STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS AND ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES CONTENTS Section Page Number OBJECTIVE 1 SCOPE, ae settee ees eensenes esthetics settee sash ce se tect el 1 MATERIAL: 1 1.1) Standard 1 2 LOADING . = 2.1, Definitions . . cee ebouc0 2 Serene eee Se erc eee eee EMMRMRR tcccaciccaentccaassceeseestaesssase ess 3 23 Standard .... 4 24 References u 3. STRESSES . u 3.1 Standard hl 4 MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP 18 4.1 Standard... 18 5 FACTORY FINISH 18 5.1 Standard .... B68 F95 779995000000 18 6 PLANS, ASSEMBLY TOLERANCES, AND MARKING . 18 6.1 Standard ... oe 18 7 FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS |... 0.220002. 0 000 c eee e eee ce eee eee 19 7.1. Definitions 19 7.2 Standard ...... . . aoe 7.3. Special Conditions .......... 20 7.4 Foundation Drawings - . 21 8 SAFETY FACTOR OF GUYS . a 8.1. Definition ..... a 2 82 Standard ooo... ceeecceeeeeeeeee 21 9 2 9.1 Definitions . 21 9.2. Standard 22 Hover be four daneTIAMEA-222-F CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page Number 10 INITIAL GUY TENSION .... seeeee beeen eee en eee - 22 10.1 Definition . . . antes . seen . 22 10.2 Standard 7 ' seeeeeee stesetccecetrecesee 22 10.3 Method Of Measurement ........... rn eee DW 11 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS settee : : . 22 11.1 Definitions . . ae . . . eee eee 22 11.2 Standard . A 22 12 PROTECTIVE GROUNDING . 23 12.1 Definitions 2B 12.2 Standard : 23 13. CLIMBING AND WORKING FACILITIES 2B 13.1 Definitions . B 13.2 Standard . ' ae 23 14 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION 24 14.1 Standard .......... 24 15 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TOWERS AND STRUCTURES 24 15.1 Standard . 24 16 COUNTY LISTINGS OF MINIMUM BASIC WIND SPEEDS . 25 ANNEXES Annex A: PURCHASER CHECKLIST . 59 AnnexB: DESIGN WIND LOAD ON TYPICAL MICROWAVE ANTENNAS/REFLECTORS ....... 61 ‘Annex C: TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR PARABOLIC ANTENNAS, PASSIVE REFLECTORS, AND PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS a AnnexD: DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE BEAM TWIST AND SWAY FOR CROSS-POLARIZATION LIMITED SYSTEMS . oi Annex: ‘TOWER MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION PROCEDURES .... 83 AnnexF: CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRUCTURES ... 101 AnnexG: SICONVERSION FACTORS ..........-000-000000008 - 103 Annex H: | COMMENTARY ON ICE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES . cali) AnnexI: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS F FOR TOWERS - 109 Annex J: CORROSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR GUY ANCHORS IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH SOIL . smmacecaaanacacenagagagagcagacagagaaaggagaceaaagaaaaagagerSTRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS AND ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES OBJECTIVE The objective of these standards is to provide minimum criteria for specifying and designing steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures. ‘These standards are not intended to replace or supersede applicable codes. The information contained in these standards was obtained from sources as referenced and noted herein and represents, in the judgement of the subcommittee, the accepted industry practices for minimum standards for the design of steel antenna supporting structures. It is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer. ‘These standards utilize wind loading criteria based on an annual probability and are not intended to cover all environmental conditions which could exist at a particular location. ‘These standards apply to steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures for all classes of ‘communications service, such as AM, CATV, FM, Microwave, Cellular, TV, VHF, etc. ‘These standards may be adapted for intemational use; however, it is necessary to determine the appropriate basic wind speed (fastest-mile) and ice load at the site location in the specific country based on local meteorological data. Equivalent International System of Units (SI) are given in brackets [ ] throughout these standards. Sl conversion factors have been provided in Annex G. Itis the responsibility of the purchaser to provide site-specific data and requirements differing from those contained in these standards. Annex A provides a checklist for assisting the purchaser in specifying the requirements for a specific structure when using these standards. The user is cautioned that local conditions of wind and ice, if known, have precedence over the minimum standards described herein. SCOPE ‘These standards describe the requirements for steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures, 1 MATERIAL 1.1 Standard 1.1.1 Material shall conform to one of the following standards except as provided in 1. 2. 1.1.1.1 Structural steel, cast steel, steel forgings, and bolts shall conform to the material specifications listed in the June 1, 1989, American Institute of Steel Construction, “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings — Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design”, hereinafter referred to as the AISC specification, 1.1.1.2 Light gauge stee! structural members shall be structural quality as defined by the August 19, 1986, American Iron and Steel Institute, “Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members”, hereinafter referred to as the AISI specification. 1.1.1.3 Material for tubular steel pole structures and components shall conform to section 7.0 of ANSI/NEMA TT1-1983, “Tapered Tubular Steel Structures”i Hv eiaeish 1.1.2 When materials other than those specified herein are used, the supplier must provide certified data concerning mechanical and chemical properties. 1.13 Bolts and nut locking devices (excluding guy hardware). 1.13.1 Slip-critical connections and connections subjected to tension where the application of externally applied load results in prying action produced by deformation of the connected parts shall be made with high-strength bolts tightened to the minimum bolt tensions specified in the November 13, 1985, AISC, “Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts”. Exception: Where it can be shown that the stiffness of the connected parts is sufficient to reduce prying forces to insignificance, tension connections may be made with high-strength bolts tightened to a snug-tight condition as defied in the AISC specification referred to in LL. (Note: Contact surfaces for slip-critical connections shall not be oiled or painted and for galvanized material, the contact surfaces shall be prepared in accordance with the AISC specification referred to in 1.13.1.) 113.2 Bearing-type connections may be made with high-strength bolts tightened to a ‘snug-tight condition as defined in the AISC specification referred to in 1.1.3.1. 1.13.3 Where high-strength bolts are used and tensioned in accordance with the AISC specification referred to in 1.1.3.1, a nut-locking device is not required. 1.1.3.4 Bolts not covered in 1.1.3.3 require a nut-locking device. 3.5 Hot-dip galvanized A490 bolts shalll not be used. 1.1.4 Materials other than steel are not within the scope of this section. 2 LOADING. 2.1 Definitions 2.1.1 Dead Load — The weight of the structure, guys, and appurtenances, 2.1.2 Ice Load — The radial thickness of ice applied uniformly around the exposed surfaces of the structure, guys, and appurtenances. 2.1.2.1 Unless otherwise indicated, a specified radial ice thickness shall be considered as solid ice. 2.1.2.2 The density of sélid ice shall be considered to be 56 lb/ft? [8.8 kN/m3). 2.12.3 The density of rime ice shall be considered to be 30 lb/ft? [4.7 kN/m3]. 2.13 Wind Load — The wind loading requirements specified in 2.3 (see Annex A). 2.13.1 Basic Wind Speed — Fastest-mile wind speed at 33 ft [10 m] above ground corresponding to an annual probability of 0.02 (50-year recurrence interval). 2.1.4 Appurtenances — Items attached to the structure such as antennas, transmission lines, Conduits, lighting equipment, climbing devices, platforms, signs, anti-climbing devices, etc. 2.1.4.1 Discrete Appurtenance — An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be concentrated at a point, TYY YTV YY YY YY YYTTTVTT TTT TTT TTT TTT TTT Tere TTT22 Aa TWEIA.202-F 2.142 Linear Appurtenance — An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be distributed over a section of the structure. Nomenclature for Section 2 Loading Projected area of a linear appurtenance Projected area of a discrete appurtenance Effective projected area of structural components in one face Projected area of flat structural components in one face Gross area of one tower face as if the face were solid Projected area of round structural components in one face Velocity coefficient for tubular pole structure force coefficients Linear or discrete appurtenance force coefficient Guy drag force coefficient Structure force coefficient Guy lift force coefficient Dead weight of the structure, guys, and appurtenances Wind direction factor for flat structural components Average diameter or average least width of a tubular pole structure Wind direction factor for round structural components Horizontal force applied to a section of the structure Design wind load on a discrete appurtenance Total drag force on a guy Total lift force on a guy Gust response factor for fastest-mile basic wind speed Weight of ice Exposure coefficient Chord length of guy Reduction factor for round structural components Basic wind speed for the structure location Design wind load on the structure, appurtenances, guys, etc., with radial ice Design wind load on the structure, appurtenances, guys, etc., without ice- Diameter of guy strand Solidity ratioTIAEIA-222- | - h Total height of structure | az __ Velocity pressure 1 Ratio of corner diameter to diameter of inscribed circle of a tubular pole structure t Radial thickness of ice z Height above average ground level to midpoint of section, appurtenance or guy | o Clockwise angle from guy chord to wind direction vector 23° Standard 2.3.1 Wind and Ice Loads | 2.3.1.1 The total design wind load shall include the sum of the horizontal forces applied to the structure in the direction of the wind and the design wind load on guys and discrete appurtenances, 2.3.12 This standard does not specifically state an ice requirement. Ice loading, depending on tower height, elevation, and exposure, may be a significant load on the structure in most parts of the United States. If the structure is to be located where ice | accumulation is expected, consideration shall be given to an ice load when specifying the requirements for the structure. (Refer to Annexes A and H.) 2.3.2 The horizontal force (F) applied to each section of the structure shall be calculated from the equation: F = qz Gu [Cr Ag+ ¥ (Ca Aa)] (ib) IN] Not to exceed 2 qz Gu Ag where Ag = Gross area of one tower face (ft?) [m2] (Note: All appurtenances, including antennas, mounts and lines, shall be assumed to remain intact and attached to the structure regardless of their wind load capacities.) 2.3.3 The velocity pressure (qz) and the exposure coefficient (Kz) shall be calculated from the equations (see Annex A): az = 00256 Kz V? (b/ft2) for V in mifh or . z= 613 Kz V? [P,] for V in m/s y+ ooses = MeV O)3 Kz = [2/3377 for z in ft or Kz = [2/10]? for z in meters 1.00 < Kz < 2.58 V = Basic wind speed for the structure location (mi/h) {m/s} z= Height above average ground level to midpoint of the section (ft) [m] 2.3.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, the basic wind speed (V) for the structure location shall be determined from section 16.TIAEIA-222-F 2.3.4 Gust Response Factors —~ ea 2.3.4.1 For latticéd structures, the gust response factor (Gy) shall be calculated from the equation: Gur = .65 + .60/(b/33)!/7 for h in ft or Gx = .65 + .60/(b/10)!/7 for h in meters 1.00 < Gy < 1.25 2.3.4.2 For tubular pole structures, the gust response factor (Gy) shall be 1.69. 2.3.4.3 One gust response factor shall apply for the entire structure, 2.3.4.4 When cantilevered tubular or latticed pole structures are mounted on latticed structures, the gust response factor for the pole and the latticed structure shall be based on the height of the latticed structure without the pole. The stresses calculated for pole structures and their connections to latticed structures shall be multiplied by 1.25 to compensate for the greater gust response for mounted pole structures, 2.3.5 Structure Force Coefficients 2.3.5.1 For latticed structures, the structure force coefficient (Cr) for each section of the structure shall be calculated from the equations: \ ' C= 4.0e? - 5.9e + 4.0 (Square cross sections) \ C= 3.4e2- 4.7¢ + 3.4 (Triangular cross sections) © = Solidity Ratio = (Ag+ ARVAG Ag = Projected area (ft) [mJ of flat structural components in one face of the section. Ag = Projected area (ft) [m2] of round structural components in one face of the section and the projected area of ice when specified on flat and round structural components. (Refer to Figure 1). (Note: The projected area of structural components shall include the projected area of connection plates.)TAMEIA.222-F 7 t'= Specified radial thickness of ice Figure 1 (Note: Ice, when specified, shall be assumed to accumulate uniformly on all surfaces as illustrated. The additional projected area caused by the ice accumulation may be considered cylindrical even though the bare projected area is flat. Consideration shall be given to the change in shape from round to flat for closely spaced linear appurtenances with ice accumulations.) 2.35.2 For cantilevered tubular steel pole structures, the structure force coefficient (Cr) shall be determined from Table 1. 2.3.6 The effective projected area of structural components (Ag) for a section shall be calculated from the equation: Ag = Dp Ar + Dr Ar Rr (f) [m?] (Note: For tubular steel pole structures, Ag shall be the actual projected area based on pole diameter or overall width.) 2.3.6.1 The wind direction factors, Dp and Dk, shall be determined from Table 2. 2.3.6.2 ‘Thereduction factor (Rp) for round structural components shall be calculated from the equation: Rg=5le+57 RR<10 2.3.6.3 Linear appurtenances attached to a face and not extending in width beyond the normal projected area of the face may be considered as structural components when calculating the solidity ratio and wind forces.TIAEIA-222-F Force Coefficients (Cr) for Cai 16 Sided 1 <0.26 levered Tubular Pole Structures 12 Sided 1.20 E 1.20 1S oF 59 1.03 c Round (m/s m) <44 1.20 440087 9.74 _ — 1.78 + 1.40r - —= or * 125 3.12 >87 59 1.08 - 1.40r Ic = Kz V Dp for Dpin ft [m) ‘Notes: 1 The above force coefficients apply only to cantilevered tubular pole structures which stand alone or are mounted on the top of a latticed structure. 2. The force coefficients indicated account for wind load reductions under supercritical flow Conditions and therefore do not apply to appurtenances attached to the structure. Use Table 3 for appropriate force coefficients for appurtenances. 3. For all cross sectional shapes, Cr need not exceed 1.2 for any value of C. 4. Vis the basic wind speed for the loading condition under investigation. Table 2 ‘Wind Direction Factors Tower Cross. Section ‘Wind Direction 1+4.75e (1.2 max) 14.75e (1.2 max) * Measured from a line normal to the face of the structureTIAEIA-222-F 23.7 The force coefficient (Ca) applied to the projected area (ft?) [m2] of a linear appurtenance (Aq) not considered as a structural component shall be determined from Table 3. ‘The force coefficient for cylindrical members may be applied to the additional projected area of radial ice when specified. (Refer to Figure 1.) Appurtenance Force Coefficients BaaRST : Ca 2.0 ‘Aspect Ratio = Overall length/width ratio in plane normal to wind direction. (Aspect ratio is not 1 function of the spacing between support points of a linear appurtenance, nor the section length Jconsidered to have a uniformly distributed force.) ‘Note: Linear interpolation may be used for aspect ratios other than shown. 2.3.8 Regardless of location, linear appurtenances not considered as structural components in accordance with 2.3.6.3 shall be included in the term Ca Aa. 2.3.9 The horizontal force (F) applied to a section of the structure may be assumed to be uniformly distributed based on the wind pressure at the mid-height of the section. 2.3.9.1 For guyed masts, the section considered to have a uniformly distributed force shall not exceed the span between guy levels. 2.3.9.2 For free-standing structures, the section considered to have a uniformly distributed force shall not exceed 60 ft [18 m]. 2.3.9.3 For tubular steel pole structures, the section considered to have a uniformly distributed force shall not exceed 30 ft [9.1 m]. 2.3.10 In the absence of more accurate data, the design wind load (Fc) on a discrete appurtenance such as an ice shield, platform, etc. (excluding microwave antennas/passive reflectors) shall be calculated from the equation: Fo=4z Gul ¥ Ca Ac] (ib) IN] where E Ca Acconsiders all elements of the discrete appurtenance including any feed lines, brackets, etc., related to the appurtenance. Components of a discrete appurtenance attached directly to a tower face and not projecting away from the face may be considered as structural components when calculating the solidity ratio and wind forces. 2.3.10.1 The velocity pressure (qz) shall be calculated based on the centerline height of the appurtenance.wsvvrwwrwwwwewrs wer vrrrrgs TIAJEIA-222-F 2.3.10.2 The gust response factor (Gy) shall be calculated based on the total height of the structure for latticed structures (sce 2.3.4.4) and shall be equal to'l.69 for tubular pole structures. 