Environmental Principles and Concepts [environment and trade]

Presents a discussion of environmental principles and concepts. In addition to defining and

explaining the main environmental principles and concepts, this paper makes preliminary observations as to
their relevance in the trade and environment context. International environmental law has developed more
unevenly through a number of international agreements and treaties, and there is no single institution which
administers this law. Environmental principles and concepts vary widely in their degree of acceptance and
most are still evolving. Principles have emerged which have been qualified as soft law, as they are not
legally binding and their judicial value still remains uncertain. Indeed, many of the principles and concepts
referred to in this paper, such as "the user pays principle", "risk management" or "life-cycle assessment" are
rather economic or scientific principles or concepts which have been used or referred to in international
agreements, but have no independant legal status.

EP&Cs and the corresponding concepts:

1. Principle I - People Depend on Natural Systems
People Depend on Natural Systems
The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies
depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services.
Concept A. The goods produced by natural systems are essential to human life and to the
functioning of our economies and cultures.
Concept B. The ecosystem services provided by natural systems are essential to human life and to
the functioning of our economies and cultures.
Concept C. That the quality, quantity, and reliability of the goods and ecosystem services provided
by natural systems are directly affected by the health of those systems.
2. Principle II - People Influence Natural Systems
People Influence Natural Systems
The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are
influenced by their relationships with human societies.
Concept A. Direct and indirect changes to natural systems due to the growth of human populations
and their consumption rates influence the geographic extent, composition, biological diversity, and
viability of natural systems.
Concept B. Methods used to extract, harvest, transport, and consume natural resources influence the
geographic extent, composition, biological diversity, and viability of natural systems.
Concept C. The expansion and operation of human communities influences the geographic extent,
composition, biological diversity, and viability of natural systems.
Concept D. The legal, economic, and political systems that govern the use and management of
natural systems directly influence the geographic extent, composition, biological diversity, and
viability of natural systems.
3. Principle III - Natural Systems Change in Ways that People Benefit from and can Influence
Natural Systems Change in Ways that People Benefit from and can Influence
Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter.
Concept A. Natural systems proceed through cycles and processes that are required for their
functioning.
Concept B. Human practices depend upon and benefit from the cycles and processes that operate
within natural systems.
Concept C. Human practices can alter the cycles and processes that operate within natural systems.

4. Principle IV - There are no Permanent or Impermeable Boundaries that Prevent Matter from
Flowing Between Systems
There are no Permanent or Impermeable Boundaries that Prevent Matter from Flowing
Between Systems
The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term
functioning of both.
Concept A. The effects of human activities on natural systems are directly related to the quantities of
resources consumed and to the quantity and characteristics of the resulting byproducts.
Concept B. The byproducts of human activity are not readily prevented from entering natural systems
and may be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental in their effect.
Concept C. The capacity of natural systems to adjust to human-caused alterations depends on the
nature of the system as well as the scope, scale, and duration of the activity and the nature of its
byproducts.
5. Principle V - Decisions Affecting Resources and Natural Systems are Complex and Involve Many
Factors
Decisions Affecting Resources and Natural Systems are Complex and Involve Many Factors
Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of considerations and
decision-making processes.
Concept A. The spectrum of what is considered in making decisions about resources and natural
systems and how those factors influence decisions.
Concept B. The process of making decisions about resources and natural systems, and how the
assessment of social, economic, political, and environmental factors has changed over time.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
What is Environmental Law?
Environmental Law is a complex combination of state, federal, and international treaty law
pertaining to issues of concern to the environment and protecting natural resources. For example,
environmental laws often relate to issues such as pollution of soil, air, or water; global warming; and
depletion of oil, coal, and clean water.
- or "environmental and natural resources law" is a collective term describing the network
of treaties, statutes, regulations, and common and customary laws addressing the effects of human activity
on the natural environment.
Administration of Environmental Regulations
In the United States, the chief government agency for administering environmental regulations is the
Environmental Protection Agency. Additionally, many states have their own environmental enforcement
agencies. In both cases, these bodies administer the laws designed to protect both human health and the
natural environment. They usually have the capacity to pass regulations on environmental issues and to
enforce those regulations through the imposition of fines, legal action, or even the institution of criminal
proceedings.
Pollution Control and Remediation

