Whistleblower

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Whistleblower (disambiguation).
For whistleblower protection in the United States, see Whistleblower protection
in the United States.
A whistleblower (also whistle-blower or whistle blower)[1] is a person who expos
es any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not
correct within an organization that is either private or public.[2] The informa
tion of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of company
policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national security, a
s well as fraud, and corruption.[3] Those who become whistleblowers can choose t
o bring information or allegations to surface either internally or externally. I
nternally, a whistleblower can bring his/her accusations to the attention of oth
er people within the accused organization. Externally, a whistleblower can bring
allegations to light by contacting a third party outside of an accused organiza
tion. Whistleblowers can reach out to the media, government, law enforcement, or
those who are concerned but also face stiff reprisal and retaliation from those
who are accused or alleged of wrongdoing.
Some third party groups offer protection to whistleblowers, but that protection
can only go so far. Whistleblowers face legal action, criminal charges, social s
tigma, and termination from any position, office, or job. Two other classificati
ons of whistleblowing are private and public. The classifications relate to the
type of organizations someone chooses to whistle-blow on: private sector, or pub
lic sector. Both can have different results that depend on many factors. However
, whistleblowing in the public sector organization is more likely to result in f
ederal felony charges and jail-time. A whistleblower who chooses to accuse a pri
vate sector organization or agency is more likely to face termination and legal
and civil charges.
Deeper questions and theories of whistleblowing and why people choose to do so c
an be studied through an ethical approach. Whistleblowing is a topic of ongoing
ethical debate. Leading arguments in the ideological camp that whistleblowing is
ethical maintain that whistleblowing is a form of civil disobedience, and aims
to protect the public from government wrongdoing.[4][5] In the opposite camp, so
me see whistleblowing as unethical for breaching confidentiality, especially in
industries that handle sensitive client or patient information.[6] Legal protect
ion can also be granted to protect whistleblowers, but that protection is subjec
t to many stipulations. Hundreds of laws grant protection to whistleblowers, but
stipulations can easily cloud that protection and leave whistleblowers vulnerab
le to retaliation and legal trouble. However, the decision and action has become
far more complicated with recent advancements in technology and communication.[
7] Whistleblowers frequently face reprisal, sometimes at the hands of the organi
zation or group they have accused, sometimes from related organizations, and som
etimes under law. Questions about the legitimacy of whistleblowing, the moral re
sponsibility of whistleblowing, and the appraisal of the institutions of whistle
blowing are part of the field of political ethics.
Contents [hide]
1
Overview
1.1
Origin of term
1.2
Internal
1.3
External
1.4
Third party
1.5
Private sector whistleblowing
1.6
Public sector whistleblowing
1.7
Harm
1.8
Common Reactions
1.9
Psychological impact

1.10
Ethics
1.11
Motivations
2
Legality of Whistleblowing
2.1
Australia
2.2
Canada
2.3
Jamaica
2.4
India
2.5
Ireland
2.6
Netherlands
2.7
Switzerland
2.8
United Kingdom
2.9
United States
2.10
Other countries
3
Advocacy for whistleblower rights and protections
4
Modern methods used for whistleblower protection
5
See also
6
Notes and references
7
Bibliography
8
External links
Overview[edit]
Origin of term[edit]
The term whistle-blower comes from the whistle a referee uses to indicate an ill
egal or foul play.[8][9] US civic activist Ralph Nader is said to have coined th
e phrase, but he in fact put a positive spin on the term[10] in the early 1970s
to avoid the negative connotations found in other words such as "informers" and
"snitches".[11]
Internal[edit]
Most whistleblowers are internal whistleblowers, who report misconduct on a fell
ow employee or superior within their company. One of the most interesting questi
ons with respect to internal whistleblowers is why and under what circumstances
do people either act on the spot to stop illegal and otherwise unacceptable beha
vior or report it.[12] There are some reasons to believe that people are more li
kely to take action with respect to unacceptable behavior, within an organizatio
n, if there are complaint systems that offer not just options dictated by the pl
anning and control organization, but a choice of options for absolute confidenti
ality.[13]
Anonymous reporting mechanisms help foster a climate whereby employees are more
likely to report or seek guidance regarding potential or actual wrongdoing witho
anti-bribery management systems sta
ut fear of retaliation. The coming ISO 37001
ndard, includes anonymous reporting as one of the criteria for the new standard.
External[edit]
External whistleblowers, however, report misconduct to outside persons or entiti
es. In these cases, depending on the information's severity and nature, whistleb
lowers may report the misconduct to lawyers, the media, law enforcement or watch
dog agencies, or other local, state, or federal agencies. In some cases, externa
l whistleblowing is encouraged by offering monetary reward.
Third party[edit]
The third party service involves utilizing an external agency to inform the indi
viduals at the top of the organizational pyramid of misconduct, without disclosi
ng the identity of the whistleblower. This is a relatively new phenomenon and ha
s been developed due to whistleblower discrimination. International Whistleblowe
rs is an example of an organization involved in delivering a third party service
for whistleblowers.
An increasing number of companies and authorities use third party services in wh
ich the whistleblower is anonymous also towards the third party service provider