2.3.10.3 The design wind load (F) shall be applied in a horizontal direction in the direction of the wind. 2.3.10.4 The force coefficient (Ca) applied to the projected area (ft) [m] of a discrete ‘appurtenance (Ac) shall be determined from Table 3. The force coefficient for cylindrical members may be applied to the cylindrical portions of the appurtenance and to the additional projected area of ice when specified. (Refer to Figure 1) 2.3.10.5 When an equivalent flat-plate area based on Revision C of this standard (Ag+ 223 Ap) is provided by a manufacturer of an appurtenance, a force coefficient of 2.0 must be applied to the equivalent flat-plate area when determining design wind loads. When the appurtenance is made up of round members only, a force coefficient of 1.8 may be applied. 2.3.11 In the absence of more accurate data, the design wind load on microwave antennas/passive reflectors shall be determined using Annex B. 2.3.12 When the azimuth orientations of antennas located at the same relative elevation on the structure are not specified, the antennas shall be assumed to radiate symmetrically about the structure. 2.3.13 Shielding of antennas shall not be considered. 2.3.14 The design wind load on guys shall be determined in accordance with Figure 2. The design wind load may be assumed to be uniform based on the velocity pressure (qz) at the midheight of each guy. 2.3.15 The maximum member stresses and structure reactions shall be determined considering the wind directions resulting in maximum wind forces and twisting moments. Each of the wind directions indicated in Table 2 shall be considered for latticed structures. 2.3.16 Each of the following load combinations shall be investigated when calculating the ‘maximum member stresses and structure reactions (see Annex A): D+Wo D+.75Wi4+l (Note: When the basic wind speed is specified as occurring simultaneously with an ice load by the purchaser or local authority, no reduction factor shall be applied to Wy.)TIASEIA.222-6 Wind Forces on Guys Wind Guy Direction) Gord Fp = qz Gu Cp d Le = Total drag force (Ib) [N] Fy = az Gu Cr d Le = Total lift force (1b) [N} qz = Velocity pressure at mid-height of guy (1b/ft2) [Pa] (see 2.3.3) Gu = Gust response factor based on total height of structure (see 2.3.4) d= Diameter of guy strand (ft) [m] Le = Chord length of guy (ft) [m] © = Clockwise angle from guy chord to wind direction vector (0 < 180°) Cp=12sin30 Cy = L.2sin?O cos 0 Figure 2 10weve TIAIEIA-222-F 24 — References AASHTO, “Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and ‘Traffic Signals”, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1985 with 1988 interim specifications ASCE, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures”, ASCE 7-93, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1993. Diehl, W.S., “Engineering Aerodynamics”, Revised Edition, Ronald Press Co., New York, NY, 1936 IASSS, “Recommendations for Guyed Masts”, International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, Working Group Nr 4, 1981. Lou, T., “Force Coefficients for Transmission Towers”, A Master Research Report in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 1983 Simiu, E., Changery, MJ., and Filliben, JJ., “Extreme Wind Speeds at 129 Stations in the Contiguous United States”, Building Science Series Report 118, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 1979. 3 STRESSES 3.1 Standard 3.1.1 Unless otherwise noted, structural members shall be designed in accordance with the appropriate AISC or AISI specification, _ 3.1.1.1 For structures under 700 ft [213 m] in height, allowable stresses may be increased 1/3 for both load combinations defined in 2.3.16. 3.1.1.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, allowable stresses shall not be increased. 3.1.1.3 For structures between 700 ft [213 m] and 1200 ft [366 m] in height, allowable stresses may be increased by linear interpolation between 1/3 and 0. (Note: For structures 1200 ft [366m] or greater in height, increases in allowable stresses do not apply due to the uncertainties of the wind effects above this height.) 3.1.1.4 Structure height, for purposes of determining allowable stresses, shall be based on the total structure height including tubular or latticed poles mounted on the structure. 3.1.1.5 Refer to2.3.4.4 for stress increases required for cantilevered tubular pole structures mounted on latticed structures. 3.1.2 For guyed structures, the displacement of the mast at each guy level shall be considered when computing stresses. 3.13 The end connection and intermittent filler requirements of section E4 of the AISC specification for double angle members need not be satisfied when the slenderness ratio for the buckling mode involving relative deformation between the angles is modified as follows when determining allowable stresses: a| / where (%) = column slendemess of built-up member acting as a unit about the axis involving relative deformation = largest column slenderness of individual components (%) = modified column slenderness of built-up member = distance between connectors R, = minimum radius of gyration of individual component 3.1.4 A reduction coefficient equal to .75 shall be used when calculating effective net areas in accordance with section B3 of the AISC specification for angle members and other similar members connected by one leg with one or two fasteners. 3.15. The reduction factor of 3.1.4 does not apply to the required investigation of block shear in accordance with section J4 of the AISC specification. Net shear and tension areas shall be based on hole diameters 1/16 inch {1.6 mm] larger than bolt hole diameters. 3.1.6 Bolt holes shall not be considered pin holes, as referred to in section D3 of the AISC specification, 3.1.7 Deformation around bolt holes shall be a design consideration for the purposes of calculating allowable bearing stresses in accordance with section J3.7 of the AISC specification, 3.1.8 Table J3.5 of the AISC specification shall apply except at sheared edges where the minimum edge distance shall be 1.5 times the bolt diameter. 3.1.9 The measured unsupported length of a compression member shall be determined considering the rigidity of the connected parts and the direction of buckling about the axis under consideration. 3.1.10 In computing allowable stresses, when effective length factors are considered less than 1.00 for leg members or members whose ends are attached by a single bolt, justification of each factor must be shown by test or computation. 3.1.11 For a guyed structure, the stability of the structure between guy levels shall be considered when calculating allowable member stresses. 3.1.12 Limiting values of effective slenderness ratios for compression members shall preferably be 150 for legs, 200 for bracing, and 250 for redundants (members used solely to reduce slenderness of other members). 3.1.13 Bracing and redundants utilized to reduce the slenderness ratio of compression members shall be capable of supporting a force normal to the supported member equal to 1.5 percent of the supported member's calculated axial load. This fore isnot to be applied simultaneously with the forces resulting from loads applied directly to the structure. 12» » » , . » . , , . » » , J . , , , ’ , , » . ’ 3.1.14 Structural Steel Single Angle Compression Members 3.1.14.1 Allowable compression stresses shall be calculated in accordance with the AISC “Specification for Allowable Stress Design of Single Angle Members” except that the flexural-torsional buckling provisions do not apply. 3.1.14.2 Members subjected to lateral loads, which induce bending, shall meet the provisions of section 6 of the AISC specification referred to in 3.1.14.1. 3.1.14.3 Effective length factors shall be calculated in accordance with ANSI/ASCE 10-90, "Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Towers”, hereinafter referred to as ASCE 10, (See Table 4). (Note: The effective length factors established in ASCE 10 have been adopted to adjust the AISC allowable compression stresses for the effects of eccentric axial loading and partial end restraint.) 3.1.14.4 Effective length factors, other than those specified hercin, shall be substantiated by tests. 3.1.14.5 Slenderness ratios (L/R) shown in Figures 3 and 4 shall be utilized as a guide to determine measured and effective slendemness ratios. 3.1.14.6 Members shall be considered fully effective when the ratio of width to thickness (w/t) is not greater than the limiting value specified in ASCE 10. 3.1.14.6.1 When width-thickness ratios exceed the limiting value, allowable stresses shall be reduced in accordance with section 4 of the AISC specification referred to in 3.1.14.1 with Q equal to the value calculated for Fer in ASCE 10 divided by the yield stress of the member. 3.1.14.62 The width w for cold-formed angles shall equal the distance from the inside bend radius to the extreme fiber but not less than the angle width minus three times the angle thickness. 3.1.14.6.3 Width-thickness ratios (w/t) shall not exceed 25. 3.1.14.7 ASCE 10 effective slendemess curves 5 and 6 of Table 4 shall be restricted to bracing and redundant members with multiple bolt or properly detailed welded connections. In addition, connections must be to members having adequate flexural strength to resist rotation of the joint including the effects of gussets. 3.1.14.8 Where eccentricity at a joint cannot be avoided, due consideration shall be given to the additional stresses introduced in the members. 3.1.15 For tubular pole structures, the secondary bending moments caused by vertical loads shall be considered when computing stresses. 3.1.15.1 Allowable combined bending and axial stresses for polygonal tubular steel pole structures shall be determined from Table 5. 13,TIAIBIA-222-F Table 4 ANSI/ASCE 10-90 EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS CURVES KL _ L Ke = 304+ 25% (ECCENTRIC ONE END) CURVE 3 LL L R= O+ SOR (ECCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) CURVES 1-3 CURVES 4-6 bs 120 E> 120 CURVE 1 CURVE 4 ELL KL_L RR RR (CONCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) (NO END RESTRAINT) CURVE 2 CURVE 5 KL L aR = 86 + 762 (PARTIAL RESTRAINT ONE END) CURVE 6 KL. 7 L R= 62 + 615 (PARTIAL RESTRAINT BOTH ENDS)TIAVELA-222-F SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS SLENDERNESS RATIOS FOR LEG BRACING SYMMETRICAL BRACING CRITICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIO: kL Rk EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS: L L es Lk & % > 120 CURVE 1 CURVES STAGGERED BRACING CRITICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIOS: LL ‘op (1+2N\L Ry? Ry’ OR ( 3 Ne EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS: & MAX < 120 # MAX > 120 CURVE 1 CURVES NDS NOTE: FOR LEG MEMBERS, MEASURED LENGTH (L) SHALL BE EQUAL TO THE PANEL SPACING MEASURED ALONG THE AXIS OF THE LEG. Figure 3 45| | TINEIA 222-F SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS SLENDERNESS RATIOS FOR BRACING MEMBERS REFER TO SECTION 3.1.9 FOR DETERMINATION OF MEASURED LENGTH L .—+| ‘CRITICAL MEASURED 1 SLENDERNESS RATIO: Ry EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS: L I. Es 00 > 20 CURVE 3 CURVES CRITICAL MEASURED. SLENDERNESS RATIO: Ry "EEPECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS es 0 # > 20 CURVE3 CURVES: CRITICAL MEASURED Log Sk — SLENDERNESS RATIO. OR BE EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS Tal Lr lhl at Cunves eunves CRINCAL MEASURED LG aL -}—1—+} SLeNDERNESSRATIO: Ry OR EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS kemaxs 10 > m0 ge> 120 Note: For bracing members with welded or two or more bolt connections, measured length (L) shall not be less than the distance between the centroids of the connections at each end. oo Tel & rt CURVE 3 CURVE 6__ CURVE 5. t CRITICALMEASURED Lg SL cael SLENDERNESS RATIO: Ry OR By - EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS: ote ple ets] y & max = 120 1 MAX > 120 et CURVES CURVES 7 CRITICAL MEASURED ~ Lx og LL —o , SLENDERNESSRATIO: fy OR Ry a oe [EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS. usta Emax 10 Max> 120 LxeLi+ 512 CURVE2 CURVES CRITICALMEASURED Lx, LL SLENDERNESS RATIO: ROR EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS L >i E> A max < 120 E> 120 E> 120 CURVE2 CURVES _CURvES Properly detailed welded connections may be considered as providing partial restraint, Figure 4 163.1.16 The design of reinforced concrete for foundations and guy anchors shall conform to the “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete” (ACI 318-89) issued by the American \crete Institute, 3.1.16.1 For structures under 700 ft (213 m) in height, the required reinforced concrete strength shall equal 1.3 times the full structure reactions produced by each load combination defined in 2.3.16. 3.1.16.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, the required reinforced concrete strength shall equal 1.7 times the full structure reactions produced by each load combination defined in 2.3.16. e . » . . . » » » . » » > . 3.1.16.3 For structures between 700 ft (213 m] and 1200 ft [366 m] in height, the required » reinforced concrete strength shall be determined by linear interpolation between 1.3 and 1.7 . times the structure reactions, > 3.1.16.4 Structure height, for purposes of determining required reinforced concrete > strength, shall be based on the total structure height including tubular or latticed poles » mounted on the structure. » L Table 5 ] , Allowable Combined Bending and Axial Stresses for Polygonal Tubular Steel Pole » Structures ‘Compact Sections Fp = 60 Fy ‘Noncompact Sections [ 16 Sided 215 < /Fy wh < 365 Fy in ksi 565 < /Fy w/t <958 Fy in MPa Fp 352 Fy (1.0 - 0.00137 /Fy w/t) ksi L Fp = 852 Fy (1.0 - 0.000522 /Fy w/t) MPa 12 Sided 240 < /Fywh < 365 Fy in ksi 630 < /Fywht < 958 Fy in MPa 70 Fy (1.0 - 0.00129 Fy wit) ksi 870 Fy (1.0 - 0.000491 /Fy w/t) MPa 8 Sided 260 < /Fy wht < 365 Fy in ksi | 683 < (Fy w/t < 958 Fy in MPa Fp = 852 Fy (1.0 - 0.00114 /Fy w/t) ksi Fp = 852 Fy (1.0 - 0.000434 /Fy w/t) MPa Fp = Allowable combined bending and axial stress Fy= Yield strength t ‘Wall thickness w = Actual flat side dimension, but not less than dimension calculated using a bend radius equal to 4t 5 Note: Equations obtained from EPRI: report TLMRC-87-R3, “Local Buckling Strength of Polyg- [onal Tubular Poles”, April 1987. 7TIAIEIA. 4 at 5 Su MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP: Standard 4.1.1 Manufacturing and workmanship shall be in accordance with commonly accepted standards of the structural steel fabricating industry. 4.1.2 Welding procedures shall be in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate AISC or AISI specifications. FACTORY FINISH Standard 5.1.1 In the absence of other specific requirements, all materials shall be galvanized (see Annex A). 5.1.1.1 Structural Materials — Structural materials shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A123 (hot-dip). Exceptions may be made when galvanizing in accordance with ASTM A123 would be potentially detrimental to the structure or its components. Examples include applications utilizing certain high-strength and/or proprietary steels and weldments. In these cases, an alternative method of corrosion control shalll be specified. 5.1.1.2 Hardware — Hardware shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A153 (hot-dip) or ASTM B695 Class 50 (mechanical). 5.11.3 Guy Strand — Zinc-coated guy strand shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A475 or ASTM A586. PLANS, ASSEMBLY TOLERANCES, AND MARKING Standard 6.1.1 Complete plans, assembly drawings, or other documentation shall be supplied showing the necessary marking and details for the proper assembly and installation of the material, including the design yield strength of the structural members and the grade of structural bolts required, 6.1.2 Tolerances for the proper layout and installation of the material; and the foundations and anchors shall be shown on the plans. 6.12.1 Plumb — The horizontal distance between the vertical centerlines at any two elevations shall not exceed .25 percent of the vertical distance between the two elevations. 6.1.2.2 Twist — The twist (angular rotation in the horizontal plane) between any two elevations shall not exceed 0.5° in 10 feet [3 m] and the total twist in the structure shall not exceed 5°. 6.1.2.3 Length — For tubular steel pole structures with telescoping joint, butt welded or flanged shaft connections, the overall length of the assembled structure shall be within plus 1 percent or minus 1/2 percent of the specified height. (Note: Hor reflectors and other types of offset-feed antennas have polarization performance requirements, which are sensitive to angular displacement from boresight direction. Special consideration must be given to the mount, attachment hardware, installation practice, as well as the support structure, to minimize all contributing factors to initial skew or offset.) 18TAsEIA-22e-F 6.1.3 Allstructural members or welded structural assemblies, except for hardware, shall have a part number. The part numbers shall correspond with the assembly drawings. The part number is to be permanently attached (stamped, welded lettering, stamped on aplate that is welded to the member, etc.) to the member before all protective coatings (galvanizing, paint, etc.) are applied. The part number shall have a minimum character height of 1/2 in. [13 mm], be legible and clearly visible to an inspector after erection. 7 FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS 7.1 Definitions 7.1.1 Standard Foundations and Anchors — Structures designed to support the specified loads defined in Section 2 for normal soil conditions as defined in 7.1.3. Pile construction, roof installations, foundations or anchors designed for submerged soil conditions, etc., are not to be considered as standard. 7.1.2 NonStandard Foundations and Anchors — Structures designed to support the specified Joads defined in Section 2 in accordance with site specific conditions. 