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71) Identify the true and false statements regarding Observation method
1. Observation method poses difficulties in understanding events.
2. It is slow and expensive process that needs constant technological inputs.
3. Observer has to be present at the scene of the event when it takes place.
4. Observer has to wait for the event to happen and be able to tell where and when
exactly it takes place. B. 1 is true and 2, 3, 4 is false
72) identify the correct and incorrect rules for graphical representation of data from
the following 1. Title of the chart should be placed below it.
2. Each curve or bar should be numbered.
3. Only grey shades to be used in case of more curves or bars
4. They should precede the textual content
5. Measurements should be indicated from left to right in a horizontal line
6. For vertical lines, measurements should be from top to bottom.
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is incorrect
73) In a research study, it was revealed that 40% of students did not use the
learning resources provided to them while another 28% complained that they didnt
get adequate resources. Based on these results, the researcher cannot assume that
remaining 32% dont care to use the resources or its availability. What would be the
responsibility of the researcher in this situation?
D. Find out the actual opinions and views of the 32% of students
74) What are the requisites of a good and successful presentation?
1. Communicate to a specific audience
2. Communicate to all respondents
2. Structure the presentation
3. Advertise research expertise
4 Be elaborate on the research complexities
5 Address validity and reliability issues
4
5.
6. In case we take the significance level at 5%, then this implies that H0 will
be rejected when the sampling result (i.e., observed evidence) has a less
than 0.05 probability of occurring if H0 is true.
7.
8. A two-tailed test rejects the null hypothesis if, say, the sample mean
is significantly higher or lower than the hypnotized value of the mean
of the population.
9. A one-tailed test would be used when we are to
10.test, say, whether the population mean in either lower than or higher
than some hypothesized value.
11. The factors that affect the level of significance are:
a. The magnitude of the difference between sample ;
b. The size of the sample;
c. The variability of measurements within samples;
8
Unit: 5
1. Jahoda and Destsch and Cook describe, A research design is the
arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that
aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in
procedure.
2. Extraneous variable: The independent variables which are not directly
related to the purpose of the study but affect the dependent variable are
known as extraneous variables.
3. Confounded relationship: The relationship between dependent and
independent variables is said to be confounded by an extraneous
variable, when the dependent variable is not free from its effects.
4. Treatments: Treatments are referred to the different conditions to
which the experimental and control groups are subject to. In the
example considered, the two treatments are the parents with regular
earnings and those with no regular earnings.
5. There are a number of crucial research choices, various writers
advance different classification schemes, some of which are:
1. Experimental, historical and inferential designs (American Marketing
Association).
2. Exploratory, descriptive and causal designs (Selltiz, Jahoda, Deutsch and
Cook).
3. Experimental and expost fact (Kerlinger)
4. Historical method, and case and clinical studies (Goode and Scates)
5. Sample surveys, field studies, experiments in field settings, and laboratory
experiments (Festinger and Katz)
6. Exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies (Body and Westfall)
9
11
15
1.
2.
6.
Unit: 11
Greatest drawback of interview method is that it is costly both in money and time.
T
Greatest value of the interview method is the depth and detail of information that
can be secured. T
3. The interviewer cannot do more to improve the percentage of responses and the
quality information received than other method. F
4. One limitation of interview method is that it is not possible for interviewer to use
special scoring devices, visual materials and the like in order to improve the
quality of interviewing. F
5. Match the following
a. Advantages of group interview: Respondents comment freely and in
detail
b. Disadvantages of group interview: Group can be interviewed in the time
required for one personal interview.
c. Difficult to get representative sample : Possibility of a group being
dominated by one individual
The interview does not require preparation and preplanning. F
7. The interviewer should find out the general daily routine of the respondents in
order to determine the suitable timings for interview. T
16
11.
12.
17.
19.
8. Before starting the research interview, it is not necessary for the interviewer to
establish a friendly relationship with the respondent. F
It is essential to record responses as they take place. T
Choices when personal interview is feasible?
a. When the area covered for survey is compact or when number of
interviewee is very large
b. When sufficient number of interviewers are available or when the
number of interviewee is very large
c. When the area covered for survey is compact or when
sufficient number of interviewers is available.
Interview results are adversely affected by interviewer's mode of asking questions
and interaction. T
Like that of a chemical technician, it is rather a flexible psychological process. f
13. The extent of his success as an interviewer is very largely dependent upon his
insight and skill in dealing with varying socio-physiological situations. f
14.Interview is a conversation with specific purpose, i.e., obtaining information
relevant to a study. T
15.The interaction between the interviewer and the respondent need not
necessarily be on a face-to-face basis, because interview can be conducted over
the telephone also. T
16. What is the limitation of Non-directive interview?
a. It can closely approximate the spontaneity of natural conversation
b. More prone to interviewer's bias
c. Provide less opportunity to explore the problem in an unrestricted manner
d. Data obtained from one interview is not comparable to the data from
the next.
Choices Interview calls for Interviewing skills
18. The semi-structured interview where the investigator attempts to focus the
discussion on the actual effects of a given experience to which the respondents
have been exposed is termed as Focused interview
What do you understand by Depth interview?
a. This is an intensive and searching interview aiming at studying the
respondent's opinion, emotions or convictions on the basis of an
interview guide
20. What is Non-directive interview?
a. This is the least structured one where the interviewer encourages
the respondent to talk freely about a give topic with a minimum of
prompting or guidance
21.
Which of the following is not a requirement for a successful interview?
Vastness of knowledge of the interviewer
22.
Which type of interview is similar to focused interview but with a subtle
difference? Clinical interview
23.