. This is possible via toll free phone numbers configured not to record the whis
tleblower origin call, and also through web solutions which apply asymmetrical e
ncryption.
Private sector whistleblowing[edit]
Private sector whistleblowing, though not as high profile as public sector whist
leblowing, is arguably more prevalent and suppressed in society today.[14] Simpl
y because private corporations usually have stricter regulations that suppress p
otential whistleblowers. Some examples of private sector whistleblowing are when
an employee reports to someone in a higher position such as a manager, or a thi
rd that is isolated from the individual chapter, such as their lawyer or the pol
ice. In the private sector corporate groups can easily hide wrongdoings by indiv
idual branches. It isn't until these wrongdoings bleed into the top officials th
at corporate wrongdoings are seen by the public. Situations in which a person ma
y blow the whistle are in cases of violated laws or company policy, such as sexu
al harassment or theft but these instances are small compared to money launderin
g or fraud charges on the stock market. Whistleblowing in the private sector is
typically not as high-profile or openly discussed in major news outlets, though
occasionally, third parties expose human rights violations and exploitation of w
orkers.[15] Private whistleblowing has grown in notoriety lately due in part to
an increase in reports of suppressed sexual harassment and assaults, as well as
corruption and discriminatory practices. While there are laws in place to protec
t whistleblowers, many employees fear for their jobs due to direct or indirect t
hreats from their employers or the other parties involved. Whistleblowers also f
ear that their revealings of a company's ill practices may not sit well with the
public thus another reason why individuals considering blowing the whistle choo
se not to. As a result, many potential whistleblowers either wait to inform some
one in a position of power or just drop the issues all together. The employee mu
st weigh their options, expose the company and stand the moral and ethical high
ground, or expose the company, lose their job, their reputation and potentially
the ability to be employed again. This fear makes it all that much harder to acc
urately track how prevalent whistleblowing is in the private sector.[16]
Public sector whistleblowing[edit]
Recognizing the public value of whistleblowing has been increasing over the last
50 years. In the United States, both State and Federal statutes have been put i
n place to protect whistleblowers from retaliation. The United States Supreme Co
urt ruled that public sector whistleblowers are protected under First Amendment
rights from any job retaliation when they raise flags over alleged corruption.[1
7] Exposing misconduct, illegal, or dishonest activity is a big fear for public
employees because they feel they are going against their government and country.
Private sector whistleblowing protection laws were in place long before ones fo
r the public sector. After many federal whistleblowers were scrutinized in highprofile media cases, laws were finally introduced to protect government whistleb
lowers. These laws were enacted to help prevent corruption and encourage people
to expose misconduct, illegal, or dishonest activity for the good of society.[18
] People who choose to act as a whistleblower often suffer retaliation from thei
r employer. They most likely are fired because they are an at-will employee, whi
ch means they can be fired without a reason. There are exceptions in place for w
histleblowers who are at-will employees. Even without a statute, numerous decisi
ons encourage and protect whistleblowing on grounds of public policy. Statutes s
tate that an employer shall not take any adverse employment actions any employee
in retaliation for a good faith report of a whistleblowing action or cooperatin
g in anyway in an investigation, proceeding, or lawsuit arising under said actio
n.[17] Federal whistleblower legislation includes a statute protecting all gover
nment employees. In the federal civil service, the government is prohibited from
taking, or threatening to take, any personnel action against an employee becaus
e the employee disclosed information that he or she reasonably believed showed a
violation of law, gross mismanagement, and gross waste of funds, abuse of autho
rity, or a substantial and specific danger to public safety or health. To prevai