7.1.3 Normal Soil — A cohesive soil with an allowable net vertical bearing capacity of 4000 Pounds per square foot {192 kPa] and an allowable net horizontal pressure of 400 pounds per ‘Square foot per lineal foot of depth (63 kPa per lineal meter of depth] to a maximum of 4000 Pounds per square foot [192 kPa]. . (Note: Rock, noncohesive soils, saturated or submerged soils are not to be considered normal soil.) 7.2 Standard 7.2.1 Standard foundations and anchors may be used for bidding purposes and for construction when actual soil parameters equal or exceed normal soil parameters, 7.2.2 When standard foundations and anchors are utilized for final designs, it shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to verify by geotechnical investigation that actual site soil Parameters equal or exceed normal soil parameters. (See Annex A.) 7.2.3 Foundations and anchors shall be designed for the maximum structure reactions resulting from the specified loads defined in Section 2 using the following criteria: 7.2.3.1 When standard foundations and anchors are to be used for construction, “normal soil” parameters from 7.1.3 shall be used for design. Parameters recommended by the geotechnical engineer should incorporate a minimum factor of safety of 2.0 against ultimate soil strength (see Annexes A and I) 7.24 Uplift 7.24.1 Standard foundations, anchors, or drilled and belled piers shall be assumed to resist uplift forces by their own weight plus the weight of earth enclosed within an inverted Pyramid or cone whose sides form an angle of 30° with the vertical. The base of the cone Shall be the base of the foundation if an undercut or toe is present or the top of the foundation base in the absence of the foundation undercut. Earth shall be considered to weigh 100 Pounds per cubic foot [16 kN/m3] and concrete 150 pounds per cubic foot [24 kN/m3]. 19TAVEIA.222- 73 7.2.4.2 Swaight shaft drilled piers for standard foundations shall have an ultimate skin friction of 200 pounds per square foot per lineal foot of depth [31 kPa per lineal meter of depth] to a maximum of 1000 pounds per square foot of shaft surface area [48 kPa] for uplift or download resistance. 7.24.3 Nonstandard foundations, anchors, and drilled piers shall be designed in accordance with the recommendations of a geotechnical report (see Annex I). 7.2.4.4 Foundations, anchors, and drilled piers shall be proportioned in accordance with the following: (Wr/2.0) + (We/1.25) > Up and (We+WoV/1.5 > Up where: Wp =soil resistance from 7.2.4.1, 7.2.4.2 or 7.2.43 We = weight of concrete Up= maximum uplift reaction 7.2.4.5 A mat or slab foundation for a self-supporting structure shall have a minimum safety factor against overturning of 1.5. 7.25 The depth of standard drilled foundations subjected to lateral or overturning loads shall be proportioned in accordance with the following: Lp > 2.0 + S/(3d) + 2 [S?/(18d2)+ S/2 + M/(3d)}!? (fe) Lp > .61 + S/(143d) + 2 [S?/(41333d2) + $/96 + M/(143d)}"? [m) where: Lp = Depth of drilled foundation below ground level (ft) [m] 4 = Diameter of drilled foundation (ft) [m} S__ = Shear reaction at ground level (kips) [kN] M_ = Overturning moment at ground level (ft-kips) [m-kN] Reference: Broms, B., “Design of Laterally Loaded Piles”, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, May, 1965. Special Conditions 7.3.1 When a support is to be designed by other than the manufacturer, the manufacturer will be responsible for furnishing the reactions, weights, and interface details for the purchaser's engineer to provide the necessary attachment. 7.3.2 The effects of the presence of water shall be accounted for in the design of nonstandard foundations. Reduction in the weight of materials due to buoyancy and the effect on soil Properties under submerged conditions shall be considered. 20. ’ . » » » . » » » ’ » » » » ’ » » » » ’ » , LJ Ly , ’ ’ » TINEIA.222-F 7.4 — Foundation Drawings 7.4.1 Foundation drawings shall indicate structure reactions, material strengths, dimensions, reinforcing steel, and embedded anchorage material type, size, and location. Foundations designed for normal soil conditions shall be so noted. (Note: Normal soil design parameters and methods are presented to obtain uniform standard foundation and anchor designs for bidding purposes. Design methods for other conditions and other foundation types must be consistent with accepted engineering practices.) 8 SAFETY FACTOR OF GUYS 8.1 Definition 8.1.1 Guy Connection — The guy connection is defined as the hardware or mechanism by which @ length of guy strand is connected to the tower, insulator, or guy anchor. The connection ‘may include, but is not limited to, the following: shackles, in-line insulators, thimbles, turnbuckles, twin base clips, u-bolt cable clips, poured socket fittings, and grip- type dead-end Connections. Twin base and u-bolt clips used on guy strand through 7/8-in. diameter shall be Considered to have a maximum efficiency factor of 90 percent. In all other cases, clips on strand shall be considered to have a maximum efficiency factor of 80 percent. For all other types of end connections, manufacturer's recommendations should be followed when determining the connection efficiency factor. 8.1.2 Safety Factor of Guys — The safety factor of guys shall be calculated by dividing the Published breaking strength of the guy or guy connection strength, whichever is lower, by the ‘maximum calculated tension design load. 82 Standard 8.2.1 For structures under 700 ft (213 m] in height, the safety factor of guys and their connections shall not be less than 2.0. 8.2.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, the safety factor of guys and their connections shalll not be less than 2.5. 8.2.3 Forstructures between 700 ft [213 m] and 1200 t [366m] in height, the minimum safety factor of guys and their connections shall be determined by linear interpolation between 2.0 and 25, (Note: A 1/3 increase in stress for wind-loading conditions does not apply to the published breaking strength of guys and their connections.) 8.2.4 Structure height, for purposes of determining the required safety factor of all guys and their connections, shall be based on total structure height including tubular or latticed poles mounted on the structure. 9 PRESTRESSING AND PROOF LOADING OF GUYS 9.1 Definitions 9.1.1 Prestressing of Guys — The removal of inherent constructional looseness of the guy under a sustained load. 9.1.2 Proof Loading — The assurance of mechanical strength of factory assembled end connections, a1t t | | | t \ cd Standard 9.2.1 Prestressing and proof loading are not normally required. When specified, prestressing and proof loading shall be performed in accordance with the recommendations of the guy manufacturer. (Note: For tall, guyed structures, consideration should be given to prestressing and proof, loading.) 10 INITIAL GUY TENSION 10.1 Definition 10.1.1 Initial Guy Tension — The specified guy tension in pounds [newtons) under no wind oad conditions, at the guy anchor at the specified temperature (see 10.2). 10.2 Standard 10.2.1 Initial tension in the guys, for design purposes, is normally 10 percent of the published breaking strength of the strand with upper and lower limits of 15 and 8 percent respectively. ‘Values of initial tension beyond these limits may be used provided consideration has been given to the sensitivity of the structure to variations in initial tension and, if necessary, to dynamic behavior (see note below). Consideration shall be given to the site ambient temperature range. In the absence of site specific data, the initial tensions shall be based upon an ambient temperature of 60°F. (Note: The stated 8-15 percent initial tension extreme values are provided as recommended guidelines only. Specific site and terrain conditions may necessitate initial tension values outside this range. When using initial tension values above 15 percent, consideration should be given to the possible effects of aeolian vibration. Likewise, when using initial tension values less than 8 percent, consideration should be given to the effects of galloping and slack-taut pounding.) 10.3 Method of Measurement 10.3.1 Initial tension may be measured by vibration frequency, mechanical tensiometers, measurement of guy sag, or by other suitable methods (see Annex B). u OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 11.1 Definitions 11.1.1 Twist — The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a horizontal plane from the no-wind load position at a specified elevation. 11.1.2 Sway — The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a vertical plane from the no-wind load position at a specified elevation. 11.1.3 Displacement — The horizontal translation of a point relative to the no-wind load Position of the same point at a specified elevation. 11.2 Standard (See Annex A) 11.2.1 The minimum standard shall be based on a condition of no ice and a wind load based ona 50 mph basic wind speed [22.4 m/s] calculated in accordance with 23. The operational ‘requirements shall be based on an overall allowable 10 dB degradation in radio frequency signal level. 22TIAEIA-222-F 11.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, the operational requirements for microwave antenna/ reflector systems shall be determined using Annexes C and D. 12 PROTECTIVE GROUNDING 12.1 Definitions 12.1.1 Grounding — The means of establishing an electrical connection between the structure and the earth, adequate for lightning, high voltage, or static discharges. 12.1.2 Primary Ground — A conducting connection between the structure and earth or some conducting body, which serves in place of the earth. 12.13 Secondary Ground — A conducting connection between an appurtenance and the structure, (Note: Ground wire should not be encased in the foundation.) 12.2 Standard (See Annex A) 12.2.1 Structures shall be directly grounded to a primary ground. 12.2.2 A minimum ground shall consist of two 5/8 in, [16 mm] diameter galvanized steel ground rods driven not less than 8 ft [2.5 m] into the ground, 180° apart, adjacent to the structure base. The ground rods shall be bonded with a lead of not smaller than No. 6 [5 mm] tinned bare copper connected to the nearest leg or to the metal base of the structure. A similar ground rod shall be installed at each guy anchor and similarly connected to each guy at the anchor. 12.2.3 Self-supporting towers exceeding 5 ft [1.5 m] in base width shall have one ground rod per leg installed as above. 12.2.4 All equipment on a structure shall be connected by a secondary ground. 12.2.5 Remote passive reflectors are exempt from the grounding requirements specified herein 13° CLIMBING AND WORKING FACILITIES 13.1 Definitions PSOSPSSSHSOSHSSSSTESSTSUCSTCTETTESTUS 13.1.1 Climbing Facilities — Components specifically designed or provided to permit access, Such as fixed ladders, step bolts, or structural members. 13.1.2 Climbing Safety Devices — Equipment devices other than cages, designed to minimize accidental falls, or to limit the distance of such falls. The devices permit the person to ascend or descend the structure without having to continually manipulate the device or any part of the device, The climbing safety device usually consists of a carrier, safety sleeves, and safety belts. 13.1.3 Working Facilities — Work platforms and access runways. {3.1.4 Hand or Guardrails — Horizontal barriers erected along the sides or ends of working facilities to prevent falls. 13.2 Standard 13.2.1 Climbing and working facilities, hand or guardrails, and climbing safety devices shall be Provided when specified by the purchaser. (See Annex A.) a 13.2.2 Climbing facilities shall be designed to support a minimum 250 [1.1 kN] pound concentrated live load 23TIAEIA222-6 13.2.2.1 When fixed ladders are specified as the climbing facility, they shall meet the following minimum requirements: a, Side rail spacing — 12 in. [300 mm] minimum clear width, b. Rung spacing — 12 in. [300 mm] minimum center-to-center, 16 in, [410 mm] maximum. c. Rung diameter — 5/8 in. [16 mm] minimum. 13.2.2.2 When step bolts are specified, they shall meet the following requirements: a. Clear Width — 4 1/2 in. (110 mm] minimum. b. Spacing — 12 in. minimum [300 mm] center to center, alternately spaced, 18 in. (460 mm) maximum. | c. Diameter — 5/8 in. [16 mm] minimum. 13.2.3 Climbing safety devices shall meet the design requirements of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A14.3-1984, “Safety Requirements for Fixed Ladders”, Section 7. I 13.2.4 Support structures for working facilities shall be designed to support a uniform live load of 25 lb/ft? [1.2 kPa}, but in no case shall the support structure be designed for less than a total 1 live load of 500 pounds (2.2 KN]. Working surfaces, such as grating, shall be designed to support two 250-pound [1.1 kN] loads. These loads are not to be applied concurrently with wind and ice loads. 13.2.5 Hand or guardrails shall be designed to support a minimum concentrated live load of 150 pounds [0.67 kN}, applied in any direction. (Note: 13.2 is intended to provide minimum requirements for new structures. Itis notintended to replace or supersede applicable laws or codes.) 14 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION 14.1 Standard 14.1.1 Maintenance and inspection of steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures should be performed by the owner on a routine basis. (Note 1: Itis recommended that all structures be inspected after severe wind andjor ice storms or other extreme loading conditions.) (Note 2: Recommended inspection and maintenance procedures for towers are provided in Annex E.) (Note 3: Shorter inspection intervals should be considered for structures in coastal salt water environments, in corrosive atmospheres, and in areas subject to frequent vandalism.) 15 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TOWERS AND STRUCTURES 15.1 Standard 15.1.1 Steel antenna towers and other supporting structures should be analyzed when changes occur to the original design or operational loading conditions. Recommended criteria for the analysis of existing structures are provided in Annex F. | 24TIAEIA.222-F 16 COUNTY LISTINGS OF MINIMUM BASIC WIND SPEEDS (See Annex A) State of ALABAMA ‘State of ALABAMA, BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) AUTAUGA, 0 MONROE, 2 85 BALDWIN 2 100 MONTGOMERY 70 BARBOUR 75 MORGAN 70 BIBB 70 PERRY 70 BLOUNT 70 PICKEN: 70 BULLOCK 0 PIKE 2 5 BUTLER 2 80 RANDOLPH 70 CALHOUN 70 RUSSEL 70 CHAMBERS 70 SAINT CLAIR 70 CHEROKEE 70 SHELBY 70 CHILTON 70 ‘SUMTER 70 cHuocTaw 2 80 TALLADEGA 70 (CLARKE 2 80 TALLAPOOSA 70 cay 70 TUSCALOOSA 70 CLEBURNE 70 WALKER 70 COFFEE 2 85 WASHINGTON 2 85 COLBERT 70 WILCOX 2 5 CONECUH 2 85 WINSTON 70 COOSA, 70 COVINGTON 2 90 CRENSHAW 2 80 State of ALASKA CULLMAN 70 DALE 2 80 ALEUTIAN ISLANDS 110 DALLAS. 70 ANCHORAGE 10 DEKALB 70 BETHEL 10 ELMORE 0 BRISTOL BAY 105 ESCAMBIA 2 90 DILLINGHAM 105, ETOWAH 70 FAIRBANKS NO. STAR 70 FAYETTE, 70 HAINES, 80 FRANKLIN 70 JUNEAU. 90 GENEVA 2 90 KENAIPENINSULA 100 GREENE 70 KETCHIKAN GATEWAY 95 HALE 70 KOBUCK 100 HENRY 2 80 KODIAK ISLAND. 110 HOUSTON 2 85 MATANUSKA-SUSITNA, 80 JACKSON 70 NOME 0 JEFFERSON 70 NORTH SLOPE 100 LAMAR 70 PRINCE OF WALES. 100 LAUDERDALE 70 SITKA 100 LAWRENCE 70 SKAGWAY-YAKUTAT- LEE 70 ANGOON 100 LIMESTONE 70 SOUTHEAST FAIRBANKS 70 LOWNDES 5 ‘VALDEZ-CORDOVA, 90 MACON 70 WADE HAMPTON no MADISON 70 WRANGELL-PETERSBURG 90 MARENGO- B YUKON-KOYUKUK, 90 MARION 70 MARSHALL, 70 Caution: Mountainous regions of _ MOBILE 2 95 Alaska should be considered as special wind regions. *For notes, sec end of Section 16 25State of ARIZONA State of ARKANSAS BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH county NOTE* SPEED (MPH) APACHE 1 70 HOWARD 79 COCHISE 70 INDEPENDENCE 70 COCONINO 1 70 IZARD 70 GILA 75 JACKSON 70 GRAHAM 70 JEFFERSON 70 GREENLEE 70 JOHNSON 70 LAPAZ 70 LAFAYETTE 70 MARICOPA 5 LAWRENCE 70 MOHAVE 73 LEE 70 NAVAJO 1 7) LINCOLN 70 PIMA 6 LITTLERIVER 70 PINAL B LOGAN 70 SANTA CRUZ 70 LONOKE 0 ‘YAVAPAI 8 MADISON 7 YUMA 0 MARION 70 MILLER 79 MISSISSIPPI 70 State of ARKANSAS ‘MONROE 70 MONTGOMERY 0 ARKANSAS 70 NEVADA 70 ‘ASHLEY 70 NEWTON 0 BAXTER 0 OUACHITA 0 BENTON 0 PERRY 70 BOONE 0 PHILLIPS 0 BRADLEY 70 PIKE 7 CALHOUN 70 POINSETT 70 CARROLL 70 POLK 0 cuicor 70 POPE 0 CLARK 70 PRAIRIE 70 clay 70 PULASKI 70 ‘CLEBURNE 70 RANDOLPH 79 CLEVELAND 0 SAINT FRANCIS 70 COLUMBIA 0 SALINE 70 CONWAY 70 scorr 70 CRAIGHEAD 70 SEARCY 70 ‘CRAWFORD 70 SEBASTIAN 7” CRITTENDEN 70 SEVIER 70 Ross 70 SHARP 0 DALLAS 0 STONE 70 DESHA 0 UNION 0 DREW 0 VAN BUREN 70 FAULKNER 0 WASHINGTON 70 FRANKLIN 70 WAITE 70 FULTON 70 WOODRUFF a) GARLAND 0 YELL ” GRANT 70 GREENE 70 HEMPSTEAD 0 HOT SPRING cr) *For notes, see end of Section 16 26TIAIEIA. 9 » ® ® ° Sua of CALIFORNIA Sua of CALIFORNIA . BASIC WIND BASIC WIND . COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) > ce 2 . ALAMEDA 0 ‘STANISLAUS 70 . ALPINE 1 0 SUTTER 75 > AMADOR 1 0 TEHAMA 75 > BUTTE 5 TRINITY 80 CALAVERAS 1 70 TULARE 1 70 . COLUSA 5 TUOLUMNE 1 70 . CONTRA COSTA 70 VENTURA 0 . DEL NORTE 80 YOLO 5 > ELDORADO 1 B YUBA B FRESNO 1 70 ® GLENN, 6 . HUMBOLDT 30 State of COLORADO » IMPERIAL 1 0 = » INYO 1 70 ® KERN 1 70 ADAMS 85 KINGS 70 ‘ALAMOSA 1 80 ® LAKE 30 ‘ARAPAHOE 85 . LASSEN 1 15 ARCHULETA 70 . LOS ANGELES 1 70 BACA 85 MADERA 1 70 BENT 85 , MARIN B BOULDER 1 85 ‘MARIPOSA 1 70 CHAFFEE 80 , MENDOCINO 80 CHEYENNE 85 » MERCED 70 LEAR CREEK 1 85 . MODOC 1 70 CONEJOS 80 . MONO 1 0 COSTILLA 1 80 MONTEREY 70 CROWLEY 35 » NAPA 5 CUSTER 1 80 . NEVADA 1 cs DELTA 70 , ORANGE 70 DENVER 5 > PLACER 1 5 DOLORES 70 > PLUMAS 1 70 DOUGLAS 1 35 ! RIVERSIDE 1 70 EAGLE 80 . SACRAMENTO ard ‘ELBERT 85 > SANBENITO 70 ELPASO 85 » SANBERNARDINO 1 0 FREMONT 1 80 SANDIEGO 1 0 GARFIELD 80 SAN FRANCISCO 0 GILPIN 1 85 SANJOAQUIN 70 GRAND 1 85 SAN LUIS OBISPO 70 GUNNISON 75 SAN MATEO 70 HINSDALE 70 SANTA BARBARA 70 HUERFANO 1 80 SANTA CLARA. 