTER:
a segment
the leg, between the
coxa and femur.
of
Fig.
630
Figure 628
SUBPRIMARY
rimory
later
the
setae
instors
first.
SETAE:
found
but not
the Tiger beetle 76

158,
in Tinea pellionelia
in Tineidoe
158, 176
Tingitidae 134
233
176
Figure
630
INDEX
WART:
Trogidae 88
Trox scaber 88
with
tubercules.
enlarged
the
mon base
TUBERCULATE: covered
Water boatman 129
Tussock moth 1
Tychius picirostris
Water-striders
Water-measurers
131
131
fruit;
X. A. A. D. mixture 26
X. A. mixture 25
in
usually reserved for
Coleoptera and especially

Ululodes hyalina 145
for the Rhynchophora.
CROCHETS: Western cricket 10
UNIORDINAL
prolegs Western
the
of
hooks
2-spotted cucumwhen of uniform length
ber beetle 6
one Western
in
and arranged
water bug 9
circle.
Wheel bug 133
Utethesio 1 66
Whirligig beetles 74
Whitefly 139
White ants 36
White grub 88
164 WING PADS: the encased
glandulella
Valentinia
1
Vanessa
70
Variable hen louse 34

Variegated cutworm 165
Veliidae 132
VENTER: the entire under
186
Water scorpion 130
Water tigers 77
WEEVIL: a larva boring
126
Woolly bear caterpillar

Wool sower gall 21
77
small solid
structure.
pimple-like
45
eluta
Tupula
TUBERCULE: a
com- Wireworms 95
of a group of
setae.
Water beetles
undeveloped
nymphs. Fig.
wings of
631
Xiphydria 216
Xiphyriidae 216
Xyelidae 212
Xyelid sawflies 212
Xylophagidae 196, 207
XYLOPHAGOUS:
wooden
feeding
on
tissues.
Xylophagus lugens 196, 207
Yellow-necked
168
caterpillar
Young 3
Yponomeutidae 159, 165,
179,
182,
183
surface.
VERMIFORM: worm-like
lar-
vae.
Vermileo 196
^ ^^
Vespa maculata 31, 40, 46,
51, 211
Vespidae 21
Zanosemata electa 53
Zenoa picea 93
Zeugophora scutellaris
122
Zeuzera pyrina 163, 179
Zygoptera 32, 67
w
Walkeriana
ovilla
Walkingstick 72
138
Figure 631
W^
234
THE
IMMATURE

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TME

for identifying the

immature insects with

for collecting, rearing

Zoologist Institute of Zoology,

1946-47 Visiting Professor

Iowa Wesleyan College

Library of Congress Catalog Card

ISBN 0-697-04807-1 (cloth)

THE PICTURED-KEY NATURE SERIES

BEETLES, Jaques, 1951

BUTTERFLIES, Ehrlich, 1961

CACTI, Dawson, 1963

EASTERN LAND SNAILS,

FALL FLOWERS, Cuthbert, 1948

Eddy, 1957, 1969

LIVING THINGS, Jaques, 1946

MARINE ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS, Schultz, 1969

SPORES, Kapp, 1969

PROTOZOA, Jahn, 1949

SEAWEEDS, Dawson, 1956

SPRING FLOWERS, Cuthbert, 1943, 1949

TREES, Jaques, 1946

WEEDS, Jaques, 1959

TREES, Baerg, 1955

Printed in United States of America

constitute the largest

There are over seven hundred thousand species which

have been named and described and still a large number

of the great diversity of their

habits, their study is filled with interest.

mic point of view, some insects are considered beneficial

preparing and conducting our defenses

their adult stages.

while their caterpillars live on plants and

these coarse tissues;

mosquitoes suck blood while their larvae dwell in water;

at all but their larvae

are thousands of differences in their

the adult insects

aspect the more

our crops. There

economic standpoint or the evolutionary

immature stages the better we un-

derstand the adult insects.

for identification of these insects to orders

For advanced study, important references are giv-

book the author feels like an explorer entering

put into later printings of the book.

W. P. Hayes, Professor of Entomolon the immature insects during the time

TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS

made the book

student in his classes has

possible. Dr. H. E. Jaques, Professor of Biology,

has given encouragement and invaluable suggestions. My wife, Y. S.

Liu has helped with drawings

thank them most sincerely

for all their

a thoroughly trained Entomologist

excellent teacher but also

time and thought to

sects will find

feel certain that students of in-