l on a claim, a federal employee must show that a protected disclosure was made,
that the accused official knew of the disclosure, that retaliation resulted, an
d that there was a genuine connection between the retaliation and the employee's
action.[17]
Harm[edit]
Individual harm, public trust damage, and a threat of national security are thre
e categories of harm that may come to whistleblowers. Revealing whistleblower id
entities automatically puts their life in harm's way. Especially with media outl
ets using words like "traitor" and "treason" to associate with whistleblowers. T
here are many countries around the world that associate treason with the death p
enalty, even though whoever allegedly committed treason may or may not have caus
ed anyone physical harm. A primary reason for the death penalty would be that th
ey have potentially endangered an entire people, therefore being responsible for
any harm to come as a result. US law states,
"...whoever knowingly and willfully communicates, furnishes, transmits, or other
wise makes available to an unauthorized person, or publishes, or uses in any man
ner prejudicial to the safety or interest of the United States or for the benefi
t of any foreign government to the detriment of the United States any classified
information."[19][20]
Public trust dates back to the days of the Vietnam War. Henry Kissinger once sai
d that the purpose of "those who stole" the Pentagon Papers was to "undermine co
nfidence in their government" and "raise doubts about our reliability in the min
ds of other governments, friend and foe, and indeed about the stability of our p
olitical system."
Emotional strain on the accused from the whistle blower is also unconstrained. W
hen a leader challenges a whistle blower, there is an automatic indictment of th
e leader's character.[21] Questioning the whistleblower makes the accused guilty
until proven innocent.
Common Reactions[edit]
Whistleblowers are sometimes seen as selfless martyrs for public interest and or
ganizational accountability; others view them as "traitors" or "defectors." Some
even accuse them of solely pursuing personal glory and fame, or view their beha
vior as motivated by greed in qui tam cases. Some academics (such as Thomas Alur
ed Faunce) feel that whistleblowers should at least be entitled to a rebuttable
presumption that they are attempting to apply ethical principles in the face of
obstacles and that whistleblowing would be more respected in governance systems
if it had a firmer academic basis in virtue ethics.[22][23]
It is probable that many people do not even consider blowing the whistle, not on
ly because of fear of retaliation, but also because of fear of losing their rela
tionships at work and outside work.[24]
Persecution of whistleblowers has become a serious issue in many parts of the wo
rld:
Employees in academia, business or government might become aware of serious risk
s to health and the environment, but internal policies might pose threats of ret
aliation to those who report these early warnings. Private company employees in
particular might be at risk of being fired, demoted, denied raises and so on for
bringing environmental risks to the attention of appropriate authorities. Gover
nment employees could be at a similar risk for bringing threats to health or the
environment to public attention, although perhaps this is less likely.[25]
There are examples of "early warning scientists" being harassed for bringing inc
onvenient truths about impending harm to the notice of the public and authoritie

s. There have also been cases of young scientists being discouraged from enterin
g controversial scientific fields for fear of harassment.[25]
Whistleblowers are often protected under law from employer retaliation, but in m
any cases punishment has occurred, such as termination, suspension, demotion, wa
ge garnishment, and/or harsh mistreatment by other employees. A 2009 study found
that up to 38% of whistleblowers experienced professional retaliation in some f
orm, including wrongful termination.[26] For example, in the United States, most
whistleblower protection laws provide for limited "make whole" remedies or dama
ges for employment losses if whistleblower retaliation is proven. However, many
whistleblowers report there exists a widespread "shoot the messenger" mentality
by corporations or government agencies accused of misconduct and in some cases w
histleblowers have been subjected to criminal prosecution in reprisal for report
ing wrongdoing.
As a reaction to this many private organizations have formed whistleblower legal
defense funds or support groups to assist whistleblowers; three such examples a
re the National Whistleblowers Center[27] in the United States, and Whistleblowe
rs UK[28] and Public Concern at Work (PCaW)[29] in the United Kingdom. Depending
on the circumstances, it is not uncommon for whistleblowers to be ostracized by
their co-workers, discriminated against by future potential employers, or even
fired from their organization. This campaign directed at whistleblowers with the
goal of eliminating them from the organization is referred to as mobbing. It is
an extreme form of workplace bullying wherein the group is set against the targ
eted individual.[30]
Psychological impact[edit]
There is limited research on the psychological impacts of whistle blowing. Howev
er, poor experiences of whistleblowing can cause a prolonged and prominent assau
lt upon staff well being. As workers attempt to address concerns, they are often
met with a wall of silence and hostility by management.[31] Some whistleblowers
speak of overwhelming and persistent distress, drug and alcohol problems, paran
oid behaviour at work, acute anxiety, nightmares, flashbacks and intrusive thoug
hts.[32] Depression is often reported by whistleblowers, and suicidal thoughts m
ay occur in up to about 10%.[33][34] General deterioration in health and self ca
re has been described.[35] The range of symptomatology shares many of the featur
es of posttraumatic stress disorder, though there is debate about whether the tr
auma experienced by whistleblowers meets diagnostic thresholds.[36] Increased st
ress related physical illness has also been described in whistleblowers.[34][37]
The stresses involved in whistleblowing can be huge. As such, workers remain af
raid to blow the whistle, in fear that they will not be believed or they have lo
st faith in believing that anything will happen if they do speak out.[38] This f
ear may indeed be justified, because an individual who feels threatened by whist
leblowing, may plan the career destruction of the complainant by reporting fictiti
ous errors or rumours.[39] This technique, labelled as gaslighting is a common, un
conventional approach used by organizations to manage employees who cause diffic
ulty by raising concerns.[40] In extreme cases, this technique involves the orga
nization or manager proposing that the complainant's mental health is unstable.[
41] Organizations also often attempt to ostracise and isolate whistleblowers by
undermining their concerns by suggesting that these are groundless, carrying out
inadequate investigations or by ignoring them altogether. Whistleblowers may al
so be disciplined, suspended and reported to professional bodies upon manufactur
ed pretexts.[42][43] Where whistleblowers persist in raising their concerns, the
y increasingly risk detriments such as dismissal.[44] Following dismissal, whist
leblowers may struggle to find further employment due to damaged reputations, po
or references and blacklisting. The social impact of whistleblowing through loss
of livelihood (and sometimes pension), and family strain may also impact on whi
stleblowers psychological well being. Whistleblowers may also experience immense
stress as a result of litigation regarding detriments such as unfair dismissal,
which they often face with imperfect support or no support at all from unions. W