________ is the only suitable method for gathering information from illiterate
or less educated respondents. Interviewing.
24.Interviewing is the one of the prominent methods of data collection.
25.Interviewing is the only suitable method for gathering information from
illiterate or less educated respondents.
26.Interview can add flesh to statistical information.
27.Types of interview: Structured or directive interview, Unstructured or nondirective interview, Focused interview, Clinical interview, Depth interview.
17
32.
19
Variable observation
Organization
Go
3.4
Owner of Vehicle
4.2
Vehicle performs
5.1
1
Age
5.2
Occupation
Response category
Private Pt
Public Pb
Government
Yes 2
No 1
Excellent 5
Good 4
Adequate 3
Bad 2
Worst 1
Up to 20 years
21-40 years 2
40-60 years 3
Salaried S
Professional P
Technical
Business
Retired
Housewife,
other=
26.
long worksheet:
27.The transcription of data can be used to summarize and arrange the data in
compact form for further analysis. The process is called tabulation.
28.
Manual Tabulation
32.
Central tendency of the data is measured by statistical
averages. Averages are classified into two groups.
1. Mathematical averages
2. Positional averages
30. Merits of Median
1. Median is easy to calculate and simple to understand.
2. When the data is very large median is the most convenient measure of
central tendency.
3. Median is useful finding average for data with open-ended classes.
4. The median distributes the values of the data equally to either side of
the median.
5. Median is not influenced by the extreme values present in the data.
6. Value of the median can be graphically determined.
Demerits of Median
To calculate median, data should be arranged according to
ascending order. This is tedious when the number of items in a series is
numerous.
Since the value of median is determined by observation, it is not a true
representative of all the values.
33.
Mode
Mode is the most repeating value of a distribution. When one item repeats
more number of times than other or when two items repeat equal number of
times, mode is ill defined. Under such case, mode is calculated by the
formula (3 median 2 mean). Mode is a widely used measure of central
tendency in business. We speak of model wage which is the wage earned
by most of the workers. Model shoe size is the mostly demanded shoe.
34.
Merits of Mode
21
35.
Demerits of Mode
1. It is difficult to calculate mode when one item repeats more
number of times than others.
2. Mode is not capable of further algebraic treatment.
3. Mode is not based on all the items of the series.
4. Mode is not rigidly defined. There are several formulae for
calculating mode.
33. Dispersion is the tendency of the individual values in a distribution to spread
away from the average.
34. Dispersion is a statistical measure, which understands the degree of variation
of items from the average.
35. Properties of a Good Measure of Dispersion
A good measure of dispersion should be simple to understand.
1. It should be easy to calculate
2. It should be rigidly defined
3. It should be based on all the values of a distribution
4. It should be amenable to further statistical and algebraic treatment.
5. It should have sampling stability
6. It should not be unduly affected by extreme values.
36. Measures of Dispersion
1. Range
2. Quartile deviation
3. Mean deviation
4. Standard deviation
5. Lorenz curve
36.Lorenz curve is a graphical measure of dispersion.
37.
Quartile deviation is defined as inter quartile range
38.
39.
Merits of Quartile Deviation
1. Quartile Deviation is superior to range as a rough measure of
dispersion.
2. It has a special merit in measuring dispersion in open-ended series.
3. Quartile Deviation is not affected by extreme values.
40.
Demerits of Quartile Deviation
1. Quartile Deviation ignores the first 25% of the distribution below Q1 and
25% of the distribution above the Q3
22
24
36.
The following are the important characteristics of a statistical
data: a. Central tendency
b. Dispersion
c. Skew ness
d. Kurtosis
Unit: 13
1. An interim report narrates what has been done so far and what was its outcome. T
2. Introduction should provide audience interest. T
3. Along with the related skill of working with and motivating people, the ability to
communicate effectively is not a must attribute a manager should have. F
4. It is important to generate a research report that will be interesting to read. T
5. Mention which of the following items will be included under which category.
a. Prefatory Items : List of tables
b. Body of the report : Limitations of the study , Theoretical background of
the topic , Method of data collection
c. Reference Materials : Bibliography, Appendix
6. Under which of the following categories, research report can be classified
a. Technical reports
b. Popular reports
c. Summary reports
d. Technical abstracts
e. Research article
f. Technical article
7. When there is a time lag between data collection and presentation of the result,
then also there is no chance of loss of significance and usefulness of the study. f
8. Summary report is meant for general public. t
9. _______ is a short summary of technical report. Research abstract
10._________ is designed for publication in a professional journal. Research article
11.In a research report, each piece of presentation should fit into the whole, just as
individual pieces into a jigsaw puzzle. T
12. It is better to keep the body of the presentation intact without breaking into parts
to keep the constancy in the report. F
13.In a technical report, a comprehensive full report of the research process and its
outcome are included. T
14.In popular report the reader is less interested in the methodological details, but
more interested in the findings of the study. T
15.Research report is a means for communicating research experience to others. T
25
EXTRA
1.
Answer: 80
2.
Answer: 29.46
3.
Answer: 99.967
4.
5.
28
Answer: 21.834
7.
Answer: 378689
8.
Answer: Q1=15, Q3= 40
9.
ANSWER: Q1 = 120, Q3 =
160
QD: 20; CQD: .0714
10.
ANSWER: Q1= 33.33; Q3=
69.33
QD= 18;
CQD=.3505
11.
ANSWER: Mean=20;
MD=10.1
CMD=.505
12.
29
15.
A
ANSWER: 13.747
16.
ANSWER: 0.714
17.
30