70 JACKSON 85, ‘SANTA CRUZ 70 TEFFERSON 1 85, SHASTA 1 B KIOWA 5 SIERRA 1 0 KIT. CARSON 85 SISKIYOU 1 5 LAKE 80 SOLANO 5 LAPLATA 70 SONOMA 80 LARIMER 1 35 *For notes, see end of Section 16 2State of COLORADO State of FLORIDA BASIC WIND BASIC WIND counTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) LAS ANIMAS 1 80 ALACHUA 2 95 LINCOLN 85 BAKER 2 30 LOGAN 85 BAY 2 100 MESA 70 BRADFORD 2 95 MINERAL 75 BREVARD 2 105 MOFFAT 30 BROWARD 2 us MONTEZUMA 70 CALHOUN 2 100 MONTROSE, 0 CHARLOTTE 2 105 MORGAN 85 crus 2 100 OTERO 85 aay 2 95 ouRAY 70 COLLIER 2 10 PARK 1 30 COLUMBIA 2 90 PHILLIPS 35 DADE 2 us PITKIN 80 DESOTO 2 105 PROWERS, 85 DIME 2 100 PUEBLO 85 DUVAL 2 % RIO BLANCO 5 ESCAMBIA 2 100 RIO GRANDE 80 FLAGLER 2 100 ROUTT 85 FRANKLIN 2 105 SAGUACHE 1 30 GADSDEN 2 8 SAN JUAN 70 GILCHRIST 2 95 SAN MIGUEL 70 GLADES 2 100 SEDGWwICK 85 GULF 2 165 SUMMIT 1 30 HAMILTON 2 0 TELLER 1 85 HARDEE 2 100 WASHINGTON 8s HENDRY 2 105 WELD 85 HERNANDO 2 165 YUMA 35 HIGHLANDS 2 100 HILLSBOROUGH 2 105 HOLMES 2 5 State of CONNECTICUT INDIAN RIVER 2 105 JACKSON 2 95 FAIRFIELD 2 8s JEFFERSON 2 95 HARTFORD 2 30 LAFAYETTE 2 95 LITCHFIELD 12 30 LAKE 2 100 MIDDLESEX 2 85 EE 2 105 ‘NEW HAVEN 2 85 LEON 2 95 NEWLONDON 2 35 LEVY 2 100 TOLLAND 2 85 LIBERTY 2 109 WINDHAM 2 85 MADISON 2 9% MANATEE 2 105 MARION 2 100 State of DELAWARE MARIN 2 105 MONROE 2 120 KENT 2 80 NASSAU 2 95 NEWCASTIE 2 75 OKALOOSA 2 100 SUSSEX 2 0 OKEECHOBEE 2 100 District of COLUMBIA DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 2 6 *For notes, see end of Section 16 28” Tase1A.222-F State of FLORIDA State of GEORGIA BASIC WIND BASIC WIND counry NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) ORANGE 2 100 ‘CHATTAHOOCHEE 70 OSCEOLA 2 100 CHATTOOGA 75 PALM BEACH 2 10 CHEROKEE ) PASCO a 105 CLARKE 15 PINELLAS 2 105 cay 75 POLK 2 100 CLAYTON 70 PUINAM 2 95 cuncit 2 85 2 100 coBB 70 » 2 105 COFFEE 2 30 ° 2 100 coLQUITT 2 30 2 2 105 COLUMBIA 5 » 2 100 coo 2 80 2 100 COWETA 70 s 2 90 CRAWFORD 70 » 2 100 CRISP 5 = 2 95, DADE 70 2 2 100 DAWSON 5 s 2 100 DECATUR 2 0 2 100 DEKALB 70 2 WASHINGTON 2 95 DODGE B » DOOLY B » DOUGHERTY 15 ® State of GEORGIA DOUGLAS 70 » EARLY 2 80 APPLING 2 85 ECHOLS 2 85 » ATKINSON 2 80 EFFINGHAM 2 90 2 BACON 2 85 ELBERT 5 ° BAKER 2 80 EMANUEL 2 80 » BALDWIN 5 EVANS 2 5 BANKS 8 FANNIN 0 » BARROW 6 FAYETTE 70 ® BARTOW 6 FLOYD 70 s BENAILL 30 FORSYTH 5 . BERRIEN 2 80 FRANKLIN 5 ® BIBB 70 FULTON 70 ; BLECKLEY 75 GILMER 0 BRANTLEY 2 0 GLASCOCK 5 s BROOKS. 2 85 GLYNN 2 95, » BRYAN 2 90 GORDON 70 ® BULLOCH 2 85 GRADY 2 85 . BURKE 80 GREENE 75 : BUTTS 70 GWINNETT 75 » CALHOUN, 15 HABERSHAM: 8 ®. ‘CAMDEN 2 95 HALL B ° CANDLER 2 80 HANCOCK 45 ® CARROLL 70 HARALSON, 70 CATOOSA 0 HARRIS - 1 CHARLTON 2 % HART 5 . CHATHAM 2 95 HEARD 7 8 *For notes, see end of Section 16 s . 29 .State of GEORGIA State of GEORGIA BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) couNTy NOTE* SPEED (MPH) HENRY 70 SCHLEY 70 HOUSTON B SCREVEN 2 80 IRWIN 80 ‘SEMINOLE 2 35 JACKSON 5 ‘SPALDING 70 JASPER 5 ‘STEPHENS B JEFF DAVIS 2 80 ‘STEWART 70 JEFFERSON 5 SUMTER 70 JENKINS 2 80 TALBOT 70 JOHNSON 6 ‘TALIAFERRO 75 JONES B ‘TATTNALL 2 85 LAMAR 70 TAYLOR, 70 LANIER 2 85 ‘TELFAIR 80 LAURENS 5 TERRELL 5 LEE 5 ‘THOMAS 2 35 LIBERTY 2 90 TFT 80 LINCOLN 5 ‘TOOMBS 2 85 LONG 2 ” TOWNS 70 LOWNDES 2 35 ‘TREUTLEN 80 LUMPKIN 5 TROUP 70 MACON 70 ‘TURNER 5 MADISON 75 ‘TWIGGS 5 MARION 70 UNION 70 ‘MCDUFFIE 6 UPSON 70 ‘MCINTOSH 2 % WALKER 5 MERIWETHER 70 WALTON 5 MILLER 2 80 WARE, 2 85 MITCHELL, 2 80 WARREN 5 MONROE 70 WASHINGTON B MONTGOMERY 2 80 WAYNE 2 90 MORGAN 75 WEBSTER, 70 ‘MURRAY. 70 WHEELER 80 MUSCOGEE, 70 WHITE 70 NEWTON B WHITFIELD 70 OCONEE B WILCOX B OGLETHORPE B WILKES 5 PAULDING 70 WILKINSON 5 PEACH 70 WORTH B PICKENS B PIERCE 2 9% PIKE 70 State of HAWAIL POLK 70 a PULASKI 75 HAWAIL 30 PUTNAM 5 HONOLULU 80 QUITMAN 75 KAUAI 80 RABUN 70 MAUI 80 RANDOLPH B RICHMOND B ROCKDALE, 70 *For notes, see end of Section 16s » TIAVEIA222-4 » » » State of IDAHO State of ILLINOIS = BASIC WIND BASIC WIND ® COUNTY NOTE? SPEED (MPH) COUNTY SPEED (MPH) - ADA 70 ADAMS 70 » Abas a PACA » s BANNOCK 70 BOND 70 » BEAR LAKE 75 BOONE 80 e BENEWAH 70 BROWN 70 BINGHAM 10 BUREAU 35 ° BLAINE 70 CALHOUN 70 ® BOISE 70 CARROLL. 80 ® BONNER 70 CASS 70 ® BONNEVILLE CHAMPAIGN 70 ° BOUNDARY 10 CHRISTIAN 70 BUTTE 70 CLARK 70 » CAMAS 70 CLAY 70 s CANYON 70 CLINTON, 70 ® CARIBOU 75 COLES 70 ° CASSIA 0 cook 1 5 CLARK 1 70 CRAWFORD 70 GLEARWATER 70 CUMBERLAND 70 ° CUSTER 1 70 DEKALB 5 ELMORE 70 DEWITT 70 ® FRANKLIN 70 DOUGLAS 70 ia FREMONT 1 5 DUPAGE 5 GEM 70 EDGAR 70 J GOODING 70 EDWARDS: 70 ® IDAHO 1 70 EFFINGHAM 70 2 JEFFERSON 70 FAYETTE 70 a JEROME 70 FORD 70 KOOTENAI 70 FRANKLIN 70 ° LATAH 70 FULTON 0 » LEMHI 1 70 GALLATIN 70 » Lewis 70 GREENE 70 ® LINCOLN 70 GRUNDY 5 7 MADISON % HAMILTON 70 MINIDOKA 70 HANCOCK 5 °. NEZ PERCE 70 HARDIN 70 »! ONEIDA 70 HENDERSON 45 s. owvnEe 0 HENRY 5 PI PAYETTE 0 iROQUOIS % POWER 70 JACKSON 70 = SHOSHONE 1 70 JASPER, 70 ° TETON 5 JEFFERSON 0 s TWIN FALLS 7» TERSEY 0 VALLEY 0 JO DAVIESS 80 WASHINGTON 70 JOHNSON. 70 . KANE 5 3 KANKAKEE B KENDALL, 5 : KNOX 6 *For notes, see end of Section 16 31 = s 2 » » = = » » » 2| | TAVELA-222-F State of ILLINOIS State of ILLINOIS BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) LAKE 1 80 WHITESIDE 80 LA SALLE. 5 WILL 75 LAWRENCE, 70 WILLIAMSON 70 LEE 15 WINNEBAGO 80 LIVINGSTON 5 WOODFORD 5 LOGAN 70 MACON 70 State of INDIANA MACOUPIN 70 a MADISON 0 ‘ADAMS 75 MARION 70 ALLEN 8B ‘MARSHALL, 5 BARTHOLOMEW 70 MASON 70 BENTON 75 MASSAC 70 BLACKFORD 70 MCDONOUGH 70 ‘BOONE 70 ‘MCHENRY 80 BROWN 70 MCLEAN 70 CARROLL 70 MENARD 70 CASS 5 ‘MERCER 5 CLARK 70 MONROE 70 cay 70 MONTGOMERY 70 ‘CLINTON 70 MORGAN 70 (CRAWFORD 70 MOULTRIE 70 DAVIESS 70 OGLE 80 DEARBORN 0 PEORIA 5 DECATUR 70 PERRY 70 DEKALB B PIAIT 70 DELAWARE 0 PIKE 70 DUBOIS 70 POPE 70 ELKHART 15 PULASKI 0 FAYETTE 70 PUINAM 5 FLOYD 70 RANDOLPH 70 FOUNTAIN 70 RICHLAND 70 FRANKLIN 70 ROCK ISLAND 15 FULTON 5 SAINT CLAR 70 GIBSON 70 SALINE 70 GRANT 70 SANGAMON 70 GREENE 70 SCHUYLER 0 HAMILTON 70 SCOTT 70 HANCOCK 70 ‘SHELBY 70 HARRISON 70 STARK 15 HENDRICKS 70 STEPHENSON 80 HENRY 70 ‘TAZEWELL 70 HOWARD 70 UNION a) HUNTINGTON 5 VERMILION 70 JACKSON 70 WABASH 70 JASPER 15 WARREN 75 JAY 70 WASHINGTON 7 JEFFERSON 70 WAYNE 70 JENNINGS 70 WHITE 70 JOHNSON 70 *For notes, see end of Section 16 32State of INDIANA, BASIC WIND * SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NO} KNOX KOSCIUSKO LAPORTE 1) LAGRANGE LAKE 1 LAWRENCE MADISON MARION MARSHALL, MARTIN MIAMI MONROE MONTGOMERY MORGAN NEWTON. NOBLE, OHIO WABASH WARREN WARRICK WASHINGTON ‘WAYNE *For notes, see end of Section 16 70 5 5 B 70 70 70 8 70 5 70 70 70 5 5 70 70 70 70 70 70 B 70 B 70 70 70 70 B 70 70 70 6 5 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 5 70 70 70 70 State of INDIANA COUNTY NOTE WELLS WHITE WHITLEY State of IOWA ADAIR ‘ADAMS ALLAMAKEE, ‘APPANOOSE AUDUBON BENTON BLACK HAWK BOONE BREMER BUCHANAN BUENA VISTA BUTLER CALHOUN ‘CARROLL CASS CEDAR ‘CERRO GORDO (CHEROKEE CHICKASAW CLARKE, clay Clayton CLINTON. ‘CRAWFORD DALLAS, DAVIS DECATUR DELAWARE DES MOINES DICKINSON DUBUQUE EMMET FAYETTE FLOYD FRANKLIN FREMONT GREENE GRUNDY GUTHRIE HAMILTON HANCOCK TIAIEIA-222-F BASIC WIND SPEED (MPH) 75 8 B SsssssssssTHAEIA.202-4 State of IOWA State of JOWA BASIC WIND BASIC WIND counry NOTE* — SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) HARDIN 80 WARREN 80 HARRISON 80 WASHINGTON 80 HENRY 15 WAYNE 80 HOWARD 80 WEBSTER 80 HUMBOLDT 80 WINNEBAGO 30 DA 80 WINNESHIEK 80 IOWA 80 WOODBURY 30 JACKSON 80 WORTH 80 JASPER 80 WRIGHT 30 JEFFERSON 80 JOHNSON 80 JONES 80 State of KANSAS KEOKUK 80 a KOSSUTH 30 LEE 5 ALLEN 5 LINN 30 ANDERSON 75 LOUISA 75 ‘ATCHISON 80 LUCAS 80 BARBER 80 LYON 85 BARTON 80 MADISON 80 BOURBON 0 MAHASKA 80 BROWN 80 MARION 80 BUTLER 30 MARSHALL 80 CHASE 30 MILLS 80 GHATAUQUA 5 MITCHELL 80 (CHEROKEE 70 MONONA 30 CHEYENNE 35 MONROE 80 CLARK 80 MONTGOMERY 80 clay 80 MUSCATINE 80 coup 80 O'BRIEN 80 COFFEY 15 OSCEOLA 80 COMANCHE 80 PAGE 80 COWLEY 80 PALO ALTO. 80 CRAWFORD: 70 PLYMOUTH 30 DECATUR 85 POCAHONTAS 80 DICKINSON 80 POLK 80 DONIPHAN 80 POTTAWATTAMIE 80 DOUGLAS 80 POWESHIEK 80 EDWARDS 80 RINGGOLD 80 ELK 5 SAC 30 ELLIS 5 scorr 80 HLLSWORTH 80 ‘SHELBY 30 FINNEY 35 SIOUX 85 FORD 35 STORY 30 FRANKLIN 5 TAMA 80 GEARY 80 TAYLOR 80 GOVE 85 UNION 80 GRAHAM 35 VAN BUREN, 5 GRANT 85 WAPELLO 30 GRAY 35 *For notes, see end of Section 16 34 RAUAAAAAAAAARAAAAALACAAARARARAAARAAAAAAAAAAAAARARAAAARELwervrwvowwwwwwwwews egewervrorrsegese9 BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) GREELEY 85 GREENWOOD 5 HAMILTON 85 HARPER 80 HARVEY 80 HASKELL 85 HODGEMAN 85 JACKSON 80 JEFFERSON 80 JEWELL 80 JOHNSON 8 KEARNY B KINGMAN 80 KIOWA 30 LABEITE 70 LANE 85 LEAVENWORTH 80 LINCOLN, 80 LINN 6 LOGAN 5 LYON 80 MARION 30 MARSHALL 80 MCPHERSON 80 MEADE 85 MIAMI 6 MITCHELL 80 MONTGOMERY B ‘MORRIS 80 MORTON 85 NEMAHA 80 NEOSHO 75 NESS 35 NORTON a5 OSAGE 30 OSBORNE, 80 OTTAWA 30 PAWNEE 30 PHILLIPS 35 POTTAWATOMIE 30 PRATT 30 RAWLINS 35 RENO 80 REPUBLIC 80 RICE 80 RILEY 80 ROOKS 35 RUSH 85 RUSSELL 80 *For notes, see end of Section 16 35 ‘State of KANSAS COUNTY NOTE WABAUNSEE WALLACE WASHINGTON WICHITA WILSON, WOODSON WYANDOTTE State of KENTUCKY ‘CALLOWAY CARROLL TIAEIA-222-F BASIC WIND ‘SPEED (MPH) 80 85 30 85 80 35 85 85 80 85 85 80 85 85 80 85 80 85 5 5 5Haveda.222-4 State of KENTUCKY BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) CLARK 70 MAGOFFIN 70 cay 0 MARION 70 CLINTON 70 MARSHALL 0 (CRITTENDEN 0 MARTIN 70 CUMBERLAND 70 MASON 70 DAVIESS. 70 MCCRACKEN 70 EDMONSON 79 MCCREARY 70 ELLIOTT 0 MCLEAN 70 ESTILL 0 MEADE 70 FAYETTE 0 MENIFEE, 70 FLEMING 70 MERCER 70 FLOYD 0 METCALFE, 70 FRANKLIN 0 ‘MONROE 70 FULTON 0 MONTGOMERY 70 GALLATIN 70 MORGAN 70 GARRARD 70 MUHLENBERG 70 GRANT 70 NELSON 70 GRAVES 70 NICHOLAS 70 GRAYSON 70 ono 70 (GREEN 70 OLDHAM 70 GREENUP 0 OWEN 70 HANCOCK 70 ‘OWSLEY 70 HARDIN 70 PENDLETON 70 HARLAN 0 PERRY 0 HARRISON 70 PIKE 70 HART 70 POWELL 70 HENDERSON 70 PULASKI 70 HENRY 70 ROBERTSON 0 HICKMAN 70 ROCKCASTLE 7” ‘HOPKINS 70 ROWAN 70 JACKSON 0 RUSSELL 70 JEFFERSON 70 Scorr 70 JESSAMINE 0 SHELBY 70 JOHNSON 70 SIMPSON 0 KENTON 70 SPENCER 70 KNOTT 70 TAYLOR 0 KNOX 70 TODD 70 LARUE 0 ‘TRIGG 70 LAUREL 0 ‘TRIMBLE 70 LAWRENCE 0 UNION 70 LEE 70 WARREN 70 LESLIE 70 ‘WASHINGTON 70 LETCHER 70 WAYNE 70 LEWIS 70 WEBSTER 70 LINCOLN 70 WHITLEY 70 LIVINGSTON 70 WOLFE, 70 LOGAN 70 WOODFORD 70 LYON 70 MADISON 70 *For notes, see end of Section 16 36. TIAJEIA-222-F ® ° e . State of LOUISIANA State of LOUISIANA . BASIC WIND BASIC WIND ® COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) ® ACADIA 2 95 SAINT MARTIN 2 100 . ALLEN 2 0 SAINT MARY 2 105 e ASCENSION 2 100 SAINT TAMMANY 2 100 . ‘ASSUMPTION 2 100 TANGIFAHOA 2 95 AVOYELLES 2 85 TENSAS 80 ° BEAUREGARD 2 ” ‘TERREBONNE 2 105 BIENVILLE 70 UNION 70 . BOSSIER 70 VERMILION 2 100 . ‘CADDO 70 VERNON 2 85 CALCASIEU 2 95 WASHINGTON 2 95 ® CALDWELL 6 WEBSTER 70 . (CAMERON 2 100 WESTBATONROUGE 2 95 . CATAHOULA 80 WEST CARROLL 0 ® CLAIBORNE 70 WEST FELICIANA 2 %” . CONCORDIA 80 WINN 0 DESOTO 70 . EAST BATON ROUGE 2 9% . EAST CARROLL 70 . EASTFELICIANA 2 0 . EVANGELINE 2 9 State of MAIN FRANKLIN 5 ® GRANT 80 ANDROSCOGGIN 80 . IBERIA 2 100 AROOSTOOK 85 . IBERVILLE, 2 100 CUMBERLAND 80 . JACKSON 70 FRANKLIN 75 . JEFFERSON 2 105 HANCOCK 9% JEFFERSON DAVIS. 2 95 KENNEBEC 80 ® ‘LAFAYETTE 2 100 KNOX 85 ® LAFOURCHE 2 105, LINCOLN 85 » LASALLE 80 OXFORD 1 5 . LINCOLN, 70 PENOBSCOT 85 LIVINGSTON 2 100 PISCATAQUIS 30 MADISON 70 SAGADAHOC 35 ® MOREHOUSE, 70 SOMERSET 80 NATCHITOCHES 5 WALDO 35 r+ ORLEANS, 2 105 WASHINGTON 100 a: OUACHITA. 70 YORK 30 PLAQUEMINES 2 105 . POINT COUPEE 2 95 » RAPIDES 85 State of MARYLAND . RED RIVER 70 _— » RICHLAND 70 ALLEGANY 70 ° SABINE 75 ‘ANNE ARUNDEL, 2 5 4 SAINT BERNARD 2 105 BALTIMORE 2 5 ® SAINT CHARLES 2 105 CALVERT 2 6 ui SAINTHELENA 2 95 CAROLINE 2 80 ® SAINT JAMES a 100 CARROLL 2 70 SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST 2 100 CECI. 2 5 SAINTLANDRY 2 95 CHARLES 2 B DORCHESTER 2 80 FREDERICK 2 70 *For notes, see end of Section 16 37TLAVELA, State of MARYLAND. BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) GARRETT. 0 (CHARLEVOIX 1 78 HARFORD 2 75 ‘CHEBOYGAN 1 15 HOWARD 2 70 ‘CHIPPEWA 1 7 KENT 2 5 CLARE 78 MONTGOMERY — 2 70 ‘CLINTON, 15 PRINCE GEORGE'S 2 75 CRAWFORD, 5 QUEEN ANNE'S 2 78 DELTA 80 SAINT MARY'S 2 5 DICKINSON 80 SOMERSET 2 85 EATON 5B TALBOT 2 80 EMMET 1 B WASHINGTON 2 0 GENESEE B WICOMICO a 85, GLADWIN 1s WORCESTER 2 90 GOGEBIC 1 5 GRAND TRAVERSE I 5 GRATIOT 5 State of MASSACHUSETTS HILLSDALE 75 ss HOUGHTON 1 70 BARNSTABLE 2 100 HURON 1 5 BERKSHIRE, 12 70 INGHAM 5 BRISTOL 2 90 JONIA 15 DUKES 2 95 1OSCO 1 5 ESSEX 7 90 IRON 80 FRANKLIN 12 ct ISABELLA 15 HAMPDEN 2 80 JACKSON 15 HAMPSHIRE 2 75 KALAMAZOO B MIDDLESEX 2 90 KALKASKA 1 5 NANTUCKET 2 105 KENT 5 ‘NORFOLK 2 90 KEWEENAW 1 70 PLYMOUTR 2 95 LAKE 80 SUFFOLK 2 90 LAPEER 5 WORCESTER 2 85 LEELANAU 1 30 LENAWEE 5 LIVINGSTON B State of MICHIGAN LUCE 1 70 ee MACKINAC 1 5 ALCONA 1 15 MACOMB B ALGER 1 8 MANISTEE 1 80 ‘ALLEGAN 1 5 ‘MARQUETTE 1 80 ALPENA 1 5 MASON 1 80 ANTRIM 1 75 ‘MECOSTA 5 ‘ARENAC 1 75 MENOMINEE 85 BARAGA 1 5 MIDLAND B BARRY 5 ‘MISSAUKEE 6 BAY 1 75 MONROE 75 BENZIE 1 80 MONTCALM B BERRIEN 1 75 MONTMORENCY 6 BRANCH 5 MUSKEGON 1 80 CALHOUN 5 NEWAYGO 80 CASS 5 OAKLAND 5 *For notes, see end of Section 16 38TAME State of MICHIGAN ‘State of MINNESOTA BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) OCEANA 1 30 HOUSTON 85 OGEMAW 75 HUBBARD 80 ONTONAGON 1 B ISANTI 80 OSCEOLA 5 ITASCA 5 oscopa B JACKSON, 80 OTSEGO 5 KANABEC 80 OTTAWA 1 80 KANDIYOHI 80 PRESQUEISLE J 8 KITTSON 80 ROSCOMMON| B KOOCHICHING 5 ‘SAGINAW 1 5 LAC QUIPARLE 90 SAINT CLAIR 1 B LAKE 75 SAINT JOSEPH B LAKE OF THE WOODS 5 SANILAC 1 B LE SUEUR 80 SCHOOL CRAFT 1 30 LINCOLN 85 ‘SBIAWASSEE 5 LyON 85 TUSCOLA 1 B MAHNOMEN 85 VAN BUREN 1 B MARSHALL 80 WASHTENAW B MARTIN 80 WAYNE B ‘MCLEOD 80 WEXFORD 80 ‘MEEKER 80 MILLELACS 30 MORRISON 80 State of MINNESOTA MOWER 80 — ‘MURRAY 85, AITKIN 5 ‘NICOLLET 80 ANOKA 80 NOBLES 85 BECKER 85 NORMAN 85 BELTRAMI 80 OLMSTED 80 BENTON 80 OTTER TAIL 90 BIG STONE 90 PENNINGTON 80 BLUEEARTH 30 PINE 8 BROWN 80 PIPESTONE, 85 CARLTON 1 6 POLK 85 CARVER 80 POPE 85 CASS 80 RAMSEY 80 CHIPPEWA 85 REDLAKE 80 CHISAGO 8 REDWOOD 85 cay 90 RENVILLE 80 CLEARWATER 80 RICE 80 cook 70 ROCK 85 COTTONWOOD 85 ROSEAU B CROW WING 80 SAINT LOUIS 1 6 DAKOTA 80 scorT 80 DODGE 80 ‘SHERBURNE 80 DOUGLAS 85 SIBLEY 80 FARIBAULT 30 STEARNS. 80 FILLMORE 80 STEELE 80 FREEBORN 20 STEVENS, 90 GOODRUE 80 SWIFT 85 GRANT 90 TODD 30 HENNEPIN 80 ‘TRAVERSE 90 *For notes, see end of Section 16 39TIAVEIA- 222-4 State of MISSISSIPPL BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE? SPEED (MPH) COUNTY E* SPEED (MPH) WABASHA 80 LAWRENCE 2 85 WADENA 80 LEAKE 70 \WASECA 80 LEE 70 WASHINGTON 80 LEFLORE 70 WATONWAN 80 LINCOLN 2 85 WILKIN 90 LOWNDES 70 WINONA 80 MADISON 70 WRIGHT 80 MARION 2 90 YELLOW MEDICINE 5 MARSHALL 70 MONROE 70 State of MISSISSIPPI MONTGOMERY 10 NESHOBA. 70 ADAMS 80 NEWTON, 6 ‘ALCORN 70 NOXUBEE 70 ‘AMITE 2 90 OKTIBBEHA 70 ATTALA 70 PANOLA 70 BENTON 70 PEARL RIVER 2 95 BOLIVAR 0 PERRY 2 90 CALHOUN 10 PIKE 2 90 CARROLL 70 PONTOTOC 70 CHICKASAW 70 PRENTISS 70 CHOCTAW 0 QUITMAN 70 CLAIBORNE 15 RANKIN B CLARKE a B SCOTT, B clay 0 SHARKEY 70 ‘COAHOMA 70 ‘SIMPSON 80 COPIAH 30 SMITH B COVINGTON 2 30 ‘STONE 2 95 DESOTO 70 ‘SUNFLOWER 70 FORREST 2 90 ‘TALLAHATCHIE 70 FRANKLIN 2 85 ‘TATE 70 GEORGE 2 5 TIPPAR 70 GREENE a 90 TISHOMINGO 70 GRENADA 70 TUNICA 70 HANCOCK 2 100 UNION 70 HARRISON 2 100 WALTHALL 2 0 HINDS 75 WARREN 70 HOLMES 70 WASHINGTON 70 HUMPHREYS 0 WAYNE 2 85 ISSAQUENA 70 WEBSTER 70 ITAWAMBA, 70 WILKINSON 2 90 JACKSON 2 100 WINSTON 70 JASPER B YALOBUSHA 70 JEFFERSON 80 YAZOO 70 JEFFERSONDAVIS 2 85 JONES 2 35 KEMPER 0 LAFAYETTE 70 LAMAR 2 0 LAUDERDALE 5 *For notes, see end of Section 16 | nnn nnnmnmmmomommaaneceeeee eee APOC CAAA A RA AAAAAASANeeTIAJELA-222-F tate of MISSOURI State of MISSOURI BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) ADAIR 15 IRON 70 ANDREW 80 JACKSON 5 ‘ATCHISON 80 JASPER 70 AUDRAIN 70 JEFFERSON 70 BARRY 70 JOHNSON B BARTON 0 KNOX 5 BATES 70 LACLEDE 70 BENTON 70 LAFAYETTE 8B BOLLINGER 70 LAWRENCE 70 BOONE 70 LEWIS B BUCHANAN 80 LINCOLN 70 BUTLER 70 LINN 75 CALDWELL B LIVINGSTON B CALLAWAY 7” MACON 5 CAMDEN 70 MADISON 70 CAPE GIRARDEAU 70 MARIES 70 CARROLL 5 MARION 70 CARTER 70 MCDONALD 70 CASS 5 MERCER 30 CEDAR 70 MILLER 70 CHARLTON 5 MISSISSIPPI 70 CHRISTIAN 70 MONITEAU. 70 CLARK B MONROE 0 cay 5 ‘MONTGOMERY 70 cuinToN 80 MORGAN 70 COLE 70 ‘NEW MADRID 70 COOPER 70 NEWTON 70 CRAWFORD. 