histleblowers who continue to pursue their concerns may also face long battles w
ith official bodies such as regulators and government departments.[42][43] Such
bodies may reproduce the "institutional silence" by employers, adding to whistle
blowers stress and difficulties.[45] In all, some whistleblowers suffer great inj
ustice, that may never be acknowledged or rectified.[41] Such extreme experience
s of threat and loss inevitably cause severe distress and sometimes mental illne
ss, sometimes lasting for years afterwards. This mistreatment also deters others
from coming forward with concerns. Thus, poor practices remain hidden behind a
wall of silence, and prevent any organization from experiencing the improvements
that may be afforded by intelligent failure.[32][45] Some whistleblowers who pa
rt ranks with their organizations have had their mental stability questioned, su
ch as Adrian Schoolcraft, the NYPD veteran who alleged falsified crime statistic
s in his department and was forcibly committed to a mental institution.[46] Conv
ersely, the emotional strain of a whistleblower investigation is devastating to
the accused's family.[21]
Ethics[edit]
The definition of ethics is the moral principles that govern a person's or group
's behavior. The ethical implications of whistleblowing can be negative as well
as positive. However, sometimes employees may blow the whistle as an act of reve
nge. Rosemary O'Leary explains this in her short volume on a topic called guerri
lla government. "Rather than acting openly, guerrillas often choose to remain "i
n the closet," moving clandestinely behind the scenes, salmon swimming upstream
against the current of power. Over the years, I have learned that the motivation
s driving guerrillas are diverse. The reasons for acting range from the altruist
ic (doing the right thing) to the seemingly petty (I was passed over for that pr
omotion). Taken as a whole, their acts are as awe inspiring as saving human live
s out of a love of humanity and as trifling as slowing the issuance of a report
out of spite or anger."[47] For example, of the more than 1,000 whistleblower co
mplaints that are filed each year with the Pentagon's Inspector General, about 9
7 percent are not substantiated.[48] The negative results of being a whistleblow
er could be one being seen as a traitor, a hero, or just one of the majority (97
percent) whistleblowers who are simply disgruntled with a perceived but not tru
e unfairness. It is believed throughout the professional world that an individua
l is bound to secrecy within their work sector. Discussions of whistleblowing an
d employee loyalty usually assume that the concept of loyalty is irrelevant to t
he issue or, more commonly, that whistleblowing involves a moral choice that pit
s the loyalty that an employee owes an employer against the employee's responsib
ility to serve the public interest.[49] Robert A. Larmer describes the standard
view of whistleblowing in the Journal of Business Ethics by explaining that an e
mployee possesses prima facie (based on the first impression; accepted as correc
t until proved otherwise) duties of loyalty and confidentiality to their employe
rs and that whistleblowing cannot be justified except on the basis of a higher d
uty to the public good.[49] It is important to recognize that in any relationshi
p which demands loyalty the relationship works both ways and involves mutual enr
ichment.[50]
The ethics of Edward Snowden's actions have been widely discussed and debated in
news media and academia worldwide.[51] Edward Snowden released classified intel
ligence to the American people in an attempt to allow Americans to see the inner
workings of the government. Is it right to report the shady or suspect practice
s of the company one works for or perhaps even the government? A person is dilig
ently tasked with the conundrum of choosing to be loyal to the company or to blo
w the whistle on the company's wrongdoing. Discussions on whistleblowing general
ly revolve around three topics: attempts to define whistleblowing more precisely
, debates about whether and when whistleblowing is permissible, and debates abou
t whether and when one has an obligation to blow the whistle.[52]
Motivations[edit]
Many whistleblowers have stated that they were motivated to take action to put a

