Distance protection setting

PETRI
KORNL

Polygon characteristics

PETRI
KORNL

Role of the poygon characteristics

Operation, if impedance is inside,
Fault impedances inside,
Healthy impedances outside.

PETRI
KORNL

OP time distance characteristics

Role : co-ordination with other protections

Aim: selective operation
PETRI
KORNL

Data for the example

Data:
120 kV line,
length:

40 km

per unit pos. seq. X: 0.200 /km

per unit pos. seq. R: 0.056 /km
per unit zero seq. X : 0.859 /km
per unit zero seq. R: 0.211 /km
VT:
CT:

120 kV/0.1 kV
600 A / 5 A
PETRI
KORNL

Constants for Protecta Dist Prot.

In

Ci

Un

Cu

1A

100 V

5A

1/5

200 V

PETRI
KORNL

First zone protection

Aim: protection of the line without time delay
Setting: May not operate at line-end fault

ZV
Z
(1 + )
I

ZI
ZV

Setting for the first zone,

Pos seq. Imp. of the line,
Security factor = 0.15.

No time delay
PETRI
KORNL

Data for the polygon characteristics

X1:
R1:
:
:
.

reaktance setting
resistance setting,
angle in negative X range,
angle in negative R range,
PETRI
KORNL

X1 setting
Reactance, proportional to the distance
According to the setting equation:

XV
X
(1 + )
I

PETRI
KORNL

Example
Setting calculation:
Ci=1/5 (In=5 A) and Cu=1 (Un=100 V) :
Primary reactance:
Xprimary=length * x / (1+) = 40km * 0.200 /km / (1+0.15)
= 6.96
Secondary reactance
Xsec. = ai/au*Xprimary = (600/5) / (120/0.1) * 6.96
= 0.696 = 696 m
Setting X1 =Xszekunder/ [10*Cu*Ci]
= 696 m /[10*1*1/5] = 348 m
PETRI
KORNL

R1 setting
End of the zone in R direction:
Increases R:
pos. seq. R of the line,
fault R,
R of the earthing,
inaccuracies;
Decreases R
R measured in normal operation,
R of healthy loops.
PETRI
KORNL

Resistance at fault location

Warrington

Rv
Example

[ ]

28700 * d [m ]
=
I [ A]1.4

d=1m
I = 500 A
d=1m
I = 1000 A

R = 4.78
R = 1.81
PETRI
KORNL

Setting of angle
Increase
Limit: R axis (0 deg.)
Distortion of remote infeed
Rotation of voltage memory
Inaccuracies
Algorithm
Measuring transformer
Decrease
measurement in healthy loops
SEE VEKTOR PROGRAM!
(e.g. PhN, high power transmission
or backwards fault BC in loop AB)
PETRI
KORNL

Setting of
Increase :
Limit Z of the line
Rotation of voltage memory
Inaccuracies
Algorithm
Measuring transformer
Decrease :
measurement inhealthy loops
SEE VEKTOR PROGRAM!
(E.g. BC fault AB loop,
or backwards BC fault AB loop)
PETRI
KORNL

Setting of Z2 zone (1)

Should protect the whole length of the line
(base protection)

ZV
Z
(1 )
II

Where
ZII
Setting of Z2 zone
ZV
Pos.seq. imp of the line,

security factor = 0.15.

Time delay,one time step.
PETRI
KORNL

Setting of Z2 zone (2)

Co-ordination

ZK
ZV + (1 )
I
ZV + (1 )Z K
1+ )
(
II
=
Z
(1 + )
(1 + )
where
ZII
ZV

ZIK
ZK
.

setting of Z2 zone,
Pos seq. imp. of the line,
security factor,
first zone setting of the next line
Pos seq. imp. of the next line,
PETRI
KORNL

Setting of Z2 zone (3)

Transformer on the next busbar van,
Second zone setting may not overreach the transformer
ZV + Z TR
Z
(1 + )
II

ZII second zone setting

ZTR impedance of the transformer
ZV Pos seq. imp. of the line,

security factor .

PETRI
KORNL

Setting of Z2 zone, as overreaching

Operation without time delay for fault on the next line
Z

TLFEDO

ZV

(1 )

- overreach in case of PhN fault

- overreach in case of all kinds of fault
Co-operation with reclosing automatics

PETRI
KORNL

Setting of Z3 zone
Zone Z2 is fitted to the protection of the shortest
outgoing line
Zone Z3 should be longer, than the longest
outgoing line
Time delay is an additional time step.