Generally, environmental law is broken into two categories: pollution control and remediation on the
one hand, and conservation of natural resources on the other. The source of authority for these laws derives
from many sources, and is heavily influenced by international treaties. Many of these treaties pertain to
matters like reducing greenhouse gas emissions, prohibiting the hunting or fishing of endangered species, or
even banning the testing of environmentally destructive weapons, such as atomic bombs.
Violations of Environmental Law
Usually, violations of environmental laws are handled in a civil manner, with the imposition of fines
and civil damages to injured parties. But an emerging trend is spreading through the field of environmental
law in favor of the enactment of state laws criminalizing environmentally destructive behavior. This has led
to prison time for those who violate property use laws in protected environments (such as building a home
on protected wetlands) and business executives who allow their companies to pollute.
Other Areas That Affect Environmental Law
Environmental laws also have relevance to product design in the form of emissions control,
environmentally friendly materials, and energy-efficient electronic devices. They have relation to tax laws in
the form of incentives for activities intended to benefit the environment, like fuel efficient vehicles and the
installation of solar panels. They affect housing codes in the form of requirements for insulation, heat
transfer through windows, and non-polluting construction materials. In other words, environmental laws are
all around us and affect nearly every aspect of our daily lives in one way or another.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT BEST PRACTICES

4 Best Green Practices in the Philippines
1. Implementing laws and ordinances for the environment.
In the recent years, the national government has enacted laws to
address the decline of the environment. For air and water protection,
there is the Clean Air Act of 1999 and the Philippine Water Act of
2004. To improve the way people dispose their waste, the Philippine
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 was put into place.
Meanwhile, the RA 9729 or Climate Act of 2009 was enacted to
create solutions to help mitigate the harmful effects of climate
change.
Aside from these regulations, LGUs are also pushing for sustainable solutions in their localities.
Many areas in Metro Manila have already banned or reduced the use of plastic bags and other materials
made of plastic. Food establishments, grocery stores and supermarkets, and retail establishments use paper
bags instead, which significantly minimizes the use of plastic.

2. Having an efficient waste management system.

Solid waste is one of the worsening problems that continue to
plague Metro Manila. Studies conducted by the National Solid
Waste Management Commission Secretariat estimated that
the waste produced daily in Metro Manila by a single person
is 0.5 kilogram. Multiply that with around 10.5 million
individuals living in the metropolis, and the total waste
generated daily reaches up to 4,762,720 kilograms per day.
To alleviate this concern, many cities have come up with
a proper waste management system. In local barangays, they put up a materials recovery facility (MRF)
where collected garbage are sorted properly into organic waste, non-biodegradable, biodegradable, and
residual trash. Residents are also encouraged to practice the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle), to carry out
proper waste segregation, and to participate in cleaning drives and other related cleanup activities.

3. Creating sustainable public transportation system.

Vehicles are the biggest source of pollution in
Metro Manila, as reported in an article in ABS-CBN news.
According to the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR), 80% of air pollution is caused by
mobile sources (i.e. transportation/motor vehicles). The
remaining 20% come from stationary sources including
factories, industrial establishments, and road dusts to name
a few.
The national government, LGUs, and private
organizations have already started acting on the problem through different initiatives (i.e. law ordinances,
campaigns). One of the most popular is the creation of eco-friendly public transportation that will replace
old and clunky jeepneys and buses. Some green public transport systems that are in place in select cities
include e-jeepneys, e-shuttles, and e-tricycles.

4. Devoting more areas for green public space.

Many new developments in Metro Manila are

allocating more public space for their residents. Property
developers have expanded their amenities to add more
exotic ones including resort-like swimming pool areas,
football fields, emergency clinics, place of worship, and
even learning centers.
Although going to malls remains a popular activity
for Filipinos, many are also now choosing to explore the

different and improved public spaces available around Metro Manila including parks and mixed-use
developments.

THREATS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN

WELL BEING

What is Environmental Degradation?

Environmental degradation is the disintegration of the earth or deterioration of the environment
through consumption of assets, for example, air, water and soil; the destruction of environments and the
eradication of wildlife. It is characterized as any change or aggravation to natures turf seen to be pernicious
or undesirable. Ecological effect or degradation is created by the consolidation of an effectively substantial
and expanding human populace, constantly expanding monetary development or per capita fortune and the
application of asset exhausting and polluting technology. It occurs when earths natural resources are
depleted and environment is compromised in the form of extinction of species, pollution in air, water and
soil, and rapid growth in population.
Environmental degradation is one of the largest threats that are being looked at in the world today.
The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction characterizes environmental degradation
as the lessening of the limit of the earth to meet social and environmental destinations, and needs.
Environmental degradation can happen in a number of ways. At the point when environments are wrecked
or common assets are exhausted, the environment is considered to be corrupted and harmed. There are a