n end to unethical practices, after witnessing injustices in their businesses or

organizations.[53] A 2009 study found that whistleblowers are often motivated t
o take action when they notice a sharp decline in ethical practices, as opposed
to a gradual worsening.[54] There are generally two metrics by which whistleblow
ers determine if a practice is unethical. The first metric involves a violation
of the organization's bylaws or written ethical policies. These violations allow
individuals to concretize and rationalize blowing the whistle.[55] On the other
hand, "value-driven" whistleblowers are influenced by their personal codes of e
thics. In these cases, whistleblowers have been criticized for being driven by p
ersonal biases.[56]
In addition to ethics, social and organizational pressure are a motivating force
s. A 2012 study identified that individuals are more likely to blow the whistle
when several others know about the wrongdoing, because they would otherwise fear
consequences for keeping silent.[57] In cases when one person is causing an inj
ustice, the individual who notices the injustice may file a formal report, rathe
r than confronting the wrongdoer, because confrontation would be more emotionall
y and psychologically stressful.[58][59][60] Furthermore, individuals may be mot
ivated to report unethical behavior when they believe their organizations will s
upport them.[61] Professionals in management roles may feel responsibility to bl
ow the whistle in order to uphold the values and rules of their organizations.[6
2]
Legality of Whistleblowing[edit]
Legal protection for whistleblowing varies from country to country and may depen
d on the country of the original activity, where and how secrets were revealed,
and how they eventually became published or publicized. Over a dozen countries h
ave now adopted comprehensive whistleblower protection laws that create mechanis
ms for reporting wrongdoing and provide legal protections to whistleblowers. Ove
r 50 countries have adopted more limited protections as part of their anti-corru
ption, freedom of information, or employment laws.[63] For purposes of the Engli
sh Wikipedia, this section emphasizes the English-speaking world and covers othe
r regimes only insofar as they represent exceptionally greater or lesser protect
ions.
To be a whistleblower takes bravery. Barry Adams explains the options as, "The l
ist of negative consequences to whistleblowing seems endless: broken promises to
fix the problem, disillusionment, isolation, humiliation, formation of an 'anti
-you' group, loss of job, questioning of the whistleblower's mental health, vind
ictive tactics to make the individual's work more difficult and/or insignificant
, assassination of character, formal reprimand, and difficult court proceedings.
" (Ahern & McDonald, 2002; Brodie, 1998; Fletcher et al., 1998; Wilmot, 2000) It
all depends on the level of what information one reveals and to whom. The conse
quences vary from a corporate whistleblower to federal whistleblower. The 1st an
d 14th amendment protects to an extent and guarantees protection for practical a
llegations from retaliation. Lachman, V. D. (2008). Retrieved March 30, 2016, fr
om http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/582797_6
Australia[edit]
Main article: Whistleblower protection in Australia
There are laws in a number of states.[64] The former NSW Police Commissioner Ton
y Lauer summed up official government and police attitudes as: "Nobody in Austra
lia much likes whistleblowers, particularly in an organization like the police o
r the government."
Whistleblowers Australia is an association for those who have exposed corruption
or any form of malpractice, especially if they were then hindered or abused.[65
]
Canada[edit]

The Office of the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner of Canada (PSIC) provides
a safe and confidential mechanism enabling public servants and the general publ
ic to disclose wrongdoings committed in the public sector. It also protects from
reprisal public servants who have disclosed wrongdoing and those who have coope
rated in investigations. The Office's goal is to enhance public confidence in Ca
nada's federal public institutions and in the integrity of public servants.[66]
Mandated by the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act (The Act), PSIC is a p
ermanent and independent Agent of Parliament. The Act, which came into force on
April 15, 2007, applies to most of the federal public sector, approximately 400,
000 public servants.[67] This includes government departments and agencies, pare
nt Crown corporations, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and other federal publi
c sector bodies.
Not all disclosures lead to an investigation as the Act sets out the jurisdictio
n of the Commissioner and gives the option not to investigate under certain circ
umstances. On the other hand, if PSIC conducts an investigation and finds no wro
ngdoing was committed, the Commissioner must report his findings to the disclose
r and to the organization's chief executive. Also, reports of founded wrongdoing
are presented before the House of Commons and the Senate in accordance with The
Act. As of June 2014, a total of 9 reports have been tabled in Parliament.[68]
The Act also established the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Tribunal (PSD
PT) to protect public servants by hearing reprisal complaints referred by the Pu
blic Sector Integrity Commissioner. The Tribunal can grant remedies in favour of
complainants and order disciplinary action against persons who take reprisals.
PSIC's current Commissioner is Mr. Mario Dion. Previously, he has served in vari
ous senior roles in the public service, including as Associate Deputy Minister o
f Justice, Executive Director and Deputy Head of the Office of Indian Residentia
l Schools Resolution of Canada, and as Chair of the National Parole Board.
Jamaica[edit]
In Jamaica, the Protected Disclosures Act, 2011[69] received assent in March 201
1. It creates a comprehensive system for the protection of whistleblowers in the
public and private sector. It is based on the UK's Public Interest Disclosure A
ct.
India[edit]
Main article: Whistleblower protection in India
The Government of India has been considering adopting a whistleblower protection
law for several years. In 2003, the Law Commission of India recommended the ado
ption of the Public Interest Disclosure (Protection of Informers) Act, 2002.[70]
In August 2010, the Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making
the Disclosures Bill, 2010 was introduced into the Lok Sabha, lower house of th
e Parliament of India.[71] The Bill was approved by the cabinet in June, 2011. T
he Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making the Disclosures B
ill, 2010 was renamed as The Whistleblowers' Protection Bill, 2011 by the Standi
ng Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.[72] The Whistlebl
owers' Protection Bill, 2011 was passed by the Lok Sabha on 28 December 2011.[73
] and by the Rajyasabha on 21 February 2014. The Whistle Blowers Protection Act,
2011 has received the Presidential assent on May 9, 2014 and the same has been
subsequently published in the official gazette of the Government of India on May
9, 2014 by the Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India.
Ireland[edit]
The government of Ireland committed to adopting a comprehensive whistleblower pr
otection law in January 2012. The bill reportedly covers both the public and pri
vate sectors.[74]