PETRI
KORNL

Setting of reverse zone(s)

Directionality is a parameter (for zones 4. and 5.t)

Information to communication
Busbar backup protection

PETRI
KORNL

Protection in case of T junction

IZ
IV

Za
Zb
IV + IZ

U I v Z a + (I v + I z ' )Z b
Iv + I z'
= Za +
Z= =
Zb
Iv
Iv
Iv
Zone is shorter
PETRI
KORNL

Distortion in case of double line

Because of zero sequence coupling, the zero sequence
currentparallel line can cause additional voltage drop
The sign depends on state of operation
Z _ min
Setting the first zone:
I
Z
(1 + )
Setting the second zone:

Z
II

Z _ max

(1 )
PETRI
KORNL

Setting Io factor
Ro
1 0.211 1
Ro R1 R1
R =
=
= 0.056
= 0.923
3R1
3
3
Xo
1 0.859 1
Lo L1 X o X 1 X 1
= 0.200
L =
=
=
= 1.098
3L1
3X1
3
3

Io factor

100 %

PETRI
KORNL

Zero sequence current

Selection of measuring equation
3Io>

Io>alaprz.

K.I fk

I fk=| Ia |+| Ib |+| Ic |

PETRI
KORNL

Example

SEEA VEKTOR PROGRAM!

PETRI
KORNL

Zero sequence current setting

Io base setting
smaller than minimum zero sequence fault current
above maximum error current.
5-30 % In
Io restraint
to compensate increasing errors
10-50 % In

PETRI
KORNL

Backup protection and

additional protective functions

Backup overcurent protection

Backup zero sequence OC protection
Over/undervoltage protection

PETRI
KORNL

Setting of I> backup protection (Ibe)

Operation in case of minimal fault current
I Be

I Z min
(1 + )

Stability in case of maximal operational current

I Be

I uzemi. max
(1 )

Stability in case of healthy phase current

I Be

I epf . max

(1 )
PETRI
KORNL

Zero sequence backup OC.

protection
Settings:
Seeting current of Io2>
Operation in case of minimal Io fault current
I o 2 Be

3I 0 min
(1 + )

- Stability in case of single phase open

I Be

3I 0Suzemi . max
(1 )

Time delay of Io2>

PETRI
KORNL

Voltage protection

Settings
U<> setting value
U<> time delay
U<> kind
0:
overvoltage function,
1:
undervoltage function.

PETRI
KORNL

Automatic reclosing

PETRI
KORNL

Breaker failure protection

After OFF command the current must go back to zero.

After a long time delay another OFF command to all CB-s.
Setting:
Breaker failure prot. Time delay

PETRI
KORNL

Switch onto fault protection

After ON command, faults within 5 s:

Definitve trip
In case of U=0 no directionality.

PETRI
KORNL

Communication between distance

protections
Aim: no time delay on the whole length of
the line.
Possibility: data communication with the
remote end protection:

commands,

permission, or

inhibition.
PETRI
KORNL

Modes of operation (1)

( MSZ IEC 50 (448): 1997 ):
In case of selective setting
Intertripping underreach protection (IUP)
Accelerated underreach protection (AUP),
Permissive Underreach Protection (PUP);

In case of overreaching setting:

Permissive Overreach Protection (POP),
Blocking Overrach Protection (BOP),
Unblocking Overreach Protection (UOP),
PETRI
KORNL

Modes of operation (2)

Jellsek:
SEND
RECEIVE
Z1 Z3
T2 T3
OFF
+
*
!