70 NODAWAY 80 DADE 70 OREGON 70 DALLAS, 70 OSAGE 70 DAVIESS 80 OZARK 70 DEKALB 80 PEMISCOT 70 DENT 70 PERRY 70 DOUGLAS 0 PETTIS 70 DUNKLIN 7” PHELPS 70 FRANKLIN 70 PIKE 70 GASCONADE 70 PLATTE 80 GENTRY 80 POLK 70 GREENE 70 PULASKI 70 GRUNDY 5 PUTNAM 5 HARRISON 80 RALLS 70 HENRY 70 RANDOLPH 70 HICKORY 70 RAY 5 HOLT 80 REYNOLDS 70 HOWARD 70 RIPLEY 0 HOWELL 70 *For notes, see end of Section 16 41TAMELA.2226 State of MISSOURI State of MONTANA BASIC WIND BASIC WIND county NOTE* SPEED (MPH) couNTY SPEED (MPI SAINT CHARLES 70 JEFFERSON 70 SAINT CLAIR 70 JUDITH BASIN 80 ‘SAINT FRANCOIS 70 LAKE 1 70 SAINT GENEVIEVE 70 LEWIS AND CLARK 75 SAINT LOUIS 70 LIBERTY 1 80 SAINT LOUIS CITY 70 LINCOLN 1 70 SALINE 75 MADISON 1 75 SCHUYLER 5 MCCONE 80 SCOTLAND 6 ‘MEAGHER 5 ‘SCOTT 0 ‘MINERAL 1 70 SHANNON 70 ‘MISSOULA 1 70 ‘SHELBY 5 ‘MUSSELSHELL 35 ‘STODDARD 70 PARK 1 80 STONE 70 PETROLEUM 80 SULLIVAN 75 PHILLIPS 80 TANEY 0 PONDERA 1 15 TEXAS 70 POWDER RIVER 85 VERNON 70 POWELL 70 WARREN 70 PRAIRIE 80 WASHINGTON 70 RAVALLI 1 70 WAYNE 70 RICHLAND 30 WEBSTER 0 ROOSEVELT 80 WORTH 80 ROSEBUD 35 wRIGHT 70 SANDERS 1 70 ‘SHERIDAN 80 SILVER BOW 70 State of MONTANA ‘STILLWATER 80 SWEET GRASS 80 BEAVERHEAD I 70 TETON 1 75 BIG HORN: 85 TOOLE 1 5 BLAINE 80 ‘TREASURE 8s BROADWATER 5 VALLEY 80 CARBON 80 WHEATLAND 80 CARTER 30 WIBAUX 80 CASCADE 5 YELLOWSTONE 85 CHOUTEAU 1 80 CUSTER 80 DANIELS 80 State of NEBRASKA DAWSON 80 OO DEER LODGE 79 ‘ADAMS 85 FALLON 80 ANTELOPE, 85 FERGUS 80 ‘ARTHUR 85 FLATHEAD 1 70 BANNER 85 GALLATIN 1 5 BLAINE 85 GARFIELD 80 BOONE 85 GLACIER 1 5 BOX BUTTE 85 GOLDEN VALLEY 80 BOYD 85, GRANITE, 70 BROWN 85 HILL 80 BUFFALO 85 *For notes, see end of Section 16 42TIAEIAz State of NEBRASKA, State of NEBRASKA BASICWIND BASIC WIND OUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) BURT 80 MCPHERSON 85 BUTLER 30 MERRICK 85 CASS 80 MORRILL 85 CEDAR 85 NANCE 85 CHASE 85 NEHAMA 80 CHERRY 80 NUCKOLLS 80 CHEYENNE 85 OTOE 80 clay 80 PAWNEE 80 COLFAX 80 PERKINS 8 CUMING 80 PHELPS 85 CUSTER 85 PIERCE 85 DAKOTA 85 PLATTE 85 DAWES 85 POLK 80 DAWSON 85 RED WILLOW 85 DEVEL 85 RICHARDSON 80 DIXON 85 ROCK 85 DODGE 80 SALINE 80 DOUGLAS 80 SARPY 80 DUNDY 85 ‘SAUNDERS 80 FILLMORE 80 SCOTTS BLUFF 85 FRANKLIN 85 SEWARD 80 FRONTIER 85 ‘SHERIDAN 30 FURNAS 85 ‘SHERMAN 85 GAGE 80 SIOUX 85 GARDEN 85 STANTON 85 GARFIELD 85 THAYER 80 GOSPER 85 THOMAS 85 GRANT 85 THURSTON 85 GREELEY 85 VALLEY 85 HALL 85 WASHINGTON 80 HAMILTON 85 WAYNE 85 HARLAN 85 WEBSTER 85 HAYES: 85 WHEELER 85 HITCHCOCK 85 YORK 80 HOLT 85 HOOKER 85 HOWARD 85 ‘State of NEVADA JEFFERSON 80 — JOHNSON 80 CHURCHILL 8 KEARNEY 85 CLARK 1 75 KEITH 35 DOUGLAS 1 70 KEYA PAHA 85 ELKO 70 KIMBALL 85 ESMERALDA, 8 KNOX 85 EUREKA 80 LANCASTER, 80 HUMBOLDT 70 LINCOLN 85 LANDER 80 LOGAN 5 LINCOLN 80 LOUP 85 LYON 1 70 MADISON 85 *For notes, sec end of Section 16 4BHaveta22 ‘State of NEVADA State of NEW MEXICO. BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) ‘MINERAL 15 BERNALILLO 70 NYE 1 80 CATRON 70 PERSHING 70 CHAVES 1 80 STOREY 1 70 CIBOLA, 70 WASHOE, 1 70 COLFAX 80 WHITE PINE 5 CURRY 80 DEBACA, 80 DONA ANA 70 ‘State of NEW HAMPSHIRE EDDY 15 GRANT 70 BELKNAP 2 80 GUADALUPE, 1 80 ‘CARROLL 2 80 HARDING 80 CHESHIRE 2 15 HIDALGO 70 coos 12 15 LEA 80 GRAFTON 12 70 LINCOLN, 1 6 HILLSBOROUGH 2 80 ‘LOS ALAMOS B MERRIMACK 2 80 LUNA 70 ROCKINGHAM =—_2 85 MCKINLEY 70 STRAFFORD 2 85 MORA 80 ‘SULLIVAN 12 15 OTERO 1 rc) Quay 80 RIO ARRIBA 5 ‘State of NEW JERSEY ROOSEVELT 80 SANDOVAL 70 ATLANTIC 2 85 SANJUAN 70 BERGEN 2 80 ‘SAN MIGUEL 1 80 BURLINGTON 2 80 SANTA FE. 1 18 CAMDEN 2 80 SIERRA 70 ‘CAPE MAY 2 85 SOCORRO 70 CUMBERLAND = 2 80 ‘TAOS 80 ESSEX 2 80 TORRANCE 1 15 GLOUCESTER 2 30 UNION 85 HUDSON 2 80 VALENCIA 70 HUNTERDON 2 15 MERCER 2 80 MIDDLESEX 2 80 State of NEW YORK MONMOUTH 2 85 as ‘MORRIS 2 5 ALBANY 70 OCEAN 2 85 ALLEGANY 70 PASSAIC 2 80 BRONX 2 80 SALEM, 2 80 BROOME, 70 SOMERSET 2 80 CATTARAUGUS 70 SUSSEX 2 70 CAYUGA, 70 UNION 2 80 CHAUTAUQUA 1 70 WARREN 2 70 (CHEMUNG 70 CHENANGO 70 CLINTON 70 COLUMBIA 12 70 CORTLAND 70 *For notes, see end of Section 16State of NEW YORK Suate of NORTH CAROLINA BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) DELAWARE 10 ALAMANCE 70 DUTCHESS 12 6 ALEXANDER 70 ERIE 1 70 ‘ALLEGHANY 1 70 ESSEX 0 ANSON 75 FRANKLIN 0 ASHE 1 70 FULTON 70 ‘AVERY 1 70 GENESEE 70 BEAUFORT 2 100 GREENE 12 0 BERTIE 2 90 70 BLADEN 2 90 70 BRUNSWICK 2 100 70 BUNCOMBE 1 70 2 85 BURKE 70 70 ‘CABARRUS 0 70 CALDWELL 70 70 CAMDEN 2 100 70 CARTERET 2 0 70 (CASWELL 70 2 85 CATAWBA 70 2 80 (CHATHAM 70 1 70 CHEROKEE 0 ONEIDA. 70 CHOWAN 2 95 ONONDAGA 70 Lay 70 ONTARIO 70 (CLEVELAND 70 ORANGE 12 0 COLUMBUS 2 95 ORLEANS 70 CRAVEN 2 100 OSWEGO 70 CUMBERLAND 2 30 OTSEGO 70 CURRITUCK 2 100 PUTNAM 2 75 DARE 2 10 (QUEENS 2 85 DAVIDSON 70 RENSSELAER 0 DAVIE 70 - RICHMOND 2 85 DUPLIN 2 9 ROCKLAND 2 80 DURHAM % a SAINT LAWRENCE 70 EDGECOMBE 2 80 SARATOGA, 70 FORSYTH 70 i SCHENECTADY 70 FRANKLIN 2 7s SCHOHARIE 70 GASTON 70 : SCHUYLER 70 GATES 2 90 SENECA 70 GRAHAM 1 0 STEUBEN, 70 GRANVILLE 70 SUFFOLK 2 a5 GREENE 2 85 i SULLIVAN 2 70 GUILFORD 70 TIOGA 0 HALIFAX 2 80 i TOMPKINS 70 HARNETT 75 ULSTER 12 70 HAYWOOD 1 70 : WARREN 70 HENDERSON 70 WASHINGTON 70 HERTFORD 2 85 WAYNE 0 HOKE 2 5 WESTCHESTER: 2 80 HYDE 2 10 i WYOMING 70 IREDELL 0 YATES 70 JACKSON 1 70 *For notes, sce end of Section 16 i 4sHAMEIA222-F State of NORTH CAROLINA. ‘State of NORTH DAKOTA, BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE? SPEED (MPH) JOHNSTON 2 80 ADAMS, 80 JONES 2 100 BARNES. 85 LEE 15 BENSON 80 LENOR 2 90 BILLINGS 80 LINCOLN 70 BOTTINEAU 8 MACON 1 70 BOWMAN 80 MADISON i 70 BURKE 5 MARTIN 2 90 BURLEIGH 80 MCDOWELL 70 CASS 85 MECKLENBURG 70 CAVALIER 5 MITCHELL 1 70 DICKEY 85 MONTGOMERY 70 DIVIDE 5 MOORE 5 DUNN 5 NASH 2 380 EDDY 80 NEWHANOVER 2 105 EMMONS 80 NORTHAMPTON 2 80 FOSTER 80 ONSLOW 2 100 GOLDEN VALLEY 30 ORANGE 70 GRAND FORKS 85 PAMLICO 2 105, GRANT 5 PASQUOTANK = 2 95 GRIGGS 80 PENDER 2 100 HETTINGER 80 PERQUIMANS 2 95 KIDDER 80 PERSON 70 LA MOURE 80 POT 2 90 LOGAN 80 POLK 70 ‘MCHENRY. 5 RANDOLPH 70 MCINTOSH 80 RICHMOND 5 ‘MCKENZIE 80 ROBESON 2 80 MCLEAN 5 ROCKINGHAM 70 MERCER, 8 ROWAN 70 MORTON 5 RUTHERFORD 70 MOUNTRAIL 5 ‘SAMPSON 2 85 ‘NELSON 80 SCOTLAND 2 30 OLIVER, 5 STANLY 70 PEMBINA 80 STOKES 70 PIERCE 5 SURRY 70 RAMSEY 80 SWAIN 1 70 RANSOM 85 TRANSYLVANIA 70 RENVILLE, 5 TYRRELL 2 100 RICHLAND 90 UNION 70 ROLETTE 5 VANCE 2 5 SARGENT. 90 WAKE, 5 ‘SHERIDAN 5 WARREN 2 B SIOUX 80 WASHINGTON = 2. 100 SLOPE 80 WATAUGA 1 70 STARK 80 WAYNE 2 85 STEELE 80 WILKES 70 STUTSMAN 80 WILSON 2 80 TOWNER, 8 YADKIN 70 TRAILL 85 YANCEY 1 70 WALSH 80 *For notes, see end of Section 16 46ee HAMGLA222-F » es » » State of NORTH DAKOTA State of 0110 5 BASIC WIND BASIC WIND 5 couNTy NOTE* SPEED (MPH) county NOTES SPEED (MPI, » WARD 75 LAKE 1 70 » WELLS: 80 LAWRENCE 70 e WILLIAMS 80 LICKING 70 » LOGAN 70 LORAIN 1 70 ° State of OHIO LUCAS 1 5 s — ‘MADISON 70 » ADAMS 0 MAHONING 70 ALLEN 15 MARION 70 2 ASHLAND 70 MEDINA 1 70 ASHTABULA 1 70 MEIGS 70 ‘ATHENS 70 MERCER 70 s AUGLAIZE 70 ‘MIAMI 70 s BELMONT 70 MONROE 70 e BROWN 70 MONTGOMERY 70 ° BUTLER 7” MORGAN 70 CARROLL 70 MORROW 70 ° CHAMPAIGN 0 MUSKINGUM 70 ° CLARK 70 NOBLE 0 e CLERMONT 70 ‘OTTAWA, 1 5 e ‘CLINTON 70 PAULDING 75 COLUMBIANA 70 PERRY 70 s COSHOCTON 70 PICKAWAY 70 ° CRAWFORD. 70 PIKE 70 ° CUYAHOGA 1 70 PORTAGE 70 e DARKE 70 PREBLE 70 e DEFIANCE 75 PUTNAM 75 DELAWARE 70 RICHLAND 70 e ERIE 1 70 ROSS 70 ® FAIRFIELD 70 SANDUSKY 1 15 ° FAYETTE 70 SCIOTO 70 e FRANKLIN 70 SENECA 70 e FULTON 75 SHELBY 70 GALLIA 70 STARK 70 GEAUGA 1 0 SUMMIT 1 0 GREENE 70 ‘TRUMBULL 70 GUERNSEY 70 TUSCARAWAS 70 HAMILTON 70 UNION 70 HANCOCK 5 VAN WERT 75 HARDIN 70 VINTON 70 HARRISON 0 WARREN 0 HENRY 5 WASHINGTON 0 HIGHLAND 70 WAYNE 70 HOCKING 70 WILLIAMS 5 HOLMES 70 woop 1 8 HURON 1 70 WYANDOT 70 JACKSON 70 JEFFERSON 70 KNOX 70 *For notes, see end of Section 16 47‘State of OKLAHOMA State of OKLAHOMA, BASIC WIND BASIC WIND NOTE* — SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) 70 MURRAY 70 80 MUSKOGEE 70 7 NOBLE 5 35 NOWATA 70 80 OKFUSKEE, 70 80 OKLAHOMA B 70 OKMULGEE 70 80 OSAGE B 80 OTTAWA 70 70 PAWNEE 5 70 PAYNE B 70 PITTSBURG 70 85 PONTOTOC 0 5 POTTAWATOMIE, 70 70 PUSHMATAHA 70 80 ROGER MILLS 30 80 ROGERS 70 70 ‘SEMINOLE 70 70 ‘SEQUOYAH 0 80 ‘STEPHENS B 70 TEXAS 8 30 TILLMAN 80 80 TULSA 0 80 WAGONER 70 70 WASHINGTON 70 B WASHITA 80 80 wooDs 80 80 WOODWARD 80 HARMON 80 HARPER, 30 HASKELL 70 HUGHES 70 JACKSON 80 State of OREGON JEFFERSON 5 JOHNSTON 70 BAKER 70 KAY 5 BENTON 80 KINGFISHER 30 CLACKAMAS 80 KIOWA. 80 CLATSOP 1 95 LATIMER 70 ‘COLUMBIA 1 80 LEFLORE 70 Coos 1 80 LINCOLN B ROOK 1 70 LOGAN B CURRY 1 35 LOVE 7 DESCHUTES 70 MAJOR 30 DOUGLAS, 1 30 MARSHALL 70 GILLIAM 1 70 ‘MAYES 70 GRANT 70 MCCLAIN 6 HARNEY 0 ‘MCCURTAIN 70 HOOD RIVER 1 20 MCINTOSH 0 JACKSON 80 JEFFERSON 1 70 *For notes, see end of Section 16 JOSEPHINE 80 48TV Tre rrr reTCTCTTTISFSCSCTSSCSOSOSOSTSSSSSSSSCSCSTSTSEESETESUSESI State of OREGON KLAMATH LAKE LANE, LINCOLN LINN MALHEUR MARION MORROW MULTNOMAH POLK ‘SHERMAN TILLAMOOK UMATILLA. UNION WALLOWA WASCO WASHINGTON WHEELER ‘YAMHILL nore 1 1 1 BASIC WIND SPEED (MPH) ‘State of PENNSYLVANIA, ADAMS ALLEGHENY ARMSTRONG BEAVER BEDFORD BERKS BLAIR BRADFORD BUCKS BUTLER CAMBRIA CAMERON CARBON CENTRE DAUPHIN, DELAWARE, ELK ERIE FAYETTE 2 “For notes, see end of Section 16 49 SNYDER SOMERSET SULLIVAN ‘SUSQUEHANNA, TIOGA UNION VENANGO WARREN. WASHINGTON WAYNE. WESTMORELAND WYOMING YORK ‘State of RHODE ISLAND BRISTOL, KENT NEWPORT PROVIDENCE WASHINGTON BASIC WIND ‘SPEED (MPH) 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 6 70 70 70 70 5 70 8833sTAVELA-222¢F ‘State of SOUTH CAROLINA State of SOUTH DAKOTA, BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) ABBEVILLE 15 AURORA 85 AIKEN 80 BEADLE 85 ALLENDALE 2 80 BENNEIT 80 ANDERSON 5 BON HOMME 35 BAMBERG 2 80 BROOKINGS 90 BARNWELL 2 80 BROWN 85 BEAUFORT 2 100 BRULE 85 BERKELEY 2 100 ‘BUFFALO 85 ‘CALHOUN 2 80 BUTTE 80 CHARLESTON = 2 105 ‘CAMPBELL 80 (CHEROKEE 70 CHARLES MIX 85 CHESTER 5 CLARK 0 CHESTERFIELD = 2 5 cay 35 CLARENDON 2 85 CODINGTON % ‘COLLETON 2 95 ‘CORSON 80 DARLINGTON 2. 80 CUSTER 80 DILLON 2 80 DAVISON 85 DORCHESTER 2. 95 DAY 90 EDGEFIELD B DEUEL 0 FAIRFIELD B DEWEY 80 FLORENCE 2 80 DOUGLAS 85 GEORGETOWN 2 100 EDMUNDS 80 GREENVILLE 70 FALL RIVER 80 GREENWOOD 5 FAULK a5 HAMPTON 2 0 GRANT 30 HORRY 2 100 GREGORY a5 JASPER 2 95 HAAKON 80 KERSHAW 5 HAMLIN ” LANCASTER 5 HAND 35 LAURENS 5 HANSON 35 LEE 2 30 HARDING 80 LEXINGTON 5 HUGHES 80 MARION 2 85 HUTCHINSON 85 MARLBORO 2 80 HYDE 85 MCCORMICK 5 JACKSON 80 NEWBERRY 75 JERAULD 85 OCONEE 70 JONES 80 ORANGEBURG 2 80 KINGSBURY 90 PICKENS 70 ‘LAKE 5 RICHLAND 5 LAWRENCE 80 SALUDA 5 LINCOLN 5 ‘SPARTANBURG 70 LYMAN 80 SUMTER 2 80 ‘MARSHALL 90 UNION 5 MCCOOK 85 WILLIAMSBURG 0 MCPHERSON 80 YORK 70 MEADE 80 MELLETTE 80 MINER 85 MINNEHAHA 5 *For notes, see end of Section 16 50. HAEIA 2226 » » , » ‘State of SOUTH DAKOTA. ‘State of TENNESSEE ; BASIC WIND BASIC WIND 3 COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) MOODY 85 GRAINGER 70 ’ PENNINGTON 80 GREENE a 7” » PERKINS 80 GRUNDY 70 > POTTER 80 HAMBLEN 0 > ROBERTS 90 HAMILTON 70 ‘SANBORN 85 HANCOCK 70 ‘SHANNON 80 HARDEMAN 70 > SPINK 85 HARDIN 70 ’ STANLEY 80 HAWKINS 70 > SULLY 80 HAYWOOD 70 > TODD 80 HENDERSON 0 TRIPP 85 HENRY 70 , TURNER 85 HICKMAN 70 ’ UNION 85 HOUSTON 70 ’ WALWORTH 80 HUMPHREYS 70 > YANKTON 35 JACKSON 70 ZIEBAC 80 JEFFERSON 1 0 . JOHNSON 1 70 » KNOX ci) , State of TENNESSEE LAKE 70 » LAUDERDALE 2 70 > ANDERSON 70 LAWRENCE 70 BEDFORD 70 LEWIS 70 » BENTON 70 LINCOLN 70 » BLEDSOE 70 LOUDON 0 > BLOUNT 1 70 MACON 0 > BRADLEY 70 MADISON 70 5 CAMPBELL 70 ‘MARION 70 CANNON 70 MARSHALL 70 » CARROLL 70 MAURY 70 ’ CARTER 1 70 MCMINN 70 > CHEATHAM 0 MCNAIRY 70 (CHESTER 0 MEIGS 70 CLAIBORNE 70 MONROE 1 0 cay 7 ‘MONTGOMERY 70 COCKE 1 70 MOORE 70 COFFEE 70 MORGAN 70 CROCKEIT 0 OBION 0 CUMBERLAND 0 OVERTON 70 DAVIDSON 0 PERRY 0 DECATUR 70 PICKETT 0 DEKALB 0 POLK a) DICKSON 70 PUTNAM 0 DYER 70 RHEA 0 FAYETTE 70 ROANE 0 FENTRESS 70 ROBERTSON 0 FRANKLIN 70 RUTHERFORD 70 GIBSON, 70 SCOTT 0 GILES 70 SEQUATCHIE 0 ‘*For notes, see end of Section 16 51 » » » » > » »| HAVEIA.202-8 State of TENNESSEE State of TEXAS BASIC WIND BASIC WIND counTy NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE SPEED (MPH) SEVIER 1 70 CALDWELL 70 SHELBY 70 CALHOUN, 2 95 SMITH 70 CALLAHAN 75 STEWART 70 CAMERON 2 95 SULLIVAN 1 70 CAMP 70 SUMNER 70 CARSON 85 TIPTON 70 Cass 70 TROUSDALE 70 CASTRO 80 UNICO 1 70 CHAMBERS 2 95 UNION 70 CHEROKEE 70 VAN BUREN 70 CHILDRESS 80 WARREN 70 aay 5 WASHINGTON = 1 0 ‘COCHRAN 80 WAYNE 70 COKE 30 WEAKLEY 0 ‘COLEMAN 5 WaITE 70 COLLIN 70 WILLIAMSON 0 ‘COLLINGSWORTH 30 WILSON 0 COLORADO 2 30 COMAL 70 ‘COMANCHE 70 State of TEXAS CONCHO % COOKE 70 ANDERSON 70 CORYELL 70 ANDREWS. 80 COTTLE 80 ANGELINA 70 CRANE 80 ARANSAS 2 95 CROCKETT a ‘ARCHER 80 CRosBY 20 ‘ARMSTRONG 85 CULBERSON 5 ATASCOSA, 2 5 DALLAM 8 AUSTIN 2 30 DALLAS 0 BAILEY 80 DAWSON 80 BANDERA 0 DEWITT 2 80 BASTROP 70 DEAF SMITH 80 BAYLOR 30 DELTA 70 BEE 2 85 DENTON 70 BELL 70 DICKENS 20 BEXAR 5 DIMMIT 5 BLANCO 0 DONLEY 80 BORDEN 80 DUVAL 2 80 BOSQUE 70 EASTLAND 5 BOWIE 70 ECTOR 0 BRAZORIA 2 100 EDWARDS 15 BRAZOS 70 ELPASO 1 70 BREWSTER 6 ELLIS 70 BRISCOE, 30 ERATH 70 BROOKS 2 85 FALLS 0 BROWN 70 FANNIN 70 BURLESON 70 FAYETTE 2 75 BURNET 70 FISHER 30 *For notes, see end of Section 16 52State of TEXAS State of TEXAS BASIC WIND BASIC WIND couNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) FLoyD 80 JONES 80 FOARD 80 KARNES 2 80 FORT BEND 2 90 KAUFMAN 0 FRANKLIN 70 KENDALL 70 FREESTONE 70 KENEDY 2 95 FRIO 6 KENT 80 GAINES 80 KERR 70 GALVESTON 2 100 KIMBLE 7 GARZA 80 KING 30 GILLESPIE 70 KINNEY 5 GLASSCOCK 30 KLEBERG 2 % GOLIAD 2 85 KNOX 80 GONZALES 2 75 LA SALLE 5 GRAY 80 LAMAR 70 GRAYSON 0 LAMB 80 GREGG 0 LAMPASAS 70 GRIMES 2 75 LAVACA 2 & GUADALUPE 70 LEE 70 HALE 80 LEON ci) HALL 80 LIBERTY 2 90 HAMILTON 70 LIMESTONE ; 70 HANSFORD 85 LIPSCOMB 30 HARDEMAN 80 LIVE OAK 2 80 HARDIN 2 90 LLANO 70 HARRIS 2 % LOVING 15 HARRISON 70 LUBBOCK 80 HARTLEY 35 LYNN 30 HASKELL 80 MADISON 70 HAYS 70 MARION 70 HEMPHILL 30 MARTIN 80 HENDERSON 70 MASON, 70 HIDALGO 2 80 MATAGORDA 2 95 HLL 70 MAVERICK 75 HOCKLEY 80 MCCULLOCH 75 HOOD 70 MCLENNAN 70 HOPKINS 70 ‘MCMULLEN 2 80 HOUSTON 70 MEDINA 75 HOWARD 80 MENARD 8 HUDSPETH 1 70 MIDLAND 30 HUNT 70 MILAM 70 HUTCHINSON 85 MILLS 0 TRION 5 MITCHELL 80 JACK % MONTAGUE 70 JACKSON 2 90 MONTGOMERY 2 85 JASPER 2 80 MOORE 85 JEFF DAVIS 75 MORRIS 70 JEFFERSON 2 100 MOTLEY 30 JIM HOGG 2 80 NACOGDOCHES 70 SIM WELLS 2 80 NAVARRO 70 JOHNSON 0 NEWTON 2 85 “For notes, see end of Section 16 33State of TEXAS, State of TEXAS BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE? SPEED (MPH) NOLAN 80 ‘TOM GREEN 15 NUECES. 2 95 ‘TRAVIS 70 OCHILTREE 85 ‘TRINITY 2 70 OLDHAM 85 TYLER 2 80 ORANGE, 2 95 ‘UPSHUR 70 PALO PINTO 70 ‘UPTON 80 PANOLA 70 UVALDE B PARKER 70 VAL VERDE 5 PARMER, 80 ‘VAN ZANDT 70 PECOS 5 VICTORIA 2 x» POLK 2 80 WALKER 2 6 POTTER 85 WALLER 2 85 PRESIDIO 5 WARD 80 RAINS 70 WASHINGTON 2 5 RANDALL 85 WEBB ro REAGAN 80 WHARTON 2 90 REAL 5 WHEELER 80 RED RIVER 70 ‘WICHITA 80 REEVES % WILBARGER 80 REFUGIO 2 90 WILLACY a % ROBERTS 80 WILLIAMSON 70 ROBERTSON 70 WILSON 2 5 ROCKWALL 70 WINKLER 80 RUNNELS. 6 WISE 70 RUSK 70 woop 70 SABINE B ‘YOAKUM 80 SAN AUGUSTINE B YOUNG 8 SAN JACINTO 2 80 ‘ZAPATA B SANPATRICO 2 90 ‘ZAVALA B SAN SABA. 70 ‘SCHLEICHER B SCURRY 80 State of UTAH SHACKELFORD 80 SHELBY 70 BEAVER 70 SHERMAN 85 BOXELDER 70 SMITH 70 CACHE 70 SOMERVELL 70 ‘CARBON 70 STARR 2 30 DAGGETT B STEPHENS. 5 DAVIS 70 STERLING 80 DUCHESNE 70 STONEWALL 80 EMERY 70 SUTTON 8 GARFIELD 70 SWISHER 85 GRAND 70 TARRANT 70 IRON B TAYLOR 30 JUAB 70 TERRELL 6 KANE, 70 TERRY 80 MILLARD 70 THROCKMORTON 80 MORGAN 70 Trrus 70 PIUTE 70 “For notes, sce end of Section 16 54. MAskIA-ceer . . . . State of UTAH State of VIRGINIA ° eo eet COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) » RICH 5 BUCKINGHAM 70 . SALT LAKE 70 CAMPBELL 70 SANJUAN 0 CAROLINE 2 5 . SANPETE 0 CARROLL 1 70 SEVIER 0 CHARLES CITY 2 80 . SUMMIT 70 CHARLOTTE 7 . TOOELE. 70 CHESTERFIELD 2 15 . UINIAH 75 CLARKE 2 70 . UTAH 70 CRAIG 1 70 . WASATCH 70 ‘CULPEPER 2 0 WASHINGTON 6 (CUMBERLAND 2 70 » WAYNE 70 DICKENSON 70 WEBER 0 DINWIDDIE 2 B , ESSEX 2 80 . FAIRFAX 2 70 State of VERMONT FAUQUIER 2 0 ® — FLOYD 1 0 . ADDISON, 70 FLUVANNA 2 70 » BENNINGTON 1 70 FRANKLIN 70 . CALEDONIA a 70 FREDERICK 2 70 > CHITTENDEN 0 GILES 1 70 ESSEX 1 70 GLOUCESTER 2 80 . FRANKLIN 70 GOOCHLAND 2 70 » GRAND ISLE 70 GRAYSON 1 70 . LAMOILLE 0 GREENE 2 0 . ‘ORANGE 1 0 GREENSVILLE 2 0 ORLEANS 70 HALIFAX 70 . RUTLAND 1 70 HANOVER 2 5 . WASHINGTON 70 HENRICO 2 5 WINDHAM 12 70 HENRY 70 . WINDSOR 12 70 HIGHLAND 0 . ISLE OF WIGHT 2 85 JAMES CITY 2 80 State of VIRGINIA KING AND QUEEN 2 80 . — KING GEORGE 2 5 . ACCOMACK 2 95 KING WILLIAM 2 5 ALBEMARLE, 70 LANCASTER 2 80 .: ALLEGHANY 1 0 LEE 70 : ‘AMELIA 2 70 LOUDOUN 2 0 . AMHERST 70 LOUISA 2 70 » APPOMATTOX 70 LUNENBURG 0 . ARLINGTON 2 0 MADISON 2 70 AUGUSTA 70 MATHEWS 2 85 es BATH 70 ‘MECKLENBURG 70 i BEDFORD 70 MIDDLESEX 2 80 . BLAND 1 70 MONTGOMERY i 70 BOTETOURT 70 NELSON 70 BRUNSWICK 2 15 NEW KENT 2 80 BUCHANAN a) NORTHAMPTON 2 95 *For notes, see end of Section 16 55State of VIRGINIA ‘State of WASHINGTON BASIC WIND BASIC WIND COUNTY NOTE? SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) NORTHUMBERLAND 2 80 ISLAND. 1 80 NOTTOWAY 2 70 JEFFERSON 1 100 ORANGE 2 70 KING 1 80 PAGE 70 KITSAP 1 85 PATRICK 70 KITTITAS 70 PITTSYLVANIA, 70 KLICKITAT 70 POWHATAN 2 70 LEWIS 1 80 PRINCE EDWARD 70 LINCOLN 70 PRINCEGEORGE 2 80 MASON: 1 85 PRINCE WILLIAM 2 70 OKANOGAN 70 PULASKI 1 70 PACIFIC 1 100 RAPPAHANNOCK 2 70 PEND OREILLE 70 RICHMOND 2 80 PIERCE 1 80 ROANOKE 70 SANJUAN 1 80 ROCKBRIDGE 70 SKAGIT 1 70 ROCKINGHAM 70 SKAMANIA, 1 70 RUSSELL 70 SNOHOMISH 1 % SCOTT 70 SPOKANE 70 ‘SHENANDOAH, 70 ‘STEVENS 70 SMYTH 70 ‘THURSTON 1 80 SOUTHAMPTON 2 80 WAHKIAKUM r 100 SPOTSYLVANIA. 2 70 WALLA WALLA 70 ‘STAFFORD 2 70 WHATCOM 1 70 SURRY 2 80 WHITMAN 70 ‘SUSSEX 2 30 YAKIMA, 70 ‘TAZEWELL 70 WARREN 2 70 WASHINGTON 70 State of WEST VIRGINIA WESTMORELAND 2 B WISE, 70 BARBOUR 70 WYTHE 1 70 BERKELEY 2 70 YORK 2 85 BOONE 70 BRAXTON 70 BROOKE 70 ‘State of WASHINGTON CABELL 70 CALHOUN 70 ADAMS. 70 Lay 70 ASOTIN 70 DODDRIDGE 70 BENTON 70 FAYETTE 70 CHELAN 70 GILMER, 70 CLALLAM. 1 100 GRANT 70 CLARK 1 8 GREENBRIER 70 COLUMBIA 70 HAMPSHIRE 70 COWLITZ 1 90 HANCOCK 70 DOUGLAS 70 HARDY 70 FERRY 70 HARRISON 70 FRANKLIN 70 JACKSON 70 GARFIELD 70 JEFFERSON 2 70 GRANT 70 GRAYS HARBOR 1 100 **For notes, see end of Section 16 56. . . s . ‘Stawe of WEST VIRGINIA State of WISCONSIN . BASIC WIND BASIC WIND : COUNTY NOTE SPEED (MPR) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) . KANAWHA 70 CHIPPEWA, 80 . LEWIS 70 CLARK 80 . LINCOLN 0 COLUMBIA 85 . LOGAN 0 ‘CRAWFORD 85 MARION 0 DANE 85 . MARSHALL 70 DODGE 85 . MASON, 70 DOOR 1 85 . MCDOWELL 70 DOUGLAS 1 75 MERCER 70 DUNN 80 . MINERAL 70 EAU CLAIRE 80 > MINGO 70 FLORENCE 80 MONONGALIA 70 FOND DULAC 1 85 ‘MONROE 1 70 FOREST 80 ® MORGAN 70 GRANT 85 . NICHOLAS 70 GREEN 80 OHIO 70 GREEN LAKE 90 PENDELTON 70 IOWA 85 . PLEASANTS 70 IRON 1 %5 » POCAHONTAS 70 JACKSON: 85 . PRESTON 70 JEFFERSON , 80 » PUTNAM 0 JUNEAU 85, > RALEIGH 70 KENOSHA 1 80 > RANDOLPH 70 KEWAUNEE 1 85 RITCHIE 70 LACROSSE 85 . ROANE 70 LAFAYETTE 80 SUMMERS 1 0 LANGLADE 85 . TAYLOR 70 LINCOLN 85 , TUCKER 70 MANITOWOC 1 85 TYLER 70 MARATHON 90 UPSHUR 70 MARINETTE 85 . WAYNE 0 MARQUETTE 90 . WEBSTER 70 ‘MENOMINEE, ” WETZEL 70 MILWAUKEE 1 80 wirT 70 MONROE 85 woop 70 ‘OCoNTO 90 WYOMING 7 ONEIDA 30 OUTAGAMIE 0 OZAUKEE 1 80 State of WISCONSIN PEPIN 80 PIERCE 80 ‘ADAMS 90 POLK 5 ASHLAND 1 15 PORTAGE % BARRON 80 PRICE 80 BAYFIELD 1 75 RACINE 1 80 BROWN 1 90 RICHLAND 35 BUFFALO 80 ROCK 80 BURNETT 75 RUSK 80 ‘CALUMET 90 SAINT CROIX 80 **For notes, see end of Section 16 STHA RIA 22 State of WISCONSIN ‘State of WYOMING BASIC WIND BASIC WIND. COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) SAUK 85 ALBANY 90. SAWYER, 15 BIG HORN 1 85 ‘SHAWANO 90 CAMPBELL, 85 SHEBOYGAN 1 85 CARBON 85 ‘TAYLOR 80 CONVERSE 90 ‘TREMPEALEAU 30 CROOK 80 VERNON 35 FREMONT 1 85 VILAS 30 GOSHEN 85, WALWORTH 80 HOT SPRINGS 85, WASHBURN 75 JOHNSON 1 90 WASHINGTON 1 80 LARAMIE 85 WAUKESHA 1 30 LINCOLN 5 WAUPACA, 90 NATRONA. 