Chapter 14 Random Vibration k= 06 P (x 228)= See des +f) Le 24-8)” 28 = was = o6(B)= 0-04 *t , oszxs2, os x53 (42) po) = {: 7 Normalisation [frente 5 fray = f ay 2) m=e 750 x=e gro =+¢ £ x dz = (2): =4 (sotisfied ) 5 elsewhere (2) Marginal “density fanctions tO = fe per =F So4 fe v lx ole &) -cal ue ™ > @ 1 or yy wi “os 7 1 Ry ~ z a x " Re \ & : ee <2 ye = 0-4 714 2 %*= E[(#-#)*] = [09-4)* boyy = fo-s Sty ae “ y2)? , “olarte-Fe) =z Fy = 0.707! wd ©) %y= Leao-z y= Sf De-d 4% te re0 yee “fey dz (2- a) =o z tay = e{x] = So ¢@ wo [oo dx 2 40 e[x*} = iit a pla) ax = i os xt sake (3333 = f° (x- %)> pe dx = SL (x-1 ( 5) dx =o" fe 2x tide = 09-3333 2 oy = 015773 ae xty » ELF] = ELery]= ele y+ 2xy] = Ele J+ Ely] + 2 € [xx] Since xand y aye independents ex] = eCx)-e[y] e(y l= ele] + ely ]+2e Cer etyl 5 R(t) = 20+ ——— 2) SEE E[x*} = R(0) = 2o+8 = 25 R(T) = A cos we S,(~) = - SN ae S R(x) e dtwhe A “am | cos wr (cos wr - << sin or) de =e = whe in 7 f (ctx i £ Sin2er) de ~The hs aA Theo The SALLE A simaer] £ (- =) A =Weeo rhe Fe @) x(t)= X% simost , x(E+T) = xX An s(t+e) XE) x(ERT) = *F (rer oot UOT + 4d, etch Ot. Hn OT) Lm 7 R(e)= aro 22 f Aas 28) or + 42at ge, oP] dt L Fi = km x2 . - % = re 2[ FA Ot + (0) tr wt] = utor R(t) 2 x : % cot a me) xe)!2 Xe t betes 2 (ua) += {' ° eo ; @xotZ)-2x%, > Bet er ~inwt % % fre at at f det 6 a ° cr 29 -inwt + { Geto) e «| Yr 2% 77 —smest x, (. -énot zxe f pinot rai fre a wt =’ Je cod ° A % iment ~inwt wen wt 1% Ps Ga) e (nwt) + € I, 2a ( pinot eee neat +33 (ax (imest) + hs te (oh (ene ye no Se 28 Cam om pie exes een a) Fae +e s]- | 2%. cop BT @ sin OT BRE = 28 one pe Be or BE + 2 a 7 - a wer aed [ey at] +: et aR + 2Xe oN" <1 °° inet x)= Soc naa inet = 2 aleve inwtfor x(t)= X #nest, RK (r) = x coS cot [from Problem 14.7] For spuare wave: nt caew) id : wot FA] Fy shaded area = Sate). ach #r) de PAG wt UaguL AL) ts 3 a (aaa) #0 = [rer > to t rcin mt ee a ¥ = x, 4a Bt dt = Lm mie be Be BF )[er ME - (MJ = OD = hn ft god ME ak 2 ok =f My be beet} dte bn Me[t- ant a $ Ba i — = bm (28 _ Xe (Am TE xB Tom | 2 2 | >r = > mr w= AT (FONG, = 188-496 rad/sec = (RL) = (a-250108) 0-225 x10°) N/m (normally distributed ) = fE = = XE vad/rec * ie i 1 P(%, = @) = Plu, = wo] = P[k = too(tss-496)] = p(k >= 3553074-202] ©) Defining standard normal variate 3 af Be (3 ey Ey: (E1) can be rewritten os iQ —_ 6 &€ p[o,>e] =pf t-® Be SE31 x 105 — 2-25 x10 ] J c oR 2 0-225 x oF = P[3> 5.7916] 2 0.396 x10 §rom standard normal distributven tables [see , for example, Ref. 14-5 ] A 3 ~ae9 W.-W 2 the imaginary component ‘9 (E,) and write R(t) as wor R(Z) = 2580 J cos Wt.dT = is (sm 9,8 ~ sin “) ---@)‘© a to is given by to, [2s (ABBE) - a5 CAA]. snteren The variation of R(T) Re) is Shown in the figure. From €%.