The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for drinking water

According to Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) WHO/UNICEF, safely managed drinking

water is defined as population using improved drinking water source which is located on
premises, available when needed and free of faecal (and priority chemical) contamination. in
the SDGs 6.1 (UNICEF, 2016). In this study, improved drinking water sources follows the
JMP definition (WHO/UNICEF, 2015).
Drinking water sources on premises include drinking water sources located in their house or
compound (i.e. yard) via direct observation, while water availability relied on self-reported
results (each household was asked if they had ever had difficulty with daily use of their water
sources last year in terms of water quantity.). Free of faecal contamination was defined as E.
coli less than 1 (cfu/100mL) in the drinking water sources. When improved drinking water
source met all three criteria, it was counted as safely managed drinking water source.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for sanitation
JMP WHO/UNICEF defines safely managed sanitation as population using an improved
sanitation facility which is not shared with other households and where excreta is safely
disposed in situ or treated off-site, including a handwashing facility with water and soap.
Similar to drinking water sources, improved sanitation follows the JMP definition
(WHO/UNICEF, 2015).
Presence of a handwashing facility as well as availability of water and soap was directly
observed by enumerators. Due to very limited data on faecal sludge management in
Indonesia, proportion of sanitation facilities where excreta was safely treated was estimated
based on methodologies described in the JMP methodological note (WHO/UNICEF, 2016).
Briefly, proportion of households using improved sanitation connected to piped sewer and
septic tank was calculated, separately. Each proportion was multiplied by integrated safety
factors of which Flush/pour flush to piped sewer and Flush/pour flush to septic tank are
40% and 75%, respectively in the lower middle income country category (WHO/UNICEF,
2016). In this study, however, it was assumed that faecal sludge in on-site sanitation facilities
in rural areas was 100% safely managed and treated, given the fact that population density is
relatively low and latrine emptying is not common. Data on access to improved sanitation
and handwashing station are at household-level, while safely managed sanitation facilities
cannot be specified at household level. Therefore, we first calculated proportion of
households with both improved sanitation and handwashing station with water and soap, and
then safe-excreta management/treatment component was factored in as described above to
estimate overall safely managed sanitation coverage in the study households.

Figure 1. JMP service ladders for monitoring drinking water

Figure 2. JMP service ladders for monitoring sanitation and hygiene