90 WAUSHARA 90 NIOBRARA 5 WINNEBAGO. 90 PARK 1 80 woop 90 PLATTE, 90 SHERIDAN 1 35 SUBLETTE 1 80 ‘SWEETWATER 80 TETON 1 7 UINIA 6 WASHAKIE, 1 85 WESTON 80 References: 1. 2. 3. ASCE, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures”, ASCE 7-88, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1988. MBMA, “Low Rise Building Systems Manual”, Metal Building Manufacturers Association, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1986, UBC, “Uniform Building Code”, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA 1988, Notes: 1 2 Site may be within a special wind region indicated on ASCE 7-88 wind map.Check with local authorities before specifying basic wind speed. County is within 100 miles from hurricane oceanline. Tabulated values of basic wind speed have been adjusted in accordance with ASCE 7-88 to obtain 50-year recurrence intervals. For locations not designated as a county, use basic wind speed for the closest county to the site. ‘The wind speeds listed in Section 16 are fastest-mile wind speeds. 3-second gust speeds such as, those contained in ASCE 7-95, and wind speeds averaged over other time periods, must be converted to fastest-mile wind speeds for use with this standard. (Refer to Annex A, Section 233,). 58ANNEX A: PURCHASER CHECKLIST EIA/TIA-222 standards are intended to set minimum criteria for the design, fabrication and construction of antenna supporting structures. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to provide site-specific data and requirements differing from those contained in these standards. The following checklist is intended to alert the purchaser to the most common areas where specific data may be required Reference Section Purchaser Checklist 2.1.3 A. Itis the responsibility of the purchaser to verify that the wind loads and design criteria specified mect the requirements of the local building code. If other loading criteria are required, they shall be provided to the designer. B. This standard is based on an allowable stress design (ASD) method. Therefore, the use of terms with an ambiguity in meaning and intent such as survival, shall withstand, etc. is not appropriate. C. Dividing the calculated wind pressure by a factor is considered inconsistent with this standard. See 2.1.3.1 for the proper definition of basic wind speed. 23.1.2 A. Itis the responsibility of the purchaser to specify appropriate ice loads for locations where ice accumulation is known to occur. ; B. Thestandard does not specify ice-loading requirements since ice accumulation may vary substantially within a given geographical area. Itis recommended that a minimum 1/2 in. [12.7 mm] of solid radial ice be specified for locations where ice accumulation is known to occur. 2.3.3. A. For bidding purposes it is recommended that the purchaser specify the basic wind speed (V) to obtain designs based on identical criteria. Wind speeds specified for use with the standard shall be fastest-mile wind speeds at 33 ft [10m] above ground level. _ B. The basic wind speed from Section 16, the equations for the exposure coefficient (Kz), and the gust response factor (Gq) are based on wind conditions in open, level country, and grasslands, C. The equations specified for Kz and Gx result in conservative design wind loads for urban and wooded areas. D. Itis the responsibility of the purchaser to specify basic wind speeds and appropriate equations for Kz and Gq in hurricane, mountainous, and coastal areas, in the special wind regions indicated in Section 16 and where local conditions require special consideration. ‘The purchaser shall identify the elevation of the base above average ground level when the structure will be placed on another structure or on a hill or escarpment. F._ The purchaser shall identify the relative elevations of the guy anchors with respect to the structure base and shalll identify the maximum and minimum permissible guy radii. G. The basic wind speeds provided in Section 16 correspond to an annual probability of 0.02 (50-year recurrence interval). If the purchaser requires another probability, the basic wind speed shall be provided to the designer. wvervve fe 59TIAMEIA-222.F 23.16 A. B. ic odes B. 722 A. B. 123.24. M2 AL 122 A. 13.2.1 A, 160 AL Due to the low probability that an extreme ice load will occur simultaneously with an extreme wind load, wind load has been reduced 25 percent when considered to occur simultaneously with ice (equivalent to 87 percent of the basic wind speed). For basic wind speeds based on a 50-year recurrence interval (.02 annual probability), the reduced wind load approximately corresponds to a 5-year recurrence interval. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify other critical wind and ice loading combinations for locations where more severe conditions are known to occur. Galvanizing is the preferred method of providing corrosion control. Alternate methods of corrosion control, such as epoxy paint, chlorinated latex paint, plating, electrogalvanizing, etc., may be used only when specified by the purchaser. ‘The purchaser shall specify the requirements of additional corrosion control systems when required. (Refer to Annex J for corrosion control options for guy anchors in direct contact with soil.) ‘When standard foundations and anchors are utilized for a final design, it is the purchaser’s responsibility to verify by geotechnical investigation that actual site soil parameters equal or exceed normal soil parameters. If the purchaser elects to accept the normal soil foundation for construction, he accepts the responsibility and liability for the adequacy of the subsurface soil conditions. Itis the responsibility of the purchaser to verify that the depths of standard foundations are adequate based on the frost penetration and/or the zone of seasonal moisture variation. ‘The geotechnical engineer shall be informed of the provisions of this section. ‘The purchaser shall specify the operational requirements when the minimum standard does not apply. ‘The purchaser shall specify other grounding requirements for conditions where the minimum standard will not be adequate. ‘The purchaser shall specify requirements for climbing and working facilities, hand or guardrails, and climbing safety devices. The purchaser is advised that the basic wind speeds listed in Section 16 are minimum values. Specific sites may have local extreme wind conditions that are more severe than the listed values. Topographical characteristics such as smooth terrain, bluffs, ducting, mountain top exposure, and prevailing wind directions can significantly increase wind speeds. The purchaser is advised to consult local information sources such as the ‘National Weather Service (NWS), local weather agencies, owners of existing towers at the same or nearby sites, local landowners, and consulting meteorologists. MannaanagcaaagaaaaasagesagaagagaagaagasssagssaaaagagsggyTIAEIA222-F ANNEX B: DESIGN WIND LOAD ON TYPICAL MICROWAVE, ANTENNAS/REFLECTORS . ‘This Annex contains data for calculating the design wind load on typical microwave antennas/ reflectors. (Note: Wind-loading values have been compiled from a wide variety of sources. Some data are based on wind tunnel tests, and some are based on theoretical calculations. Precise antenna geometry may vary between manufacturers, who should be consulted for data concerning their products.) Wind force data presented in this annex for parabolic antennas (including grid antennas) are described in the antenna axis system having the origin at the vertex of the reflector. The axial force (Fa) acts along the axis of the antenna. ‘The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to the antenna axis in the plane of the antenna axis and the wind vector. The twisting moment (M) acts in the plane containing Fa and Fs,. (See Figures B1, B2, and B3.) For horn antennas, the origin is at the intersection of the vertical antenna axis with a plane tangent to the bottom of the boresight cylinder. The axial force Fa acts parallel to the antenna boresight axis ‘The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to Fa in the plane of Fa and the wind vector. The twisting moment M acts in the plane containing Fa and Fs. (See Figure B4.) For flat plate passive reflectors, the origin is at the centroid of the plate area. The axial force Fa acts along the normal to the plate. The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to F, in the plane of Fa and the wind vector. The twisting moment M acts in the plane containing Fa and Fs. (See Figure BS.) In all cases, the magnitudes of Fa, Fs, and M depend on the dynamic pressure of the wind, the Projected frontal area of the antenna, and the aerodynamic characteristics of the antenna body. The aerodynamic characteristics vary with wind angle. The values of Fa, Fs, and M shalll be calculated from the following equations: Fa = Ca AKzGu V(b) Fs=Cs AKzGuV7(b) M=Cy ADKzGx V2 (ft-lb) Where:Ca, Cs, and Cy are the coefficients contained in Tables B I through BG as a function of wind angle ©. Gu = Gust response factor from 2.3.4 A = Outside aperture area (sq ft) of parabolic reflector, grid, or hom antenna Plate area (sq ft) of passive reflector D Outside diameter (ft) of paraboloid reflector, grid, or horn antenna = Width or length (ft) of passive reflector (see Figure BS) v = Basic wind speed (mph) from 2.3.3 Kz = Exposure coefficient from 2.3.3 with z equal to the height of the origin of the axis system oe Wind angle (deg); see Figures B1 through BS for positive sign conventions (Note: The coefficients described in Tables B 1 through B6 are presented in the customary system of units, When SI units are desired, the results of the above equations may be converted using the conversion factors provided in Annex G.) (detgGoncvat) 61TAVEIA-222+4 ‘Table BI. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid Without Radome WIND ANGLE © (DEG) Ca 0 00397 10 00394 a 0098 30 00398 ae 4 ~ 50 “bod 60 00822. 8! 70 00350 80 00195 90 ~.00003, 100 -.00103, 110 -00118 120 -00117 130 -00120 140 00147 150 -.00198 160 : 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 rr)TIAEIA-222-F Table B2. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid With Radome WIND ANGLE 2085) & ou - ° 00221 00000 00000 10 00220 00038 -.000204 20 00210 00076 -.000285 30 00195 00105 -.000277 40 20170, 90125, -.000205 50 00136" 000114 60 00107 00128 -.000002 70 00080 00118 000130 80 00058 00112 000268 90 00034 00104 000390 100 -00008 00100 000434 110 -.00017 (0009 1000822 120 00089 000404 130 00082 (000357 140 00078 1000232 : 150 00070 000132 . 160 00058 1000063 > 170 00038 000022 » 180 00000 -000000 ’ 190 ~.00038 , 200 ~.00058 > 210 ~.00133 =.00070 » 20 ~00105 -.00078 » 230 ~.00075 ~.00082 , 240 -.00042 -,00089 e 250 -00017 —-,00095 iF 260 00008 -.00100 , 270 00034-00104 ’ 280 00058-00112 , 290 00080 00118 ’ 300 00107 ~.00128 ’ 310 00140-00136 ’ 320 00170-00125 330 00195 ~.00105 340 00210-00076 350 00220-00038 » » » » > , , » 63HAbIA-222-4 Table B3.Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid With Cylindrical Shroud WIND ANGLE s © (DEG) Ca cs Cu 0 00823, 00000 .000000 4 10 00323 00025 -,000072 é 20 00320 00045 -.000116 a 30 00310 00060 -.000133 40 00296 00072 -.000125 é 50 00278 00078 000083 é 60 00242 00094 ~.000022 @ 70 00172 00122 000058 e 30 00149 000178 %” 00160 000251 s 100 00154 000288 ¢ 110 00136 000292 120 00112 (000266 < 130 00080 (000237 s 140 00059 0199 é 150 000158 é 160 000112 é 170 000059 e 180 .000000 190 ~.000059 e 200 000112, e 210 -.000158 220 -.000199 6 230 -.000237 e 240 000266 250 -.000292 6 260 -.000288 Cy 270 -.00160 -.000251 e 280 -00149 -.000178 « 290 00172 ~.000058 é 300 00242 000022 e 310 00278 000083 e 320 00296 000125 qe 330 00810 000133 é 340 00320 000116 e 350 00323 000072 4 qe é é qe ° ‘TLAVEIA-2: Table B4. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Grid Antenna Without Ice WIND ANGLE @WEG) Cy &s cu 0 00137 00000 000000 10 00134 00026 000043 20 00130 00046 000074 30 00118 00059 000098 40 00104 00067 000115 50 00088 00070 000127, 60 00060 00072 000135 70 00033 00070 000142 to ‘0000 00st 00126 90 ~.00013, 00062 000111 100 -.00030 00070 000120 110 00048 00073 000129 120 00071 000131 130 00067 000127 140, 00060 000114 150 00052 000095 160 000070 170 180 190, 200 210 220 ~.000114 20 -.000127 240 -000131 250 00129 260 ~.000120 270 ~.000111 280 “000125 290 00033 ~.000142 300 00060 ~.000135 310 00088 000127 320 00104 000115 330 00118, ~.000098 340 .00130 ~.000074 350 00134 -.00026 ~.000043, Note: In the absence of more accurate data for a grid antenna with ice, use wind force coefficients for typical paraboloid without radome from Table B1. 65 UUTTITTITTyTAVEIA.222.1 ‘Table BS. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Conical Horn Reflector Antenna WIND ANGLE @ (DEG) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 00032 00021 c 00014 310 320 330 340 350 | macencccanenaceaeaaAARAAAAAAAAAARARARARASARRARARRALEELETITISTTTEVVVVVT TTT TTTTTTTT Table B6.Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Passive Reflector WIND ANGLE © (EG) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 300 310 320 330 350 La 00351 00348 00341 00329 67| | Tavera, Wind Angle Wind Fa Top View Positive Sign Convention Figure B1. Wind Forces on Paraboloids and Grids Wind Angle : ‘Wind Fs Top View Positive Sign Convention Figure B2. Wind Forces on Paraboloids With Radomes 68MAUIA-222-F Wind Angle ' Wind Top View Positive Sign Convention Figure B3. Wind Forces on Paraboloids With Cylindrical Shrouds Side Eley, “Top View Fa Fa Wind Angle BON Figure B4. Wind Forces on Conical Horn Reflector Antennas Wind Co)D Fa tL yo’ Wind (TOP VIEW) © = Horizontal Wind Angle D = Width of Reflector (A) PLATE VERTICAL Fa M Fs 8 Wind D (SIDE VIEW) © = Vertical Plate Angle D = Length of Reflector (Horizontal Wind Angle = 0 or 180 Deg Only) (B) PLATE TILTED Figure B5. Wind Forces on Flat Plate Passive Reflectors 70 ower rr Tre TY TY YT TTYYYYYYYYYTVTrVYrryrrirryrrriririyrir ii yyy)y TIASELA-222-F ® e e . ANNEX C: TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR PARABOLIC . ANTENNAS, PASSIVE REFLECTORS, AND PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS . ® * E c D E F |G a T . Parabolic Antennas Passive Reflectors Periscope Svstem Reflectors . 3dB | Defiection | Limit of [ Limitof | Limitof | Limiof | Limiof | Limtof | Limiof . Beam | Angle | Antenna | Suucture Passive | Reflecior | Structure | Structure Width2© | At 10dB | Movement | Movement Reflector | Movement | Twistat | Sway at . HPFor | Points with | Twist or Twist | with | Reflecior | Reflector Antenna | Notel | Respect | Sway at Note | Respect | Anachment | Atachment . Only | Note 7 tf Antenna 0 Point Point Note 8 Structure | Attachment Structure . Point | DEGREES [DEGREES [DEGREES [DEGREES | DEGREES | DEGREES | DEGREES | DEGREES | DEGREES . 38 30 Os 46 35 25 o2 48 2 . 56 43 04 44 33 24 02 46 22 34 46 04 42 32 23 02 44 23 . 5a 4a 04 49 30 22 02 | 42 20 ® a3 a2 04 38 29 zr OD a0 19 . 47 49 03 ae 28 20 02 38 18 . 44 38 03 35 26 19 02 36 17 42 36 03 33 25 18 02 34 16 . 40 34 03 34 23 17, 02 32 1s ° Bae as a . 35 30 03 27 24 15, 02 28 14 34 29 02 27 20 Las, ol 28° | 13 . 33 28 02 26 19 14 ol aoe 13 e 31 27 02 25 18 135 01 26 125 e 30 26 02 24 18 13. o 25 12 29 7 on 23 17 1 or 2A es) ® 28 24 02 22 16 12 ol 23 a e 27 23 02 21 16 Lis 1 22 1.95, . 26 22 02 20 4s a o 21 aL 25 21 02 19 14 105 o 20 0195 . 23 20 02 18 14 10 On 19 09 e 22 19 02 17 13 095 Ol 18 085 ° 21 18 02 16 12 09 0 17 08 20 17 02 15 1 08s 1 1s 075 ® 7 TS ‘oz 14 Tr os Or TS o7. 17 15 02 13 19 075 01 14 045 16 1a 02 12 os 07 o1 13 06, 1s 13 on 12 09 046s o4 12 055 14 12 ol a og 06 on a 05 13 a on 19 07 055 ol 10 04s 12 19 o. 09 07 05 1 09 04 1 09 oa. 08 06 5, on 08 035, OF ra or ‘Or 05 o8 or] 07 3 o8 07 01 06 04 035 On 06 025 07 06 on 05 04 03 1 05 02 06 05 01 oa 03 025 1 04 os 0s 04 Ou. 03 02 02 007 03 03 03 03 0.05 025 02 os 0.05 025 0110 02 02 O14 on 01 o1 007 0.05 ‘aly for configuration where anienna L is directly under the reflector. NOTE: See Notes On Following Page, nmTIEIA-222-F Notes 1, If values for columns “A” and "B” are not available from the manufacturer (s) of the antenna system or from the user of the antenna system then values shall be obtained from Figure C1, C2, or C3 2. Limits of beam movement for twist or sway (treated separately in most analyses) will be the sum of the appropriate figures in columns C & D, G & H, and G & I columns G, H & I apply toa vertical periscope configuration. 3. Itis not intended that the values in this table imply an accuracy of beam width determination or structural rigidity calculation beyond known practicable values and computational procedures. For most microwave structures it is not practical to require a calculated structural rigidity of less than 1/4 degree twist or sway with a 50 mi/h (22.4 m/s) Basic Wind Speed. 4, For passive reflectors the allowable twist and sway values are assumed to include the effects of all members contributing to the rotation of the face under wind load. For passives not elevated far above ground (approximately 5 to 20 feet (1.5 to 6m) clearance above ground) the structure and reflecting face supporting elements are considered an integral unit. Therefore, separating the structure portion of the deflection is only meaningful when passives are mounted on conventional microwave structures, 5. The allowable sway for passive reflectors is considered to be 1.4 times the allowable twist to account for the amount of rotation of the face about a horizontal axis through the face center and parallel to the face compared to the amount of beam rotation along the direction of the path as it deviates from the plane of the incident and reflected beam axis. 6, Linear horizontal movement of antennas and reflectors in the amount experienced for properly designed microwave antenna system support structures is not considered a problem (no significant signal degradation attributed to this movement). 