(i#.60), ° S.(@)= F f* R(t) er deat a fechrl eapur oor te But os pve = £ (eh etevry . 5,@) = a fie" oie (eff, etP9" \ ar} gé Cx -iotepy)t re +fe 9 809 — p°)e - 27 ° ° ree ee eae ef’ er neste )e vr] > > e + In, af isto = ) ond &) Gm be written as SCP) =a [Ra Ce) fer am be EMM ET PAT pee mw Fem aan ‘0 --- ©) Ri(t)ea [S(F) fet embers sn ampe PAC fo < fem Fora veal random fimclion x(t), S.(F) ond Re(t) on teal values funckion ond fence , by righcling Ha imaginary pe in (6) and (€4), we obtain S.(F)= 2 SORE). cos anE TAT ter ~w < $< o ---(6)amd 20 Rx(t)=2 S S$) cs ampe ag fr -2 < $< 0 --- (&) Tg S(S) dendtis the one-rcded pour special daly punctin, S() 22 SF) and Re) = REC), Gs. (Es) om (Ee) become S(E)= 4 S°R(e) otamwge. de for os f , om2= wo, omp= Co, . SK = Ss, (%), Hom= |yw)[>, 9 sum= ECL¥?7 1.mi, kK, Cc mM, k,C/--- 7 omt, ome /---f N41 Com2 + omt) /REAL (N1) omit = -omt CALL PSD (omtt, Sxt, HoMm1) CALL PSD Com2,sx2> Hom2) sum = [(sxt/Homt) + (sx27Hom2)]» vom/2-0 Do 41 T= 2, M1 omPp= -omt + REAL (I-41) * Dom CALL PSD (Comp, SxXP, HomP) tt Sum= sum + (SX P/HOMP) * DOM PRINT 12, sum 12 FORMAT (--*) STOP END Cc SUBROUTINE To EVALUATE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY AND Hom SUBROUTINE PSD (om, SX, Hom) Sx Hom RETURN END m= 2000/396-4 = 5.1760 l-se k= 4xwt ln, c= i200 b-in/sec Mean spuare response of the machine is given by Ey. (14-95) EC¥I= fTaanl? $@) de 2 S| + tes a nao [EMO Foe, Hk . Where wrenw,=n (3B)= amy rad/cec +=) cade eel elere given in the solution of problem 14-l7- Ey-( 1) can be rewritten as a Nee lenl® ety ]= = n=o (nomi jr + crs Computation 4 27 16-4054 xto% 104724 63-8331 x1 ®4 17 6269x108 289-44 16.4205 x10” 2 3 om 19 6790x108 152079 4 am 22-5872 x108 He 56 5 om 26-3965 x108 100-00 6 207 31 (218 x10 We 56 7 ae 36-9495 x108 (52.79 2 (6m 43-6315 x 109 289-45 7 ism £ Thus €- (Ez) giver the mean sguare value of the response as EL yt] = 1397-6777 1h oe Eguation of motion is —— me + cx = FED (er) . Let yaa = velocity. Then (E;) becomes mot cy = F(t) (2) T Let te excitation be | =e) FR)=F eet F(t) ahd the velocity response be ae) = y ett “Hence (€2) yields | cee) |* $($) = orccot mi /cycle per second for (0 Hz S F£ S (000 Hy FE = (0-000) (1000-10) = 2-099 m* sc#) Rms value= x? = 0-°3146 m proce os xt -()* = $0099 — 0-0028 5 mrestiocee 010 tooo Ye x feos (m-mya,t dt = ae [ste (nm) 03, ‘ye me -% te Tr oy [sin @-m)T + Sin (nm) 20 forall mon = Crom) Oy since TSYo Jf sin (nompegt de = ei (n- mene] -%, - t= = W/idg oe reimae - cos (n= m) =o for lk men %e f tor ovat = (+) 2 =Tt for m=n y, th Ya f smo-dt 20 for man “Ya 2 By. (1445) becomes y % + + Lineage [roe MOY te cuz x(t)-e dE -% sy) ~---(14 46) This system can be modeled 4c) at w single dof. system with random base excitation. 