PRONOUNS

1. Personal Pronouns

1. sing
2. sing
3. sing
3. sing
3. sing

subject
forms
jeg
du
han
hun
den/det

3. sing

De

1. pl.
2. pl.
3. sing

vi
I
de

3. sing

De

persons

(I)
(you)
(he)
(she)
(it)
(you,
polite)
(we)
(you)
(they)
(you,
polite)

object
forms
mig
dig
ham
hende
den/det
Dem
os
jer
dem
Dem

(me)
(you)
(him)
(her)
(it)
(you,
polite)
(us)
(you)
(them)
(you,
polite)

Usage: The object forms are used both as direct and indirect objects.
The personal pronouns are used as in English:
jeg giver dig et ble (I give you an apple)
han ser hende (he sees her)
jeg giver det til hende (I give it to her)
Indirect object precedes the direct object:
jeg giver hende det (I give it her)
or: jeg giver det til hende (I give it to her)

2. Possessive Pronouns
min/mit/mine (my, mine)
din/dit/dine (your, yours)
hans
(his)

hendes
Deres
dens/dets
vores
jeres
deres
Deres

(her, hers)
(your, yours, polite)
(its)
(our, ours)
(your, yours)
(their, theirs)
(your, yours, polite)

Usage: All the forms are used both attributively and predicatively:
min bil er her (my car is here)
det er mit hus (it is my house)
det er mine biler/houses (they are my cars/houses)
det er min (bilen) (it is mine (the car))
det er mit (huset) (is is mine (the house))
det er mine (biler/huse) (they are mine (cars/houses))

3. Demonstrative Pronouns
written forms spoken forms
english
sing. denne/dette den her, det her
this
sing.
den/det den der, det der
that
pl.
disse
de her
these
pl. de der (over) de der (over) those (over there)
neuter
det
det
it

Usage: The written forms can also be used in speech, but in daily
speech
we normally use the spoken forms.
Note: The spoken forms consist of 2 words, which can be placed
both before the noun
or the noun can be placed between the 2 words:
denne bil er rd

(this car is red)

written form

den her bil er rd (this car is red)

den bil her er rd (this car is red)

spoken form
spoken form

dette hus er stort (this house is big)

det her hus er stort (this house is big)
det hus her er stort (this house is big)

written form
spoken form
spoken form

disse huse
de her huse
de huse her

writen form
spoken form
spoken form

(these houses)
(these houses)
(these houses)

but: de huse der over er mine (those houses over there are mine)

4. Relative Pronouns
som (who/which/that) can be both subject and object:
manden som er her (the man who is here) som/who is
the subject
manden som jeg s (the man who I saw) som/who is
the object
der (who/which/that) can only be subject:
manden der er her (the man who is here) der/who is
the subject
*manden der jeg s (the man who I saw)
the object, and the sentence is wrong

der/who is

Usage: som/der are the 2 most used pronouns in Danish and they are
used mostly as in English.
But when a preposition is used together with a relative pronoun
the preposition is placed at the end of the sentence:
manden som jeg gav bogen til (the man to whom I gave the
book)

The relative pronoun can be omitted as in English:

her er pigen, (som) jeg elsker
here is the girl (that) I love

5. Indefinite Pronouns

nogle (some) pronounced (non):

jeg har nogle venner (I have some friends)
nogen (any) pronounced (non):
har du nogen venner? (do you have any friends?)
noget (something) pronounced (nt):
han m gre noget (he must do something)
ingen, ikke nogen (no, nobody):
han har ingen venner
(he has no friends)
han har ikke nogen venner (he has no friends)
jeg kender ingen her
(I do not know anybody here)
jeg kender ikke nogen hen (I know nobody here)
intet, ikke noget (no, nothing):
der er intet at gre
(there is nothing to do)
der er ikke noget at gre (there is nothing to do)
enhver (everybody):
enhver m gre noget (everybody must do something)
alle (all (persons)):
jeg s dem alle (I saw them all)
alt (all (neuter)):
det var alt (that was all)
man (one, you, we) is not found in English and can only be used as
subject,

it is the same as on in French and man in German:

man m ikke ryge her (you must not smoke here/smoking
not allowed)
man is often used in stead of the passive voice:
man m ikke ryge (=der m ikke ryges) (smoking is not
allowed)

6. Reflexive Pronouns

1. sing.
2. sing.
3. sing.
1. pl.
2. pl.
3. pl.

mig
dig
sig
os
jer
sig

(myself)
(yourself)
(himself/herself/itself)
(ourselves)
(yourselves)
(themselves)

Usage: Subject and object is the same person:

jeg vasker mig (I wash myself)
han vasker sig (he washes himself)
sig is a
reflexive pronoun
but: han vasker ham (he washes him (another person)) him is a
personal prounoun
Reflexive verbs in Danish are not always reflexive in English:
de giftede sig i kirken (they got married in the church)
vi satte os ned
(we sat down)
jeg vendte mig om (I turned round)

7. Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs

hvem (who,whom): hvem er det?