7. For systems using a frequency of 450 MHz, the half power beam widths may be nearly 2 © degrees for some antennas. However, structures designed for microwave relay systems will usually have an inherent rigidity less than the maximum 5 degree deflection angle shown on the chart. 8. The 3 dB beam widths, 2 © HP in column ”A” are shown for convenient reference to manufacturers’ published antenna information. The minimum deflection reference for this standard is the allowable total deflection angle © at the 10 dB points. n2TIAMEIA-222-F © (degrees) Rectangular Rectangular Wo aperture Frequency (eet) Gt 2 Flat face reflector es - face reflec ee ‘woiform amplitude Plan or elevation of flat face and phase ye reflectors, Ht “a Note: For the rotation, oof the reflector about lw oo wits its center, the deflection beam angle ©, may vary from. LL ,q 010 20in accordance with he antena syiem geometry, Rectangular o square aperture HAW are the projected dimensions along the beam path NOMOGRAPH, DEFLECTION ANGLE, © AT 10 dB POINTS FOR RECTANGULAR, APERTURE (FLAT FACE REFLECTOR) Figure C1 7BTIMEIA-222-F ‘Antenna system half power beam width ca (degrees) Parabola 8 oe (feet) i sof i. eo ‘Parabolic reflector sam TO (<= = ¥ = NOMOGRAPH, NOMINAL BEAM WIDTH 3dB POINTS (TYPICAL PARABOLIC REFLECTOR) Figure C2 74 asCircular Parabola © (degrees) “D” Parabolic feed) circular aperture ze = 10 dB points end = 8 set 20.0 Z so w.0 Parabolic reflector 10dB taper = SOK 2 IO = $F = Circular apermure. ‘beam normal axis Plan or elevation of parabola NOMOGRAPH - DEFLECTION ANGLE, © AT 10. dB POINTS FOR CIRCULAR APERTURE (PARABOLIC SURFACE CONTOUR) Figure C3 15TUPLLLLLALADILELITI LEE) 16 (LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) TIAIEIA.222SSCTTSSSSESETSTTTTCTTETTTTTETI SSSSOEEEEETEEES TIAIEIA-222-F ANNEX D: DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE BEAM TWIST AND SWAY FOR CROSS-POLARIZATION LIMITED SYSTEMS ‘A dual polarized antenna has a pattern like that shown in either Figure D1 and D2. For most offset antennas the cross-polarized null is deep as shown in Figure D1; for most center-fed antennas the cross-polarized null is shallow and the envelope is as shown in Figure D2. In either case, as soon as the antenna is deflected from its normal position, the cross-polarization discrimination, XPD (the difference between the co-polarized signal and the cross-polarized signal), decreases. Where on-path cross-polarization discrimination is critical to system performance, allowable beam deflection @ should be determined as shown in Figure D1 or D2. For offset-fed antennas, including horn reflector antennas, 0 will determine twist only and the antenna beam width will determine sway. For center-fed antennas, 0 will determine both twist and sway. (Metconecd) 1FEVEVUCUUUCUUU CUR LURE REUULEUEU EEUU EEL EEE EER EDU EER EU UTES Figure D1. Offset Fed Antenna 8 REQUIRED XPDTIANEIA-222-F REQUIRED XPD Figure D2. Center-Fed Antenna 79TIAELA-2: Table D1, Table of Allowable Twist and Sway for Cross-Polarization Limited Systems Allowable Twist For Offset-Fed Antennas. Allowable Twist and Sway For Center-Fed Allowable Sway For Offset-Fed Antennas Antennas A B c D E FE G ‘Allowable | Limitof | Limit of 3B Deflection | Limicof | Limitor Beam Twist Antenna ‘Structure ‘Beam Width Angle Antenna ‘Structure orSwayFor | Movement | Movemest | 20HP | Atl0dB | Movement | Sway Gross | With Respect | at Antenna For Points | WithRespect | at Antenna Polarization | ToStucture | Auachment | Antenna Only To Suveture | Auachment Limited Sys- Point Point vems © DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES 5.0 05 45 58 5.0 04 46 40 oa 36 36 43 04 44 3.0 03 27 Sa 46 04 42 20 02 18 51 44 oa 40 1.0 On 09 49 42 04 38 09 0.09 0.81 47 4.0 03 Ey 08 0.08 0.72 44 38 03 35 07 0.07 0.63 42 36 03 33 0.6 0.06 054 40 34 03 3a Os 0.05 0.45 37 32 03 29 04 0.04 036 35 30 03 27 03 0.03 027 34 29 02 27 02 0.02 0.8 33 28 02 26 oO. 0.01 0.09 31 27 02 25 30 26 02 24 29 25 02 23 28 24 02 22 27 23 02 21 26 22 02 20 25 21 02 19 23 20 02 18 22 19 02 7 24 18 02 16 20 17 02 15 19 16 02 4 7 15 02 13 16 1a 02 12 15 13 oa 2 1 12 01 1 13 1 o1 10 12 10 On 09 ies 09 OL 08 09 08 OL 07 08 07 OL 06 07 06 OL 0s 06 05 on oa 05 04 O 03 03 03 0.05 025 02 02 tL 01 o Note: See Notes on Following Page. 80 maccccncanacaeaaaaeaARAAAARAAAAAAAAARAAAAAAESAARARARAELSNotes: 1 If values for columns "D” and "B” of the sway table and column A” of the twist table are not available from the manufacturer (s) of the antenna system or from the user of the antenna system then values shall be obtained from Figure C2, or C3. 2, Limits of beam movement for twist or ‘sway (treated separately in most analyses) are the sum of the appropriate figures in columns "B” and ”C” of the twist table and the sum of the appropriate figures in columns "F” and "G” of the sway table. 3. Linear horizontal movement of antennas and reflectors in the amount experienced for properly designed microwave antenna system support structures is not considered a problem (no significant signal degradation attributed to this movement). 4. The 3 dB beam widths, 2 8 HP in column "D” are shown for convenient reference to manufacturers’ standard published antenna information. The minimum deflection reference for this standard is the allowable total deflection angle @ at the 10 dB points. 5. The values shown in this table depict angular deflections in two orthogonal planes normal to the boresight direction: vertical elevation (sway) and horizontal azimuth (twist). No allowance has been made for initial offsets due to mount skew, installation tolerances, paths not normal to the ‘Support structures, etc. Special considerations will be required in those cases. 6. It is not intended that the values on this table imply an accuracy of beam width determination or structural rigidity calculation beyond known practicable values and computational procedures. For most microwave structures it is not practicable to require a calculated structural Figidity of less than 1/4 degree twist or sway with a 50 mifh (22.4 m/s) Basic Wind SpeedTIAEIA-222-4 FUTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUCUURURUUUSUUSEUERES EER ESET EET EETEETTTT (LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) 82TIA/EIA-222-F ANNEX E: TOWER MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION PROCEDURES. Owners of towers should perform initial and periodic tower inspection and maintenance to assure safety and to extend service life. It is recommended that major inspections be performed, at a minimum, every 3 years for guyed towers and every 5 years for self-supporting towers. See section 14, Ground and aerial procedures should be performed only by authorized personnel, experienced in climbing and tower adjustments. Some of the items listed below may apply only to initial construction of new towers. 1. Tower Conditions (guyed and self-supporting) A. Members 1, Bent members (legs and lacing) (Heta@ontcal) Loose members AUT SIMSON We ne 2 3. Missing members 4, Climbing facilities, platforms, catwalks — all secure 5. Loose and/or missing bolts B, Finish Paint and/or galvanizing condition 2. Rust and/or corrosion conditions 3. FAA or ICAO color marking conditions 4. Water collection in members (to be remedied, e.g., unplug drain holes, etc.) C. Lighting 1. Conduit, junction boxes, and fasteners weather tight and secure 2. Drains and vents open 3. Wiring condition 4. Controllers functioning a. Flasher b. Photo control c. Alans 5. Light lenses 6. Bulb condition (Option: change all bulbs at one time) D. Grounding 1. Connections checked and secure 83TIAEIA-222-F Corrosion observed and remedied 3. Lightning protection secure {as required) E. Tower Base Foundation 1. Ground Conditions a. Settlements or movements b. Erosion c. Site condition (standing water, drainage, trees, etc.) 2. Base condition a, Nuts and lock nuts tight b. Grout condition 3. Concrete Condition a. Cracking, spalling, or splitting b. Chipped or broken concrete c. Honeycombing d. Low spots to collect moisture €. Anchor-bolt corrosion F. Tower Assembly Profile (See Figures El and E2) 1. Antennas and feedlines (each) a. Frequency b. Elevation c. Type d. Size ¢. Manufacturer f. Connectors and hangers 2. Optional appurtenances (walkways, platforms, sensors, floodlights, etc.) a. Elevation b. Arrangement c. Drawings or sketches 3. Foundation and anchors a. Plan b. Elevations (relative or true) 84 _mmmonencccccnceaaacaaaeeaA AA AAAAAAAARAAAAAAAAAARAAAEEES©. Size d. Depths €. Soil type (if known or necessary) G. Tower Alignment (See Figures E3, E6, and E7) 1. Tower Plumb and Twist (See 6.1.2.1 and 6.1.2.2) H. Insulators (As Required) 1, Insulator Condition a. Cracking and chipping b. Cleanliness of insulators ©. Spark gaps set properly d. Isolation transformer condition €. Bolts and connections secure f, Manufacturer type and part numbers for future replacements UL. Guyed Towers A. Anchors 1, Settlement, movement or earth cracks 2. Backfill heaped over concrete for water shedding 3. Anchor rod condition below earth (Maintain required structural capacity of anchor during exploration, inspection and maintenance. Attachment to temporary anchorage may be required.) 4. Corrosion control measures (galvanizing, coatings, concrete encasement, cathodic protection systems, etc., refer to Annex J.) 5. Grounding (Paragraph I-D) 6. Anchor head clear of earth B. Tower Guys (see Figures E4 and E5) 1. Strand a, ‘Type (1x7 EHS, 1x19 bridge strand, et.) b. Size c. Breaking strength d. Elevation €. Condition (corrosion, breaks, nicks, kinks, etc.) 2. Guy Hardware 85TIAIEIA-222-F e Tumbuckles (or equivalent) secure and safety properly applied Cable thimbles properly in place (if required) Service sleeves properly in place (if required) Cable connectors (end fittings) i. Cable clamps applied properly and bolts tight ii, Preformed wraps - properly applied, fully wrapped, and sleeve in place iii, Wire serving properly applied iv, Strandvices secure ¥. Poured sockets secure and showing no separation (Note: Connectors should show no signs of damaged cable or slippage.) Shackles, bolts, pins, and cotter pins secure and in good condition. 3. Guy Tensions a b. Notes: variations. 2) Tension variations at a single level are to be expected because of anchor elevation ‘Tension should be compared to design requirement. ‘Tensions should be checked by acceptable methods (see Section IV and Figures E8, E9, and E10) Record tensions and weather conditions on attached charts (see Figures E4 and E5) differences, construction deviations, and wind effects. Caution: Do not check or adjust guy tensions during times of excessive winds. III. Antennas and Feedlines A. Antenna Mounts and Antennas 1. Members (mounting and stabilizing) a b. c, a. Bent, broken, or cracked Loose Missing Loose and/or missing bolts 2, Adjustments secure and locked 86 1) Variations in guy tensions are to be expected due to temperature and wind. These are minor ‘Should there be significant tension changes, the cause should be determined immediately and proper remedial action taken. Possible causes may be initial construction loosening, extreme wind or ice, anchor movements, base settlement, or connection slippage. | mnnnncnncncccccncececeeaeeeARAAR AGAR AA AAAAAAAAAARARAESSdaninnee er 3. Elements a. Bent, broken, cracked or bullet damaged b. Loose c. Missing d. Loose and/or missing fasteners 4. Corrosion condition 5. Radomes and/or cover conditions Feed Lines (waveguide, coax, etc.) 1, Hangers and supports a. Condition b. Quality ¢. Corrosion condition 2. Flanges and seals (check integrity) Line Condition a. Dents b. Abrasions c. Holes d. Leaks e. Jacket condition 4. Grounds a. Top ground strap bonded both ends b. Bottom ground strap bonded both ends 5. Feedline support (ice shields) a. Properly attached b. Loose and/or missing bolts c. Members straight and undamaged 87TIAELA-222. TOWER ELEVATION Show the following: — Tower Height above ground — Location of antennas — Location of feed lines — Location of platforms, ladders, ete. Figure El 88 LmamnonoocnnccccaqacqceneteOAPQAAARAAARAAARERRAERRRAAARTETIAJEIA-222- PLOT PLAN Show the following: — Tower layout relative to North — Access roads and buildings Anchors and assign letter designation — Power lines and poles — Relative or true anchor and base elevations 120° Figure E2 89UAIEIA.222-F TOWER LEG VERTICAL ALIGNMENT 1. Check with wansit Two transit setups are required. Line transit parallel to one face and center on leg. Second setup should be at 90° on same leg. Show on sketch below the locations used for transit setup. Indicate North. | Self- Transit #1 Transit #2 Supporting _ Guy Level Tower Lays Tower Lays Elevations Top to Bottom _Left__O__Right Left © Right Cantilever Structure 1000" 10 a 900" 800° 700° 600" 500" 400” 300° 200° font) |B) gio aa os) 100" 1 aS Approximate wind speed during measurements ‘mph Note: This procedure is not sufficient to determine both twist and out of plumb. See Figures E6 and E7 Figure E33-WAY GUYED TOWER Guy | Guy Initial No. ize Tension | Guy Leg A. ‘Time, Temp____ Wind ____ Figure EA a1HAVBIA2 22 4-WAY GUYED TOWER Guy Guy Leg A. Guy Leg A Guy Leg B Guy Leg B Note: See Note 2, Section II for details regarding guy tension checks. Data: Date Time Figure ES 92 eoncenanagangnggagaaaaggagagacagaasagggere‘TWIST AND OUT-OF-PLUMB DETERMINATION FOR SQUARE TOWERS Site Names —— Date: Wind __Temperanse: FOUR TRANSIT SETUPS ARE REQUIRED, ONE ON EACH LEG AZIMUTH SIGHTING THE ‘CORRESPONDING TOWER LEG AT THE BASE OF THE TOWER TO SET THE TRUE VERTICAL. THE DEFLECTION AT ANY POINT ON THE TOWER SHOULD BE MEASURED FROM THIS TRUE VERTICAL, USING THE SIGN CONVENTION BELOW. d=(D1 +D2+D3+D4)/4 (d 2A ‘sin (e) x= (D2—-D4)/2 y= (D1 - D3) /2 re (pry ‘CALCULATED ‘CALCULATED Twist OUT-OF-PLUMB Figure E6. Twist and Out-of-Plumb Determination for Square Towers 3Lavbia-222+4 a ‘TWIST AND OUT-OF-PLUMB DETERMINATION FOR TRIANGULAR TOWERS THREE TRANSIT SETUPS ARE REQUIRED, ONE ON EACH LEG AZIMUTH. SIGHTING THE CORRESPONDING TOWER LEG AT THE BASE OF THE TOWER TO SET THE TRUE VERTICAL THE DEFLECTION AT ANY POINT ON THE TOWER SHOULD BE MEASURED FROM THIS TRUE VERTICAL, USING THE SIGN CONVENTION BELOW. d=(DI + D2 +D3)/3 = D/A a =aresin (e) == 02-03)/ 8 (2x D1 -D2 -D3)/ 3 Sey ‘TOWER CROSS-SECTION AT BASE q TOWER CROSS-SECTION BEING GRSERVED Figure E7. Twist and Out-of-Plumb Determination for Triangular Towers 94 mmmmnananananacerasanaRAAAAA AQAA AAA RAARARARAAARRRREESNV, DIA EIAnze eer ‘Methods For Measuring Guy Initial Tensions ‘There are two basic methods of measuring guy initial tensions in the field: the direct method and the indirect method. ‘A. The Direct Method (see Figure E8) ‘A dynamometer (Joad cell) with a length adjustment device, such as a come-along, is attached to the guy system by clamping onto the guy just above the turnbuckle and onto the anchor shaft below the turnbuckle, thus making the turnbuckle redundant. ‘The come-along is then tightened until the original turnbuckle begins to slacken. At this point the dynamometer carries all of the guy load to the anchor, and the guy tension may be read direttly off the dynamometer dial. One may use this method to set the correct tension by adjusting the come-along until the proper tension is read on the dynamometer. Two control points are marked, one above the clamping point on the guy and one on the anchor shaft, and the control length is measured. The dynamometer and come-along are then removed, and the original tumbuckle is adjusted to maintain the control length previously measured. B. The Indirect Method (see Figures E8 and E9) ‘There are two common techniques for the indirect measurement of guy initial tensions: the pulse or swing method (vibration) (Figure E8) and the tangent intercept or sag method (geometry) (Figure E9). 1. The Pulse Method (see Figures E8 and E10) One sharp jerk is applied to the guy cable near its connection to the anchor causing a pulse or wave to travel up and down the cable. On the first retum of the pulse to the lower end of the guy cable the stop watch is started. A number of returns of the pulse to the anchor are then timed, and the guy tension is calculated from the following equations: @ @ 95TAVEIA.222-F in which (see Figure E10) Ta = Guy tension at anchor (1b) ‘Tw = Guy tension at mid-guy (1b) W = Total weight of guy, including insulators, etc. (Ib) L = Guy chord length (ft) L= fpr @ V = Vertical distance from guy attachment on tower to guy attachment at anchor (ft) H = Horizontal distance from guy attachment on tower to guy attachment at anchor (fy) N = Number of pulses or swings counted in P seconds P = Period of time measured for N pulses or swings (s) Instead of creating a pulse that travels up and down the guy, one may achieve the ‘same result by causing the guy cable to swing freely from side to side while timing N complete swings. The formulas given above will also apply for this approach. 2. The Tangent Intercept Method (see Figure E9) A line of sight is established which is tangential to the guy cable néar the anchor end and which intersects the tower leg a distance (tangent intercept) below the guy attachment point on the mast. This tangent intercept distance is either measured or estimated and the tension is calculated from the following equation: we JH + (v - 1) 1 = — yy in which C = Distance from guy attachment on tower to the center of gravity of the weight W (ft) I = The tangent intercept (ft) If the weight is uniformly distributed along the guy cable, C will be approximately equal to H/2. If the weight is not uniformly distributed, the guy may be subdivided into n segments and the following equation may be used: sfw+ (Vv - 1) 1, = yp © in which s= Dwe, © 96J Wi = Weight of segment i (Ib) . Ci = Distance from the guy attachment on the tower to the center of gravity of segment i (ft) If the intercept is difficult to establish, one may use the guy slope at the anchor end with the following equation: 7, = MOL a a 7 * * “(y= Han a) in which = Guy angle at the anchor (see Figure E9) Note that T= V ~ Hun a ® and that es (Vv = yl+ aa o and that WC in equation (7) may be replaced with S, as was done in equation (5). 