Netherlands[edit]
The Netherlands has measures in place to mitigate the risks of whistleblowing: t
he whistleblower advice centre (Adviespunt Klokkenluiders) offers advice to whis
tleblowers, and the Parliament recently passed a proposal to establish a so-call
ed house for whistleblowers, to protect them from the severe negative consequenc
es that they might endure (Kamerstuk, 2013). Dutch media organizations also prov
ide whistleblower support; on 9 September 2013[75] a number of major Dutch media
outlets supported the launch of Publeaks, which provides a secure website for p
eople to leak documents to the media. Publeaks is designed to protect whistleblo
wers. It operates on the GlobaLeaks software developed by the Hermes Center for
Transparency and Digital Human Rights, which supports whistleblower-oriented tec
hnologies internationally.[76]
Switzerland[edit]
The Swiss Council of States agreed on a draft amendment of the Swiss Code of Obl
igations in September 2014. The draft introduces articles 321abis to 321asepties
, 328(3), 336(2)(d).[77] An amendment of article 362(1) adds articles 321abis to
321asepties to the list of provisions that may not be overruled by labour and b
argaining agreements.
Article 321ater introduces an obligation on employees to report irregularities t
o their employer before reporting to an authority. An employee will, however, no
t breach his duty of good faith if he reports an irregularity to an authority an
d
a period set by the employer and no longer than 60 days has lapsed since the emp
loyee has reported the incident to his employer, and
the employer has not addressed the irregularity or it is obvious that the employ
er has insufficiently addressed the irregularity.
Article 321aquarter provides that an employee may exceptionally directly report
to an authority. Exceptions apply in cases
where the employee is in a position to objectively demonstrate that a report
his employer will prove ineffective,
where the employee has to anticipate dismissal,
where the employee must assume that the competent authority will be hindered
investigating the irregularity, or
where there is a direct and serious hazard to life, to health, to safety, or
the environment.
The draft does not improve on protection against dismissal for employees who
ort irregularities to their employer.[78] The amendment does not provide for
loyees anonymously filing their observations of irregularities.

to
in
to
rep
emp

United Kingdom[edit]
Whistleblowing in the United Kingdom is subject to the Public Interest Disclosur
e Act (PIDA) 1998.
The Freedom to Speak Up Review set out 20 principles to bring about improvements
to help whistleblowers in the NHS, including:[79]
to make raising issues a part of normal routine busi
Culture of raising concerns
ness of a well-led NHS organization.
Culture free from bullying freedom of staff to speak out relies on staff being a
ble to work in a culture which is free from bullying.
Training every member of staff should receive training in their trust's approach
to raising concerns and in receiving and acting on them.
Support
all NHS trusts should ensure there is a dedicated person to whom concern
s can be easily reported and without formality, a "speak up guardian" .
Support to find alternative employment in the NHS
where a worker who has raised
a concern cannot, as a result, continue their role, the NHS should help them see
k an alternative job.