(who is is?)
hvis (whose):
hvis hund er dette (whose dog is this?)
hvad (what):
hvad er dette?
(what is this?)
hvad er der sket? (what has happened?)
hvilken/hvilket/hvilke (which):
hvilken bog tog han? (which book did he take?)
hvilke bger tog han? (which books did he take?)
hvor (where):
hvor bor han? (where does he live?)
hvornr (when): hvornr kommer han? (when will he come?)
hvordan (how): hvordan er det sket? (how did it happen)
hvor lnge, hvor lang tid (how long time):
hvor lnge har han vret her?
(how long time has he been here?)
The same pronouns can also be used in interrogative subordinate
clauses
jeg ved ikke, hvem han er
(I do not know who he is)
jeg ved ikke, hvis hund det er
(I do not know whose dog it is)
han ved ikke, hvad de hedder
(I do not know what he is
called)
jeg ved ikke, hvilke bger han tog (I do not know what/which
books he took)
jeg ved ikke, hvor han bor
(I do not know where he lives)
Note: These pronouns cannot be the subject in a subordinate clause,
der or det must be added:
a. det + a form of "vre/blive/hedde"
b. der + another verb
a. jeg ved ikke, hvem det er

(I do not know who

it is)
b. jeg ved ikke, hvem der kommer (I do not know who
is coming)
a1. jeg ved ikke, hvad det er/var

(I do not know

a2. jeg ved ikke, hvad det bliver

(I do not know

what it is/was)

what the price will be)

b1. jeg ved ikke, hvad der er sket (I do not know what
has happened (the verb is "sker"))
b2. jeg kan ikke hre, hvad der siges (passive voice (I
cannot hear what they are saying))

PREPOSITIONS

General: Prepositions are always used with a regimen (noun, pronoun

or infinitive).
If they have no regimen (standing alone) they are adverbs:
han tog hatten p hovedet
preposition
han tog hatten p
adverb

(he put his hat on his head):

(he put his hat on):

i (in/at/to/for)
a. place (town, country, street):
han bor i Kbenhavn/Danmark (he lives in
Copenhagen/Denmark)
de bor i Nrregade
(they live at North Street)
han gr i skole
(he goes to school)
jeg gr i seng nu
(I go to bed now)
b. time (clock, how long time?)
den er 10 minutter i 5
jeg har boet her i 2 r
how long time?

(it's ten to five)

(I have lived here for 2 years)

c. special expressions:
han lukkede dren (i):
jeg underviser i dansk:
hun er forelsket i ham:
p (on/upon/in/at/of)

(he closed the door)

(I teach Danish)
(she is in love with him)

a. place (island, road):

de bor p Sjlland
han bor p Nyvej
jeg bor p landet
bogen er p bordet

(they live in Seeland)

(he lives at New Road)
(I live in the country (not town))
(the book is on the table)

b. time (day, how fast?):

jeg rejser p mandag
han gjorde det p en time

(I shall leave on Monday)

(he did it in one hour (how fast?))

how fast?
c. genitive:
farven p bilen (=bilens farve) (the colour of the car)
til (to/until)
a. place:
jeg rejser til Danmark

(I shall go to Denmark)

b. time:
banken er ben til kl. 17

(the bank is open until 5 PM)

c. dative:
jeg giver bogen til ham
(= jeg giver ham bogen

(I am giving the book to him)

(I am giving him the book))

af (of/by)
ringen er lavet af guld
(the ring is made of gold)
ringen er lavet af manden (the ring is made by the man)
passive voice

efter (after)
for....siden (ago)
han kom for en time siden (he came an hour ago)
fra (from)
med (with)
om, rundt om (round/in, when?)
hun har en halskde om halsen (she has a necklace round
her neck)
jeg kommer om en time

(I shall come in an hour)

when?
over (over/past/cross)
han gik over gaden
den er 10 minutter over 4

(he crossed the street)

(it's 10 minutes past 4)

under (under/below/during)
hunden ligger under bordet
(the dog is under the table)
temperaturen er under 0 grader
(the temperature is below
0 degrees)
han var her under krigen
(he was here during the
war)

CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES

MAIN CLAUSES
Subject
Object
Conjunci Predicative
No.
on
Adv.phrase
Interrog.wo
rd
1
jeg
2
men
jeg

Small Infinit Object Adverb

Finite Subje
adver e Predica or
Verb
ct
b
Verb
t.
Phrase
kender
kender

ikke
ikke

jeg

har

4
5

ham
stor

har
er
komm
er

og

i dag

komm
er

7
8
9
10

hvis hun
kommer
hvem
hvor

jeg
han

set

aldrig set
ogs blevet

ham
ikke
manden i huset
i lang
ham
tid
her

hun

kl. 5

hun

ikke

med
bussen
?

bliver

jeg

er
har

pigen
du vret

glad
i huset?
henne?

1. jeg kender ham ikke (I do not know him)

2. men jeg kender ikke manden i huset (but I do not know the man in the
house)
3. jeg har ikke set ham i lang tid (I have not seen him for a long time)
4. ham har jeg aldrig set (I have never seen him)
5. og stor er han ogs blevet (and he has also grown tall)
6. i dag kommer hun kl. 5 (today she will come at 5 o'clock)

7. kommer hun ikke med bussen? (does she not come by bus?)
8. hvis hun kommer, bliver jeg glad (if she comes I shall be glad)
9. hvem er pigen i huset? (who is the girl in the house?)
10. hvor har du vret henne (where have you been?)

[INDEX]
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
Small Finite Infinite Object
No. Conjuncion Subject
adverb Verb Verb Predicat.
1
2
3
4
5
6

at
som
der
om
hvis
hvornr

han
jeg
hun
jeg
jeg

ikke
aldrig
ikke
ikke

kan komme
har
set
er
get
kender
mder
ser

ham
hende
dig

Adverb
or
Phrase
idag
fr
endnu
mere
igen
igen

1. ...at han ikke kan komme idag (...that he cannot come today)
2. ...som jeg aldrig har set fr (...who I have never seen before)
3. ...der ikke er get endnu (...who has not gone yet)
4. ...om hun kender ham mere (...whether she knows him anymore)
5. ...hvis jeg ikke mder hende igen (...if I do not meet her again)
6. ...hvorr jeg ser dig igen (...when I shall see you again)