2 The epuations of motion are given by: my+ ce +e ya—me &) where 3a y—x-. The Freguency response function of the system can be derived at follows: Let x)se . é BCE) = HO) wot} 2 Substitution of (Ez) into (E,) gives 2 cot 2 cot (corm + ica te) Ht) e = moe ¢ 2 ies a wo” H(ws) = 2 : = a pe*\ ae 2 -mor4 « +2 (15,2 ) +e 25 Oe, wt ‘(Wo = Gayest a,e ©) x(t) fastThe power spectral density of the response 3(t) is given by $y) = uw]? 5 (jw) (&) In the present case, S,(W)= §, and &.(&,) reduces to Sy() = 8 [4 ¢o)* (es) The mean sguare value of the relative displacement ef the mass can be found as 2 Elsd= f"5c)-do = 5 fe tay a — sate -sotr S(a3)l 2 73" &) Gf tea ‘ K+ 25G,% + 92 x this gives (9) = oF --- &) Sp (wo) ~o 445702} --- (€2) €(<]= x ° Sp(w) des --- ©) “FOP + astotes* Fer small damping, (E;) becomer ELM] = 4 S,(@-) at --- (&) 1+ Sa OSes Tresor © 2 ene 2+ (4) * Ed = oe ae ~-- (©) C+ SY C+ TSF) @,= undamped natural freyuency = | ame; or key =,” ey ©) (= damped natural freguency = w, Vyoe™” Sees fr «Pe ES2) Mean syuare value of the displacement of the wing (me) w Se NES 72 . TS ety] ty ty 7 s or age = RS (6) gs (Er) and (E3) give - —TSe_ , “9 5 at me, 7 Eguating (£2) and (£4), T So » i a se a some, =f ™ Se [as a (or wryt | (Fs) Egs- (Er) and (€2)> in view of (es), yield i een Ww So 37 x" ws (&.) Keo = % 28 (3%— o?)* and + . a 2 w So eq = 2 (OE ORY yea 28 0 (09- w2)* 4k weer] * (er) In case of structural damping, the uncoupled equations of motion are given by GH) + +19) oF a) =A) 5 1=1, 2, 0 (1) where f denotes the structural damping coefficient. The mean square values of x(t) are given by Eq. (14.113): FO - 5 pel aT 1H) 1? 8,() dw @) where, from Eq. (3.106),1H.()| = (3) oD For § <1, Eq. (2) can be srprosimated as FOB fee] X e Seet) FUP) 1* aw rl 2 N? Tuy a ot FS (up) oe «5 fer) Sst “ Using the computational details of Example 14.7, we can obtain (using g == 0.01 in place of 2 ¢, = 0.04): A(t) = 0,0021253 m? (8) 23(t) = 0.0055983 m? ® a(t) = 0.0086582 m? @”) 1 mst = SC) ~ TF Tadfeee 7 97002 the natural frequencies (rad/sec) are given by w, = 14.0734, up = 39.4368, and +" = 57.0001, we can approximate S(us) for use in Eq. (14.115) as S,(w,) = ——~— = 0.0049490 1 (os) 4+ ae ® 1 S,(w,) = ——-—_ = 0.0006413 2) (os) 4 + 39.4368" ¢ 1 S,(us) = Tesroo 7 0.0003074 (3) and hence the mean square values of the relative displacements of the various floors can be computed as (using Eq. (E.18) of Example ie 0-55 (@ wy a (04) +(2 ys sta) +(e py? BS S(s)| =—_ |o.ooo1058 (0.004949) + 0.0000243 (aoe) + 0.0000052 (0.0003074)} A2.ATAA (10-°) mn? (4) 4O- loo 5 SE scan + (29) ME an) + (2 po)? SE stu) us= tor (0.0003436 (0.004949) + 0.0000048 (00008413) + 0.0000080 (0.0003074)] = 133.9971 (107°) mt (8) HO ~ |) Foes ff Sse +) AL - aaa [0.0005340 (0.004949) + 0.0000156 (00008413) + 0.000016 (0.0003074)} = 208.3902 (10-°) m? Let d= inner diameter of column t= wall thickness f= height = 480” ellow E= 30x10% psi circular ‘ column Stiffness of column » (cantilever) = 3EF 2 3(20%°) EU (aat)t-a4] ----€) e 60)? Let tank be a thin walled cylindrical vessel with D= mean diameter Q= thickness of shell (top g bottom) = axial Length of shell- waster volume = (0 000 gallons = 231 x10 in? Volume of tank = aaa b = 231x10% in? ---- (€2) Max presture in tank =f = fh Where d= weight density of Water = 62-4 Ub/in? b = 00361 Lh/in? —— i in the tank = Boon? Tank Max. tangential stress in the ---- 3) Let permissible stress in tank = & = & = 15 000 psi---- (6) (using a factor of safety of 2) Epuating (€3) and (&4), 15000 = 970361 4 D ---- Es) 2Weight of empty steel tans = Trek where Y= weight density of steel= 0-293 bfa3 ™Mp= mass of empty steel tank = ott wpab = 2.3009 «io? Dab ---- (E) ™,= mast of water = 4) / 0-036) 2 = (230 x10 d( aoe )= 2s.g Bose n--- (£7) Natural freguency 7 of empty tank = [mig 5 6.2592 --~(&%) Natural Freguency of full tank = Met mw g.ng32 (Es) ke 7 ~~ ° where mz, ™y amd & ant given by (Ee), (Ey) and (61). Due to ground acceleration with power Spectral density “*S (is), the mean square value of relative displacement of Let tank be a thin-walled pekcora Beylindrical vessel with T &-D= mean diameter Neos thickness of shell 4 aa * (tep gw bottom) beaxial Length of shell- water volume = (0 000 gallons = 231x107 in? 2 Volume of tank = TP! 4p = asi aie? in? -- (€2) Max: pressure in tank = Prax th Where f= weight density of Water = 62-4 b/in? he = 00361 L/int — Tank Max. tangential stress in the tank = Prax? Let permissible stress in tank = = @ &) b> 3 ° (using a factor of safety of 2) Eguating (3) and (€4), 15000 = 9-036) 4 D ---- rsWeight of empty steel tank = YX, woab where yz weight density of steel= 0-253 B/,3 my= mass of empty steel tank = S242 or pab = 2.4007 «10° Dab ---- €e) mass of water 4 0036 2 = (230 xu B= sec’ _--- (e Gar xe) (EP ) = zie Bs (e7) Natural freguency of empty tank = m/e > 6.2832 --~ (Eg) Natural freguency of full tank = ae > 62832 ~~ (Es) where mp, ™, amd & ane given by (E6), (Er) and (6). Due to ground acceleration with power spectral density Sw), the mean sguare value of relative displacement of tank is given by &. (E,,) of Example (14-6): 2 ef3?7- 7oum ---- Er 3°] — Eu) Where cz of Coz o2Vrm | BS, = 0-002 /mfycle/sec. When empty, mS. mz Efzt7. (eT Sea dea) and when full, EC3*) = — TS (me + My) . k@ale(meme) * “ We need to find the values of d,t,D, a and b to satisfy the inegualitves (eg), (Es), (E, and (En). 16 inl ---- (En) 16 in ---- (E12)