Monitor produced a whistleblowing policy in November 2015 that all NHS organisat
ions in England are obliged to follow. It explicitly says that anyone bullying o
r acting against a whistleblower could be potentially liable to disciplinary act
ion.[80]
United States[edit]
Main article: Whistleblower protection in the United States
To be considered a whistleblower in the United States, most federal whistleblowe
r statutes require that federal employees have reason to believe their employer
violated some law, rule, or regulation; testify or commence a legal proceeding o
n the legally protected matter; or refuse to violate the law.
In cases where whistleblowing on a specified topic is protected by statute, U.S.
courts have generally held that such whistleblowers are protected from retaliat
ion.[81] However, a closely divided U.S. Supreme Court decision, Garcetti v. Ceb
allos (2006) held that the First Amendment free speech guarantees for government
employees do not protect disclosures made within the scope of the employees' du
ties.
In the United States, legal protections vary according to the subject matter of
the whistleblowing, and sometimes the state where the case arises.[82] In passin
g the 2002 Sarbanes Oxley Act, the Senate Judiciary Committee found that whistlebl
ower protections were dependent on the "patchwork and vagaries" of varying state
statutes.[83] Still, a wide variety of federal and state laws protect employees
who call attention to violations, help with enforcement proceedings, or refuse
to obey unlawful directions.
The first US law adopted specifically to protect whistleblowers was the 1863 Uni
ted States False Claims Act (revised in 1986), which tried to combat fraud by su
ppliers of the United States government during the American Civil War. The Act e
ncourages whistleblowers by promising them a percentage of the money recovered b
y the government and by protecting them from employment retaliation.[84]
Another US law that specifically protects whistleblowers is the Lloyd La Follette
Act of 1912. It guaranteed the right of federal employees to furnish information
to the United States Congress. The first US environmental law to include an emp
loyee protection was the Clean Water Act of 1972. Similar protections were inclu
ded in subsequent federal environmental laws, including the Safe Drinking Water
Act (1974), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), Toxic Substances Cont
rol Act of 1976, Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (through 1978 amendment to pr
otect nuclear whistleblowers), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensatio
n, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or the Superfund Law) (1980), and the Clean Air Ac
t (1990). Similar employee protections enforced through OSHA are included in the
Surface Transportation Assistance Act (1982) to protect truck drivers, the Pipe
line Safety Improvement Act (PSIA) of 2002, the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investm
ent and Reform Act for the 21st Century ("AIR 21"), and the Sarbanes Oxley Act, en
acted on July 30, 2002 (for corporate fraud whistleblowers).
Investigation of retaliation against whistleblowers under 20 federal statutes fa
lls under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Whistleblower Protection Program
[85] of the United States Department of Labor's[86] Occupational Safety and Heal
th Administration (OSHA).[87] New whistleblower statutes enacted by Congress, wh
ich are to be enforced by the Secretary of Labor, are generally delegated by a S
ecretary's Order[88] to OSHA's Office of the Whistleblower Protection Program (O
WPP).
The patchwork of laws means that victims of retaliation need to be aware of the
laws at issue to determine the deadlines and means for making proper complaints.
Some deadlines are as short as 10 days (Arizona State Employees have 10 days to
file a "Prohibited Personnel Practice" Complaint before the Arizona State Perso

nnel Board), while others are up to 300 days.

Those who report a false claim against the federal government, and suffer advers
e employment actions as a result, may have up to six years (depending on state l
aw) to file a civil suit for remedies under the US False Claims Act (FCA).[89] U
nder a qui tam provision, the "original source" for the report may be entitled t
o a percentage of what the government recovers from the offenders. However, the
"original source" must also be the first to file a federal civil complaint for r
ecovery of the federal funds fraudulently obtained, and must avoid publicizing t
he claim of fraud until the US Justice Department decides whether to prosecute t
he claim itself. Such qui tam lawsuits must be filed under seal, using special p
rocedures to keep the claim from becoming public until the federal government ma
kes its decision on direct prosecution.
The Espionage Act of 1917 has been used to prosecute whistleblowers in the Unite
d States including Edward Snowden and Chelsea Manning. In 2013, Manning was conv
icted of violating the Espionage Act and sentenced to 35 years in prison for lea
king sensitive military documents to WikiLeaks.[90] The same year, Snowden was c
onvicted for violating the Espionage Act for releasing confidential documents be
longing to the NSA.[91]
Section 922 of the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd
-Frank) in the United States incentivizes and protects whistleblowers.[92] By Do
dd-Frank, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) financially rewards
whistleblowers for providing information that results in sanctions of at least $
1M.[93][94] Additionally, Dodd-Frank offers job security to whistleblowers by il
legalizing termination or discrimination due to whistleblowing.[93][95][96] The
whistleblower provision has proven successful; after the enactment of Dodd-Frank
, the SEC charged KBR (company) with violating the whistleblower protection Rule
21F-17 by having employees sign confidentiality agreements that threatened repe
rcussions for discussing internal matters with outside parties.[97][98] As of hi
s recent election, President-Elect Donald Trump has announced plans to dismantle
Dodd-Frank, which may negatively impact whistleblower protection in the United
States.[99]
Other countries[edit]
There are comprehensive laws in New Zealand and South Africa. A number of other
countries have recently adopted comprehensive whistleblower laws including Ghana
, South Korea, and Uganda. They are also being considered in Kenya and Rwanda. T
he European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2008 that whistleblowing was protecte
d as freedom of expression.[100] r
Advocacy for whistleblower rights and protections[edit]
Many NGOs advocate for stronger and more comprehensive legal rights and protecti
ons for whistleblowers. Among them are the Government Accountability Project (GA
P), Blueprint for Free Speech, Public Concern at Work (PCaW) and the Open Democr
acy Advice Center (ODAC). Among the more publicly visible whistleblower activist
s are Thomas M. Devine of GAP, Cathy James of PCaW, Mark Worth of Blueprint for
Free Speech.
Modern methods used for whistleblower protection[edit]
Whistleblowers that may be at risk of those they are exposing are now using encr
yption methods and anonymous content sharing software to protect their identity.
Tor, a highly accessible anonymity network, is one that is frequently used by w
histleblowers around the world.[101] Tor has undergone a number of large securit
y updates to protect the identities of potential whistleblowers who may wish to
anonymously leak information.[102]
Recently specialized whistleblowing software like SecureDrop and GlobaLeaks has
been built on top of the Tor technology in order to incentivate and simplify its

adoption for secure whistleblowing.[103][104]