Signal sent
Signal received
Zonse of distance protection
Zone timer over
CB OFF command .
OR gate
AND gate
Negate

PETRI
KORNL

Intertripping underreach protection

(IUP(1)
Hungarian:
Szelektv karakterisztika tvkioldssal
kzvetlen tvkiolds,
felttel nlkli tvkiolds.
English:
Intertripping underreach protection (IUP),
Direct Transfer Trip (DTT).
German:
Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und
unmittelbarer Fernauslsung,
direkte Fernauslsung,
Mitnahmeschaltung ohne Bedingung.
PETRI
KORNL

Intertripping underreach protection

(2)
Mode of operation:
First zone of distance protection has a selective setting.
In case of first zone starting, signal is sent to the remote
end
When signal is received, CB trip command issued

PETRI
KORNL

Intertripping underreach protection

(3)

SEND = Z1
OFF = Z1 + RECEIVE + (Z2*T2) + (Z3*T3)
OFF command,
if starting in first zone ,
OR command for remote end,
OR second zone starting AND time over,
OR third zone starting AND time over

PETRI
KORNL

Accelerated underreach protection

(AUP(1)
Hungarian:
vdelmi szinkronozs
English:
Accelerated underreach protection (AUP),
Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip (PUTT).
German:
Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite
und Staffelzeitverkrzung

PETRI
KORNL

Accelerated underreach protection

(2)
Mode of operation:
First zone of distance protection has a selective setting..
In case of first zone starting, signal is sent to the remote end
When signal received, no time delay in second zone

SEND = Z1+Z2
OFF = Z1 + Z2*(RECEIVE+T2) + Z3*T3
PETRI
KORNL

Additional ECHO logic

IF CB in remote end is open,

no fault recognition.
In this case received signal is echoed:
SEND= Z1 + Z2 +(Received * Open)

PETRI
KORNL

Permissive Underreach Protection

(1)
Hungarian:
vdelmi szinkronozs,
szelektv rendszer feltteles tvkioldssal
English:
Permissive Underreach Protection (PUP),
Permissive Underreaching Transfer Tripping (PUTT)
German:
Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und Freigabe,
indirekte Fernauslsung,
unterreichende bedingte Fernauslsung
PETRI
KORNL

Permissive Underreach Protection

(2)
Mode of operation:
First zone of distance protection has a selective setting..
In case of first zone starting, signal is sent to the remote end
If signal is received, trip, if an other permission is fulfilled
(If this permission is the starting in second zone,then equivalent to
Accelerated underreach protection .)

SEND = Z1
OFF= Z1 + Z2*(RECEIVE+T2) + Z3*T3
PETRI
KORNL

Permissive Overreach Protection

(1)

English:
Permissive Overreach Protection (POP),
Permissive Overreaching Transfer Tripping (POTT)
German:
Selektivschutz mit berreichweite und Freigabe,
Richtungsvergleich mit Freigabesignal,
berreichende bedingte Fernauslsung

PETRI
KORNL

Permissive Overreach Protection

(2)
The first delayed zone is in overreaching setting.
If overreaching zone is started signal is sent to the remote end
If signal is received, and first zone has stared,
trip command without time delay
(First zone needs a permission).
SEND = Z2
OFF= Z2*(RECEIVE + T2) + Z3*T3

PETRI
KORNL

Blocking Overrach Protection ((1)

Hungarian
Tlfedses vdelem reteszelssel
English:
Blocking Overrach Protection (BOP),
Overreaching Blocking System (BLOCK OR),
Blocking System
German:
Selektivschutz mit berreichweite und Sperrung,
Blockiersystem (Richtungsvergleich mit Blockiersignal)
(berreichendes System mit Sperrsignal)

PETRI
KORNL

Blocking Overrach Protection

(2)
The first delayed (short delay) zone is in overreaching setting.
If reverse zone of distance protection is staring,
sends a signal to the remote end
First zone trips only, if started, and within short time delay
no signal from the remote end
SEND = Z4
OFF = Z2*( ! RECEIVE * T2) + Z3*T3

PETRI
KORNL

Unblocking Overreach Protection

(1)

Hungarian
Tlfedses vdelem reteszfeloldssal
English:
Unblocking Overreach Protection (UOP),
German:
Selectivschutz mit berreichweite und
Unblockverfahren

PETRI
KORNL

Unblocking Overreach Protection (2)

Second zone is in overreaching mode,
but continuous INHIBIT signal to the remote end,
When the overreaching zone starts, withdraws inhibition,
and sends PERMIT.
Overreaching Z2 trips only,
if started, receives no INHIBIT
and receives PERMIT
IF NO PERMIT after INHIBIT disappears,
after T2 no inhibition any more

PETRI
KORNL

Unblocking Overreach Protection (3)

SEND = Z2
OFF = Z1+
Z2*(PERMIT *! INHIBIT+
(T2) *! INHIBIT*!PERMIT )) +
Z3*T3

PETRI
KORNL