number of different techniques that are being used to prevent this, including environmental resource
protection and general protection efforts.
Environmental issues can be seen by long
term ecological effects, some of which can demolish
whole environments. An environment is a unique
unit and incorporates all the living and non-living
components that live inside it. Plants and creatures
are evident parts of the environment, but it also
includes the things on which they depend on, for
example, streams, lakes, and soils.
Environmental surroundings get to be divided
when technological advancement splits up areas of
land. Some examples of this can include streets
which may slice through woods or even trails which
wind through prairies. While it may not sound all terrible on the surface, there are bad results. The biggest of
these results are felt by particular animal and plant groups, the vast majority of which are specific for their
bio-region or need a large area in order to make sure that their genetic lines are kept intact.
Causes of Environmental Degradation
Some environmental life species require substantial areas to help provide food, living space, and
other different assets. These creatures are called area specific. At the point when the biome is divided, the
vast patches of living space dont exist anymore. It gets to be more troublesome for the wildlife to get the
assets they need in order to survive. The environment goes on, even though the animals and plant life are not
there to help sustain it properly.
1. Land Disturbance: A more basic cause of environmental degradation is land damage. Numerous weedy
plant species, for example, garlic mustard, are both foreign and obtrusive. A rupture in
the environmental surroundings provides for them a chance to start growing and spreading. These plants can
assume control over nature, eliminating the local greenery. The result is territory with a solitary predominant
plant which doesnt give satisfactory food assets to all the environmental life. Whole environments can be
destroyed because of these invasive species.
2. Pollution: Pollution, in whatever form, whether it is air, water, land or noise is harmful for the
environment. Air pollution pollutes the air that we breathe which causes health issues. Water pollution
degrades the quality of water that we use for drinking purposes. Land pollution results in degradation of
earths surface as a result of human activities. Noise pollution can cause irreparable damage to our ears when
exposed to continuous large sounds like honking of vehicles on a busy road or machines producing large
noise in a factory or a mill.
3. Overpopulation: Rapid population growth puts strain on natural resources which results in degradation
of our environment. Mortality rate has gone down due to better medical facilities which has resulted in
increased lifespan. More population simple means more demand for food, clothes and shelter. You need
more space to grow food and provide homes to millions of people. This results in deforestation which is
another factor of environmental degradation.
4. Landfills: Landfills pollute the environment and destroy the beauty of the city. Landfills come within the
city due the large amount of waste that gets generated by households, industries, factories and

hospitals. Landfills pose a great risk to the health of the environment and the people who live there.
Landfills produce foul smell when burned and cause huge environmental degradation.
5. Deforestation: Deforestation is the cutting down of trees to make way for more homes and industries.
Rapid growth in population and urban sprawl are two of the major causes of deforestation. Apart from that,
use of forest land for agriculture, animal grazing, harvest for fuel wood and logging are some of the other
causes of deforestation. Deforestation contributes to global warming as decreased forest size puts carbon
back into the environment.
6: Natural Causes: Things like avalanches, quakes, tidal waves, storms, and wildfires can totally crush
nearby animal and plant groups to the point where they can no longer survive in those areas. This can either
come to fruition through physical demolition as the result of a specific disaster, or by the long term
degradation of assets by the presentation of an obtrusive foreign species to the environment. The latter
frequently happens after tidal waves, when reptiles and bugs are washed ashore.
Of course, humans arent totally to blame for this whole thing. Earth itself causes ecological issues,
as well. While environmental degradation is most normally connected with the things that people do, the
truth of the matter is that the environment is always changing. With or without the effect of human exercises,
a few biological systems degrade to the point where they cant help the life that is supposed to live there.
Effects of Environmental Degradation
1. Impact on Human Health: Human health might be at the receiving end as a result of the environmental
degradation. Areas exposed to toxic air pollutants can cause respiratory problems like pneumonia and
asthma. Millions of people are known to have died of due to indirect effects of air pollution.
2. Loss of Biodiversity: Biodiversity is important for maintaining balance of the ecosystem in the form of
combating pollution, restoring nutrients, protecting water sources and stabilizing climate. Deforestation,
global warming, overpopulation and pollution are few of the major causes for loss of biodiversity.
3. Ozone Layer Depletion: Ozone layer is responsible for protecting earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.
The presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere is causing the ozone
layer to deplete. As it will deplete, it will emit harmful radiations back to the earth.
4. Loss for Tourism Industry: The deterioration of environment can be a huge setback for tourism industry
that rely on tourists for their daily livelihood. Environmental damage in the form of loss of green cover, loss
of biodiversity, huge landfills, increased air and water pollution can be a big turn off for most of the tourists.
5. Economic Impact: The huge cost that a country may have to borne due to environmental degradation can
have big economic impact in terms of restoration of green cover, cleaning up of landfills and protection
of endangered species. The economic impact can also be in terms of loss of tourism industry.
As you can see, there are a lot of things that can have an effect on the environment. If we are not
careful, we can contribute to the environmental degradation that is occurring all around the world. We can,
however, take action to stop it and take care of the world that we live in by providing environmental
education to the people which will help them pick familiarity with their surroundings that will enable to take
care ofenvironmental concerns thus making it more useful and protected for our children and other future
generations.