See also[edit]
Benetech Martus
Complaint system
Conflict of interest
ECC: Leniency policy
False Claims Act
Informant
Nuclear whistleblowers
List of nuclear whistleblowers
List of whistleblowers
Misplaced loyalty
Organizational retaliatory behavior
SEC Office of the Whistleblower
Shooting the messenger
Whistleblower Office
Sample 09-F9 protest art, Free Speech Flag by John Marcotte.svgFreedom of speech
portal Emblem-money.svgBusiness and economics portal Newspaper nicu buculei 01.
svgJournalism portal A coloured voting box.svgPolitics portal
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External links[edit]
Look up whistle-blower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up whistleblower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whistleblowers.
Library resources about
Whistleblower
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Ed Yong (28 November 2013). "3 ways to blow the whistle" (PDF). Nature (journal)
Vol 503.
Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 from Her Majesty's Stationery Office
National Security Whistleblowers, a Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report
Survey of Federal Whistleblower and Anti-Retaliation Laws, a Congressional Resea
rch Service (CRS) Report
Whistleblower Protection Program & information at U.S. Department of Labor
Read v. Canada (Attorney General) Canadian legal framework regarding whistleblow
ing defence
Patients First
Whistleblowers UK
Why be a whistleblower?
Guardian US interactive team (24 June 2013). "A Guardian guide to US government
whistleblowers". The Guardian. New York. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Author Eyal Press discusses whistleblowers and heroism on Conversations from Pen
n State
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Global Financial Integrity Global Witness Group of States Against Corruption Int
ernational Anti-Corruption Academy Mo Ibrahim Foundation Stolen Asset Recovery I
nitiative (World Bank) (StAR) Transparency International UNCAC Coalition of Civi
l Society Organisations
National institutions dealing
with corruption
Oficina Anticorrupcin (Argentina) Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission Ant
i Corruption Commission (Bangladesh) Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Ob
servatory (Burundi) National Anti-Corruption Observatory (Cameroon) National Bur
eau of Corruption Prevention (China) Independent Commission Against Corruption (
Hong Kong) Commission Against Corruption (Macau) USKOK (Croatia) Fiji Independen
t Commission Against Corruption Central Vigilance Commission (India) Corruption
Eradication Commission (Indonesia) Anti-corruption National Authority (Italy) Co
rruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (Latvia) Governance and Economic Manage

ment Assistance Program (Liberia) Special Investigation Service of the Republic

of Lithuania BIANCO (Madagascar) Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission Independen
t Corrupt Practices Commission (Nigeria) Investigation Task Force Sweep (Papua N
ew Guinea) Central Anticorruption Bureau (Poland) Directia Generala Anticoruptie
(Romania) Directia Nationala Anticoruptie (Romania) Sierra Leone Anti-corruptio
n Commission Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (Singapore) Commission for t
he Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia Anti-Corruption and Civi
l Rights Commission (South Korea) Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera (Spain) Nation
al Anti-corruption Commission (Thailand) National Anti-Corruption Bureau (Ukrain
e) Warioba Commission (Tanzania)
Anti-corruption laws
and enforcement
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 (pending) Foreign Corrupt Pr
actices Act Freedom of information laws by country Integrity and Prevention of C
orruption Act The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 UK Bribery Act of 2010 Whistle
blower protection
International anti-corruption
instruments and efforts
Inter-American Convention Against Corruption International asset recovery Intern
ational Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
United Nations Convention against Corruption
Forms or aspects of corruption
Baksheesh Crony capitalism Cronyism Electoral fraud Fraud Gerrymandering Honest
services fraud Kickback Noble cause corruption Political scandal Professional co
urtesy Regulatory capture Voter suppression
Anti-corruption protest
movements
2011 Azerbaijani protests 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement 2012 Indian anticorruption movement Anti-austerity movement in Spain Mexican Indignados Movement
Russian anti-corruption campaign Yo Soy 132
Other
Black market Bribery Collusion Match fixing Rent-seeking Tax haven
[show] v t e
Employment
Authority control
GND: 7734841-2 BNF: cb166467994 (data) NDL: 01008145
Categories: WhistleblowersWhistleblowingAnti-corporate activismDissentFreedom of
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