97FUTTUCUUUUU UU UCU RULER EURU CURE UES UE RELERU EERE EU EEUU UUUES uotsuay, jentuy Sunseayy Jo spomay “gq amt, SK! Za SO 2 SONOOAS d NI XN 2 : SILL N MOVE ONY PS SaWIL NAD aL 4 OL ® WOU SONTMS AND SN NMOd ONV dll STHAVEL aS'INd COHLAW ONIMS aOHLaW asind ‘(gud MVNA SLAN) GaNaNOVIS ATINA = ATHONANYNL 2NO'1Y-aWO0O SI ATAONANANL NAHM AVOT , ‘TIN SALAAVD AILAWOWVNAG YaLAWOWYNAG GANSLHOIL SI SNOTY-ANOO S¥ COHLAW YALAWOWWNAGFigure E9. Tangent Intercept Method 9TESSCOCVCSTCOSSSSCSVSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSHSSHSSSSSSSSSyvvvvyysyd wy 7 A 7 / Figure E10. Relationship Between Guy Tension at Anchor and at Mid-Guy 100weuvve » » » » » TIAVEIA-222-F ANNEX F: CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRUCTURES Periodic revisions to this standard are made by the Committee based upon comments received from the industry. ‘The committee does not intend that existing structures be analyzed for each revision of the standard; however, structural analysis of existing structures should be performed by qualified professional engineers using the latest edition of this standard when: a) Thereis achange in antennas, transmission lines, and/or appurtenances (quantity, size, location, or type) b) There is a change in operational requirements (twist and sway) ©) There is a need to increase wind or ice loading To perform the analysis, the following data is required: a) Member sizes, dimensions, and connections b) Material properties ©) Existing and proposed loading; antennas (size, elevation, and azimuth), transmission lines, and appurtenances Data may be obtained from the following sources: a) Previous stress and rigidity analysis (structure and foundation) b) Structural and detail drawings (design and as-built) ©) Specifications 4) Construction records €) Field investigation 101PVF SSCS SCT ST TS SSS TOTO T OTST TTT ET TSTTSTTTTSTUSUTTUTUUUUUUUUEE (LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) 102 24 TIAEIAANNEX G: SI CONVERSION FACTORS, TIAIEIA-222-F Conversions commonly required using EIA/TIA~222 for the International System of Units [SY] To Convert From To Multiply By inches (in) millimeters (mm) 25.40 feet (ft) meters (m) 0.3048 square feet (2) square meters (m?) 0.0929 cubic feet (ft3) cubic meters (m3) 0.0283, pounds {force] (Ib) newtons (N) 4.4482 pounds per cubic feet kilonewtons per cubic meter [weight] (pef) (N/m3) 0.1571 pounds per square foot (Ib/ft) pascals (Pa) 47.88 kips per square inch (ksi) megapascals (MPa) 6.8948 miles per hour (mifh) meters per second (m/s) 103 0.4470BUTTS TUTTUUUUUUU UU UUU REL U RRR U LER UR EEEUEEEEEE EER UEES (LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) 104 TAEIA-2TIAIEIA-222-F ANNEX H: COMMENTARY ON ICE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES 1 INTRODUCTION The meteorological phenomenon of ice accumulation is very difficult to predict with certainty. For tower and pole structures, ice accumulation can be one of the predominant applied loads. The first task in developing ice design criteria is to determine if the proposed or existing site is susceptible to icing. If the site has a history of ice accumulation, the frequency, thickness, type and duration of icing must be determined. Potential sources of this information include the National Weather Service (NWS), local weather agencies, owners of existing towers at the same site or nearby sites, local landowners, and consulting meteorologists. Judgment must be exercised to determine if reported icing events are frequent or rare occurrences. Likewise, in some geographical areas, seasonal high winds and icing occur simultaneously. For these situations, simultaneous application of maximum wind and ice loadings may be required. The effect of icing on a tower generally relates directly to the type and size of tower and to the type and thickness of icing. For example, a 1/2-inch radial ice accumnilation will have more impact on a short tower with small members than a tall tower with larger members. Very tall towers may experience large thicknesses of in-cloud icing over portions of the mast. Solid or clear glaze ice has a higher density than that of rime ice or hoarfrost. Consequently, the effects of increased dead weight from ice accumulation will vary depending on the type of ice. Large accumulations of radial ice can dramatically increase the projected wind area of tower members and antennas. (HetelOrntsl) ALMIRANTE. SIMPSON WF 65 1052 TYPES OF ICING @ @) ‘There are several types of icing which can accumulate on communication structures. It is important to understand where and how they form. 21 Hoarfrost Hoarfrost is a fluffy or feathery deposit of interlocking ice crystals formed on objects, usually those of small diameter freely exposed to the air, such as tree branches, wires, etc. The deposition of hoarfrost is similar to the process by which dew is formed, except that the temperature of the frosted object must be below freezing. It forms when air, with a dew point below freezing, is brought to saturation by cooling. Hoarfrost has densities less than 19 Ib/f [3 kN/m?} 22 Rime Ice Rime ice is a white or milky granular deposit of ice formed by the rapid freezing of supercooled water drops as they impinge upon an exposed object. It is denser and harder than hoarfrost, but lighter, softer, and less transparent than glaze. Rime is composed essentially of discrete ice granules and has densities ranging from 56 to 19 Ib/f3 [9 to 3 kN/m3]. Rime is often described as soft or hard. Soft rime is a white, opaque coating of fine rime deposited especially on points and edges of objects. It is usually formed in supercooled fog. On the windward side, soft rime may grow to very thick layers, long feathery cones, or needles pointing into the wind and having a structure similar to hoarfrost. Hard rime is an opaque, granular mass of rime formed by a dense supercooled fog. Hard rime is compact and amorphous and may build out into the wind as glazed cones or feathers. The icing of ships and shoreline structures by supercooled spray usually has the characteristics of hard rime. 23 Glaze Ice Glaze ice is a coating of ice, generally clear and smooth, but usually containing some air pockets. Itis formed on exposed objects by the freezing of a film of supercooled water, usually deposited by rain or drizzle. Glaze is denser, harder, and more transparent than either rime or hoarfrost. Its density may be as high as 561b/ft? [9 kN/m}}. (1) Atmospheric Icing on Structures. Boyd & Williams. (2) Draft Guidelines for Transmission Line Structural Loadings. ASCE. (3) Tatelman, P., and Gringonten, LL, “Estimated Glaze Ice and Wind Loads at the Earth's surface for the Contiguous United States”, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Bedford, Massachusetts, 1973. 106 mamancncaceceaaananaARARARAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAARAAAAAERESDPV F SST SSOTSSSTTTHTTTSTSSTSSTSTSSSSSSTESTESTVSVTCCTTTTTTTELS CONDITIONS OF ICE FORMATION The type of ice formed is determined by combinations of air temperature, wind speed, drop size, and liquid water content or rainfall intensity. The icing problem, therefore, can be classified either by the meteorological conditions that produce the formation of ice or by the type of ice that is formed. 31 32 Precipitation Icing This is the most common icing mechanism and can occur in any area subject to freezing rain or drizzle. The ice is formed when warm, moist air is forced over a sub-freezing, denser layer of air at the ground surface. As the warm air rises and condenses, rain falls through the colder air and freezes on objects near the ground. This frozen deposit isa clear glaze type of ice, Since this kind of weather is caused by frontal activity, it usually doesn’t last more than a day or two. Because it is necessary for excess water to be present for glaze to form on exposed surfaces, often the excess water may freeze into icicles or other distended shapes. In actual practice, glaze ice can be seen to form on cables and guys in a variety of shapes ranging from the classical smooth cylindrical sheath, through crescents on the windward side and icicles hanging on the underside to large irregular Protuberances spaced along the cable. In most cases, glaze ice develops on structures as a fairly smooth layer on the windward surfaces with icicles forming below horizontal members. ‘The shape of the glaze is apparently dependent on a combination of factors, such as wind speed, variations in wind speed, the angle of the wind, the turbulence of the flow, variations in air temperature and duration of the storm. Since most of these factors vary from storm to storm, and even during the storm, a cylindrical shape of equivalent weight is assumed for design purposes. In-Cloud Icing, This type of icing condition is caused by the impingement of super-cooled water droplets of a cloud on the structure or cable. This is rime ice. It can occur in mountainous areas where clouds exist above the freezing level or in a super-cooled fog. at lower elevations produced by a stable air mass with a strong temperature inversion. These conditions can last for days or weeks. ‘The total amount of in-cloud ice deposited is dependent on wind speed. Since wind speed increases with height above ground, larger amounts of ice will occur towards the top of taller towers and on the cables that support or are mounted on taller towers. 107FUFTEECEETCTESTECSETETSTTSS (LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) 108 Haela-2SPCOSSCHSSIFESCHHIFIDIVDTSTTTCSCTCSOSCSSETCSETES ANNEX I: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR TOWERS A soil investigation by a geotechnical engineering firm is recommended for each tower site to determine its unique soil and physical characteristics, and to provide data to develop safe design parameters, economical foundation alternatives, and installation procedures. To ensure that the report furnishes useful information to the foundation designer, the geotechnical firm should be provided with the following information: a A plot plan and site location map with tower, equipment building and other site improvements located. ‘Tower base vertical reaction and shear and anchor vertical and horizontal reactions for guyed towers; or maximum compression and tension (uplift) reactions with shear for self-supporting towers. Any special conditions or requirements of the specifications. ‘The minimum depth of borings for guyed tower bases should be 15-20 ft; for guyed tower anchors 10-15 ft; for self-supporting towers, boring depth will vary depending upon the type of foundation being considered. The magnitude of the structure reactions, site and soil conditions may require altering the boring depth requirements. ‘The geotechnical report should provide the following information at mininiumi: a Boring logs. 1. Date, sampling methods, and number and type of samples. Description of the soil strata according to the Unified Soil Classification System. Depths at which strata changes occur referenced to a site datum. Standard Penetration Test blow counts. Soil densities. Oo A Elevation of free water encountered and its level after 24 hours, and recommended ground water elevation to be considered for design. 7. Maximum and average depth of frost penetration. Other soil characteristics or properties which may be required because of local conditions. (Refer to Annex J for corrosion control options for guy anchors in direct contact with soil.) A description of alternative foundation methods with recommendations for ultimate values for Passive pressure, bearing pressure and skin friction, the angle of internal friction and other applicable soil properties and appropriate safety factors. 109SSETSESESUVESSES SSESSPVPVSVSSSSS SH SSSVTVVVVVV VT VT V TTT 10 (LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) havea,TIARA: ANNEX J: CORROSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR GUY ANCHORS IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH SOIL 1 INTRODUCTION Many guy anchors in direct contact with soil, designed in accordance with EIA/TIA Standards, have performed well without detrimental corrosion. However, depending on the required design life of the structure and on site-specific conditions, corrosion control measures, in addition to hot-dip galvanizing, may be required to prevent the premature deterioration of these types of anchors. Hot-dip galvanized materials have been proven to be very effective in resisting corrosion when in direct contact with soil. In a 10-year study involving 45 types of soils performed by the National Bureau of Standards, only one sample had some penetration of the base steel. A 13-year test in cinders ( one of the most corrosive subgrade environments), indicated that corrosion was effectively Teduced, even though the zinc coating was destroyed within the first two years. One theory for this behavior is that the alloy layer between the zinc and steel surface, formed during the hot-dip galvanizing process, results in a major source of protection. Also, in some soils, a protective layer of a zinc compound forms during the corrosion process, slowing the rate of corrosion. Despite the protective nature of hot-dip galvanized materials, there have been reports of unacceptable anchor corrosion occurring within 10 years after installation. Anchor inspections are imperative to determine if accelerated corrosion is occurring at a given site. Corrosion activity may vary widely across a site. Anchor corrosion could occur at one or more of the anchors at a site and could occur at any depth along a given anchor. Some of the site conditions which may result in accelerated corrosion are briefly described in this annex. Under these conditions, additional corrosion control measures should be considered. This annex is not intended to be a treatise on the subject of anchor corrosion but is provided to help owners become aware of the potential anchor corrosion problems and the importance of anchor inspections, and to encourage owners to pursue further information from appropriate specialists for both new and existing construction. A corrosion specialist may recommend methods to curtail or monitor corrosion discovered at existing sites or present options to consider for proposed sites. 2 TYPES OF CORROSION 2.1 Galvanic Corrosion Galvanic anchor corrosion occurs in soil when a self-generated current exists due to the Connection of dissimilar metals or due to non-uniform conditions existing along the surface of an anchor. When a dissimilar metal is electrically connected to an anchor, a difference in potential exists between the two materials. If the dissimilar metal is also in contact with a low resistivity soil, a complete circuit will exist. Current will flow from one metal to the other due to the electrical connection and return through the soil completing the circuit. This naturally occurring phenomenon is why current is obtained from a battery when its terminals are electrically connected Dissimilar metals behave in this manner because of the difference in potential each metal inherently has, Metals may be listed in order of their potential. Such a list is called a galvanic series, A galvanic series of commonly used metals and alloys is given in Table J1 When a complete circuit exists, corrosion occurs on the metal listed higher in the galvanic series. This is the location where current exits and travels through the soil towards the metal ul3 listed lower on the galvanic series. For example, if a large copper ground system in a conductive soil is directly or indirectly (through guys) electrically connected 10 a steel anchor, corrosion will occur on the anchor since steel is listed higher on the galvanic series than copper. ‘The rate of corrosion will depend largely on the oconductivity of the soil and the relative locations of the metals in the galvanic series. The hi; gher the soil conductivity, and the further apart the metals are in the galvanic series, the faaster the corrosion. Many other factors beyond the scope of this commentary could inflysence the rate of corrosion and result in accelerated anchor corrosion. Galvanic corrosion may also occur at various rates without the presence ofa dissimilar metal when conditions along the surface of the anchor a-re not uniform. This situation may exist when the base of the anchor is embedded in comerete. The moist concrete, being much different than the soil surrounding the exposed posrtion of the anchor, will have a different potential. If the surrounding soil conductivity is h-igh, accelerated corrosion of the anchor may occur. Backfill conditions with non-uniforsm composition, compaction, moisture content, porosity, etc., may result in similar locaslized differences in potential along the anchor. 2.2 Electrolytic Corrosion Electrolytic corrosion is very similar to galvanic ecerrosion. The difference being the current responsible for electrolytic corrosion is from an outside source as opposed to a self-generated current which is responsible for galvanic corrosion. Outside sources of current which may result in electrolytic corrosion include electric rail transit systems, mining operations, welding activities, machinery, or the corrosion control systems for pipelines or nearby structures. For electrolytic corrosion to occur, the surroundirsg soil must be conductive and a current from an outside source must enter and exit an arichor on its path to a location of lower potential. At the point of entry, the anchor is generally unaffected. At the point of exit, as with galvanic corrosion, accelerated corrosion ma Y occur. CORROSION POTENTIAL OF SOIL ‘The corrosion potential at a given site is a function of marsy variables. Fortunately, one of the most important variables, the conductivity of soil, may be detexmined by a geotechnical investigation. 3.1 Soil Conductivity ‘The conductivity of a soil is usually determined by measuring resistivity. Resistivity is most often measured in units of ohm-centimeter (ohm-

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